Polity & Governance

AI Governance Alliance

The AI Governance Alliance is an initiative under the World Economic Forums Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution, launched to promote collaborative AI governance globally. It focuses on creating frameworks for responsible AI use, ensuring ethical standards, and encouraging multi-stakeholder cooperation. The alliance supports regions and nations in designing holistic AI strategies that balance innovation with societal needs. It emphasizes transparency, inclusivity, and sustainability in AI development. The alliance also facilitates knowledge sharing, pilot projects, and policy alignment to address AI challenges such as data privacy, infrastructure, and talent shortages. It launched the AI Competitiveness through Regional Collaboration initiative in 2024.

Why in news?

In 2024, the AI Governance Alliance introduced the AI Competitiveness through Regional Collaboration initiative to help regions develop holistic AI strategies and boost global competitiveness through cooperative efforts.

AI Readiness Assessment Methodology (AI RAM)

The AI Readiness Assessment Methodology (AI RAM) is a diagnostic tool developed by UNESCO and MeitY to evaluate a country’s AI ecosystem. It assesses infrastructure, legislation, key stakeholders, and institutional capacities. AI RAM identifies opportunities and challenges for AI policy and governance, emphasizing ethical AI adoption. The methodology supports governments in regulatory and capacity-building efforts, promoting transparency, inclusiveness, and fairness. AI RAM reports provide actionable insights tailored to national contexts, aiming to encourage safe, accountable, and trustworthy AI ecosystems. It forms part of a series of consultations to build comprehensive AI strategies globally.

Why in news?

AI RAM was discussed during a two-day consultation in India, organized by UNESCO and MeitY, to shape Indias AI policy and promote responsible AI development aligned with ethical principles.

Khasra (Land Records)

A khasra is a land parcel or plot number recorded in Indian revenue records, particularly in rural areas. It is used to identify agricultural or non-agricultural land in official documents such as land ownership, tenancy, and taxation. Khasras are maintained by local revenue departments and are crucial for land disputes, property sales, and government schemes. Each khasra number corresponds to a specific area and land type. The term is commonly used in northern and central India. Khasra records help trace land history and ownership, making them important in legal and administrative processes.

Why in news?

150 khasras linked to a stone crushing plant in Sidhi district, Madhya Pradesh, were attached by the IT Department after being held in the names of proxies in a Benami transaction.

Krishna River Management Board (KRMB)

The Krishna River Management Board was established under the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014, to oversee water management and dispute resolution between Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. It monitors water allocation, dam safety, and irrigation projects in the Krishna Basin. The board includes representatives from both states and central government officials. KRMB is responsible for installing telemetry equipment to track water diversion and usage, ensuring transparency. It also addresses security concerns, such as the deployment of CRPF personnel at key dams. The boards decisions are advisory until KWDT-II finalizes water shares, making it a critical interim institution for basin management.

Why in news?

KRMB held a meeting discussing Telanganas demand for increased water share, telemetry installation, dam safety, and the withdrawal of CRPF personnel from Nagarjunasagar dam.

Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal (KWDT)

The Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal was constituted in 1969 to adjudicate water sharing conflicts among Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Maharashtra over the Krishna River. The tribunal initially allocated water shares based on catchment area, population, and irrigation needs. KWDT-Is award was implemented in 1976. KWDT-II was set up in 2004 to revisit the allocations due to changed circumstances, including the bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh. The tribunals decisions are legally binding but often contested, leading to prolonged disputes. Its rulings influence irrigation, drinking water, and hydropower projects in the basin, affecting millions. The tribunal also considers inter-basin diversions and environmental sustainability.

Why in news?

The Telangana government demands allocation of 71% water in the Krishna Basin based on the catchment area, pending fresh adjudication by KWDT-II, amid ongoing disputes with Andhra Pradesh over water sharing.

Laken Riley Act

The Laken Riley Act is a 2025 US law mandating detention of undocumented immigrants charged with theft-related crimes. It is named after Laken Riley, a 22-year-old nursing student from Georgia murdered in 2023 by an undocumented immigrant from Venezuela. The act emphasizes detention over release for certain criminal offenses among undocumented immigrants. It was signed alongside an executive order expanding Guantánamos migrant facility, reinforcing a hardline stance on immigration enforcement and linking specific crimes to mandatory detention policies.

Why in news?

Trump signed the Laken Riley Act during a speech on immigration enforcement, denoting it as part of a broader crackdown targeting criminal undocumented immigrants.

Mahila Battalion

The Mahila Battalion is a female-only unit within the CISF, created to increase women’s participation in security roles. It was first sanctioned in recent years to promote gender diversity and better address security challenges requiring women personnel. Members undergo the same rigorous training as their male counterparts and are deployed in various sensitive security roles, including airports and industrial units. The battalion helps improve operational effectiveness and community relations, especially in environments where female personnel are preferred or required for handling women visitors or inmates.

Why in news?

The expansion of CISF includes the Mahila Battalion, denoting the forces commitment to gender inclusion alongside the creation of two new mixed battalions.

Mana Mitra

Mana Mitra is a WhatsApp-based governance initiative launched by the Andhra Pradesh government to provide 161 civil services directly to citizens via a dedicated WhatsApp number, 9552300009. It connects 36 government departments to streamline service delivery and offers real-time issuance of government certificates with QR codes to verify authenticity and prevent fraud. The system aims to increase accessibility, leveraging the fact that around 60% of the states population owns smartphones. Future phases plan to expand services to 360 and integrate AI bots and blockchain technology for security and efficiency.

Why in news?

Launched in January 2025 by Andhra Pradesh Minister Nara Lokesh, Mana Mitra aims to digitize and simplify citizen access to government services through WhatsApp.

Mandatory Hallmarking (India)

Mandatory hallmarking in India is a government-enforced certification system for gold and precious metal jewellery, ensuring purity and quality standards. Implemented by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), hallmarking became compulsory for gold jewellery from June 2021. The hallmark includes a BIS logo, purity grade, jeweller’s identification mark, and year of marking. This system protects consumers from fraud, enhances trust in the organised sector, and drives demand for hallmarked jewellery. It has contributed to the formalisation of the jewellery industry by increasing transparency and compliance among jewellers.

Why in news?

The report marks mandatory hallmarking as a key factor boosting market share and consumer trust in the organised jewellery sector amid rising compliance costs and formalisation efforts.

Medical Device Rule, 2017

The Medical Device Rule, 2017 is a regulatory framework introduced by the Government of India to govern the manufacture, import, sale, and distribution of medical devices. It classifies devices into four risk-based categories – Class A (low risk), Class B (low moderate risk), Class C (moderate high risk), and Class D (high risk). The rule mandates registration, quality control, and post-market surveillance. It aligns Indian regulations with global standards and aims to ensure patient safety while facilitating innovation. The Rule also requires manufacturers and importers to obtain licenses from the Central or State Licensing Authorities depending on device class.

Why in news?

The government is updating device classifications under the Medical Device Rule, 2017, including a new category for Class A non-sterile, non-measuring devices, to improve regulatory clarity.

Meta Oversight Board

The Meta Oversight Board is an independent body established in 2020 to review and make binding decisions on content moderation cases involving serious violations of Metas policies. It consists of experts from diverse fields, including law, human rights, and journalism. The board reviews appeals from users and Meta itself, providing transparency and accountability for content decisions. Its rulings can uphold, reverse, or recommend policy changes. The board operates separately from Metas internal moderation teams and publishes detailed reports explaining its decisions. It was created to address criticism of opaque moderation practices and to ensure fairness in handling controversial content.

Why in news?

The Oversight Boards role is brought into light amid Metas policy shift away from fact-checking and changes in content moderation priorities under new leadership.

Model Code of Conduct

The Model Code of Conduct (MCC) is a set of guidelines issued by the Election Commission of India to regulate political parties and candidates prior to elections. It aims to ensure free and fair elections by restricting government activities that could influence voters. MCC prohibits announcements of new projects, policy decisions, or financial grants by the government during the election period. It applies from the date the election schedule is announced until the election results are declared. Violation of MCC can lead to warnings, censure, or disqualification by the Election Commission. MCC is not legally enforceable but is politically binding.

Why in news?

The MCC was cited as a key reason for lower capital expenditure during April-June 2024, affecting government spending in FY 2024-25.

MyGov Portal Feedback

The MyGov portal is an Government of India digital platform enabling citizens to participate in policymaking by submitting feedback and suggestions. For the DPDP Rules 2025, it allows anonymous input from the public to ensure diverse viewpoints on data protection regulations. Launched in 2014, MyGov supports transparency and inclusiveness in governance by engaging individuals, industry, and civil society in consultations. It uses secure interfaces to collect, analyze, and present public opinion to policymakers, enhancing democratic participation in legislative processes.

Why in news?

The Ministry of Electronics and IT is encouraging stakeholders to submit anonymous feedback on the draft DPDP Rules 2025 via the MyGov portal during the 45-day public consultation period ending February 18, 2025.

National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT)

The National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) is a quasi-judicial body in India established under the Companies Act, 2013, to adjudicate company law disputes, including insolvency and bankruptcy cases under the IBC. It replaced the Company Law Board and has benches across major cities. NCLT handles insolvency resolution, liquidation, and corporate disputes. The tribunal faces challenges like limited bench strength and procedural delays, affecting timely case admissions and resolutions. Technology-driven reforms and increased judicial capacity are being pursued to improve efficiency. NCLT decisions impact corporate restructuring and financial sector stability in India.

Why in news?

NCLTs delays in admitting and resolving insolvency cases are causing value erosion of NPAs, prompting calls for strengthening its bench strength and streamlining processes to enhance IBC effectiveness.

National eGovernance Division (NeGD)

The National eGovernance Division (NeGD) operates under Indias Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY), focusing on implementing digital governance initiatives. Established in 2009, NeGD supports the Digital India Programme by developing platforms like DigiLocker and Entity Locker. It facilitates integration of government services with digital infrastructure to improve transparency, efficiency, and accessibility. NeGD oversees technical standards, capacity building, and policy framework for eGovernance. It collaborates with central and state governments, private sector, and international organizations. NeGD also promotes Aadhaar-based authentication and secure data exchange protocols to enhance service delivery across government departments.

Why in news?

NeGD recently launched Entity Locker, a secure cloud platform for managing and verifying business documents, enhancing digital governance and ease of doing business in India.

National Policy Framework on Agricultural Marketing (NPFAM)

The National Policy Framework on Agricultural Marketing (NPFAM) was revealed by the Government of India on November 25, 2024. It aims to reintroduce pro-corporate provisions similar to those in the repealed farm laws of 2020-21. The policy seeks to reform agricultural marketing by promoting private sector participation and deregulation. It has triggered widespread protests by farmers nationwide demanding its withdrawal. The NPFAM is intended to reshape market access but is controversial due to fears it undermines farmers’ rights and minimum support price mechanisms. It is a key government initiative ahead of the 2025 Union Budget.

Why in news?

NPFAM was revealed in late 2024, sparking nationwide farmers protests against its implementation and shaping debates on agricultural reforms in the 2025 budget cycle.

National Single Window System (NSWS)

The National Single Window System (NSWS) is an online platform designed to facilitate regulatory approvals across central, state, and local government levels in India. It integrates multiple ministries and departments to provide a unified interface for businesses to obtain clearances and permissions. NSWS aims to reduce processing time, increase transparency, and minimize compliance burdens. It supports electronic submission, tracking, and monitoring of applications. The system is part of Indias broader Ease of Doing Business reforms and is expected to improve predictability and efficiency in investment processes nationwide. Adoption is incentivized through central and state budget allocations.

Why in news?

CII has recommended making the use of NSWS mandatory for all regulatory approvals to improve transparency, speed, and ease of business operations ahead of Budget 2025-26.

Nautor Land Policy

The nautor land policy refers to a traditional practice of cultivating barren or wasteland, granting usage rights to those who tend the land. Originating in 1932 under Hari Singh, the last Dogra ruler of Jammu and Kashmir, it formalized informal land use. Himachal Pradesh adopted a similar policy in 1968 but paused implementation due to legal concerns raised by Governor Shiv Pratap Shukla. In Ladakh, nautor land spans over 14,400 acres in Leh district. Regularizing nautor land aims to protect locals’ rights and prevent outsiders from acquiring fragile regional resources.

Why in news?

The Union Home Ministry is considering regularizing nautor land in Ladakh, sparking discussions between Ladakhi leaders and officials to secure land rights for residents.

Niti Aayog

Niti Aayog, established in 2015, is the premier policy think tank of the Government of India, replacing the Planning Commission. It aims to encourage cooperative federalism by involving state governments in economic policy-making. The organization focuses on sustainable development goals, innovation, and long-term strategic planning. It operates through various verticals including health, agriculture, and infrastructure. Niti Aayog also promotes the use of technology and data analytics in governance. The vice chairman position, held by Suman Bery as of 2025, plays important role in guiding economic policy and reform strategies.

Why in news?

Niti Aayog is exploring methods to balance the government debt market with the corporate debt market to enhance liquidity and fiscal stability.

Political Economy of Banking

The political economy of banking refers to how political interests and government policies influence banking systems and financial regulations. In India, this concept explains how populist government expenditures and political motivations have historically shaped banking policies, often prioritizing political goals over economic efficiency. Nationalization of banks in India was partly driven by political aims to control credit allocation rather than solely financial inclusion. This interplay affects risk management, market competition, and financial stability, especially amid challenges from digital finance and non-bank lenders. Political economy analysis helps understand regulatory decisions and banking sector reforms.

Why in news?

Prof. Acharya brought into light the political economy of banking in India during his keynote at the IMR Doctoral Conference 2025.

Prasar Bharati

Prasar Bharati is India’s public service broadcaster, established in 1997 by an act of Parliament. It oversees All India Radio (AIR) and Doordarshan, India’s national TV network. It operates autonomously under the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. Prasar Bharati promotes Indian culture, heritage, and information dissemination nationwide. It manages special event coverage like the Kumbh Mela through dedicated channels such as Kumbhvani. Its board includes a chairman and CEO, with Navneet Sehgal as chairman and Gaurav Dwivedi as CEO during 2025. It plays a vital role in broadcasting government initiatives and cultural programming.

Why in news?

Prasar Bharati launched the Kumbhvani FM channel for Maha Kumbh 2025 to provide live coverage and cultural content, with senior officials present at the launch event.

Preliminary Information Memorandum (PIM)

A Preliminary Information Memorandum is a formal document issued by governments or companies to invite expressions of interest from potential investors during the initial phase of a strategic sale or disinvestment. It contains key details about the asset, financials, and terms of sale but is non-binding. The PIM serves to gauge market interest and shortlist bidders before detailed negotiations. The Government of India issued a PIM in October 2022 for IDBI Banks strategic disinvestment, marking the start of a formal process to transfer management control and reduce government and LIC ownership.

Why in news?

The Government of India issued a PIM in 2022 to invite bids for the strategic sale of its and LICs stakes in IDBI Bank, initiating the disinvestment process ongoing in 2025.

Protected Area Permits (PAP)

Protected Area Permits (PAP) are special travel permits required for foreigners to visit certain restricted regions in India. These include multiple northeastern states, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and parts of Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, and Rajasthan. The PAP system is intended to protect sensitive border areas, preserve indigenous cultures, and maintain national security. Foreigners must apply for these permits through the Ministry of Home Affairs or authorized agencies. PAPs have specific validity periods and conditions, and unauthorized travel to these areas without permits is illegal and punishable.

Why in news?

The Immigration and Foreigners Bill, 2025, may address or update rules regarding entry into protected areas, affecting how foreigners obtain and use Protected Area Permits.

Protected Area Regime (PAR)

The Protected Area Regime (PAR) is a special administrative measure in India that restricts foreign nationals from entering designated sensitive border areas without government permission. Initially imposed to safeguard national security and local cultures, PAR was rolled back in Manipur, Mizoram, and Nagaland thirteen years ago to boost tourism. Reimposed recently, it requires foreign visitors to obtain permits from the Union Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) and justifies visits only under “extraordinary reasons.” PAR areas are typically close to international borders with security concerns, limiting foreign access to preserve stability and prevent illegal activities.

Why in news?

The Centre reimposed the Protected Area Regime in Manipur, Mizoram, and Nagaland to regulate foreign entry amid security concerns along the Indo-Myanmar border.

Protection and Enforcement of Interests in Aircraft Objects Bill, 2024

The Protection and Enforcement of Interests in Aircraft Objects Bill, 2024, is a legislative proposal in India aimed at securing aircraft lessors’ rights to repossess leased aircraft and related equipment in case of payment default. It seeks to ratify the Cape Town Convention, an international treaty ensuring legal protection for lessors of high-value mobile equipment like aircraft, helicopters, and engines. The Bill addresses issues faced by lessors during airline defaults, such as the Go First crisis, by establishing clear repossession rights and harmonizing Indian law with global standards. It aims to lower leasing costs and boost investment in India’s aviation sector.

Why in news?

The Bill was passed by the Union Cabinet in early 2025 and is slated for parliamentary approval, expected to transform aircraft leasing and reduce airfares in India by improving lessor confidence and legal clarity.

Protection of Interest in Aircraft Objects Bill, 2025

The Protection of Interest in Aircraft Objects Bill, 2025 aims to regulate security interests in aircraft and aircraft objects, aligning with the Cape Town Convention. It establishes a public registry for aircraft security interests to enhance creditor protection and facilitate financing. The bill covers airframes, engines, and helicopters, enabling creditors to register claims and enforce rights in case of default. It promotes uniformity in aircraft financing laws and aims to attract investment in the aviation sector by providing legal certainty. This legislation is crucial for India’s growing aviation industry and international financing agreements.

Why in news?

The bill is scheduled for introduction during the 2025 Budget Session of Parliament, reflecting the government’s focus on aviation sector reforms and financial regulation updates.

Public Enterprises Department (Culture Ministry)

The Public Enterprises Department under the Ministry of Culture is an unusual administrative unit tasked with overseeing government-owned enterprises related to cultural affairs. It manages public sector undertakings that promote cultural heritage, arts, and crafts, ensuring their financial and operational efficiency. This department coordinates with various cultural institutions and public enterprises to preserve traditional art forms and support cultural industries. Its role includes policy formulation, financial oversight, and facilitating public-private partnerships in the cultural sector. The department’s secretary often holds additional responsibilities in related ministries to align cultural and economic objectives.

Why in news?

Arunish Chawla assumed additional charge as Secretary of the Public Enterprises Department in the Culture Ministry, a post previously held by Tuhin Kanta Pandey.

Public-Private-Partnership (P-3) in Andhra Pradesh

Public-Private-Partnership (P-3) in Andhra Pradesh refers to a collaborative governance model introduced as part of economic reforms since 1995. It involves cooperation between government entities and private sector companies to generate employment, wealth, and infrastructure development. The P-3 system facilitated socio-economic transformation, enabling individuals from peasant backgrounds to access opportunities and rise to prominent positions nationally and internationally. It has been a key driver in the state’s reform agenda, promoting investment, innovation, and public welfare. The model’s success set the foundation for the expanded P-4 framework.

Why in news?

Referenced by Chief Minister N. Chandrababu Naidu during his Sankranti address, the P-3 model is recognized for its role in Andhra Pradesh’s past economic reforms and social progress.

Railway Budget Merger

The Railway Budget was presented separately from the Union Budget for nearly a century since 1924. It was merged with the Union Budget in 2017 by Finance Minister Arun Jaitley to improve financial management and policy coherence. The separate Railway Budget was originally introduced during British rule to address the railways’ unique financial needs. The merger aimed to end the culture of populism in railway finances, which often led to unsustainable subsidies and deficits. The railways contribute to Indias economy, carrying over 23 million passengers daily and about 30% of freight by volume.

Why in news?

The merger of the Railway Budget with the Union Budget, initiated in 2017, is brought into light as a key reform in India’s budget presentation process.

Raman Rajamannan

Raman Rajamannan is the current hereditary king of the Mannan tribe in Kerala. His role is both ceremonial and administrative within the community, preserving tribal customs and traditions. He is recognized officially as the tribal monarch and participates in cultural festivals wearing a turban and special dress. The king is assisted by two ministers and soldiers during tribal functions. His leadership symbolizes the continuity of indigenous governance systems in modern India. Raman Rajamannans position is unique as he represents the only tribal king in Kerala and southern India, denoting the communitys distinct identity.

Why in news?

Raman Rajamannan and his wife are invited guests at the Republic Day parade in Delhi, representing the tribal community of Kerala, with travel expenses covered by the Scheduled Tribes Development department.

RSS Sah-Sarkaryavah

The Sah-Sarkaryavah is the second highest-ranking official in the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), responsible for daily administration and organizational coordination. Krishna Gopal holds this position as of 2025. The role involves overseeing campaigns, public relations, and expansions of RSS activities nationwide. The Sah-Sarkaryavah acts as the deputy to the Sarkaryavah (General Secretary) and plays important role in policy implementation and strategic planning. The position was created to ensure smooth functioning and decentralization within the RSS, which is a major socio-political volunteer organization in India.

Why in news?

Krishna Gopal, RSS Sah-Sarkaryavah, launched the “One Plate, One Bag” campaign at the Maha Kumbh in January 2025 to promote eco-friendly practices.

S R Bommai Judgment

The S R Bommai case (1994) is a landmark Supreme Court judgment affirming that federalism is a basic structure of the Constitution of India. It restricted the arbitrary dismissal of state governments under Article 356 (Presidents Rule). The judgment also declared secularism a basic constitutional feature, reinforcing the separation of religion and state. The case involved the dismissal of the S R Bommai-led Karnataka government and led to judicial checks on central government power. The decision is frequently cited in debates on federal autonomy and constitutional amendments.

Why in news?

The Chief Justice referenced the S R Bommai judgment during the Diamond Jubilee speech, denoting its importance in preserving federalism and secularism in India.

Search Committee for Election Commissioners

The Search Committee is a statutory body formed under Section 6 of the 2023 Act, chaired by the Law Minister and including two other members not below Secretary rank. It is responsible for preparing a panel of five names for appointment as Chief Election Commissioner and Election Commissioners. The committees role is to vet candidates from within and outside the Election Commission. This process replaces the earlier tradition where the senior-most Election Commissioner automatically succeeded as CEC, aiming to increase transparency and reduce executive dominance in appointments.

Why in news?

The Search Committee will soon begin its work to propose candidates for the next Chief Election Commissioner, marking the first use of this new appointment mechanism.

Sixth Schedule

The Sixth Schedule of the Constitution of India provides special autonomy to tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram through autonomous district councils. It safeguards tribal rights on land, culture, and governance, allowing self-administration in certain matters. Inclusion under the Sixth Schedule offers protection against exploitation and preserves indigenous customs. Ladakhs demand to be included under the Sixth Schedule aims to grant tribal status to its residents, ensuring greater control over local resources and cultural preservation in a region with distinct ethnic and linguistic groups.

Why in news?

Ladakh leaders are seeking inclusion under the Sixth Schedule to gain tribal status and enhance autonomy for local indigenous communities.

State Curriculum Framework Committee (Odisha)

The Odisha government formed a 16-member committee to develop a State Curriculum Framework aligned with the National Curriculum Framework (NCF) under NEP 2020. This committee is responsible for creating textbooks and curriculum content that integrate the new 5-3-3-4 education structure. The framework aims to unify primary, upper primary, secondary, and senior secondary education systems. The committee works closely with the State Steering Committee chaired by Professor Nityananda Pradhan, retired principal of Regional Institute of Education, Bhopal. The frameworks success is critical for smooth NEP implementation, addressing infrastructure, teacher training, and resource development challenges.

Why in news?

Odishas education department set up this committee to align the states school curriculum with NEP 2020, facilitating the transition to the new education model starting in 2025.

Statutory Committees

Statutory committees are mandatory bodies within Market Infrastructure Institutions, tasked with governance, oversight, and ensuring compliance with regulatory requirements. These committees typically include audit, risk management, and nomination committees, each with defined roles and responsibilities. They oversee critical functions such as financial reporting, risk assessment, and board appointments. Their effectiveness directly impacts institutional governance and market confidence. Evaluations of these committees focus on their roles, meeting effectiveness, and governance practices. Regular assessments, both internal and external, help identify gaps and improve committee functioning, thereby strengthening the regulatory framework of MIIs.

Why in news?

Sebis new guidelines require MIIs to conduct triennial external evaluations and annual internal evaluations of their statutory committees to ensure consistent performance standards.

Triveni Complex, Prayagraj

The Triveni Complex in Prayagraj is a government-owned venue primarily used for official meetings, conferences, and state cabinet sessions. It is strategically located near the confluence of three rivers—Ganga, Yamuna, and the mythical Saraswati—giving Prayagraj its historical and religious significance. The complex is equipped with modern facilities to host high-profile governmental events. It played a notable role during the Maha Kumbh festival, hosting critical government meetings amid the massive religious gathering.

Why in news?

The UP state cabinet meeting chaired by Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath, which approved key policies including the Aerospace and Defence Unit policy, was held at the Triveni Complex during the Maha Kumbh.

UGC and AICTE Reforms

The University Grants Commission (UGC) and All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) are regulatory bodies overseeing higher education in India. Recent reforms include integrating online courses into curricula, promoting credit transfers, and encouraging experiential learning. Both have introduced quality assurance frameworks and mandated soft skills training to improve employability. The reforms aim to modernize education by balancing academic rigor with industry relevance. However, these changes have led to reduced faculty-student interaction and mentorship opportunities. The bodies also regulate faculty qualifications, course content, and institutional accreditation to maintain standards.

Why in news?

UGC and AICTE reforms are central to Indias efforts to address graduate employability issues by incorporating online learning and experiential education in higher education.

UIDAI

The Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) is a statutory authority established in 2009 under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology. It administers Aadhaar, the worlds largest biometric ID system, with over 1.3 billion enrolled residents. UIDAI collects demographic and biometric data (fingerprints, iris scans, facial photographs) to provide a unique 12-digit identity number. It supports digital authentication services for government and private sectors, enhancing financial inclusion and welfare delivery. UIDAI’s operations emphasize data security and privacy, governed by the Aadhaar Act, 2016. Its CEO also oversees policy implementation and technology upgrades.

Why in news?

Shri Bhuvnesh Kumar, CEO of UIDAI, was present at the event where the silver nanowire conductive ink technology was transferred to startups, underscoring government support for indigenous tech development.

UIDAI Sub-Authentication User Agency License

The UIDAI Sub-Authentication User Agency (Sub-AUA) license is a certification granted by the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) to entities authorized to perform Aadhaar-based identity verification. Sub-AUAs can access demographic and biometric data through UIDAIs secure ecosystem to authenticate users electronically. This license requires compliance with strict data security and privacy norms. Information Utilities (IUs) must obtain this license to perform Aadhaar-based demographic authentication for insolvency proceedings. The Sub-AUA framework ensures that identity verification is reliable, legally valid, and integrated with government databases for accuracy and fraud prevention.

Why in news?

New insolvency guidelines require Information Utilities to obtain a UIDAI Sub-AUA license to conduct Aadhaar-based demographic authentication, enhancing the legal robustness of identity verification in insolvency cases.

Undavalli

Undavalli is a village in the Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh, known primarily for its ancient rock-cut caves and temples dating back to the 4th-5th centuries. It is situated on the banks of the Krishna River and is a notable example of Indian rock architecture. The Undavalli caves are dedicated mainly to Vishnu and are an important heritage site. The village has recently gained attention as the residence of the Andhra Pradesh Minister for IT, Nara Lokesh, who hosted the launch of the Mana Mitra WhatsApp governance initiative there.

Why in news?

Undavalli gained media attention as the location where Minister Nara Lokesh launched the WhatsApp-based governance service Mana Mitra in January 2025.

Uniform Civil Code Portal

The Uniform Civil Code (UCC) Portal is an online platform designed to facilitate the implementation of the UCC by streamlining registrations and complaints related to civil matters such as marriage, divorce, inheritance, and adoption. It has distinct login options for citizens, officials, and service center staff, enabling tailored access and efficient management of cases. The portal integrates technical and legal support features to assist users throughout the process. It is among the first digital tools created specifically to support UCC implementation at a state level in India, aiming to ensure transparency and accessibility.

Why in news?

The Uttarakhand government launched the UCC Portal alongside setting up assistance centers to implement the Uniform Civil Code by January 2025, aiming to promote equality and justice under a common legal framework.

Viksit Bharat @2047

Viksit Bharat @2047 is Indias strategic vision aiming for developed nation status by the centenary of independence in 2047. It emphasizes sustainable economic growth, fiscal discipline, technological innovation, and inclusive development. The vision integrates fiscal reforms at the state level, promoting balanced regional progress and resilience. It aligns with initiatives like the Fiscal Health Index to ensure fiscal prudence and governance reforms. The program also focuses on infrastructure, education, health, and environmental sustainability to transform India into a global economic powerhouse by 2047.

Why in news?

The Fiscal Health Index report references Viksit Bharat @2047 to show the importance of fiscal discipline in achieving India’s long-term economic transformation goals.

Vision 2047 Document

The Vision 2047 document is a strategic policy framework outlining Indias long-term developmental goals coinciding with the centenary of its independence. It aims to address economic growth, social inclusion, and sustainable development. The document emphasizes technological innovation, infrastructure expansion, and human capital development but has been critiqued for insufficient focus on increasing the purchasing power of the general population. It is developed by government think tanks and policy experts to guide future governance and investment priorities across states. The document serves as a blueprint for aligning state and national development agendas over the next two decades.

Why in news?

The Vision 2047 document was referenced critically during the CPI(M) conference for lacking realistic plans to boost purchasing power in the state.

Economy & Banking/Finance

Chyangra Pashmina

Chyangra Pashmina is a type of fine wool obtained from the undercoat of the Chyangra goat, native to high-altitude regions of Nepal. The wool is collected during the natural shedding season by hand combing. It is known for its exceptional softness, warmth, and lightweight properties. The production process involves traditional hand-spinning and weaving techniques, often using natural dyes and intricate embroidery. The Nepalese government certifies authentic Chyangra Pashmina with a special label to protect its quality and originality. Nepal competes internationally with China and Mongolia in producing this fiber, which is highly valued in markets like America, Japan, and Europe.

Why in news?

The first International Pashmina Festival in Nepal brought into light the importance and quality of Chyangra Pashmina, promoting it domestically and internationally.

Dedicated Ethanol Plants (DEPs)

Dedicated Ethanol Plants (DEPs) are specialized distilleries established solely for ethanol production, often using multiple feedstocks such as molasses, sugarcane juice, and grains. DEPs are promoted to address ethanol deficits in certain state of Indias and enhance production capacity. They operate under Long Term Off-take Agreements (LTOAs) with Public Sector Oil Marketing Companies to ensure market stability. DEPs contribute to the government’s ethanol blending targets by increasing supply and reducing reliance on molasses-only distilleries. Their establishment supports rural employment, infrastructure development, and diversification of agricultural residue utilization. DEPs also facilitate the production of higher ethanol grades like E-100 for flex-fuel vehicles.

Why in news?

The government is encouraging the setup of DEPs in ethanol-deficit states as part of the strategy to meet higher ethanol blending targets by 2025-26.

Financial Stability Report

The Financial Stability Report (FSR) is a biannual publication by the Reserve Bank of India assessing risks and vulnerabilities in the financial system. It analyzes macroeconomic trends, banking sector health, credit growth, and systemic risks. The FSR marks concerns such as retail borrowers juggling multiple loans, non-performing assets, and sectoral stress points. It provides policy recommendations to strengthen financial stability and safeguard against shocks. The report influences regulatory decisions, including data-sharing norms for CICs, to mitigate risks associated with credit defaults and improve lending discipline.

Why in news?

The recent Financial Stability Report flagged risks from retail borrowers managing multiple loans, prompting RBI to revise CIC data-sharing rules to prevent credit misuse and enhance monitoring.

Global anti-Base Erosion Model (GloBE)

The Global anti-Base Erosion Model (GloBE) is part of Pillar 2 of the OECD tax framework, designed to ensure multinational enterprises pay a minimum tax rate of 15% across jurisdictions. It targets profit shifting to low-tax countries by imposing top-up taxes where the effective tax rate is below the minimum. GloBE rules require participating countries to enact domestic legislation for enforcement. Around 50 countries have adopted or are adopting these rules. GloBE is a key tool in reducing tax avoidance and leveling the international tax playing field for multinational corporations.

Why in news?

The US exit from the OECD Global Tax Deal affects the implementation of GloBE rules globally, forcing jurisdictions to reconsider or adjust their tax policies.

Kharif Rice Season

The kharif rice season refers to the monsoon crop cycle in India, typically sown between June and July and harvested from September to October. It is the largest rice-growing season in India, contributing the majority of the countrys annual rice production. Kharif rice relies heavily on monsoon rains and is grown in states like West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, and Andhra Pradesh. The season’s output affects global rice supply and prices . The 2024 kharif season recorded a record production of 119.34 million tonnes, surpassing the previous years 113.26 million tonnes, influencing domestic and international rice markets.

Why in news?

Indias record-high kharif rice production in 2024 is driving ample supplies and contributing to falling rice prices globally, impacting export dynamics.

Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)

Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is natural gas cooled to minus 162 degrees Celsius, transforming it into a liquid to enable easier transport by specialized ships. LNG allows gas to be shipped globally, unlike traditional pipeline gas, which requires fixed infrastructure. The LNG market has expanded due to geopolitical disruptions, with the U.S., Australia, and Qatar as leading exporters. LNG trade increases flexibility, reduces dependency on specific suppliers, and enables energy access for countries without pipeline connections. LNG is the second-largest export of Australia and the sole export of Qatar, impacting their economies and geopolitical influence.

Why in news?

LNG is central to the shift in global gas markets following Russias pipeline gas cutoff to the EU, with increased U.S. exports and rising prices affecting global energy dynamics.

Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR)

The Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR) is a regulatory standard requiring banks to hold an adequate level of high-quality liquid assets (HQLA) to cover net cash outflows for 30 days under stress conditions. It was introduced by the Basel III framework to strengthen bank liquidity resilience. Banks must maintain an LCR of at least 100%, ensuring they can survive short-term liquidity disruptions. The ratio encourages banks to hold government securities and liquid assets instead of loans. The RBI had proposed tightening LCR norms which could force banks to reallocate ₹7 lakh crore from loans to liquid assets, impacting credit availability.

Why in news?

RBI is expected to ease the proposed tightening of LCR norms due to a high liquidity deficit in the banking system, potentially reversing earlier draft regulations to support liquidity.

Loan Sanctions Pipeline

A loan sanctions pipeline is the total value of loan approvals granted by a bank but not yet disbursed to borrowers. It represents future credit growth potential and liquidity deployment. The pipeline includes loans sanctioned for various sectors like infrastructure, energy, telecom, renewables, and electric vehicles (EVs). A large sanctions pipeline indicates strong demand for credit and upcoming asset growth, but actual disbursement depends on borrower readiness and market conditions. Union Banks ₹39,000 crore sanctions pipeline in Q3FY25 reflects cautious optimism about corporate loan demand amid subdued capex activity.

Why in news?

Union Bank reported a loan sanctions pipeline of ₹39,000 crore in Q3FY25, signaling potential credit growth despite a moderate business environment.

Mahesh H. Puttaiah

Mahesh H. Puttaiah is the Head of Insurance Market Analysis at Swiss Re, specializing in risk assessment and insurance market trends. He has contributed to research on natural catastrophe impacts, economic vulnerabilities, and insurance sector resilience, particularly in emerging markets like India. Puttaiahs work emphasizes the importance of identifying risk hotspots and enhancing disaster preparedness through insurance solutions. His analyses support strategic decision-making for insurers and policymakers. He frequently speaks at industry conferences and contributes to Swiss Res reports on market outlook and sustainability in insurance.

Why in news?

Puttaiah commented on Indias economic growth outpacing risk mitigation efforts, stressing the need for improved resilience in disaster-prone regions amid rapid insurance market expansion.

Managed Float Exchange Rate

A managed float exchange rate system allows a currencys value to fluctuate according to market forces but permits central banks to intervene occasionally to stabilize or steer the currency. It differs from a fixed or pegged exchange rate by not having a predetermined target but is not a purely free float either. Many emerging market economies adopt this system to balance the benefits of market-determined rates with the need to mitigate excessive volatility and financial instability. Managed floats help countries respond flexibly to external shocks while maintaining macroeconomic stability.

Why in news?

The RBI study discusses Indias managed float exchange rate regime and its role in addressing exchange rate volatility amidst global economic pressures in early 2025.

Mandis

Mandis are traditional agricultural market yards in India where farmers sell their produce directly to traders and wholesalers. They operate under the Agricultural Produce Market Committee (APMC) Acts, which regulate trade to ensure fair prices. Mandis serve as crucial nodes in the supply chain, impacting commodity prices nationwide. Many mandis specialize in seasonal vegetables and fruits, influencing local and national inflation trends. Despite modernization efforts, mandis remain vital for price discovery and farmer income. Some states have reformed mandi laws to allow private markets, aiming to increase competition and reduce intermediaries.

Why in news?

Mandis are mentioned as the source of price data showing a 1.71% drop in vegetable prices in early January 2025, contributing to the moderation of retail inflation in India.

Merchandise Trade Deficit

The merchandise trade deficit measures the difference between a countrys imports and exports of physical goods. It excludes services and financial transfers. A narrower merchandise trade deficit indicates that a country is importing less relative to its exports, which can strengthen its currency and improve economic outlook. For India, merchandise trade data is crucial due to its large import bill, especially for crude oil. The deficit fluctuates with global commodity prices, domestic demand, and trade policies. It is reported monthly by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry and influences foreign exchange markets and government policy decisions.

Why in news?

Indias narrower-than-expected merchandise trade deficit in December helped the rupee gain strength, contributing to one of its best performances in over seven months.

Merchant Discount Rate (MDR)

MDR is a fee charged to merchants by payment processors for each card transaction, typically ranging from 0.5% to 2%. UPI transactions currently do not levy MDR, making them free for merchants. This absence limits fintech companies revenue streams and their ability to raise funds. Introducing MDR on UPI could enable smaller players to compete better by generating income from merchants. The NPCI has yet to decide on MDR implementation for UPI, affecting the fintech ecosystems financial dynamics and market competition.

Why in news?

Discussions on enabling MDR on UPI transactions continue, as it could impact fintech funding, competitive balance, and the future growth of the UPI ecosystem.

Metas Year of Efficiency

The Year of Efficiency was a strategic initiative announced by Meta in 2023 to reduce operational costs and streamline its workforce. It involved eliminating approximately 10,000 positions, focusing on improving productivity and reallocating resources toward key business priorities such as artificial intelligence and new product development. This initiative marked a shift from growth to efficiency, reflecting broader tech industry trends amid economic uncertainty. The program also included efforts to enhance internal processes and cut non-essential expenditures. It influenced company culture by increasing pressure on performance and accountability, setting the stage for further workforce adjustments in subsequent years.

Why in news?

Metas ongoing workforce reduction in 2025 follows the Year of Efficiency cuts in 2023, signaling continued efforts to optimize talent and costs.

Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs)

MSMEs in India comprise over 58 million registered enterprises employing more than 247 million people, over a third of the country’s workforce. They are categorized into manufacturing (about 12 million) and services (over 20 million) sectors. MSMEs play important role in the value chains of large corporations and face high attrition rates. The Udyam portal is the governments official platform for MSME registration and support, including the Udyam Assist Platform. MSMEs contribute to employment and economic growth.

Why in news?

The government plans to integrate MSMEs into the PM Internship Scheme to leverage their scale and enhance youth employment and skill development.

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSME) Payment Mandate

The MSME payment mandate is a regulatory requirement in India mandating companies with an annual turnover exceeding ₹250 crore to register on TReDS platforms for timely payment of trade receivables to MSMEs. This initiative aims to enhance transparency, reduce delayed payments, and improve the creditworthiness of MSMEs. The mandate encourages large companies to comply with formal financing channels, promoting financial discipline and liquidity in the MSME sector. It is part of broader government efforts to strengthen MSMEs, which contribute to Indias GDP and employment.

Why in news?

Recent mandates requiring companies with turnover over ₹250 crore to register with TReDS platforms have increased the strategic importance of KredXs newly launched DTX platform.

Microfinance Disbursements

Microfinance disbursements refer to small loans provided to low-income individuals or groups lacking access to conventional banking. These loans typically finance micro-enterprises or personal needs. In India, microfinance institutions (MFIs) operate under strict regulatory frameworks including caps on interest rates and borrower limits. The sector is vulnerable to economic slowdowns and rising delinquencies, with repayment rates closely monitored through metrics like the 90-day past-due ratio. Microfinance grew rapidly post-2010 but faces cyclical risks from borrower over-indebtedness and regulatory tightening. Contracting disbursements often signal caution among lenders due to increasing default risks.

Why in news?

Microfinance disbursements in India contracted by 10% year-on-year in the second quarter of FY25 amid rising delinquencies and tighter underwriting standards, as reported by Fitch Ratings.

Minimum Export Price (MEP) on Onions

The Minimum Export Price (MEP) for onions was introduced to regulate exports and stabilize domestic prices. From May 4 to September 12, 2024, the MEP was set at $550 per tonne with a 40% export duty. After September 13, the MEP was removed and export duty reduced to 20%. These measures controlled onion exports to prevent domestic shortages while allowing exports when supply improved. The monthly onion export increased from 0.72 lakh tonnes in September to 1.68 lakh tonnes in December 2024. MEP is a trade policy tool to balance export incentives and domestic availability.

Why in news?

Changes to onion export policy including MEP and export duty adjustments influenced export volumes and domestic price stability in 2024.

Monetary Policy Committee (India)

Indias Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) was established in 2016 to set interest rates and control inflation. It consists of six members – three from the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and three external experts appointed by the government. The committee meets bi-monthly and decides on the repo rate based on inflation targets set by the government. The MPC aims to maintain price stability and support economic growth. External members bring independent expertise and perspectives to monetary policy decisions. Nagesh Kumar was recently appointed as an external member, reflecting his expertise in economic and industrial development.

Why in news?

Nagesh Kumars recent appointment as an external member of the RBIs Monetary Policy Committee was noted amidst discussions on Indias manufacturing and export growth challenges.

Monetary Policy Committee (MPC)

The Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) is a six-member body constituted by the RBI to decide interest rates and inflation targets. Established in 2016, the MPC meets at least four times a year to set the repo rate based on inflation and growth outlooks. The committee includes three RBI officials and three external members appointed by the government. Its decisions aim to maintain price stability while supporting economic growth. The MPC follows a flexible inflation targeting framework, aiming for a 4% Consumer Price Index (CPI) inflation target with a 2-6% tolerance band.

Why in news?

The MPC meeting scheduled for February 5-7, 2025, is anticipated to focus on liquidity management and potential rate cuts amid tight financial conditions.

Mopeds

Mopeds are lightweight motorized two-wheelers with pedals, combining bicycle and motorcycle features. Popular in rural and semi-urban India, mopeds offer fuel efficiency and affordability. They typically have engine capacities below 50cc and are used for short-distance commuting. Indian manufacturers export mopeds primarily to developing countries where low-cost transport is essential. Despite being overshadowed by motorcycles and scooters in sales, mopeds have seen a resurgence due to improved designs and fuel efficiency. The 89% growth in moped exports in 2024 indicates rising demand in niche international markets.

Why in news?

Moped exports from India surged by 89% in 2024, reaching 6,346 units, marking the highest growth rate among two-wheeler segments.

Mudra Loans

Mudra loans are microfinance loans offered under the Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY) to support small and micro enterprises in India. As of January 17, 2025, over 37 million Mudra loans have been sanctioned, totaling approximately 3.66 trillion INR. These loans are disbursed through public-sector banks, regional rural banks, and microfinance institutions, with varying performance among banks. Mudra loans are categorized mainly into Shishu, Kishore, and Tarun segments, based on loan size and business maturity. The scheme aims to promote financial inclusion and entrepreneurship but faces challenges such as rising NPAs and uneven disbursement.

Why in news?

Mudra loans have seen slow disbursement by public-sector banks in FY25, with only 42% of targets met by October 2024, amid concerns about microfinance sector NPAs and profitability.

NaBFID

The National Bank for Financing Infrastructure and Development (NaBFID) is a state-owned financial institution in India established to provide long-term financing for infrastructure projects. It began lending operations in December 2022. NaBFIDs loan disbursements doubled to approximately ₹10,193 crore in Q3FY25 from ₹4,996 crore in Q3FY24. The institutions sanctioned loan pipeline reached a cumulative ₹1.65 trillion. It plans to raise up to ₹20,000 crore via bonds in Q4FY25. Its debentures are publicly listed, and the outstanding loan book grew to ₹48,781 crore by December 2024.

Why in news?

NaBFID reported increase in loan disbursements and sanctions in Q3FY25, with plans for further bond issuance to support infrastructure financing in India.

NaBFID (National Bank for Financing Infrastructure and Development)

NaBFID is a government-owned NBFC–IFC established to fund infrastructure development across sectors like power, roads, and telecommunications. It commenced full-fledged lending operations in 2023 and has rapidly built a loan book of about ₹47,600 crore and an investment book of ₹750 crore as of September 2024. NaBFID plays important role in supplementing bank lending by financing large-scale infrastructure projects, thereby addressing funding gaps. It operates mainly as a wholesale lender to other financial institutions and infrastructure developers, focusing on long-term credit.

Why in news?

NaBFID has rapidly expanded its lending operations since 2023, becoming player in infrastructure financing and intensifying competition with banks.

National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)

The National Bureau of Economic Research is a US-based nonprofit organization founded in 1920 that conducts economic research and disseminates findings to policymakers, academics, and the public. It is renowned for its rigorous studies on economic trends, including climate-driven disaster risks and their effects on insurance markets. A June 2024 NBER study brought into light a 22% increase in home insurance premiums in high-risk counties from 2020 to 2023, compared to a 13% national average. The study also forecasted rising premiums will disproportionately affect lower-income households as climate disasters become more frequent.

Why in news?

The NBER study provided key data linking climate-driven disasters to rising insurance premiums, underscoring the growing insurance crisis exacerbated by the 2025 Los Angeles wildfires.

National Infrastructure Bank

The National Infrastructure Bank (NIB) in India is a specialized financial institution aimed at funding large-scale infrastructure projects, including renewable energy. It provides long-term loans, partial credit guarantees, and innovative financing instruments to reduce risks for investors. Established to bridge the infrastructure financing gap, the NIB focuses on sectors like power, transport, and urban infrastructure. It operates under government oversight but collaborates with private and international investors. The bank also supports project development and promotes sustainable infrastructure by aligning funding with environmental and social governance criteria. Its role is crucial for India’s ambitious renewable energy targets.

Why in news?

The National Infrastructure Bank is brought into light as a key source of funding and credit guarantees to support renewable energy projects, addressing financial bottlenecks in India’s target of 500 GW non-fossil fuel capacity by 2030.

National Payments Corporation of India Mapper

The NPCI mapper is a technical system used to link an individual’s Aadhaar number with their bank branch for Aadhaar-based payments. It acts as a clearinghouse to route funds correctly to the Aadhaar-linked bank account. This mapping ensures that government payments reach the correct financial institution linked to the Aadhaar. The mapper is integral to the ABPS infrastructure, facilitating direct benefit transfers. Errors or mismatches in this mapping can cause payment delays or rejections, contributing to operational challenges in digital wage disbursements.

Why in news?

The NPCI mapper is a critical component in the Aadhaar-based payment system, which was mandated for MGNREGA wage payments starting January 2024, with payment delays partly attributed to mapping issues.

NITI Aayog Aluminium Report

The NITI Aayog report on Aluminium Policy outlines challenges faced by Indias aluminium sector, including high power costs and lack of a comprehensive policy framework. Released before 2025, it recommends measures to enhance competitiveness, such as reducing power tariffs, improving raw material availability, and encouraging technological innovation. The report emphasizes aluminiums strategic importance for sectors like automotive and aerospace. It also marks how global producers benefit from subsidies and lower power costs, putting Indian producers at a disadvantage. The document calls for coordinated government-industry efforts to boost domestic aluminium production and exports.

Why in news?

The NITI Aayog report is cited by ASSOCHAM in early 2025 to underline the adverse impact of high power costs on Indias aluminium industry competitiveness.

Non-farm Payroll (NFP)

The Non-farm Payroll (NFP) is a monthly US government report that measures the number of jobs added or lost in the economy, excluding farm workers, private household employees, and non-profit organization employees. It is released by the Bureau of Labor Statistics on the first Friday of each month. The NFP is a key economic indicator used to assess the health of the US labor market and influences Federal Reserve monetary policy decisions. Changes in NFP often cause volatility in financial markets, including forex and equities, as it reflects economic growth or contraction trends.

Why in news?

The January 2025 NFP report showed 256,000 jobs added, well above the expected 160,000, influencing expectations of fewer Federal Reserve interest rate cuts and strengthening the US dollar.

OECD Framework

The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) framework is a standardized method used internationally to measure and analyze the digital economy’s size and impact. It focuses on identifying digital goods and services, digital infrastructure, and digital platforms within national accounts. The framework helps compare digital economy metrics across countries by providing consistent definitions and methodologies. It excludes some traditional sectors’ digital contributions, which can lead to underestimation. Few countries have fully implemented this framework due to data collection challenges and the complexity of integrating digital activities into conventional economic statistics.

Why in news?

India has used the OECD framework to produce its first credible and up-to-date estimate of its digital economy, becoming the first developing country to do so.

OECD Global Tax Deal

The OECD Global Tax Deal is an international agreement involving over 140 countries to combat tax avoidance by multinational corporations. It consists of two pillars – Pillar 1 reallocates profits from home countries to where revenue is generated, and Pillar 2 sets a 15% global minimum corporate tax. The deal aims to reduce profit shifting and tax base erosion. It requires participating countries to adjust domestic laws to implement these rules. About 50 jurisdictions have made progress on Pillar 2, known as the Global anti-Base Erosion Model (GloBE rules), affecting global tax policies.

Why in news?

The US, under President Trump, withdrew from the OECD Global Tax Deal in January 2025, suspending its implementation and prompting other countries to reconsider their tax policies and enforcement.

Personal Grooming Industry (India)

Indias personal grooming industry encompasses services like hair care, skincare, cosmetics, and wellness, employing approximately 1.3 million professionals annually. This sector includes salons, spas, beauty parlors, and fitness centers, contributing to urban and rural employment. The industry is driven by rising disposable incomes, increased awareness of personal care, and growing demand for professional grooming services. It is largely unorganized but rapidly formalizing with franchise models and professional training institutes. The sectors workforce mainly consists of young women and men trained through short-term vocational courses. It outpaces the software sector in job creation, reflecting Indias diverse employment landscape.

Why in news?

The personal grooming industry is noted for generating more jobs annually than the software sector, denoting shifting employment trends beyond technology in India.

Phased Manufacturing Plan

The Phased Manufacturing Plan (PMP) is a government policy aimed at gradually increasing domestic production of goods by reducing import dependence through a planned schedule of tariff adjustments and incentives. It targets sectors like electronics, automotive, and pharmaceuticals, encouraging local value addition over time. PMP helps develop supply chains, create jobs, and build manufacturing capabilities. It typically involves a timeline for increasing customs duties on finished goods while lowering duties on components and raw materials to stimulate domestic assembly and production. PMP aligns with industrial policy goals like Make in India to boost self-reliance.

Why in news?

The Government of Indias upcoming budget may announce duty cuts on raw materials in line with the phased manufacturing plan to boost local manufacturing in electronics, healthcare, and other industries.

PLI Disbursement Delays

PLI disbursement delays refer to the slow release of funds under the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme, designed to encourage domestic manufacturing of EV components and other strategic sectors in India. These delays impact manufacturers’ cash flow and slow down scaling of production capacities. The PLI scheme offers financial incentives based on incremental sales, aiming to reduce import dependence and promote local value addition. Timely disbursement is crucial for maintaining investor confidence and accelerating industrial growth. The issue arises from bureaucratic procedures and verification processes, often causing uncertainty among manufacturers and delaying project timelines.

Why in news?

Industry leaders in the EV sector are urging the government to address PLI disbursement delays in the 2025 budget to enhance domestic manufacturing and reduce costs.

PLI Scheme for Green Steel

The Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme for green steel aims to financially support steelmakers transitioning to low-carbon technologies. It is designed to offset higher capital expenditure, which is nearly double for green steel plants (~$2 billion per 1 mtpa capacity) compared to conventional plants (~$1 billion). The scheme includes incentives for renewable energy use and special support for smaller producers. It also proposes mandatory procurement policies to create demand for costlier green steel. The PLI model has been used in other sectors to boost domestic manufacturing and innovation through performance-linked financial rewards.

Why in news?

The Steel Ministry is proposing a PLI-type scheme as part of the budget to incentivize green steel production and protect domestic producers from cheaper substandard imports.

Portfolio Flows Volatility

Portfolio flows volatility refers to the rapid and unpredictable movement of foreign investment funds into and out of a countrys financial markets. These flows are sensitive to global risk sentiment, often described as “risk-on” or “risk-off” phases, where investors collectively increase or decrease risk exposure. This volatility can cause sharp currency exchange rate fluctuations and impact domestic economic stability. It is a critical factor influencing exchange rates in emerging market economies like India. Unlike inflation or interest rate differentials, portfolio flows volatility driven by global spillovers is a primary source of exchange rate instability.

Why in news?

The RBIs January 2025 study identifies portfolio flows volatility as the main driver of exchange rate fluctuations in India, emphasizing the need for targeted forex interventions to manage these effects.

Potash

Potash refers to potassium-bearing salts primarily used as fertilizer to enhance soil fertility. It includes minerals like potassium chloride, potassium sulfate, and potassium nitrate. India is heavily dependent on potash imports, with the highest import bill among critical minerals at ₹12,648 crore in FY24. Major global producers include Canada, Russia, and Belarus. Potash demand is driven by agriculture to improve crop yields. Indias domestic reserves are limited, making it vulnerable to price fluctuations and supply disruptions. Potash is also used in industrial applications like soap manufacturing and glass production.

Why in news?

Potash is identified as a critical mineral in Indias National Critical Mineral Mission, with efforts underway to reduce import dependence and develop domestic resources.

Power Solutions Business

The Power Solutions business within Bosch Ltd contributes approximately 71% of the company’s automotive product sales. It primarily caters to the Heavy Commercial Vehicle (HCV) segment, which has been experiencing a decline due to structural challenges in the market. The segments slowdown is reflective of broader economic issues and has led to a 1.8% drop in sales in Q3FY25. Despite this, Bosch expects a recovery post-Budget 2025. The Power Solutions business focuses on components and systems that support vehicle powertrains, including diesel and gasoline fuel injection systems and related automotive technologies.

Why in news?

The Power Solutions business showed a decline due to the HCV segment slowdown, impacting Bosch Ltds quarterly performance in Q3FY25.

Premature Withdrawal Penalty

Premature withdrawal penalties apply when fixed deposits are withdrawn before maturity. Bank of Barodas policy exempts penalties for amounts up to ₹5 lakh after 12 months. For deposits below ₹1 crore, a 1% penalty on interest earned or contracted rate (whichever is lower) applies. For deposits of ₹1 crore and above, the penalty increases to 1.5%. These penalties reduce the effective interest earned by the depositor. The policy balances encouraging long-term deposits while providing some liquidity flexibility. Penalty rates are specific to Bank of Baroda and differ from other banks rules.

Why in news?

Bank of Baroda clarified its premature withdrawal penalty structure alongside the launch of bob Liquid Fixed Deposits to inform customers of terms and conditions regarding early withdrawal.

Premier Banking

Premier Banking is a banking service tier designed for affluent clients, offering personalized financial solutions, wealth management, and exclusive privileges. It targets high net worth and ultra-high net worth individuals, providing services such as preferential loan rates, dedicated relationship managers, and international banking facilities. Premier Banking often includes access to global investment products, estate planning, and tailored credit options. It differs from private banking by focusing on affluent clients who may not meet the ultra-high net worth threshold. HSBCs Premier Banking proposition in India includes enhanced digital platforms and wealth advisory services to cater to the growing affluent population.

Why in news?

HSBC India is expanding its Premier Banking services by opening 20 new branches to serve affluent and ultra-high net worth clients in key Indian cities.

Premium Low Volatility Coking Coal

Premium Low Volatility (PLV) coking coal is a grade of metallurgical coal characterized by low volatile matter content, which results in cleaner combustion and higher coke strength. PLV coking coal is essential in steel production as it produces strong coke necessary for blast furnace operations. Australian-origin PLV coal is a major export product and influences global steelmaking costs. Its price fluctuations directly affect steel production margins. PLV coals low volatility reduces emissions during coke production, making it preferred for environmental compliance in steel manufacturing.

Why in news?

The spot price of Australian Premium Low Volatility coking coal fell by 12% in 2024, alleviating some cost pressures on Indian steel producers.

Prepaid Payment Instruments (PPI)

Prepaid Payment Instruments (PPIs) are digital wallets and cards issued by authorized entities in India to facilitate electronic payments. PPIs are regulated by the RBI and enable users to load money for transactions without requiring a bank account. They come in various forms, including closed system, semi-closed system, and open system wallets. MobiKwik holds a 23% market share in PPI wallet gross transaction value as of November 2024. PPIs often serve as on-ramps for digital payments and have transaction limits and KYC requirements to prevent misuse. They are integral to India’s digital payment infrastructure.

Why in news?

MobiKwik, a major PPI issuer, integrated the e-rupee wallet into its platform, expanding the use of digital currency through prepaid instruments.

Presentation Timing of Economic Survey

The Economic Survey was traditionally presented alongside the Union Budget from 1950 to 1964. Since 1965, it has been released as a standalone document, typically a day before the Budget presentation. This shift allows policymakers, investors, and the public to analyze the Surveys insights before the Budget is tabled. The Survey is presented in Parliament by the Finance Minister and serves as a pre-budget economic review. This timing enhances transparency and facilitates informed debate on fiscal proposals. The Surveys early release is now a well-established practice in Indias budgetary process.

Why in news?

The Economic Survey 2025 was released on January 31, one day before the Union Budget presentation on February 1, continuing the tradition of standalone pre-budget publication.

Presumptive Taxation for Foreign Sea Cruise Players

Presumptive taxation is a simplified tax scheme where income is estimated based on turnover or other indicators instead of detailed accounting. The Indian Income Tax Department recently prescribed specific conditions for foreign sea cruise operators to avail presumptive taxation, aimed at easing compliance and clarifying tax liabilities. This scheme applies to non-resident entities earning income through cruise tourism activities in Indian waters, ensuring streamlined tax processes while preventing tax evasion.

Why in news?

The Income Tax Department introduced new conditions for foreign sea cruise companies to avail presumptive taxation, reflecting growing regulatory attention on the cruise tourism sector.

Presumptive Taxation Regime

The Presumptive Taxation Regime allows certain businesses to pay tax on a presumed income rather than actual profits. It simplifies tax compliance for small taxpayers and specific sectors. Introduced in India under the Income Tax Act, it targets ease of doing business. For non-resident cruise ship operators, it applies if ships carry over 200 passengers or are longer than 75 meters. The regime excludes cargo operations, focusing on leisure and recreational voyages. It also exempts foreign companies from tax on lease rentals from related companies operating cruise ships in India.

Why in news?

The Government of India amended I-T rules in January 2025 to specify conditions for applying presumptive taxation to non-resident cruise ship operators, aiming to promote investment and employment in the maritime tourism sector.

Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) Section 45 Exception

Section 45 of the PMLA, 2002, sets a stringent bail standard requiring the accused to prove no prima facie case against them. However, it contains an exception allowing women, minors under 16, and sick or infirm persons to be granted bail if the Special Court directs. This exception is aligned with similar provisions in the Indian Penal Code. The law does not differentiate among women based on social status, profession, or education. Bail can still be denied if the accused poses a flight risk or may tamper with witnesses. The provision balances strict anti-money laundering measures with humanitarian considerations.

Why in news?

The Supreme Court criticized the Enforcement Directorate for ignoring this exception while opposing bail for Shashi Bala, a woman accused in a money laundering case under the PMLA.

Prime-age Adult IM Workers

Prime-age adult international migrant workers are defined as those aged between 25 and 54 years. In 2022, they constituted 74.9% (125.6 million) of the global international migrant labour force. This group represents the largest majority among international migrants employed or available for work. Their dominance reflects the core working-age population that typically drives economic productivity. The category excludes younger workers (15-24 years) and older workers (55 years and above), who make up smaller proportions of the international migrant labour force. The prime-age groups substantial share is consistent across regions and sectors globally.

Why in news?

Prime-age adult international migrant workers were brought into light in the ILOs 2022 global labour force report, emphasizing their role in global labour markets and economic contributions.

Principal Purpose Test (PPT)

The Principal Purpose Test (PPT) is a provision in international tax treaties aimed at preventing treaty abuse by denying benefits if one of the principal purposes of an arrangement is to obtain treaty advantages improperly. It is part of the OECD’s Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) Action Plan 6. PPT requires tax authorities to look beyond formalities and assess the actual purpose of transactions or arrangements. The test applies prospectively in India, meaning it affects future transactions and not past ones. It has become a common feature in India’s Double Taxation Avoidance Agreements (DTAAs) to curb treaty shopping.

Why in news?

Indias income tax department issued fresh guidance on the applicability of the PPT in tax treaties, clarifying its prospective application and exempting grandfathering provisions in treaties with Cyprus, Mauritius, and Singapore.

Priority Sector Housing Loans (PSL)

Priority Sector Housing Loans (PSL) are a subset of housing loans aimed at promoting affordable housing for economically weaker sections and low-income groups in India. Banks are mandated by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to allocate a certain percentage of their lending to PSL to support government housing schemes. As of November 2024, PSL housing loans stood at ₹7.52 lakh crore, growing only 2% year-on-year, lower than the previous years 20%. Enforcement of securities in affordable housing loans is challenging due to their lower ticket size, affecting recovery and returns for banks.

Why in news?

PSL housing loan growth slowed sharply to 2% year-on-year by November 2024, reflecting banks’ cautious lending amidst economic slowdown and rising funding costs.

Private Final Consumption Expenditure (PFCE)

Private Final Consumption Expenditure (PFCE) measures household spending on goods and services within an economy, excluding government consumption and investments. It is a key indicator of consumer demand and economic health. PFCE growth often correlates with income levels and employment rates. In India, PFCE accounts for around 55-60% of GDP. It can reflect rural and urban consumption patterns separately and is sensitive to inflation and credit availability. PFCE growth can stimulate production and investment if sustained. It is distinct from government expenditure and is crucial for understanding domestic demand-driven growth.

Why in news?

PFCE growth is projected to rise sharply in FY25, signaling improved consumer demand despite overall GDP slowdown, affecting corporate investment decisions.

Private Investment Announcements

Private investment announcements refer to declarations by companies or investors about planned capital expenditures on new projects, expansions, or acquisitions. These announcements are forward-looking indicators of economic activity, signaling confidence and potential growth. In India, tracking these announcements helps gauge the health of the industrial and services sectors, as they precede actual spending and job creation. Data on private investment announcements is collected by agencies like CMIE and influences economic forecasts and policy decisions. Fluctuations in these announcements often reflect broader economic conditions such as demand, credit availability, and government policy environment.

Why in news?

Rising private investment announcements in Q3 FY25 were brought into light by economists as a key factor indicating improved economic momentum, potentially pushing GDP growth beyond official estimates.

Private Mandis

Private mandis are agricultural market yards operated by private entities rather than government bodies. They emerged as alternatives to traditional government-regulated mandis, intending to increase competition and efficiency in agricultural trade. Private mandis can offer direct purchase options for farmers, often bypassing commission agents. However, they face criticism for potentially undermining established mandi systems and reducing transparency. The introduction of private mandis is controversial in states like Punjab, where traditional mandis form the backbone of agricultural marketing. Private mandis also raise concerns about regulation, pricing, and farmer protections, as they may not be subject to the same oversight as government mandis.

Why in news?

Punjab government opposes the central policy promoting private mandis, fearing it will undermine the state’s traditional mandi infrastructure and affect commission agents’ livelihoods.

Processing-grade Potato Varieties

Processing-grade potatoes used for French Fries have 20-23% dry matter and less than 0.1% reducing sugars, resulting in higher yield and lighter color after frying. Varieties like Santana, Innovator, Kennebec, Kufri Frysona, and Kufri FryoM are preferred for FF production. Santana, Innovator, and Lady Rosetta were bred by Dutch companies STET, HZPC, and Meijer respectively, while the Kufri varieties were developed by Indias Central Potato Research Institute (CPRI), Shimla. These potatoes differ from common table potatoes, which have higher moisture and sugars, causing darkening when fried.

Why in news?

Processing-grade potato varieties are crucial to Indias rise as a French Fries exporter, enabling domestic production of quality FF that meets international standards and reduces dependency on imports.

Product Linked Incentives (PLI) Scheme

The Product Linked Incentives (PLI) scheme is an Government of India policy designed to boost domestic manufacturing by providing financial incentives linked to production targets. It applies to multiple sectors, including electronics, pharmaceuticals, and clean energy. The scheme aims to reduce import dependence and promote export competitiveness. However, concerns exist that long-term reliance on PLIs may hinder self-reliance and innovation in industries. The PLI scheme acts as a catalyst to jumpstart sectors but encourages gradual independence from subsidies. It has been a key component in Indias industrial policy reforms since 2020.

Why in news?

PLI was discussed by Minister Goyal as a temporary support mechanism for clean energy manufacturing during the launch of the Bharat Cleantech Manufacturing Platform.

Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme for White Goods

The Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme for white goods targets boosting domestic manufacturing of air-conditioners and LED light components. Since its launch, 66 companies have invested nearly ₹7,000 crore across three phases, establishing factories in 54 districts. The scheme has increased localization in AC manufacturing to about 65%, with projections to reach 75%. It aims to reduce import dependence, enhance competitiveness, and create jobs. The government is considering expanding the PLI scheme to cover high-value components to further strengthen the supply chain and manufacturing ecosystem in India.

Why in news?

The PLI scheme’s success in increasing investment and localization in air-conditioners and LED lights was brought into light in a 2025 industry update, with calls for expansion to more components.

Production Linked Incentive (PLI) SchemeAgrochemicals

The Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme for agrochemicals is a government initiative aimed at encouraging domestic manufacturing of pesticides and fertilizers. It offers financial incentives linked to production volumes to reduce import dependence and enhance global competitiveness. The scheme supports investment in advanced manufacturing technologies, research, and innovation. PLI helps build a robust ecosystem by incentivizing local production of both formulations and technical raw materials. It aligns with broader goals of self-reliance in agriculture inputs and supports the ‘Make in India’ campaign. The scheme also aims to reduce costs for farmers by increasing the availability of affordable, high-quality crop protection products.

Why in news?

Experts recommended expanding the PLI scheme in the 2025-26 Budget to boost local agrochemical manufacturing and reduce reliance on imports.

Production Linked Incentive Scheme

Indias Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme, started in 2020, is a government initiative offering financial incentives to companies based on the incremental sales of domestically manufactured goods. It aims to enhance domestic manufacturing capabilities and reduce import dependency by encouraging local sourcing. The scheme targets sectors like automotive, electronics, textiles, and light vehicles. It has attracted major companies, including Apple and its suppliers, to increase production in India. The PLI Scheme is a public-private partnership that supports industrial growth by boosting exports and strengthening supply chains within the country.

Why in news?

The PLI Scheme is cited as a key driver in Indias rise as a manufacturing hub and its inclusion in the World Economic Forums recent analysis of global supply chain shifts.

Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) for Crop Protection Molecules

The PLI scheme incentivizes domestic manufacturing of new crop protection molecules to reduce import dependency and promote innovation. It offers financial rewards linked to incremental sales of locally produced agrochemicals. The scheme encourages research and development for novel synthetic and biological crop protection products. PLI aims to boost local production capacities, generate employment, and align with the Make in India initiative. It also supports sustainability by encouraging environmentally friendly chemistries. The program is part of broader government efforts to strengthen Indias agrochemical industry and integrate it into global supply chains.

Why in news?

The governments anticipated introduction of a PLI scheme for crop protection molecules is expected to accelerate innovation and manufacturing growth in Indias agrochemical sector.

Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme for Electronics

The PLI Scheme for electronics incentivizes domestic electronics manufacturing to boost production and exports. It has generated production worth Rs 6.14 lakh crore and exports of Rs 3.12 lakh crore. The scheme has created over 1.28 lakh direct jobs in the sector. It encourages companies to increase manufacturing capacities by offering financial incentives based on incremental production. The scheme aims to reduce import dependency and enhance Indias global competitiveness in electronics manufacturing through targeted support for key segments.

Why in news?

The scheme’s success is emphasized in the Union Finance Ministrys statement before the 2025-26 budget presentation, showcasing growth in electronics manufacturing and employment.

Production-Linked Incentive Scheme

Indias Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme is a government initiative launched in 2020 to boost domestic manufacturing in key sectors, including textiles. It offers financial incentives based on incremental sales and production targets. The scheme aims to reduce import dependence, enhance export competitiveness, and create jobs. Textile sector allocations under PLI have increased, with incentives rising from ₹450 million to ₹600 million for the current fiscal year. PLI encourages companies to invest in local manufacturing infrastructure, technology upgrades, and innovation. It includes tax benefits, subsidies, and streamlined approvals to attract global and domestic investors.

Why in news?

The Government of India plans to increase budget allocation and incentives under the PLI scheme to support the textile sector amid growing export opportunities.

Project Nexus

Project Nexus is a global initiative aimed at connecting domestic fast payment systems across countries to enable seamless, instant cross-border retail payments. It facilitates interoperability between national payment networks, reducing transaction costs and settlement times. India is a key participant, leveraging Project Nexus to link its UPI system with payment platforms in countries such as Singapore, Bhutan, and the UAE. The project supports real-time payments in multiple currencies and aims to enhance financial inclusion by simplifying international transactions for individuals and merchants. It represents a strategic effort to create a global network of instant payment systems.

Why in news?

Indias active participation in Project Nexus was noted in the RBIs January 2025 report, underscoring its ambition to lead in cross-border payment innovation.

Provincial Attestation Letter (PAL)

The Provincial Attestation Letter (PAL) is a document issued by Canadian provinces under a fixed quota system for international students. It verifies that a student has met eligibility criteria and secured a reserved seat in a college or university. PAL is mandatory for study permit applications to ensure compliance with the national cap on international students introduced in January 2024. The letter is valid until January 21, 2025, and requires an initial fee between $1,000 and $2,500. Without PAL, students cannot proceed with their visa applications. PAL seats are limited and non-transferable across institutions.

Why in news?

PAL is crucial as January 22, 2025, approaches, marking potential changes or tightening in Canadian student visa policies affecting international student admissions under provincial quotas.

Public Capex

Public capital expenditure (capex) refers to government spending on infrastructure, development projects, and public assets. It is a critical driver of economic growth and fiscal deficit levels. In election years, public capex often slows due to delayed approvals and cautious spending. In FY25, Indias public capex was lower than budgeted, contributing to better-than-expected fiscal deficit performance. Coordination between central and state governments is essential for large infrastructure projects, and election-related disruptions can affect this. Public capex impacts job creation, productivity, and long-term economic capacity, making it a key budgetary focus.

Why in news?

Lower-than-budgeted public capex in the election year FY25 is cited as a main reason for Indias expected fiscal deficit outperformance in the 2025-26 budget discussions.

Public Capex Growth

Public capital expenditure (Public Capex) is government spending on infrastructure and physical assets like roads, railways, and energy projects. It drives economic growth by creating jobs and improving productivity. India saw a peak growth rate of over 30% in FY21-24, which is expected to slow to around 13% in FY26. This slowdown reflects a shift towards fiscal prudence and reallocation towards welfare spending. Public capex influences GDP growth, inflation, and credit conditions, making it a key economic indicator for policymakers and investors.

Why in news?

Goldman Sachs forecasted a slowdown in India’s public capex growth in the upcoming Union budget, signaling a shift from rapid infrastructure spending to more balanced fiscal management.

Public Sector Banks in India

Public Sector Banks (PSBs) in India are banks where the majority stake is held by the government. As of 2025, there are 12 major PSBs, including Bank of Baroda. PSBs play a critical role in financial inclusion, rural credit, and government schemes. They often offer lower interest rates on loans and higher rates on deposits due to government backing. PSBs have undergone consolidation, with mergers reducing their number from over 20 in 2017 to 12 in 2025. They face challenges like non-performing assets but remain vital for Indias banking infrastructure and rural economy.

Why in news?

Bank of Baroda, a prominent public sector bank, launched a new deposit product, denoting ongoing innovation and competition among PSBs in Indias banking sector.

Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs)

Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) are government-owned corporations or companies in India, operating in key sectors such as energy, infrastructure, and manufacturing. PSUs play a critical role in economic development and often receive preferential financing from public sector banks. They typically undertake large capital expenditure (capex) projects which drive demand for corporate loans. PSUs operate under government oversight, balancing commercial objectives with public policy goals. Union Banks focus on PSUs for new corporate loan business reflects the ongoing importance of these entities in driving credit growth amid subdued private sector capex.

Why in news?

Union Banks corporate loan growth is primarily coming from PSUs, as private sector capex remains weak in FY25.

PureSoftware

PureSoftware is an Indian fintech company specializing in omnichannel banking solutions, offering software that integrates digital and traditional banking services. Founded in the early 2010s, it provides platforms for customer engagement, transaction management, and compliance automation. PureSoftwares technology enables banks to deliver seamless experiences across mobile, web, and branch channels. The company has worked with several leading Indian banks and financial institutions to enhance digital transformation efforts. Its omnichannel approach supports real-time data synchronization and personalized customer journeys, improving operational efficiency and customer satisfaction.

Why in news?

PureSoftware was acquired by Happiest Minds for $94.5 million in 2024, marking consolidation in the Indian fintech software services market.

Qatar LNG Contract Renewal

Qatars LNG contract renewal refers to the extension of a long-term supply agreement between Qatar and India for 10 billion cubic meters (BCM) of LNG annually, starting from 2028 and lasting 20 years. Qatar is the worlds largest LNG exporter, and its contracts are critical for energy-importing countries. The renewal reflects strategic energy cooperation and supply diversification. Long-term contracts like this help stabilize LNG prices and supply security. Qatars LNG is produced primarily from the North Field, the worlds largest non-associated natural gas field, which is shared with Iran (South Pars field).

Why in news?

India signed a 20-year renewal of Qatars 10 BCM per year LNG contract starting in 2028, part of its strategy to diversify LNG supplies amid shifting global market dynamics in 2025.

QR Code Loan Application

Punjab & Sind Banks loan application process uses QR codes to initiate digital loan requests. Customers scan a QR code to start their loan application journey, which triggers automated retrieval of financial documents like Income Tax Returns and GST filings. This method reduces paperwork and manual intervention, speeding up loan processing. The QR code-based system integrates with the banks backend to analyze a customers creditworthiness using digital footprints. This technology also supports self-generation of vehicle loan sanctions anytime, including holidays, improving customer autonomy and service availability.

Why in news?

The bank introduced QR code-based digital loan applications for vehicle and home loans in late 2024, with expansion planned for MSME loans in January 2025.

QS World Future Skills Index

The QS World Future Skills Index is a ranking system developed by Quacquarelli Symonds, first released in 2025. It assesses countries based on four indicators – Skills Fit, Academic Readiness, Future of Work, and Economic Transformation. The index measures how well nations prepare their workforce for emerging job market demands, focusing on skills in AI, digital, and green sectors. The index marks future-ready economies and identifies gaps in education and industry collaboration. It complements QSs traditional university rankings by focusing on workforce skills rather than academic prestige alone.

Why in news?

The QS World Future Skills Index 2025 ranked India second globally, after the US, for preparedness in future job market skills, denoting strengths and areas for improvement in Indias workforce and education system.

Qualified Institutional Placement (QIP)

Qualified Institutional Placement (QIP) is a capital-raising tool used by publicly listed companies in India to issue equity shares or convertible securities to qualified institutional buyers (QIBs) without undergoing a lengthy public issue process. Introduced by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) in 2006, QIP helps companies quickly raise funds from institutional investors like mutual funds, insurance companies, and foreign portfolio investors. QIPs are exempt from certain regulatory requirements such as the need for pre-issue filing with SEBI, making them faster and cost-effective. The pricing of securities in QIP must be higher than the average market price over the last two weeks.

Why in news?

Punjab & Sind Bank plans to raise ₹2,000 crore through the QIP route as part of its capital augmentation strategy this quarter.

QuantEco Research Dividend Estimate

QuantEco Research projects the Reserve Bank of Indias dividend payout to the government for the financial year ending March 2025 to be around ₹1.5 trillion. This forecast is lower than some other estimates but reflects expected RBI profits from currency market operations and investment returns. The dividend is source of non-tax revenue for the government and varies based on the RBIs foreign exchange and investment performance during the year.

Why in news?

QuantEco Researchs dividend estimate provides insight into the expected fiscal contribution of the RBI to the government budget for 2024-25.

Quantitative Easing (QE)

Quantitative easing (QE) is a monetary policy tool used by central banks to stimulate the economy by purchasing government bonds or other financial assets. This increases the money supply, lowers interest rates, and encourages lending and investment. QE was widely implemented after the 2008 global financial crisis and during the Covid-19 pandemic to counter deflationary pressures and economic slowdown. It can lead to currency devaluation and inflation risks. Investors often turn to gold during QE periods as a hedge against these risks. QE differs from traditional monetary policy by directly targeting asset prices rather than only adjusting short-term interest rates.

Why in news?

The World Gold Council report marks how gold demand increased during QE periods following the 2008 crisis and the Covid pandemic, due to investors seeking protection against currency devaluation.

Quick Commerce

Quick commerce (q-commerce) is a retail model focused on ultra-fast delivery of goods, typically within 10-30 minutes, leveraging local warehouses and digital platforms. It is distinct from traditional e-commerce due to its emphasis on speed and convenience, often serving groceries, food, and daily essentials. This model depends heavily on advanced logistics, real-time inventory management, and localized supply chains. In India, the q-commerce sector is growing rapidly but also raising concerns related to competition, pricing, and labor practices. Regulatory bodies like CCI monitor the sector for anti-competitive practices, though formal complaints have been limited so far.

Why in news?

CCI is studying quick commerce after receiving industry references and a white paper from CAIT, amid concerns about competition and market practices in this emerging retail segment.

RBI ‘On Tap’ Licensing

The Reserve Bank of India’s ‘on tap’ licensing policy, introduced in 2016, allows eligible entities to apply for banking licenses anytime, rather than during fixed licensing windows. This policy encourages competition and financial innovation by enabling smoother entry of new banks into the market. The guidelines require applicants to meet capital adequacy, net worth, and asset quality criteria. The ‘on tap’ system applies to universal banks and small finance banks, streamlining the approval process. It also supports the voluntary transition of small finance banks to universal banks, subject to compliance with prescribed financial and operational norms.

Why in news?

The RBI’s ‘on tap’ licensing framework is the basis for Ujjivan Small Finance Bank’s application for a universal bank license, reflecting ongoing reforms in banking license issuance.

RBI Dividend

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) dividend is the share of RBIs profits transferred to the Government of India annually. RBIs earnings come from its monetary operations, including currency issuance and foreign exchange reserves management. The dividend is non-tax revenue source for the government and influences the fiscal deficit. The amount varies yearly based on RBIs net profits and is approved by the central board. RBI dividend payments have historically ranged between ₹30,000 crore and ₹1.76 lakh crore. Changes in this dividend can substantially affect government budgeting and fiscal consolidation efforts.

Why in news?

ICRA indicated that the RBI dividend could be a game changer for Indias FY26 budget, potentially altering fiscal deficit projections and capital expenditure plans.

RBI Dividends

RBI dividends are profits transferred by the Reserve Bank of India to the central government, forming non-tax revenue source. The RBIs surplus arises mainly from interest earned on government securities and foreign exchange operations. RBI dividend payments fluctuate annually based on central bank earnings and policy decisions. In FY26, reliance on RBI dividends is expected to remain high to help achieve the fiscal consolidation target. These dividends reduce the government’s borrowing needs and fiscal deficit. The RBI Act governs dividend distribution, with the central government receiving a minimum of 20% of RBIs net profits after provisions.

Why in news?

Standard Chartered Bank India brought into light that RBI dividend receipts will be crucial in FY26 for Indias fiscal consolidation efforts amid constrained fiscal space.

RBI Forwards Book

The RBI forwards book refers to the Reserve Bank of Indias outstanding foreign exchange forward contracts, agreements to buy or sell foreign currency at a future date at predetermined rates. This tool helps manage currency volatility and hedge risks. As of November 2024, RBIs forwards book showed a shortfall of about $60 billion, meaning the RBI must purchase this amount of foreign currency to settle maturing contracts. Large shortfalls can pressure foreign exchange reserves and signal market vulnerability. The forwards book is a critical but less visible component of Indias currency management strategy.

Why in news?

The RBIs forwards book shortfall increased, contributing to foreign exchange reserve depletion amid a weakening rupee and dollar strength.

RBI Gold Purchases

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has become the worlds second-largest central bank gold buyer as of November 2024, according to the World Gold Council. Central banks buy gold to diversify reserves and hedge against currency volatility. RBIs gold reserves have steadily increased over the past decade, reflecting a strategic shift to reduce reliance on the US dollar. Gold holdings provide financial stability during economic uncertainty. India is one of the largest gold consumers globally, and RBIs purchases influence domestic gold prices and monetary policy. The RBI stores gold in both domestic vaults and international depositories.

Why in news?

RBIs gold buying activity was brought into light in trade data revisions and discussions about Indias economic strategies in late 2024.

RBI MPC

The Reserve Bank of India Monetary Policy Committee (RBI MPC) is a six-member panel responsible for fixing the benchmark interest rates in India. It was established in 2016 to bring transparency and accountability to monetary policy decisions. The committee meets at least four times a year and bases its decisions on inflation targeting and economic growth. The MPC includes three members from the RBI and three external experts appointed by the Government of India. It uses the Consumer Price Index (CPI) as the primary inflation measure for policy decisions. The MPC’s decisions directly influence lending rates and liquidity in the economy.

Why in news?

RBI MPC member Nagesh Kumar proposed having two inflation rates for better policy formulation, distinguishing between food and non-food inflation for more targeted monetary policy decisions.

RBI Ombudsman Scheme

The Reserve Bank of India Integrated Ombudsman Scheme (RB-IOS), launched on November 12, 2021, consolidates multiple ombudsman schemes into one. It covers banks, NBFCs, payment system participants, and credit information companies. Complaints are handled through 24 RBI Ombudsman Offices (ORBIOs) and a Centralised Receipt and Processing Centre (CRPC). The scheme addresses grievances related to loans, deposits, credit cards, and electronic banking. Complaints can be resolved via mutual settlement, conciliation, or mediation. Non-maintainable complaints include those filed without first approaching the regulated entity or directed to other authorities. The disposal rate of complaints is over 95%.

Why in news?

The scheme recorded a 32.81% surge in complaints, totaling 9.34 lakh in FY 2023-24, denoting rising customer grievances in banking services.

RBI Windfall Payout

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) makes an annual payout to the government from its surplus income, which includes profits from investments, valuation changes on dollar holdings, and currency printing fees. The payout varies yearly; it was approximately ₹2.1 trillion in the previous year. The RBI retains a portion of the surplus to strengthen its capital but transfers the majority to the government. This payout supports government finances, especially when tax revenues and divestment proceeds are weak. The exact amount is approved by the RBIs central board in May each year.

Why in news?

The RBI is expected to make another large payout for the financial year ending March 2025, aiding the government amid economic challenges.

RCEP (Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership)

The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) is a free trade agreement among 15 Asia-Pacific countries, including China, Japan, South Korea, Australia, New Zealand, and the 10 ASEAN nations. Signed in 2020, it is the world’s largest trade bloc by GDP and population. The agreement aims to reduce tariffs, facilitate trade, and enhance economic integration among member countries. India initially participated in RCEP negotiations but decided to withdraw in 2019, citing concerns over potential harm to domestic industries, especially MSMEs, and the risk of increased imports from China flooding its market. RCEP covers goods, services, investment, intellectual property, and dispute settlement mechanisms.

Why in news?

India reaffirmed its decision to stay out of RCEP, citing the protection of MSMEs and national interests, particularly to avoid a flood of Chinese goods into the domestic market.

Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER)

The Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER) is an index that measures a currencys value against a basket of other currencies, adjusted for inflation differentials. It reflects the currencys purchasing power and trade competitiveness. A rising REER indicates currency appreciation or loss of competitiveness, while a falling REER suggests depreciation or improved competitiveness. The REER is used by central banks and economists to assess if a currency is overvalued or undervalued relative to trading partners. India’s REER hit a historic high of 108.14 in November 2024, indicating an 8% overvaluation of the rupee.

Why in news?

Indias rupee REER reached a record high, signaling overvaluation and affecting export competitiveness, prompting discussions on adjusting exchange rate policy under the new RBI governor.

Rebalancing in Emerging Markets

The term rebalancing in emerging markets refers to the shifting economic growth dynamics where some countries gain prominence while others slow down. This process is driven by factors like changes in global demand, commodity prices, and domestic policies. For example, Chinas slowing growth due to a property slump and trade uncertainties is causing India and other emerging economies to play a larger role in global growth. This rebalancing can alter investment flows, trade patterns, and geopolitical influence among emerging market countries.

Why in news?

IMFs 2025 forecast marks a rebalancing trend with Indias growth rising in importance amid Chinas economic slowdown.

Reciprocal Tariffs

Reciprocal tariffs are trade duties imposed by one country in response to tariffs levied by another, aiming to maintain trade balance and protect domestic industries. India used this strategy in 2018 when the U.S. imposed tariffs on Indian steel and aluminum, retaliating by increasing tariffs on 29 U.S. products to recover equivalent revenue. This approach is common in trade disputes and is intended to pressure opposing countries to remove or reduce their tariffs. Reciprocal tariffs can escalate trade tensions but also serve as negotiation tools in bilateral trade agreements.

Why in news?

Experts suggest India should impose reciprocal tariffs if the U.S. enforces additional duties on Indian goods, continuing a strategy used during the 2018 tariff conflict.

Regulatory Sandbox

A regulatory sandbox is a controlled environment where new financial products or services are tested under relaxed regulatory conditions. It allows innovators to experiment with reduced compliance burdens while ensuring consumer protection. Originating in the UK in 2016, sandboxes help regulators understand emerging technologies. They typically operate for a limited time and scope, with strict monitoring. Sandboxes can involve multiple sectors, such as insurance, banking, and securities. The approach balances innovation with risk management. They require firms to submit detailed proposals and follow specific guidelines during testing. Success can lead to broader market approval.

Why in news?

Irdai has updated the regulatory sandbox framework in 2025, introducing inter-regulatory sandbox proposals that allow cross-sector testing, enhancing innovation and easing business operations in Indias insurance sector.

Remission of Duties and Taxes on Exported Products (RoDTEP)

The RoDTEP scheme was implemented by India in 2021 to refund embedded non-creditable central, state, and local levies on exported goods. It aims to enhance the competitiveness of Indian exports by reimbursing taxes that are not credited under GST or other schemes. Initially applicable to exports from the domestic tariff area, it was extended to include SEZs, EOUs, and advance authorization holders from March 11, 2024. The scheme is funded through the Union Budget, with an allocation of Rs 16,575 crore for 2024-25, covering approximately 15% of India’s merchandise exports.

Why in news?

The Export Promotion Council for EOUs and SEZs has urged the government to extend the RoDTEP benefits for SEZs, EOUs, and AA holders beyond the December 31, 2024 expiration to maintain export competitiveness amid economic uncertainties.

Remittances and Diaspora Funds

Remittances are money transfers sent by migrants to their home countries, often supporting family and local economies. Diaspora funds are pooled financial resources from expatriate communities invested in development projects back home. Both play crucial roles in economic stability and poverty reduction in low-income countries. Remittances surpassed $700 billion globally in recent years, exceeding foreign direct investment in some regions. Diaspora funds are increasingly formalized through bonds and investment platforms to support infrastructure and social programs. The ILO recommends leveraging these private funds to boost productivity and social protection in vulnerable economies.

Why in news?

The ILOs 2024 report suggests low-income countries can harness remittances and diaspora funds to support local development amid global economic challenges.

Renminbi Slide

The renminbi (RMB) is Chinas official currency, also known as the yuan. A “slide” refers to its depreciation relative to other currencies, especially the US dollar. Factors influencing the renminbis value include trade balances, monetary policy, and investor confidence. A weaker renminbi makes Chinese exports cheaper and more competitive internationally but raises the cost of imports. Currency depreciation can result from capital outflows or differences in interest rates. The Peoples Bank of China manages the currency through a controlled floating exchange rate system. The renminbis fluctuations affect Chinas trade dynamics and economic policy decisions.

Why in news?

The renminbi weakened in 2024 due to strong US dollar demand, boosting Chinese exports by making them cheaper and contributing to the record trade surplus reported.

Repo Rate

The repo rate is the rate at which the RBI lends short-term funds to commercial banks against government securities. It is a key monetary policy instrument influencing borrowing costs, inflation, and economic growth. Changes in the repo rate affect interest rates across the economy, including loans and deposits. The repo rate is reviewed during MPC meetings and adjusted to either stimulate growth by lowering rates or control inflation by raising them. The term “repo” stands for “repurchase agreement,” reflecting the RBI’s temporary purchase of securities with an agreement to sell them back later.

Why in news?

Foreign banks and economists are divided on when the RBI will begin cutting the repo rate, with expectations shifting from February to April-June 2025 due to liquidity constraints.

Reserve Bank of India (RBI) Impaired-Loan Ratio

The impaired-loan ratio measures the proportion of a banks loan portfolio classified as impaired, including NPAs and restructured loans. It reflects the quality of assets and potential credit losses. RBI uses this ratio to assess banking sector health and guide regulatory policies. The ratio varies with economic conditions and credit cycles. In India, the impaired-loan ratio was 2.6% in the first half of FY25. RBI forecasts this ratio to trough in FY25 before rising to about 3% in FY26, indicating expected stress in the loan book due to economic and credit risks.

Why in news?

RBI expects the impaired-loan ratio to decline in FY25 but rise again in FY26, denoting ongoing concerns about loan quality amid economic uncertainties.

Reserve Bank of India Digital Payments Index (RBI-DPI)

The Reserve Bank of India Digital Payments Index (RBI-DPI) measures the growth and adoption of digital payments in India. Launched in January 2021, it uses March 2018 as its base period with a score of 100. The index aggregates data from multiple parameters, including payment infrastructure, payment performance, payment technology, and consumer centricity. It covers various digital payment modes like UPI, cards, and prepaid payment instruments. The RBI updates the DPI biannually, reflecting the evolving landscape of digital transactions and infrastructure development across urban and rural areas in India.

Why in news?

The RBI-DPI rose to 465.33 in September 2024 from 445.5 in March 2024, indicating growth in digital payments in India over six months.

Reserve Bank of India Rate-Setting Panel

The Reserve Bank of India’s rate-setting panel, known as the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC), consists of six members, including the Governor and Deputy Governor of RBI. It meets every two months to decide the benchmark interest rates affecting inflation and growth. The panel uses data like inflation, GDP growth, and currency trends to guide monetary policy. Sanjay Malhotra became the RBI Governor in early 2025, heading the MPC. The committee balances inflation control with economic growth stimulation. Decisions influence borrowing costs, currency stability, and financial markets in India.

Why in news?

The MPC, chaired by new Governor Sanjay Malhotra, was expected not to ease monetary policy in February 2025 due to rising inflation and currency weakness.

Retail Competition in Power Distribution

Retail competition in power distribution refers to a market model where multiple electricity retailers compete to sell power to consumers, while a single entity owns and maintains the distribution network (wires). Retailers pay wheeling charges to the wire owner for using the infrastructure. This model aims to increase consumer choice and improve service quality. However, challenges include determining responsibility for loss levels, managing power purchase costs (which form about 80% of total supply costs), and the limited price variation across retailers. India has considered but not yet implemented this model due to these complexities.

Why in news?

The government is exploring retail competition as an alternative to privatisation in power distribution but faces unresolved technical and regulatory issues.

Revenue Expenditure

Revenue expenditure refers to government spending on day-to-day operations, including salaries, subsidies, social services like health and education, and welfare programs. Unlike capital expenditure, which funds long-term assets, revenue expenditure does not create physical assets but directly impacts consumption and income distribution. It has a higher multiplier effect on the economy, especially when targeted at lower-income groups with a high propensity to consume. In India, increasing revenue expenditure, particularly in the social sector, is seen as critical for stimulating demand and reversing economic slowdowns by boosting private consumption and employment.

Why in news?

The article argues for increasing revenue expenditure over capital expenditure to revive Indias economy, citing its larger income and employment multiplier effects during the 2004-2011 growth phase.

Reverse Charge Mechanism (GST)

The Reverse Charge Mechanism (RCM) under Goods and Services Tax (GST) shifts the liability to pay tax from the supplier to the recipient of goods or services. It is applicable in specific cases such as import of services, certain notified goods, and commercial leases. RCM aims to improve tax compliance and reduce evasion. Businesses under RCM cannot claim input tax credit (ITC) on such transactions, increasing their tax burden. The mechanism is distinct from the forward charge where the supplier collects and pays GST. RCM was introduced in India with the rollout of GST in July 2017.

Why in news?

NRAI has sought exclusion of the restaurant sector from the recent GST notification applying RCM on commercial leases, as restaurants do not get ITC under this, impacting their cost structure.

Ricardian Equivalence Theorem

The Ricardian Equivalence Theorem is an economic theory suggesting that government borrowing does not affect overall demand because individuals anticipate future taxes to repay debt and thus save accordingly. Originating from economist David Ricardo and formalized by Robert Barro, it implies that deficits financed through debt do not change real economic variables like consumption or investment. However, its applicability varies across economies due to factors like credit constraints, myopia, and differing fiscal expectations. In India, the theorem is only partially applicable, meaning fiscal deficits can still influence consumption and growth, making fiscal consolidation impactful on output and inflation.

Why in news?

The theorems limited applicability in India complicates the governments fiscal consolidation efforts discussed in the 2025-26 budget context, affecting inflation and economic output.

Risk Weight on Unsecured Credit

Risk weight on unsecured credit is a regulatory measure by the RBI that determines the capital banks must hold against unsecured loans. Increasing risk weights raises the cost of lending unsecured credit, making banks more cautious in extending such loans. In 2024, RBI hiked risk weights on unsecured credit segments, impacting credit growth in retail loans. This move is intended to strengthen banks’ balance sheets by accounting for higher default risks on loans without collateral, influencing banks’ lending behavior towards secured and higher-yielding assets.

Why in news?

RBIs hike in risk weights on unsecured credit segments contributed to the slowdown in retail credit growth and tighter lending standards by banks in 2024.

Risk-Adjusted Return (RAR)

Risk-Adjusted Return (RAR) measures investment returns by accounting for the risk taken to achieve those returns. Common RAR metrics include the Sharpe ratio, Treynor ratio, and Information Ratio. RAR helps investors compare portfolios with different risk profiles on a level playing field. It adjusts raw returns by factoring in volatility or downside risk, providing a more accurate performance evaluation. RAR is crucial for assessing mutual fund schemes, especially equity-oriented ones, where volatility is . It supports decision-making by denoting funds that deliver superior returns relative to the risk assumed.

Why in news?

SEBIs new regulation requires mutual funds to disclose the Risk-Adjusted Return metric, specifically the Information Ratio, to improve transparency and investor awareness from January 2025.

RoDTEP Scheme

The Remission of Duties and Taxes on Exported Products (RoDTEP) scheme was launched in January 2021 to refund embedded taxes like VAT on fuel, mandi tax, and electricity duties incurred during export production. It aims to make Indian exports competitive by reimbursing costs not covered under other schemes. SEZ (Special Economic Zones) units, EOUs (Export Oriented Units), and Advance Authorisation holders were included in March 2024 but excluded from January 2025. The scheme refunds embedded taxes that exporters cannot claim as input tax credit, thus reducing export costs indirectly. It is managed by the Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT).

Why in news?

The government is considering an additional ₹1,600-1,700 crore allocation to extend RoDTEP benefits to SEZs and EOUs until the fiscal year-end after their exclusion from January 2025, addressing exporters’ grievances.

Rohinton Sidhwa

Rohinton Sidhwa is a Partner at Deloitte India specializing in Direct Tax. He is known for his expertise in corporate taxation, international tax laws, and policy advisory. Sidhwa frequently provides insights on government schemes and tax reforms affecting investment and business growth. He has been an advocate for policies that promote R&D and innovation in India. His commentary often marks the need for aligning tax incentives with industrial growth and foreign investment attraction. Sidhwa’s views are influential in shaping discourse on India’s fiscal policies, especially regarding the integration of tax strategies with economic development goals.

Why in news?

Rohinton Sidhwa spoke about the potential impact of a PLI scheme for R&D in the upcoming Budget 2025-26 during an interview with PTI.

Rs 1 Lakh Crore Innovation Fund

The Rs 1 lakh crore innovation fund announced in the Interim Budget 2024-25 is a government-backed financing pool aimed at spurring private sector-driven research and innovation at a commercial scale. The fund is designed to reduce risk for private investors and promote partnerships between the government and industry in R&D. It seeks to operationalize large-scale innovation projects, particularly in sectors like fintech and space technology. Discussions on structuring the fund involve multiple stakeholders to ensure effective deployment of capital and maximize impact on Indias innovation ecosystem. It marks a shift from tax exemptions to direct government participation in R&D funding.

Why in news?

The government is finalizing the structure and operational details of the Rs 1 lakh crore innovation fund introduced in the Interim Budget to boost private sector R&D investment.

Rubaya Coltan Mines

Rubaya is a mineral-rich region in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo known for coltan mining, a key mineral used in electronics like smartphones. The M23 rebel group has controlled Rubaya for over a year, collecting an estimated $800,000 monthly in production taxes. Coltan, short for columbite-tantalite, contains tantalum, essential for capacitors in electronic devices. The region’s coltan deposits are among the most productive globally, making it a strategic economic asset. Control over Rubaya provides funding for armed groups and influences regional power dynamics in the Great Lakes area.

Why in news?

M23s control of Rubayas coltan mines has increased their financial resources, enabling their expanded military campaign in eastern Congo during early 2025.

Rupee Depreciation Intervention

The Reserve Bank of India intervenes in currency markets by selling dollars to stabilize the rupee when it depreciates sharply. In FY25, the RBI sold approximately $196 billion from April to November, far exceeding the previous years $113 billion. The central banks dollar sales are profitable since the dollars were acquired at lower exchange rates previously. The intervention aims to prevent excessive volatility and maintain macroeconomic stability. The rupee hit a record low of 86.7025 against the dollar in January 2025, influenced by global factors such as US tariff policies after Donald Trumps reelection.

Why in news?

RBIs large-scale forex market intervention to arrest the rupees decline and its impact on the central banks profits and dividend payouts is a key development in January 2025.

Rupee Volatility

Rupee volatility refers to fluctuations in the exchange rate of the Indian rupee against other currencies. It is influenced by factors such as trade balances, foreign investment flows, inflation rates, and geopolitical events. A weakening rupee makes imports costlier, impacting inflation, but can boost exports by making them cheaper internationally. Volatility can affect investor confidence and economic stability. The rupee has experienced increased volatility due to global economic uncertainties and domestic policy shifts. Central banks may intervene in currency markets to stabilize the rupee and control inflationary effects.

Why in news?

The Indian rupee’s weakening and volatility are cited as major economic risks in 2025, prompting calls for fiscal and monetary policy adjustments to stabilize growth.

S Grade Sugar

S Grade sugar refers to a high-purity sugar variety with higher sucrose content and fewer impurities than standard grades. It commands price premium in international markets due to its superior quality, making it preferred for exports. Indian millers often discount S Grade sugar domestically, causing price misalignment with global rates. The grade is important for producing refined sugar and specialty sweeteners. S Grade sugar’s production depends on the quality of sugarcane and milling processes. Aligning its domestic price with world markets can improve export competitiveness and farmer incomes.

Why in news?

Industry insiders brought into light the need for Indian millers to price S Grade sugar more rationally amid export discussions in January 2025.

S.V. Labs Private Limited

S.V. Labs Private Limited is a step-down subsidiary of Viyash Life Sciences, operating through Vindhya Pharma. It is primarily engaged in pharmaceutical research and manufacturing activities. As a step-down subsidiary, it functions under multiple layers of ownership within the corporate group. S.V. Labs focuses on producing APIs and intermediates for human healthcare, supporting the pharmaceutical supply chain. The company helps expand the product portfolio and operational reach of its parent entities, contributing to the integrated manufacturing and development strategy of the larger Sequent Scientific group.

Why in news?

S.V. Labs is included in the series of mergers consolidating pharmaceutical subsidiaries under Sequent Scientific Limited, as approved by the Competition Commission of India.

Sa-Dhan

Sa-Dhan is a self-regulatory organization and industry association for microfinance institutions (MFIs) in India, established in 1999. It represents over 450 member institutions, including MFIs, banks, and NBFCs. Sa-Dhan promotes responsible lending, financial inclusion, and good governance practices within the microfinance sector. It provides capacity building, policy advocacy, and research support. Sa-Dhan also facilitates the development of credit guarantee schemes and special funds to support MFIs, especially in underserved regions like the North East. It plays a key role in shaping regulatory frameworks and enhancing the sustainability of microfinance operations in India.

Why in news?

Sa-Dhan CEO Jiji Mammen brought into light the need for credit guarantee schemes and special funds for MFIs during a DFS meeting focused on strengthening the microfinance sector.

Sachetisation

Sachetisation in mutual funds refers to the strategy of offering investment products in small denominations or “sachets” to increase accessibility among retail investors, especially those in rural and semi-urban areas. This concept aims to democratize investment by lowering entry barriers, enabling more households to participate in financial markets. It helps in financial inclusion by making mutual funds affordable and understandable for a larger population. The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) has issued consultation papers on sachetisation to promote wider participation and increase the investor base across India.

Why in news?

SEBI released a consultation paper on sachetisation, which AMFI welcomed, as it could expand mutual fund penetration and participation among Indian households.

Safe Harbor Regulations (SHR)

Safe Harbor Regulations (SHR) provide predefined criteria for transfer pricing, reducing tax disputes by setting acceptable profit margins for related-party transactions. SHR simplifies compliance and audit procedures for taxpayers by offering certainty on transfer pricing adjustments. In India, SHR applies to various industries and transaction types, including software development and contract manufacturing. The regulations are periodically updated to reflect economic realities and international standards. Expanding SHR coverage and improving the Advance Pricing Agreement (APA) process are seen as vital to creating a transparent and predictable tax environment, encouraging foreign investments and easing cross-border business operations.

Why in news?

The US-India Tax Forum recommended expanding Safe Harbor Regulations and streamlining the APA process to reduce compliance burdens and encourage a transparent tax regime in Indias 2025-26 budget.

Safeguard Duty

Safeguard duty is a temporary import tax imposed to protect domestic industries from sudden surges in imports causing or threatening serious injury. It is applied under World Trade Organization (WTO) rules and typically lasts up to four years, with a possible extension. In India, safeguard duties have been used on steel imports to stabilize domestic prices and support local manufacturers. The duty is calculated as a percentage of import value and is reviewed periodically. Safeguard duties differ from anti-dumping duties, which target unfair pricing, focusing instead on import volume surges. Indias steel safeguard duty aims to counterbalance low-cost imports, primarily from China.

Why in news?

India is considering or has imposed safeguard duties on steel imports in early 2025 to improve domestic steel prices and reduce dependency on imported steel amid volatile global markets.

SARFAESI Act, 2002

The Securitisation, Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act (SARFAESI), 2002 allows banks and financial institutions in India to auction residential or commercial properties to recover loans without court intervention. It applies only to secured loans above ₹1 lakh. The Act enables asset reconstruction companies to take possession, manage, or sell secured assets. It excludes agricultural land from its scope. The borrower is given a 60-day notice to repay dues before the sale. SARFAESI also mandates the creation of asset reconstruction companies to buy non-performing assets from banks.

Why in news?

SARFAESI is central to the new BBMP e-khata module enabling banks to sell mortgaged properties following non-repayment, streamlining property mutation and registration processes.

Sectoral Lending Limits

Sectoral lending limits are regulatory caps set by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) on the maximum credit exposure banks can have to specific sectors. These limits aim to control risk concentration and maintain financial stability. For renewable energy, sectoral limits restrict the amount banks can lend, constraining the flow of funds despite growing demand. The limits are periodically reviewed based on sector performance, risk profiles, and government priorities. Banks must balance compliance with these limits while supporting national objectives like renewable energy expansion. Alternate financing routes, such as bond markets, are encouraged to overcome these constraints.

Why in news?

Sectoral lending limits imposed by RBI are mentioned as constraints for public sector banks in financing renewable energy projects, necessitating alternative funding mechanisms like bond markets.

Securities Transaction Tax (STT)

Securities Transaction Tax (STT) is a tax levied on the purchase and sale of securities listed on Indian stock exchanges. Introduced in 2004 by Finance Minister P. Chidambaram, STT was designed to curb capital gains tax evasion. It applies to equities, derivatives (futures and options), and mutual funds but excludes commodities and cash transactions. The tax rates vary – as of FY25, STT on futures is 0.02% and on options is 0.1%. STT collections have surged recently due to increased stock market activity and a long bull run. It forms part of non-corporate tax revenues in India.

Why in news?

STT collections jumped 80% from April 2024 to January 2025, surpassing budget estimates due to increased stock market trading and higher STT rates announced in the 2024 budget.

SEZ and EOU Exporters

Special Economic Zones (SEZs) are designated areas in India with relaxed regulations to promote exports. Export Oriented Units (EOUs) are manufacturing or service units that export their entire production. Both benefit from tax exemptions and incentives but were excluded from the RoDTEP scheme starting January 2025. SEZs and EOUs often face distinct policy challenges compared to Domestic Tariff Area (DTA) exporters. Their exclusion from certain export incentives has led to grievances and calls for equal treatment in export subsidy schemes.

Why in news?

SEZ and EOU exporters protested their exclusion from RoDTEP benefits starting 2025, prompting government discussions on reinstating these benefits with additional budget provisions.

SEZ Online System

The SEZ Online System is an electronic platform used to record imports and exports within Special Economic Zones (SEZs) in India. SEZs are treated as foreign territories for customs purposes, requiring separate accounting of trade data. The system managed trade data for over 100 SEZs before May 2024. It operated independently from ICEGATE, which led to duplication of data when both systems transmitted overlapping information to the Directorate General of Commercial Intelligence and Statistics (DGCIS). The SEZ Online System facilitated duty exemptions and compliance specific to SEZs, enabling streamlined customs processing within these zones.

Why in news?

Trade data migration from SEZ Online to ICEGATE began in May 2024, causing discrepancies and double counting in import statistics due to overlapping data transmission.

Shale Gas Reserves in Argentina

Argentina holds the second-largest shale gas reserves globally, mainly located in the Vaca Muerta formation in Patagonia. Vaca Muerta covers approximately 30,000 square kilometers and is one of the largest unconventional hydrocarbon reservoirs in the world. Exploitation began in the early 2010s, attracting international oil companies. The reserves have the potential to transform Argentina into a major energy exporter. Extraction relies on hydraulic fracturing, which has raised environmental concerns. The development of these reserves is crucial for Argentinas energy security and economic growth, but also complicates its climate policy due to associated greenhouse gas emissions.

Why in news?

Argentinas large shale gas reserves factor into its climate policy stance and economic considerations amid discussions of withdrawing from international climate agreements.

Shallow Rate Cut Cycle

A shallow rate cut cycle involves incremental, small reductions in policy interest rates rather than large or rapid cuts. The RBI is expected to start a shallow rate easing cycle in February 2025 with a 25 basis points cut, followed by a cumulative easing of about 50 bps. This approach balances supporting domestic growth and inflation dynamics while managing external risks like dollar strength and global capital flow volatility. Shallow rate cuts aim to cautiously stimulate the economy without triggering excessive inflation or currency depreciation.

Why in news?

Foreign banks and brokerages forecast a shallow rate cut cycle starting February 7, 2025, as RBI signals monetary easing amid improving liquidity and moderating inflation.

Sona Masuri Rice

Sona Masuri is a medium-grain, aromatic rice variety primarily grown in the state of Indias of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and Karnataka. It is known for its lightweight and slightly sticky texture when cooked. Sona Masuri rice is often exported to countries like Singapore, Vietnam, Europe, and the US, with prices varying based on compliance with international standards such as the European Union norms. It is popular for its use in South Indian cuisines like idli and dosa. The variety is also preferred for its lower starch content compared to other rice types, contributing to its distinct cooking properties.

Why in news?

Sona Masuri rice prices have dropped in recent weeks due to increased production and slack demand, with different price brackets for exports to Southeast Asia and Europe.

Special Drawing Rights (SDRs)

Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) are international reserve assets created by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to supplement member countries’ official reserves. SDRs are not currency but represent a potential claim on freely usable currencies of IMF members. The value of an SDR is based on a basket of five currencies – the US dollar, euro, Chinese yuan, Japanese yen, and British pound. SDR allocations are made to IMF member countries in proportion to their IMF quotas. SDRs can be exchanged among governments for hard currencies in times of balance of payments needs. Indias SDR holdings are part of its overall forex reserves.

Why in news?

Indias SDR holdings increased slightly to $17.782 billion during the week ended January 17, 2025, contributing to the overall composition of its forex reserves reported by the RBI.

Statuary Liquidity Ratio (SLR)

The Statuary Liquidity Ratio (SLR) is a regulation mandating Indian banks to maintain a minimum percentage of their net demand and time liabilities in government securities or cash. Introduced to ensure liquidity and solvency in the banking system, the SLR helps the government finance its developmental agenda by guaranteeing a steady demand for government bonds. The SLR percentage is periodically revised by the Reserve Bank of India. It affects the availability of funds for banks to lend to the private sector and influences interest rates and credit growth in the economy.

Why in news?

SLR supports the deep government securities market, which Niti Aayog aims to balance with efforts to deepen the corporate debt market.

Support Ratio

The support ratio measures the number of working-age people (usually 15-64 years) per person aged 65 and above who depend on them economically. A higher ratio indicates a larger working population supporting fewer elderly dependents. Indias support ratio was 9.8 in 2023 but is projected to fall to 1.9 by 2100, similar to Japan . This decline reflects aging populations and lower fertility rates, impacting economic growth and social welfare systems. The support ratio is a key demographic indicator for assessing economic sustainability and the burden on working populations in aging societies.

Why in news?

Indias support ratio is forecast to halve by 2050 and drop further by 2100, indicating demographic aging and potential economic challenges, as reported in a recent demographic and economic analysis.

Talcher Fertilizers Ltd Coal Gasification Project

Talcher Fertilizers Ltd is constructing a 1.27 million tonnes per annum urea plant in Odisha, using coal gasification technology, a first in India. The plants feedstock is local coal from Talcher mines, blended with up to 25% petroleum coke from the Paradip refinery due to coals high ash content. The lump sum turnkey contract for the coal gasification and ammonia-urea packages is awarded to Wuhuan Engineering Company Ltd of China. The project cost is estimated at Rs 17,080.69 crore and aims to reduce reliance on imported natural gas by using indigenous feedstock.

Why in news?

The Talcher plant is nearing two-thirds completion and represents a strategic move towards utilizing domestic coal for fertilizer production, aligning with Indias energy independence objectives.

TT Krishnamachari

TT Krishnamachari (1899–1974) was an Indian industrialist and politician who served as Finance Minister of India twice, first from 1956 to 1958 and then from 1964 to 1966. He played a key role in shaping early Indian economic policy and was instrumental in financing the Second Five Year Plan through increased taxation. Krishnamachari was also a founding member of the Indian National Congresss industrial wing and promoted public sector growth. He resigned in 1958 due to the Haridas Mundhra scandal but remained influential in economic circles. His policies laid the foundation for Indias mixed economy model, balancing public and private sector roles.

Why in news?

Mentioned as the finance minister who increased taxes sharply in 1958 to fund the Second Five Year Plan, illustrating historical government intervention in investment.

Turmeric Value Addition

Turmeric value addition refers to the process of enhancing turmerics economic worth by converting raw turmeric into processed products like turmeric powder, extracts, essential oils, and curcumin supplements. This process involves cleaning, drying, grinding, extraction, and packaging. Value addition improves shelf life, quality, and marketability, enabling higher export earnings. It supports farmers and MSMEs by increasing income and employment opportunities. India leads global turmeric production but faces competition in value-added exports. Advanced technologies like supercritical CO2 extraction and nano-curcumin are emerging trends. Value addition aligns with Make in India and sustainable agriculture goals.

Why in news?

The turmeric report emphasizes enhanced value addition within India to boost exports, farmer income, and job creation, aiming to solidify Indias global leadership in turmeric products.

UNCTAD

The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) was established in 1964 to promote the integration of developing countries into the world economy. It provides analysis, facilitates consensus-building, and offers technical assistance on trade, investment, and development issues. UNCTAD publishes reports on global trade trends, investment flows, and economic development. Its research influences international economic policies and development strategies. UNCTADs recent reports have brought into light rising protectionism, trade tensions, and the impact of geopolitical conflicts on global trade, emphasizing the risks of trade wars and their potential effects on developing economies.

Why in news?

UNCTADs recent report was cited by EEPC India to underline uncertainties in global trade and potential impacts of protectionist measures on Indias engineering exports in 2025.

User Development Fee (UDF)

The User Development Fee (UDF) is a charge levied on air passengers as part of their ticket fare, collected by airlines and passed to airport operators. It is intended to fund airport infrastructure and amenities but often lacks transparency in calculation and utilization. Introduced in India to supplement airport revenue, UDF varies by airport and passenger type (arrival/departure). Airports operated by private entities have seen higher UDF hikes. The fee is regulated by the Airport Economic Regulatory Authority (AERA) under the 2008 legislation. UDF revenue is meant to support airport development but has faced criticism for arbitrary increases and unclear spending.

Why in news?

The Public Accounts Committee (PAC) questioned the arbitrary nature of UDF charges, directing AERA to provide detailed data on UDF calculation, revenue, and passenger amenities funded by it, amid rising fees and private airport operations.

Utkarsh Odisha Conclave

The Utkarsh Odisha Conclave is a flagship industrial event held in Bhubaneswar, Odisha, focusing on investment, innovation, and sustainable growth. It marks themes like Start-Up Odisha, Skilled in Odisha, and Women Entrepreneurship. The conclave attracts over 7,500 delegates, including 100+ international representatives from 20 countries. Key sectors featured include technical textiles, downstream petrochemicals, specialty metals, renewable energy, green fuels, and circular economy initiatives. The event integrates cultural performances and modern technology like drone shows. It supports Odishas vision of Samrudh Odisha 2036 and contributes to Indias broader development goal, Viksit Bharat 2047.

Why in news?

The Utkarsh Odisha Conclave 2025 was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on January 28 in Bhubaneswar to showcase Odishas industrial potential and attract global and domestic investment.

Value-Added Exports

refer to goods that have been processed or enhanced through manufacturing, assembly, or technology, increasing their economic value beyond raw materials. These exports typically include sectors like electronics, pharmaceuticals, readymade garments, and processed food items. Value addition boosts employment, especially in labour-intensive industries, and increases foreign exchange earnings. Governments often incentivize value-added exports to encourage domestic manufacturing and reduce dependency on raw material exports. The shift towards value-added exports supports industrial growth and technological advancement, contributing to higher GDP and export diversification.

Why in news?

The revamped interest equalisation scheme aims to focus only on value-added products, excluding raw materials and cereals, to promote manufacturing and high-tech export sectors.

Variable Rate Repo (VRR)

The Variable Rate Repo (VRR) is a type of repo auction conducted by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) where banks bid for liquidity at variable interest rates rather than a fixed rate. It allows the RBI to inject liquidity into the banking system flexibly. The auction determines the weighted average rate (WAR) based on bids received. VRR auctions help manage short-term liquidity mismatches and influence money market rates. The VRR is distinct from fixed-rate repos and is used to fine-tune liquidity conditions without committing to a fixed interest rate. It is a relatively recent innovation in Indias monetary policy toolkit.

Why in news?

The RBI conducted a 14-day VRR auction and a 4-day VRR auction in January 2025, injecting liquidity to address the systemic liquidity deficit of ₹2 lakh crore amid forex market interventions.

Vizhinjam International Seaport

Vizhinjam International Seaport is a deep-water multipurpose seaport under construction in Kerala, near Thiruvananthapuram. It is designed to handle large container ships and serve as a transshipment hub for the region. The port is being developed as a public-private partnership with financial support through Viability Gap Funding. The project has strategic importance due to its proximity to international shipping lanes. The concessionaire will operate the port, with revenue-sharing arrangements involving the Kerala government and the Centre. The port aims to reduce dependency on foreign transshipment hubs and boost regional economic growth.

Why in news?

Kerala and the Centre are in conflict over the financial terms related to the VGF and revenue-sharing for the Vizhinjam International Seaport project.

Weighted Average Call Rate (WACR)

The Weighted Average Call Rate (WACR) is an interest rate benchmark in the Indian money market, representing the weighted average of rates on overnight unsecured call money transactions. It reflects liquidity conditions and short-term borrowing costs among banks. WACR is calculated based on actual transaction volumes and rates, providing a daily snapshot of interbank liquidity. Unlike fixed policy rates, it fluctuates with market demand and supply. It has been criticized for not fully capturing secured lending rates, leading to proposals for replacement by more comprehensive benchmarks like the Secured Overnight Rupee Rate (SORR).

Why in news?

SBI economists recommend replacing WACR with SORR to better indicate liquidity tightness in the Indian banking system amid RBIs evolving liquidity management strategies.

Weighted Average Rate (WAR)

The Weighted Average Rate (WAR) is the average interest rate at which the RBI accepts bids in variable rate repo auctions, weighted by the amount of funds allotted at each rate. It reflects the overall cost of borrowing for banks in that auction. WAR fluctuates based on demand, market expectations, and liquidity conditions. It is a key indicator of short-term interest rate trends and influences monetary policy transmission. WAR differs from the fixed repo rate as it is determined by market bids rather than a predetermined rate set by the RBI.

Why in news?

In the January 24, 2025 VRR auctions, the WAR was 6.53% for overnight and 6.51% for 14-day tenures, indicating banks borrowing cost and expectations of easing liquidity conditions.

Weighted Deduction for R&D

Weighted deduction is a tax incentive allowing companies to deduct more than 100% of eligible research and development (R&D) expenses from their taxable income. Indias Income Tax Act permits weighted deductions up to 200% for R&D in certain sectors, including technology and manufacturing. This encourages firms to invest in innovation by reducing their tax burden. For semiconductor companies, a higher weighted deduction rate can lower costs associated with developing next-generation chip technologies. This provision is crucial for encouraging domestic technological advancement and competitiveness in the semiconductor industry.

Why in news?

Budget 2025 may increase the weighted deduction rate for semiconductor R&D expenditures, incentivizing innovation and investment in the sector.

Weighted Deduction for R&D in Advanced Technologies

The weighted deduction for Research & Development (R&D) in advanced technologies is a tax incentive allowing companies to deduct more than 100% of their R&D expenses from taxable income. This encourages innovation by reducing the effective cost of R&D investments. Advanced technologies covered often include artificial intelligence, robotics, biotechnology, and nanotechnology. The incentive aims to boost manufacturing and technological advancement under initiatives like Make in India. Eligibility criteria and documentation requirements are strict, and misuse is monitored. This deduction helps attract investment in high-tech sectors, encouraging growth and global competitiveness.

Why in news?

The Finance Minister proposed reintroducing the weighted deduction for R&D in advanced technologies to stimulate innovation and growth in the manufacturing sector in the 2025 Budget.

White Elephant Phenomenon

The “white elephant” phenomenon refers to large-scale infrastructure projects, especially sports venues, that become underused or financially burdensome after major events conclude. These structures often require high maintenance costs without generating sufficient revenue, leading to economic strain on public funds. This term originated from Southeast Asian royal gifts of rare albino elephants that were expensive to maintain but could not be put to work. In the context of the Olympics, many host cities have struggled with stadiums and facilities that fall into disuse, prompting current planning efforts to focus on sustainable, multi-purpose, and economically viable sports infrastructure.

Why in news?

The conference at RRU will address how to avoid the white elephant problem by building sustainable sports infrastructure for the 2036 Olympic Games in India.

Wholesale Price Inflation (WPI)

Wholesale Price Inflation measures the change in prices of goods sold in bulk by producers and traders before reaching consumers. It often signals future consumer price inflation as cost increases in wholesale markets tend to pass on to retail. WPI includes categories like food, fuel, and manufactured products. Unlike Consumer Price Index (CPI), WPI excludes services. Rising WPI inflation may indicate supply-side pressures or cost-push inflation, impacting policy decisions. In India, WPI is released monthly by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry and serves as an early indicator for inflation trends affecting industries and consumers.

Why in news?

WPI inflation accelerated in December 2024, signaling potential upward pressure on consumer prices, complicating RBIs inflation targeting and interest rate decisions.

Wind-down Period

A wind-down period is a designated timeframe allowing entities to cease operations or transactions following new sanctions without immediate penalties. It facilitates orderly compliance and prevents sudden market disruptions. In the context of oil tanker sanctions, vessels chartered before a certain date may continue operations until the wind-down deadline, after which they must stop unloading sanctioned cargoes. This period balances enforcement with practical trade considerations. In recent U.S. sanctions on Russian oil, the wind-down period ends in about two months, after which stricter restrictions apply.

Why in news?

India has allowed oil tankers chartered before January 10 to discharge by March 12, marking the end of the U.S. sanctions wind-down period and signaling stricter enforcement thereafter.

World Bank Expenditure Indicators

The World Bank publishes indicators measuring government expenditure per student and other social metrics, often expressed as a percentage of GDP per capita. These indicators enable cross-country comparisons of educational investments relative to economic capacity. The data helps policymakers assess resource allocation efficiency and prioritize spending. The World Banks datasets cover multiple sectors including education, health, and infrastructure, facilitating international benchmarking and progress tracking. These indicators are updated regularly and sourced from official government statistics and surveys, ensuring reliable data for development analysis.

Why in news?

The article references World Bank indicators to illustrate how per capita spending on education can be measured and compared globally.

World Economic Forum (WEF) Annual Conference

The World Economic Forum Annual Conference, held in Davos, Switzerland, is a gathering of global political, business, and academic leaders to discuss pressing economic and social issues. Established in 1971 by Klaus Schwab, it promotes public-private cooperation. The event features sessions on emerging technologies, climate change, and global governance. Participation includes heads of state, CEOs, and experts from over 100 countries. The conference influences global policy and economic trends through networking and collaboration. The 2025 edition saw increased focus on space technology and private sector involvement in aerospace innovation.

Why in news?

The Telangana government utilized the WEF 2025 platform to announce its partnership with Skyroot Aerospace, showcasing regional ambitions in space technology and private sector growth.

World Economic Forum 2025 Theme

The World Economic Forum (WEF) 2025 is held under the theme “Collaboration for the Intelligent Age”. The event focuses on five key areas – reimagining growth, industries in the intelligent age, investing in people, safeguarding the planet, and rebuilding trust. The theme reflects the increasing integration of artificial intelligence, digital technologies, and sustainability in global economic strategies. The 2025 meeting gathers over 350 government leaders, including 60 heads of state, to discuss challenges and opportunities in the evolving technological landscape. The forum emphasizes cooperation between governments, businesses, and civil society for inclusive and sustainable development.

Why in news?

The theme and agenda of WEF 2025 were brought into light by Indian leaders to show Indias role in global discussions on technology, inclusive growth, and sustainable development.

World Economic Forum Annual Meeting

The World Economic Forum (WEF) Annual Meeting is a yearly gathering held in Davos, Switzerland, since 1971. It brings together global political leaders, business executives, academics, and civil society representatives to discuss pressing economic, social, and environmental issues. The event is known for shaping global agendas and encouraging public-private cooperation. It addresses topics such as technology, climate change, trade, and governance. The WEF also releases influential reports and indexes, including those on competitiveness and trust. The meeting attracts extensive media coverage and serves as a platform for launching initiatives and partnerships across sectors.

Why in news?

The 2025 Edelman Trust Barometer was released just before the WEF Annual Meeting, linking global trust issues to economic and political discussions at Davos.

World Economic Outlook

The World Economic Outlook (WEO) is a biannual report published by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) since 1980. It provides comprehensive analysis and forecasts of the global economy, including growth, inflation, trade, and financial trends. The WEO incorporates data from over 190 countries and is widely used by policymakers, economists, and investors worldwide. It includes thematic chapters on emerging economic issues and risks. The reports forecasts often influence global financial markets and development policies. The WEO is updated in April and October, with interim updates as needed, reflecting changing economic conditions and policy responses.

Why in news?

The IMFs January 2025 update of the World Economic Outlook revised Indias growth forecast and provided global growth and inflation projections for 2025-26.

World Economic Situation and Prospects (WESP)

The World Economic Situation and Prospects (WESP) is an annual flagship report published by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA). It provides comprehensive analysis and forecasts for the global economy, regional trends, and country-specific outlooks. The report integrates data on trade, investment, finance, and social indicators. It is widely used by policymakers and researchers to assess economic conditions and risks. The WESP includes projections for GDP growth, inflation, and employment, and marks challenges like geopolitical tensions and climate change impacts on economies worldwide. It has been published since 1997.

Why in news?

The UN released the World Economic Situation and Prospects 2025 report forecasting India’s economic growth and denoting regional risks and opportunities for South Asia.

World Forum of Accountants (WOFA)

The World Forum of Accountants (WOFA) is a global event organized by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI), held every few years to bring together accounting professionals worldwide. It focuses on knowledge sharing, innovation, and collaboration within the accounting sector. The forum addresses emerging trends like digital transformation, sustainability, and financial reforms. WOFA gathers regulators, policymakers, economists, and business leaders to discuss the future of global accounting standards and practices. The event helps position India as a key player in the global accounting profession. WOFA is held at prominent venues like the India International Convention and Exhibition Centre (IICC).

Why in news?

WOFA 2025 is scheduled from January 31 to February 2, 2025, at Yashobhoomi, IICC, New Delhi, focusing on digital transformation, sustainability, and financial reforms in accounting.

World Gold Council

The World Gold Council (WGC) is an international market development organization for the gold industry, established in 1987. It represents the interests of the global gold mining industry and promotes the use of gold. The WGC conducts research on gold demand, supply, and investment trends, providing data and analysis to investors, policymakers, and the public. It publishes reports such as “Gold as a strategic asset” and maintains the London Bullion Market Association (LBMA) gold price benchmark. The WGC also supports responsible mining practices and sustainability initiatives within the gold sector. It is headquartered in London with offices worldwide.

Why in news?

The World Gold Council released a research report denoting golds performance as a strategic asset since 1971, emphasizing its role in capital preservation and growth amid inflation and financial crises.

Geography (Indian & Physical)

Bandalling

Bandalling is a river engineering technique involving the construction of embankments or artificial banks along river channels to direct and deepen the flow of water. It helps in maintaining navigable depths by concentrating the river flow, reducing sedimentation, and preventing silt deposition in the main channel. This method is crucial for sustaining inland waterways, especially in rivers with fluctuating water levels like the Ganga. Bandalling is often combined with dredging to enhance navigability and prevent flooding by stabilizing riverbanks. It is an ancient technique adapted for modern waterway management under projects like JMVP.

Why in news?

Bandalling is part of the river conservancy works under JMVP to improve navigation on NW-1, overseen by IWAIs new Regional Office in Varanasi.

Karnataka Coffee Belt

Karnataka accounts for approximately 55% of India’s total coffee production, making it the largest coffee-growing state in the country. The region’s coffee cultivation is concentrated mainly in the districts of Coorg, Chikmagalur, and Hassan. The coffee here is predominantly grown under shade, which enhances flavor and quality. Karnataka primarily produces Arabica and Robusta varieties, with Arabica preferred for its mild flavor and Robusta for its higher caffeine content. The state’s coffee plantations benefit from the Western Ghats’ unique climate, which provides ideal rainfall and temperature conditions for coffee growth.

Why in news?

Karnataka led India’s coffee production with 248,000 metric tonnes in 2022-23, contributing to the country’s rise as the seventh-largest global coffee producer.

Milton Snowfall Record

Milton, in Santa Rosa County, Florida, held the states previous 24-hour snowfall record with 4 inches of snow on March 6, 1954. This record stood for over 70 years until it was surpassed in January 2025. Milton is located near Pensacola in the Florida Panhandle, an area rarely experiencing snow. The 1954 snowfall was one of the few snow events recorded in Floridas history, making it a benchmark for winter weather in the region. The 2025 storm caused snowfall of up to 8.8 inches in parts of Milton.

Why in news?

Miltons historic snowfall record was broken by a severe winter storm in January 2025, contributing to unprecedented snow totals in North Florida and the Panhandle.

Nampong

Nampong is a frontier town in the Changlang district of Arunachal Pradesh. It has historical significance as a conduit for migration, trade, and cultural exchange between Northeast India and Southeast Asia. The town is located near the Pangsau Pass, a key mountain pass on the India-Myanmar border. Nampong holds remnants from World War II, including battle sites and military relics. It is part of the Tirap, Changlang, and Longding (TCL) tourist circuit. The government plans to restore and develop Nampongs World War II sites to boost tourism and economic growth in the region.

Why in news?

Nampong is in the spotlight due to government efforts to restore World War II remnants for tourism, announced during the Pangsau Pass International Festival in January 2025.

Pacific Ring of Fire

The Pacific Ring of Fire is a horseshoe-shaped zone around the Pacific Ocean basin, characterized by frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. It includes over 75% of the worlds active and dormant volcanoes and is formed by tectonic plate boundaries and subduction zones. Indonesia lies on this ring, hosting 127 active volcanoes, the most of any country. The Ring of Fire influences seismic activity, volcanic hazards, and geothermal phenomena across countries bordering the Pacific Ocean. Its geological activity shapes landscapes and poses risks to millions living nearby, while also attracting scientific research and adventure tourism.

Why in news?

Mount Ibus eruption is part of ongoing volcanic activity within the Pacific Ring of Fire, denoting regional geological hazards and their impact on travel and safety.

Polavaram-Banakacherla Link Project

The Polavaram-Banakacherla link project aims to connect the Godavari and Krishna rivers to provide drinking water to approximately 80 lakh people and irrigate over 7.41 lakh acres of new ayacut, stabilizing an additional 22.59 lakh acres. The project plans to divert water for up to 120 days annually, utilizing surplus Godavari flows. It includes transit balancing reservoirs with a capacity of 150 to 200 tmc ft. The Bollapalle hill range in Palnadu district will serve as a natural reservoir, minimizing land acquisition and rehabilitation needs. Estimated cost is ₹80,112 crore.

Why in news?

Telangana government requested detailed information from the Godavari River Management Board on Andhra Pradeshs proposed Polavaram-Banakacherla link project, which aims to improve water supply and irrigation in the region.

Prakasam Barrage

The Prakasam Barrage is a dam built across the Krishna River in Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, completed in 1957. It serves as a major irrigation and flood control structure, diverting water to the Krishna Delta. The barrage is approximately 1.6 km long and includes 44 floodgates. It supports the irrigation of over 1.2 million hectares of farmland. The barrage also acts as a road bridge connecting Vijayawada and Mangalagiri. It is named after Tanguturi Prakasam, the first Chief Minister of Andhra State. The barrage is a key infrastructure for water management in the region.

Why in news?

The Andhra Pradesh Cabinet approved a flood protection wall downstream of the Prakasam Barrage to mitigate recurring flood issues in Vijayawada and nearby areas.

Rabi Crop

The Rabi crop is a winter-sown crop in India, planted after the monsoon season, typically from October to December, and harvested in spring (March to June). Major rabi crops include wheat, barley, mustard, peas, and gram. The crop depends largely on residual soil moisture and irrigation, as it grows in the dry winter season. It contributes to India’s food grain production, especially wheat. The rabi season is crucial for food security, and its success depends on adequate rainfall during the preceding monsoon and irrigation facilities. It is less affected by monsoon failures compared to kharif crops.

Why in news?

The Agriculture Ministry is monitoring the rabi crop amid declining reservoir levels and deficient rainfall in many state of Indias, but the crop is currently unlikely to be adversely affected.

Rodinia Supercontinent

Rodinia was a supercontinent that formed approximately 1.2 billion years ago and began breaking apart around 750 million years ago. It preceded Pangaea and played important role in Earth’s tectonic and geochemical evolution. Rodinia’s assembly involved the collision of ancient continental blocks, influencing mantle composition beneath the African domain. The breakup of Rodinia initiated ocean formation and subduction zones that recycled crustal materials into the mantle. Its geological legacy is recorded in mantle isotope diversity and tectonic structures. Rodinia’s formation and breakup cycles are essential for understanding Earth’s supercontinent cycle and mantle dynamics.

Why in news?

Rodinia’s formation and breakup are central to new findings on mantle composition and the geological history of supercontinents beneath the African domain.

Sonamarg

Sonamarg is a high-altitude resort town in Kashmirs Ganderbal district, situated at over 8,500 feet. Known for its alpine meadows, glaciers, and scenic beauty, it is a popular tourist destination on the Srinagar-Leh highway. Harsh winters and heavy snowfall traditionally cut off Sonamarg for months, limiting tourism and trade. The town is poised to become a year-round destination with the opening of the Z-Morh Tunnel. Local leaders envision developing Sonamarg into a major ski resort, promoting winter sports and adventure tourism. The region also serves as a strategic gateway to Ladakhs cold desert areas.

Why in news?

Sonamargs connectivity and tourism potential are set to rise following the inauguration of the Z-Morh Tunnel in January 2025.

Tamirabharani River

The Tamirabharani River is a perennial river flowing through Tamil Nadu. Originating from the Western Ghats, it supports agriculture in Tirunelveli and Thoothukudi districts. The river is culturally , with many ancient temples along its banks. It has a length of about 128 km and is known for its relatively consistent flow, unlike other seasonal rivers in the region. The Tamirabharani basin supports diverse ecosystems and provides water for irrigation, drinking, and hydroelectric projects. The river linking project aims to divert surplus water to drought-prone areas, aiding agriculture and water availability in rain-shadow zones.

Why in news?

The Tamirabharani – Karumeniyar – Nambiyar river linking scheme is being inaugurated to benefit drought-prone regions by diverting surplus water, improving irrigation over 15,000 acres in Tamil Nadus rain-shadow areas.

Thengapattinam Fishing Harbour

Thengapattinam fishing harbour is a coastal fishing port in Kanniyakumari district, Tamil Nadu, primarily used by local fishermen engaged in mechanised and traditional fishing. It serves as a key hub for deep-sea fishing activities, supporting the livelihoods of many communities in southern Tamil Nadu. The harbour is equipped with basic infrastructure for docking, fish processing, and storage. It is known for its mechanised boat fleet, which enables fishermen to undertake longer fishing expeditions, sometimes into international waters, increasing their catch but also the risk of maritime boundary violations.

Why in news?

The fishermen who were detained near Diego Garcia had set out from Thengapattinam harbour, denoting the harbour’s role in deep-sea fishing ventures beyond Indian waters.

Transhumance in Himachal Pradesh

Transhumance is the seasonal movement of pastoralists and their livestock between fixed summer and winter pastures. In Himachal Pradesh, communities like the Gaddi, Gujjar, Kinnaura, Lahaula, and Pangwala practice this system, moving herds across altitudes to optimize fodder availability and climate conditions. This traditional practice supports sustainable food systems by utilizing diverse ecological zones throughout the year. The regions topography and climate variations necessitate this mobility, which has been threatened by afforestation and forest management policies. Transhumance is integral to the cultural and economic survival of approximately 100,000 pastoral families in the state.

Why in news?

The January 2025 forest notification protects transhumance routes and halting sites, recognizing the importance of seasonal livestock migration in Himachal Pradesh.

Tungabhadra River

The Tungabhadra River is a tributary of the Krishna River flowing through the state of Indias of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. It originates at the confluence of the Tunga and Bhadra rivers in the Western Ghats. The river spans approximately 531 kilometers and supports agriculture, drinking water, and hydroelectric power. The Tungabhadra Dam, constructed in 1953, is a major multipurpose dam on this river. The river basin is culturally , with several ancient temples along its banks. Seasonal drying and water quality issues are common during summer months due to reduced inflow and agricultural runoff.

Why in news?

The river water near Shiranahalli, Gangapur, and Korlahalli villages in Gadag district turned green, causing concern among residents and prompting local authorities to investigate the cause.

Vaigai River

The Vaigai River flows through the state of India of Tamil Nadu, covering approximately 258 kilometers. It originates from the Varusanadu Hills in the Western Ghats and empties into the Palk Bay. The river supports agriculture and drinking water for several districts, including Madurai, Theni, and Ramanathapuram. The Vaigai basin is home to diverse flora and fauna but faces pollution challenges due to industrial, domestic, and hospital waste discharge. The river’s water quality is classified from D-grade to E-grade in various stretches, indicating heavy contamination unfit for drinking and limited to industrial use.

Why in news?

The Madras High Court directed local bodies to file an action plan to prevent pollution in the Vaigai River, following reports of sewage and industrial waste contamination across five districts.

Yanam

Yanam is a district and a city in the Union Territory of Puducherry, located on the eastern coast within Andhra Pradesh. It is the smallest district of Puducherry by area and population. Yanam was a French colony until 1954 before being integrated into India. The district is known for its unique blend of Telugu and French cultures. It has a tropical climate with rainfall during the monsoon. Yanam’s economy largely depends on agriculture and fishing. The region is also noted for its annual festivals, including the famous Godavari Pushkaralu, a river festival held every 12 years.

Why in news?

Yanam recorded maximum temperature anomalies less than -1.0 degrees Celsius in 2024, showing cooler than average conditions during the hottest year in India.

Zojila Tunnel

The Zojila Tunnel is Asias longest tunnel under construction, stretching 13.14 km beneath the Zojila Pass in the Himalayas. It connects Ganderbal in Kashmir with Drass in Kargil, Ladakh, reducing travel time from three hours to 20 minutes. The tunnel costs ₹6,800 crore and features a 7.57-metre long horseshoe-shaped single tube with two lanes. It includes four culverts totaling 810 metres, four Nilgrar tunnels totaling 4,821 metres, eight cut-and-covers spanning 2,350 metres, and three vertical ventilation shafts of 500m, 391m, and 220m. It lies in seismic zone IV, requiring advanced safety measures.

Why in news?

The Zojila Tunnel is brought into light as a key strategic infrastructure to maintain year-round road access to Ladakh, which is otherwise cut off in winter due to snow closures of the Zojila Pass.

Environment & Ecology

Barcode Gap

The barcode gap is a genetic distance threshold used in DNA barcoding to distinguish between species. It refers to the difference between the maximum intraspecific genetic variation and the minimum interspecific genetic variation. A clear barcode gap indicates that species can be reliably separated based on genetic data. For the Indo-Burmese pangolin, a barcode gap of 3.8% was observed, supporting its status as a distinct species from the Chinese pangolin. DNA barcoding is widely used in biodiversity studies, species identification, and conservation biology.

Why in news?

The barcode gap of 3.8% was a key genetic metric used by scientists to validate the Indo-Burmese pangolin as a separate species in their recent genetic study.

Bhusi Flies

Bhusi flies is a local name used in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands for certain Culicoides species. These tiny blood-sucking midges resemble small flies but are more closely related to mosquitoes in feeding behavior. They feed on livestock and wild animals and sometimes humans. Bhusi flies are important in local ecosystems as vectors of pathogens, including viruses causing bluetongue disease. Their presence affects animal health and agricultural productivity. The name “bhusi flies” is region-specific and not widely used outside the archipelago. Their identification has been limited until recent comprehensive surveys by Indian researchers.

Why in news?

The term “bhusi flies” refers to the Culicoides midges recently surveyed and documented in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, with 13 species recorded for the first time in India.

Big Cat Public Safety Act

The Big Cat Public Safety Act, passed in the US in 2023, prohibits private ownership of big cats such as tigers, lions, and leopards. It aims to end the keeping of these apex predators as pets due to risks to public safety and animal welfare. The Act addresses issues like inadequate living conditions, malnutrition, and rampant inbreeding found in captive big cats. The law also regulates breeding and exhibition practices, closing loopholes that allowed private ownership. It is one of the strictest big cat protection laws globally and reflects growing concern over exotic pet ownership.

Why in news?

Nepals proposal to gift tigers as pets contrasts with recent legal moves like the US Big Cat Public Safety Act to restrict private ownership of big cats.

Bijo (Cannabis Seeds)

“Bijo” refers to locally grown cannabis seeds traditionally used in Himachal Pradesh for fiber production and culinary purposes. These seeds were commonly cultivated until the mid-1990s before restrictions increased. Bijo seeds are valued for their adaptability to the Himalayan climate and their multipurpose use in rural economies. Unlike recreational cannabis, Bijo was primarily an agricultural product supporting livelihoods. Preservation of Bijo seeds is important for maintaining genetic diversity and cultural heritage. The seeds are also noted for their resilience and potential for industrial hemp production.

Why in news?

The Himachal Pradesh cabinets decision to approve cannabis cultivation marks the importance of preserving Bijo seeds, as emphasized by local advocates and coordinators of regional agricultural campaigns.

Biochar

Biochar is a carbon-rich product made by heating organic material (biomass) in a low-oxygen environment, a process called pyrolysis. It resembles charcoal and is used primarily to improve soil health by increasing water retention, nutrient availability, and microbial activity. Biochar can bind contaminants like heavy metals and pesticides, reducing their bioavailability. It also contributes to carbon sequestration by storing carbon in soil for hundreds to thousands of years, helping mitigate climate change. Biochar production is energy-efficient and can utilize agricultural waste, making it an economically and environmentally sustainable soil amendment.

Why in news?

Swedish researchers at Chalmers University found that adding biochar to DDT-contaminated soil reduces toxin uptake by soil organisms, enabling cultivation on otherwise unusable land.

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) measures the amount of oxygen required by aerobic microorganisms to break down organic matter in water over a specific period, usually five days at 20°C. It is a key indicator of organic pollution in water bodies. High BOD levels indicate excessive organic waste, leading to oxygen depletion harmful to aquatic life. The standard permissible limit for bathing water is typically below 3 mg/L. BOD is influenced by sewage, industrial effluents, and organic runoff. It is widely used in environmental monitoring and wastewater treatment to assess pollution levels and water quality.

Why in news?

The joint committee found BOD levels in Ghaggar river water two to three times above permissible limits, deeming it unsuitable for bathing near Zirakpur after the Sukhna Choe confluence.

Biodiversity Heritage Site (BHS)

A Biodiversity Heritage Site (BHS) is a designation under the Biological Diversity Act, 2002, in India, aimed at protecting areas of rich biodiversity, ecological significance, or cultural value. BHS status ensures legal protection and promotes sustainable management by local communities and authorities. These sites are managed through conservation plans developed by biodiversity boards at the state level. The designation supports capacity-building programs for forest personnel and indigenous communities to enhance conservation efforts. Gujarat’s first BHS was declared in 2025 at the Inland Mangrove Guneri site to preserve its unique ecosystem.

Why in news?

Gujarat declared its first Biodiversity Heritage Site in January 2025 at the Inland Mangrove Guneri, marking a milestone in the state’s biodiversity conservation efforts.

Cartagena Industrial Cluster

The Cartagena Industrial Cluster in Colombia is a strategic hub focused on clean hydrogen and low-carbon fuel production. It leverages Colombias abundant renewable energy resources, especially hydropower and wind. The cluster integrates port facilities with industrial zones to support export and logistics. It aims to develop green hydrogen technologies for both domestic use and international markets. Cartagenas cluster promotes innovation in carbon capture and storage and collaborates with government and private sectors to build infrastructure for a low-carbon economy. It is part of Colombias broader commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions under international climate agreements.

Why in news?

The Cartagena Industrial Cluster was recently added to the WEFs initiative, enhancing global efforts to build clean hydrogen economies and decarbonize industrial activities.

Charaching of Musk Deer

Charaching refers to the illegal hunting of Musk Deer primarily for their musk pods, a valuable ingredient in perfumes and traditional medicine. Musk Deer are native to the Himalayan region, including areas around Shikari Devi Sanctuary. Despite protection laws, poaching persists due to high demand and economic incentives. Musk pods are secreted by male deer and are difficult to harvest without killing the animal. Conservation efforts focus on anti-poaching patrols and community awareness to reduce charaching. Musk Deer populations are vulnerable due to habitat loss, poaching, and human disturbances.

Why in news?

Charaching remains a threat to wildlife in the Shikari Devi Sanctuary, impacting musk deer populations amid ongoing conservation measures in the newly declared eco-sensitive zone.

Charged Particle Penetration Altitude

Charged particle penetration altitude refers to the lowest altitude at which energetic charged particles, such as protons and electrons, can reach Earth’s atmosphere before being deflected by the magnetic field. It depends on the local strength and configuration of the geomagnetic field. Stronger magnetic fields increase the altitude at which particles are stopped or deflected, while weaker fields allow deeper penetration. Variations caused by the north magnetic pole’s drift modify these altitudes regionally. Changes in penetration altitude influence atmospheric heating, density, and satellite drag, affecting orbital stability and space weather impact on technology.

Why in news?

The north magnetic pole’s shift toward Siberia raised charged particle penetration altitudes over Siberia by 400-1200 km, altering atmospheric conditions and satellite drag in that region.

Chincholi Wildlife Sanctuary

Chincholi Wildlife Sanctuary is a protected area located on the Karnataka-Telangana border, established to conserve dry-land forest ecosystems and wildlife species typical of the Deccan plateau. The sanctuary hosts a variety of flora and fauna, including several endangered species. It is characterized by dry deciduous forests, scrublands, and rocky terrain. The sanctuary plays a vital role in maintaining regional biodiversity and ecological balance. Human settlements inside the sanctuary, such as Sheribikanahalli Tanda, have posed challenges for conservation efforts, leading to ongoing rehabilitation and relocation initiatives under the Wildlife Protection Act.

Why in news?

Efforts to relocate families from inside Chincholi Wildlife Sanctuary are underway to enhance conservation and wildlife protection.

Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis (CPA)

Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis is a long-term fungal infection caused by Aspergillus fumigatus, primarily affecting people with pre-existing lung cavities, especially post-tuberculosis patients. It shares symptoms with TB such as chronic cough, haemoptysis, and weight loss. CPA prevalence is higher in immunocompromised individuals and is diagnosed using serological tests for Aspergillus antibodies and radiological imaging. The infection causes morbidity and mortality if untreated. Assams tea plantation workers show a high CPA prevalence of 60 cases per 100,000, above the global average. CPA often develops after TB treatment completion, making it a notable post-TB complication.

Why in news?

A study in Assams tea gardens identified CPA as health threat among TB survivors, denoting the need for fungal infection screening post-TB treatment to reduce morbidity and mortality.

Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD)

Chronic Wasting Disease is a fatal, incurable prion disease affecting cervids such as deer, elk, reindeer, sika deer, and moose. It causes symptoms including weight loss, drooling, confusion, and unsteadiness, appearing about a year after infection. CWD spreads through saliva, urine, blood, and feces. It has been detected in at least 33 U.S. states. The disease is caused by misfolded prions disrupting brain cell communication. There is no vaccine or cure. CWD can evolve into new strains and has been found in feral pigs, raising concerns about cross-species transmission to humans or domestic animals.

Why in news?

Scientists warn CWD could infect humans and domestic swine, potentially causing a new pandemic. The diseases presence in feral pigs and its rapid spread across multiple states has raised alarms.

Chrysopogon zizanioides (Vetiver)

Chrysopogon zizanioides, commonly known as vetiver or khus, is a perennial grass native to India, used widely for soil erosion control and aromatic oil extraction. Vetiver oil has applications in perfumery, cosmetics, and traditional medicine. It exhibits medicinal properties for treating pain, inflammation, and infections. The plants deep root system makes it valuable for stabilizing soil and preventing landslides. Vetiver is also used in water purification and as a natural cooling agent in hot climates. It is culturally in South Asia for its fragrance and environmental benefits.

Why in news?

Vetiver is the host plant affected by the newly discovered phytopathogenic fungus Epicoccum indicum causing leaf spot disease.

Datacentres Energy Use

Datacentres are facilities housing computer systems and associated components like telecommunications and storage systems. They are critical for AI model training and operation, consuming electricity. Approximately 1% of global energy-related greenhouse gas emissions come from datacentres, with AI accounting for up to 28% of this energy use. Many datacentres rely on high-carbon energy sources such as coal and natural gas. Cooling equipment in datacentres requires large water volumes, posing environmental and human rights concerns. Despite efforts to increase renewable energy use and efficiency, rising AI demand continues to escalate energy and water consumption.

Why in news?

The report raises concerns about the environmental impact of AI datacentres, including energy consumption and water use, which threaten sustainability and human rights.

DDT-Contaminated Soil Remediation

DDT-contaminated soils result from historic use of the insecticide DDT, banned over 50 years ago but still persistent due to its chemical stability and fat solubility. Such soils pose ecological risks, affecting organisms and rendering land infertile. Traditional remediation involves soil excavation and landfill disposal, which is costly and destructive to soil quality. New methods, like biochar amendment, immobilize DDT in soil, reducing bioavailability and ecological harm. This approach allows for safer cultivation and soil recovery without removing the soil, offering a cost-effective alternative for managing legacy pesticide contamination in forestry and agriculture.

Why in news?

A three-year study in southern Sweden demonstrated biochars ability to bind DDT in soil, halving uptake by earthworms and supporting plant growth on contaminated land.

El Niño Phenomenon

El Niño is a climate pattern characterized by the periodic warming of sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean. It typically occurs every 2 to 7 years and influences global weather patterns. El Niño events often cause droughts in regions like the Amazon and increased rainfall in others. The phenomenon disrupts atmospheric circulation, leading to changes in temperature, precipitation, and storm activity worldwide. El Niño is linked to intensified dry seasons in the Amazon, exacerbating wildfire risks. The 2024 El Niño contributed to historic drought conditions in Brazil, worsening wildfire severity and complicating firefighting efforts.

Why in news?

The 2024 El Niño intensified drought in Brazil, contributing to the worst wildfire season on record by creating drier conditions in the Amazon and surrounding biomes.

Floating Solar Plants

Floating solar plants are photovoltaic systems installed on water bodies like reservoirs or lakes. They reduce land use conflicts, improve panel efficiency by cooling effects of water, and decrease water evaporation. Floating solar technology is gaining traction in India due to limited land availability and abundant water reservoirs. These plants can be integrated with hydroelectric projects to optimize energy production. Floating solar systems also help reduce algae growth in water bodies and contribute to energy sustainability by harnessing unused water surface areas.

Why in news?

Uttar Pradesh government plans to set up floating solar plants across reservoirs in collaboration with NTPC, Tehri Hydro Development Corporation, and Satluj Jal Vidyut Nigam to expand renewable energy capacity.

Gaddi Shepherds

The Gaddi shepherds are a nomadic pastoral community from Himachal Pradesh, known for herding sheep and goats in the western Himalayas. They traditionally rely on the Gaddi dog to protect their livestock from predators like snow leopards and wolves. Their transhumance lifestyle involves seasonal migration between high-altitude summer pastures and lower winter grazing areas. This community’s decreasing nomadic practices have contributed to the decline of the Gaddi dog population. The Gaddi shepherds’ cultural practices and animal husbandry are integral to the Himalayan ecosystem and the conservation of indigenous breeds.

Why in news?

The decline in the nomadic lifestyle of the Gaddi shepherds has led to a sharp decrease in the population of the Gaddi dog, prompting conservation efforts brought into light in January 2025.

Kuno National Park

Kuno National Park is located in Madhya Pradesh and spans approximately 345 square kilometers. It was established in 1981 as a wildlife sanctuary and later declared a national park in 2018. Kuno is known for its role in Indias cheetah reintroduction project, aiming to restore the species after its extinction in the country in 1952. The park features dry deciduous forests and grasslands, providing habitat for leopards, deer, antelopes, and vultures. It is also part of a larger landscape corridor connecting various protected areas in central India, promoting biodiversity conservation and wildlife movement.

Why in news?

Madhya Pradeshs tableau at the 76th Republic Day Parade 2025 marks Kuno National Park as the land of cheetahs, reflecting Indias wildlife conservation efforts.

Late Blight Disease

Late blight is a devastating plant disease caused by the oomycete _Phytophthora infestans_. It affects potato and tomato plants, causing rapid decay of leaves, stems, and tubers. The disease thrives in cool, moist conditions and spreads via airborne spores. Late blight was responsible for the Great Irish Potato Famine in the 1840s, leading to mass starvation and migration. Despite advances in agriculture, late blight remains a major threat worldwide, causing billions in crop losses annually. Management includes resistant cultivars, fungicides, and crop rotation. The pathogen’s genetic diversity and migration complicate control efforts, necessitating ongoing research.

Why in news?

_Late blight_ remains a global agricultural problem linked to the historic famine pathogen; recent genomic studies reveal its Andean origin and ongoing migration, informing disease management strategies.

Laterite Soil Extraction

Laterite is a soil and rock type rich in iron and aluminum, commonly found in tropical areas. It forms through intense weathering of underlying parent rock. Laterite is porous and soft when freshly cut but hardens on exposure to air. It is used in construction and road building, but its removal can destabilize slopes. In Veeramalakkunnu and nearby hills, illegal or unscientific extraction of laterite layers has led to terrain destabilization and increased landslide risk. Laterite’s removal disrupts natural water drainage and slope integrity, contributing to soil erosion and surface cracking.

Why in news?

Laterite soil extraction has been identified as a key factor in the destabilization of hills during national highway construction, prompting fines and calls for improved soil management and drainage systems.

Latitudinal Diversity Gradient

The latitudinal diversity gradient is a widely observed ecological pattern where species richness typically increases toward the Equator. This gradient has been considered stable over long timescales, influencing biodiversity research globally. It affects terrestrial and marine ecosystems alike, including coral reefs. The gradient’s mechanisms involve climate stability, productivity, and evolutionary history. Recent studies, including on the Great Barrier Reef, show this pattern is shifting due to climate change and human impacts, causing unexpected changes in species distribution and diversity. This decoupling challenges assumptions about biodiversity stability and demands new ecological models for predicting future ecosystem dynamics.

Why in news?

The study on the Great Barrier Reef reveals that the latitudinal diversity gradient is shifting, showing altered fish species richness patterns along the reef’s north-south axis due to climate change and disturbances.

Lead-Acid vs. Lithium-Ion Recycling Costs

Setting up a lead-acid battery recycling plant costs approximately $6 million per GWh of capacity, whereas a lithium-ion battery recycling facility requires about $50 million per GWh. The higher cost for lithium-ion recycling is due to complex chemical processing, advanced technology needs, and stricter environmental controls. Lead-acid battery recycling is more established globally and benefits from simpler recovery methods. Lithium-ion recycling plants demand capital expenditure but offer higher material recovery rates and support modern electric vehicle battery supply chains. Cost differences impact investment decisions and industry growth trajectories.

Why in news?

The disparity in capital costs between lead-acid and lithium-ion battery recycling plants is a major challenge for Indias emerging lithium-ion battery recycling sector, influencing investment and expansion plans.

MapBiomas Consortium

MapBiomas is a collaborative network of NGOs, universities, and technology companies established in 2019 to monitor Brazils biomes using satellite data. It provides detailed annual reports on deforestation, land use, and wildfire extent across Brazil. The consortium employs machine learning algorithms to analyze satellite imagery, enabling precise mapping of burned areas and vegetation changes. Its data is widely used by researchers, policymakers, and environmental organizations to track environmental degradation. MapBiomas covers multiple biomes including the Amazon, Cerrado, Pantanal, and Mata Atlântica, facilitating cross-biome comparisons and long-term ecological studies.

Why in news?

MapBiomas reported a record 30.87 million hectares of Brazilian wilderness burned in 2024, marking the largest wildfire area since 2019 and denoting the severity of recent environmental crises.

Marburg Virus Disease (MVD)

Marburg virus disease is caused by the Marburg virus, a member of the filovirus family related to Ebola. It was first identified in 1967 during outbreaks in Germany and Serbia linked to African green monkeys imported from Uganda. The disease has an extremely high fatality rate, often exceeding 80%, with symptoms including severe hemorrhagic fever, vomiting blood, and multi-organ failure. It is transmitted through direct contact with bodily fluids or contaminated materials. Fruit bats of the genus Rousettus are natural reservoirs. There is no specific antiviral treatment, and supportive care is critical. Outbreaks are rare but often severe.

Why in news?

A suspected outbreak of Marburg virus disease in Tanzanias Kagera region has caused multiple deaths, prompting WHO involvement and emergency response efforts.

Matla Forests

The Matla forests are part of the Sundarbans region, located near the Matla River in India. These forests are characterized by dense mangroves and rich biodiversity, including numerous bird species. In the 2025 Sundarban Bird Festival, 108 bird species were recorded here, the highest among surveyed zones. The Matla River is a major distributary of the Ganges, influencing the ecology of the surrounding mangrove forests. The area supports diverse fauna and serves as important habitat for resident and migratory birds, contributing to the overall ecological balance of the Sundarbans.

Why in news?

The Matla forests recorded the highest number of bird species (108) during the 2025 Sundarban Bird Festival.

Mediterranean Sea Warming

The Mediterranean Sea has experienced a warming rate about five times faster than the global ocean average over the past two decades. In 2024, its ocean heat content increased by 1.1 ZJ compared to 2023, the highest regional rise globally. This rapid warming affects marine biodiversity, leading to shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. The Mediterranean’s enclosed geography and limited water exchange with the Atlantic contribute to its sensitivity to temperature changes. Warming also influences regional climate patterns, exacerbating droughts, heatwaves, and altering precipitation regimes in surrounding countries.

Why in news?

The Mediterranean Sea showed the most intensive warming rate in 2024, surpassing other ocean regions and raising concerns about ecological and climatic impacts.

MNRE Initiatives

The Ministry of New & Renewable Energy (MNRE) in India formulates policies and implements programs to promote renewable energy technologies. Under the leadership of Union Minister Pralhad Joshi, MNRE drives initiatives to reach 500 GW renewable capacity by 2030. It supports solar parks, wind-solar hybrid projects, bioenergy, and green hydrogen development. MNRE also facilitates international cooperation, financial incentives, and research funding. It launched schemes like the Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan Mahabhiyan (KUSUM) to promote solar pumps in agriculture. MNRE plays a key role in India’s transition to sustainable energy and climate commitments.

Why in news?

MNRE announced record renewable capacity additions in 2024 and continues policy efforts to meet Indias ambitious 2030 renewable energy targets.

Mugali-Apsarkonda Marine Sanctuary

The Mugali-Apsarkonda Marine Sanctuary is proposed along the Uttara Kannada coast in Karnataka. It aims to protect coastal and marine biodiversity, including coral reefs, mangroves, and endangered marine species. The sanctuary is part of efforts to conserve fragile marine ecosystems threatened by fishing, tourism, and industrial activities. The proposal has faced delays and was deferred by the State Cabinet in January 2025 for further review. The area is known for its diverse marine flora and fauna, including rare fish species and migratory birds dependent on coastal habitats.

Why in news?

Decision on the sanctuary was deferred by the State Cabinet in January 2025, reflecting ongoing deliberations on marine conservation priorities.

Multi-Year Droughts (MYDs)

Multi-Year Droughts (MYDs) are drought events lasting at least two consecutive years, causing extreme soil water depletion and reduced streamflow. Between 1980 and 2018, 13,176 MYDs were identified globally, with affected terrestrial land increasing by about 50,000 square kilometers per year. MYDs lead to massive crop failures, increased tree mortality, diminished ecosystem productivity, and reduced water supply. They cause ecosystem browning and vegetation dieback by overshooting ecosystem tolerance to water deficits. The most affected ecosystems include temperate grasslands. MYDs are linked to temperature anomalies and have grown in size and severity over recent decades.

Why in news?

A 40-year study published in January 2025 marks the increasing frequency, size, and severity of MYDs worldwide, emphasizing their worsening impacts due to climate change.

Mycorrhizal Fungi

Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots, aiding water and nutrient absorption. They have existed for over 500 million years and colonize up to 90% of plants. These fungi improve drought tolerance and protect plants from pathogens. Two main types exist – arbuscular fungi that penetrate root cells and ectomycorrhizal fungi that surround root surfaces. Ectomycorrhizal fungi are common in temperate and boreal forests and associate with trees like black oak. Mycorrhizal fungi are crucial for ecosystem restoration but can cause ecological harm if introduced improperly, sometimes boosting invasive species’ success.

Why in news?

Mycorrhizal fungi spores are being used in restoration efforts for endangered ecosystems such as tallgrass prairies, Colombian cloud forests, and Hawaiian native plants, denoting their role in conservation biology.

Nachan Forest Division

Nachan Forest Division is a forest administrative unit in Mandi district, Himachal Pradesh, managing forest resources and wildlife conservation. It includes 34 villages within the eco-sensitive zone around Shikari Devi Wildlife Sanctuary. The division implements afforestation, anti-poaching, and sustainable livelihood programs. It collaborates with local communities to reduce deforestation and human-wildlife conflict. The Divisional Forest Officer (DFO) oversees forest management and coordinates with government departments for zonal master planning. Nachan division is part of the larger Karsog-Nachan forest landscape, vital for maintaining regional biodiversity and ecological stability.

Why in news?

Nachan Forest Division is included in the newly designated eco-sensitive zone around Shikari Devi Wildlife Sanctuary to regulate development and conserve forests.

Nalabana Wildlife Sanctuary

Nalabana Wildlife Sanctuary is a 15.59-square-kilometre island sanctuary located within Chilika Lake. It is a designated bird sanctuary and Ramsar site, known for hosting the largest congregations of migratory birds in the region. The sanctuary features extensive mudflats and shallow waters, which are vital for feeding waterfowl during winter. It supports a variety of species including gadwalls, northern pintails, and greater flamingos. Nalabana is closed to the public during the peak migratory season to minimize disturbance and is managed by the Chilika Wildlife Division.

Why in news?

Nalabana Sanctuary recorded the highest number of birds within Chilika Lake during the 2025 census, although the total count was slightly lower than the previous year due to increased water levels from untimely rains.

Namdapha National Park

Namdapha National Park, located in Arunachal Pradesh, spans 1,985 sq. km and is the country’s easternmost tiger reserve. It is one of the few parks in India with a rich biodiversity that includes tigers, elephants, and rare species like the Namdapha flying squirrel. The park features dense tropical evergreen forests and alpine vegetation. It is part of the Eastern Himalayas biodiversity hotspot. Namdapha is notable for its difficult terrain and limited human access, which has helped preserve its wildlife. The park is also a critical corridor for elephant migration between India and Myanmar.

Why in news?

An adult male elephant was camera-trapped inside Namdapha after 12 years, indicating a positive sign for elephant conservation and movement within the parks core forest areas.

Narmada Project

The Narmada Project is a large-scale water resource development initiative centered on the Narmada River, one of India’s major west-flowing rivers. It includes the construction of dams, canals, and reservoirs aimed at irrigation, drinking water supply, and hydroelectric power generation. The Sardar Sarovar Dam is the project’s flagship structure. The project spans multiple states including Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, and Maharashtra. It has faced environmental and social challenges, including displacement of communities. The project has contributed to groundwater recharge and improved water availability in arid regions like Kutch and Saurashtra in Gujarat.

Why in news?

Amit Shah brought into light the successful implementation of the Narmada Project under Narendra Modis leadership, emphasizing its role in raising groundwater levels and supplying water to every household in Gujarat.

National Action Roadmaps

National Action Roadmaps are country-specific strategies developed under GPAP to tackle plastic waste systematically. These roadmaps outline tailored policies, investments, and programs to reduce plastic pollution, promote recycling, and support informal waste workers. They serve as blueprints for governments and stakeholders to coordinate plastic waste management aligned with local contexts. Roadmaps have led to financial mobilization, including over $3.1 billion in investments, and encourage safer working conditions for waste collectors. The roadmaps also contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by addressing plastic production and disposal emissions.

Why in news?

The National Action Roadmaps are central to GPAPs strategy, supporting the initiatives expansion to 25 countries and driving measurable impact in plastic waste reduction.

Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary

The Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary is located in Andhra Pradesh near the eastern coast of India. It is famous for hosting one of the largest breeding colonies of Spot-billed Pelicans in Asia. The sanctuary covers approximately 458 hectares and includes a large freshwater lake, attracting migratory birds from Southeast Asia. It is home to over 135 bird species, including openbill storks, spoonbill storks, and cormorants. The sanctuary’s ecosystem supports both resident and migratory birds, making it a critical habitat for avian biodiversity conservation in the region. It was declared a sanctuary in 1976.

Why in news?

Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary is a key location for the Flamingo Festival 2025, attracting birdwatchers and nature lovers with its diverse avian population during the festival season.

Nitrate Contamination

Nitrate contamination in groundwater occurs when nitrate levels exceed 45 mg/l, posing health risks like methemoglobinemia, which reduces red blood cells’ oxygen-carrying capacity. Nitrate primarily originates from agricultural fertilizers such as ammonium nitrate, calcium nitrate, urea, and diammonium hydrogen phosphate. Excess nitrates also cause environmental harm by triggering algal blooms that degrade aquatic ecosystems. In India, 19.8% of groundwater samples tested in 2023 exceeded safe nitrate levels, affecting nearly 56% of districts. Rajasthan, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu report the highest contamination levels. Nitrate contamination has remained relatively stable since 2017 but shows worrying trends in central and southern India.

Why in news?

The Central Ground Water Board’s 2023 assessment revealed a rise in districts with excessive nitrate contamination, denoting ongoing groundwater quality challenges across India.

Nitrogen Impact on Pollinators

Nitrogen (N) is a primary nutrient in fertilisers that boosts plant growth but can negatively affect pollinator populations. High nitrogen levels promote fast-growing grasses that outcompete flowering plants, reducing floral resources for pollinators. This shift leads to decreased abundance and species richness of pollinators such as bees. Studies indicate that excluding nitrogen from fertiliser mixtures results in higher pollinator and flower numbers compared to plots receiving nitrogen-rich fertilisers. Nitrogen deposition also alters soil chemistry, affecting plant-pollinator interactions and ecosystem health.

Why in news?

The 2025 research brought into light nitrogen as the main fertiliser component responsible for declines in pollinator abundance and flower diversity in agricultural plots.

One Health Approach

The One Health Approach is an integrated, unifying strategy recognizing the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health. It promotes collaborative efforts across multiple disciplines to achieve optimal health outcomes. The approach addresses zoonotic diseases, antimicrobial resistance, food safety, and ecosystem health by encouraging joint surveillance, research, and policy-making. One Health is endorsed by international organizations such as WHO, FAO, and OIE. It emphasizes sustainable farming, reducing disease transmission between animals and humans, and environmental conservation. The approach is increasingly adopted in livestock and public health sectors worldwide to manage emerging health threats effectively.

Why in news?

The One Health Approach is cited as a guiding principle for promoting sustainable and inclusive farming practices discussed at the Livestock Conclave in Shillong.

One Plate, One Bag Campaign

The One Plate, One Bag campaign was initiated to eliminate plastic use at large gatherings by distributing cloth bags and steel utensils. It was launched at Sector 18 on Old GT Road during the Maha Kumbh. The campaign distributed over 70,000 cloth bags and collected 2 million steel plates and glasses nationwide for reuse in langars and food outlets. It aims to replace plastic and thermocol items, promoting sustainable practices in religious congregations. The campaign is organized by the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) under the leadership of Sah-Sarkaryavah Krishna Gopal and Prant Prachar Pramukh Murar Tripathi.

Why in news?

The campaign was launched during the Maha Kumbh 2025 to ensure the event remains plastic-free by providing eco-friendly alternatives to pilgrims and food vendors.

Open Forest Fire Regimes

Open forests, characterized by 30-50% tree cover, have increased flammable vegetation compared to dense or sparse forests. This structure promotes novel and severe wildfire regimes due to more continuous fuel availability and altered microclimates. Southern and drier boreal regions may experience irreversible forest loss from these fires. Current low- and high-density forests resist fire due to limited fuel or microclimate conditions, but open forests increase wildfire frequency and intensity, threatening ecosystem stability and carbon storage.

Why in news?

Research indicates that climate-driven shifts to open forest states will elevate wildfire risks in boreal regions, complicating ecosystem management and carbon retention efforts.

Paraquat Dichloride

Paraquat dichloride, also known as methyl viologen, is a highly toxic herbicide primarily used to control weeds and desiccate crops like cotton before harvest. It is classified by the WHO as a Category 2 chemical, indicating moderate hazard and irritation. Paraquat is banned in over 70 countries, including China and the EU, but remains widely used in the US and India. The US EPA reports that even a small sip can be fatal. It enters cells via active transport, causing damage to lungs, liver, kidneys, and other organs. No antidote exists; treatments include activated charcoal and immunosuppression.

Why in news?

Paraquat was used to poison a man in the Sharon Raj murder case, leading to a death sentence for the accused in Thiruvananthapuram in 2025.

Parasantola Beat

The Parasantola Beat is a forest administrative unit within the Mukki Forest Range of Kanha Tiger Reserve. Beats are the smallest operational units for forest management and patrolling in India. Parasantola Beat is characterized by dense forest cover and diverse wildlife habitats, serving as a critical corridor for tigers and other fauna. It plays a role in anti-poaching operations and wildlife monitoring. The beats terrain includes mixed deciduous forests, streams, and grasslands. Local forest guards and rangers conduct regular patrols here to maintain ecological balance and prevent illegal activities.

Why in news?

The tigress carcass was found in the Parsantola Beat area, which triggered the immediate response and investigation by forest authorities.

Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA)

PEMSEA is an intergovernmental organization established in 1994 to promote sustainable coastal and ocean development in East Asia. It supports integrated coastal management (ICM) and environmental governance across 10 member countries. PEMSEA facilitates regional cooperation, capacity building, and policy development to protect marine ecosystems. It has played a key role in restoring degraded mangroves and promoting blue carbon projects. PEMSEAs initiatives include scientific research, community engagement, and public-private partnerships. The organization also monitors environmental changes and advocates for climate resilience in coastal zones. PEMSEAs efforts contribute to managing fisheries, pollution control, and disaster risk reduction in the region.

Why in news?

PEMSEAs report marks that restoring just 10% of degraded mangroves worldwide could sequester an extra 1.6 billion tons of carbon annually, emphasizing its role in climate mitigation.

Pearl Spot

Pearl spot (Etroplus suratensis) is a freshwater fish native to South India and Sri Lanka, known for its distinctive spotted pattern. It inhabits brackish waters and is popular in aquaculture due to its adaptability and fast growth. Pearl spot feeds on algae, detritus, and small invertebrates. It plays role in local fisheries and traditional diets. The fish is also culturally in coastal communities. Less known is its ability to tolerate a wide range of salinity, making it suitable for both freshwater and brackish water farming. It contributes to local biodiversity conservation efforts.

Why in news?

Pearl spot culture training is being provided to tribal people in Pulicat as part of a community aquaculture initiative supported by NBFGR and the State Department of Tribal Welfare.

Perfluorooctane Sulfonic Acid (PFOS)

Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) is a synthetic chemical widely used since the 1950s in firefighting foams, nonstick cookware, and water-resistant fabrics. It is part of the PFAS family, characterized by exceptionally strong carbon-fluorine bonds, making it highly persistent in the environment and resistant to degradation. PFOS accumulates in soil, water, and living organisms, posing health risks. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency recently designated PFOS as hazardous. Its chemical stability has made it a target for novel remediation strategies, including microbial degradation by bacteria like Labrys portucalensis F11.

Why in news?

PFOS was the primary target in the recent study where the bacterial strain F11 demonstrated the ability to degrade over 90% of PFOS within 100 days, marking progress against this persistent pollutant.

Phytoplankton Biomass Thresholds

Phytoplankton biomass thresholds are specific concentration levels of chlorophyll-a used to classify algal bloom intensity. These thresholds distinguish bloom phases – Likely to Bloom, Bloom, Intense Bloom, and Extreme Bloom. They are region-specific due to varying oceanographic and climatic conditions. Chlorophyll-a is the primary pigment in marine algae, used as a proxy for biomass via satellite remote sensing. Establishing these thresholds enables early detection and monitoring of blooms, improving ecosystem management. Before this, no clear thresholds existed for Indian coastal waters. The thresholds aid in predicting harmful algal blooms, which can produce toxins affecting marine life and humans.

Why in news?

Researchers defined region-specific phytoplankton biomass thresholds for nine algal bloom hotspots along Indias coasts, enhancing detection and classification of bloom phases using satellite data.

Plasmodium malariae

Plasmodium malariae is one of the four main species of malaria parasites infecting humans. It causes quartan malaria, with fever cycles every 72 hours. Unlike Plasmodium falciparum, it generally causes milder symptoms but can persist in the bloodstream for decades, causing chronic infection. It has a wide geographic distribution, including Africa, Asia, and the Americas. Its life cycle includes a long incubation period, and it rarely causes severe complications. Diagnosis often requires microscopic examination or molecular tests due to low parasite density. It was eliminated in Georgia by 1960 through insecticide use and treatment campaigns.

Why in news?

Georgia’s malaria elimination milestone included interrupting transmission of Plasmodium malariae, one of the three malaria parasites historically endemic in the country.

Plastic Coating of Electrical Wires

Plastic coating of electrical wires involves insulating power lines with durable polymer materials to prevent electrocution of wildlife and reduce electrical hazards. This method is used in rural and forested areas to protect animals like birds and arboreal mammals from accidental electrocution when they come into contact with exposed wires. In Assam, the Assam Power Distribution Company Limited (APDCL) has implemented plastic coating in approximately 50% of villages around protected forest areas to safeguard endangered species such as the golden langur. This measure is part of broader wildlife conservation efforts to mitigate human-wildlife conflict caused by infrastructure.

Why in news?

Local residents demanded increased plastic coating of electrical wires after a golden langur was killed by electrocution, prompting APDCL to continue and expand this safety measure.

Plastic Waste Leakage

Plastic waste leakage refers to the uncontrolled release of plastic debris into the environment, particularly oceans and land ecosystems. Approximately 6 million tonnes of plastic waste enter oceans annually, disrupting ecosystems and harming biodiversity. Leakage occurs due to inadequate waste management, informal disposal, and lack of recycling infrastructure. It contributes to environmental pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, including methane from landfills. Reducing plastic waste leakage is a core goal of GPAP, aiming to prevent plastics from escaping waste systems and entering natural habitats through circular economy practices.

Why in news?

GPAPs expansion emphasizes stopping plastic waste leakage as a critical step toward environmental protection and climate resilience.

PM10 Pollution

PM10 refers to particulate matter with a diameter of 10 micrometers or less. These particles can penetrate the respiratory system and cause health problems including respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. PM10 originates from sources like dust, pollen, vehicle emissions, and industrial processes. Unlike finer PM2.5, PM10 particles are larger but still small enough to be inhaled and cause lung irritation. Monitoring PM10 levels is critical for air quality assessments and regulatory standards worldwide. Chronic exposure to elevated PM10 levels is linked to increased hospital admissions and mortality rates.

Why in news?

The study found that increased PM10 exposure before pregnancy was associated with higher BMI in children at age two, denoting its impact beyond respiratory health.

Polachira Wetland

Polachira is wetland located near Ulanad in Kerala, historically known as a sanctuary for diverse bird species and a vital freshwater source. It supports a variety of migratory and resident birds and contributes to local groundwater recharge. Over recent years, Polachira has faced severe ecological stress due to factors like habitat degradation, invasive species, and solid waste dumping. These changes have led to a decline in its ecological health, impacting its role as a biodiversity hotspot and freshwater reserve. Conservation efforts are ongoing to restore and protect this wetland.

Why in news?

Environmental threats to Polachira were brought into light during the 2025 waterbird census in Pathanamthitta, emphasizing the wetland’s deteriorating condition and need for urgent conservation.

Polish Smog Alert

Polish Smog Alert is an environmental NGO focused on combating air pollution in Poland, especially in cities like Rybnik, known as the countrys smog capital. It campaigns against coal burning, promotes cleaner heating alternatives, and advocates for stricter enforcement of environmental regulations. The organization engages in public education, legal action, and policy lobbying. It has successfully influenced local governments to replace outdated coal stoves and implement coal burning bans. Polish Smog Alert also collaborates with international networks to share best practices. Polands reliance on coal for heating and energy makes the groups work critical for improving public health and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

Why in news?

Polish Smog Alert was recognized for its successful campaigns in Rybnik to reduce air pollution and greenhouse gases by replacing coal stoves and enforcing coal bans.

Pollinator Functional Diversity

Pollinator functional diversity refers to the range of different roles pollinator species play in ecosystems, including variations in body size, foraging behavior, and flower preferences. This diversity affects pollination efficiency and plant reproductive success. Functional diversity is crucial for ecosystem resilience, as different pollinators respond differently to environmental changes. Loss of functional diversity can lead to reduced pollination services and ecosystem instability. Studies show that fertiliser application can reduce this diversity by favoring certain plant species and altering habitat structure, thereby impacting the variety of pollinators present in an area.

Why in news?

The 2025 study reported decline in pollinator functional diversity linked to fertiliser use, affecting ecosystem services like pollination and crop productivity.

Pollution Under Control (PUC) Certificate

The Pollution Under Control (PUC) certificate is a mandatory emission test certificate for motor vehicles in India, ensuring vehicles meet emission standards. Issued after testing vehicle exhaust emissions, the certificate is valid for six months to one year depending on the vehicle type. Non-compliance can lead to fines and penalties. The PUC certificate is critical for controlling vehicular pollution and is linked with vehicle registration and fitness. Testing is conducted at authorized centers using gas analyzers. Despite its importance, compliance rates vary, affecting air quality, especially in urban areas.

Why in news?

The Supreme Court brought into light poor compliance with PUC norms as a major issue contributing to pollution, asking for stronger implementation measures.

Pong Dam

Pong Dam, also known as Maharana Pratap Sagar, is a large reservoir on the Beas River in Himachal Pradesh. Constructed in 1975, it is hydroelectric project and a Ramsar Wetland Site, attracting numerous migratory birds from Siberia and Mongolia. The reservoir supports diverse aquatic life and provides irrigation to surrounding agricultural lands. It is surrounded by dense forests and is a popular birdwatching destination. The dam’s water body and adjacent forests create a unique ecosystem that supports over 220 bird species, including several endangered migratory birds. It also plays important role in flood control and regional water management.

Why in news?

CM Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu visited Pong Dam for bird watching and announced tourism development plans, including adding speed boats and introducing water sports to boost regional tourism.

Post-Harvest Management

Post-harvest management involves the processes of collecting, processing, transporting, and storing agricultural products after harvest. Efficient post-harvest management minimizes losses and maintains product quality. For crop residues, it includes drying, moisture control, and preventing methanisation during storage. In India, poor post-harvest infrastructure causes residue wastage and environmental harm through burning. Standard operating procedures and industrial-grade practices are lacking. Adequate working capital and policy support are crucial to develop robust post-harvest management systems. It supports circular economy goals by enabling residue utilization for bioenergy and fodder.

Why in news?

The need for uniform post-harvest management was emphasized by experts at the 2025 Agri and Commodities Summit to enhance biofuel production and reduce residue burning.

Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research

The Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) is a German research institute founded in 1992, focusing on global change, climate impacts, and sustainable development. It integrates natural and social sciences to analyze climate risks and policy options. PIK is known for developing the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) used in IPCC reports. The institute applies integrated assessment models to study climate mitigation, adaptation, and economic impacts. It has pioneered research on tipping points in the climate system and the social dynamics of climate change. PIK collaborates internationally, influencing climate policy and scientific understanding globally.

Why in news?

Researchers from PIK authored the study denoting the global green hydrogen implementation gap and challenges in meeting announced project targets through 2023.

Preconception Environmental Exposure

Preconception environmental exposure refers to contact with environmental factors such as pollution, chemicals, or radiation during the months before conception. This period is critical as sperm and eggs undergo final maturation stages, making them vulnerable to damage. Exposures during this time can influence fertility, embryonic development, and long-term health outcomes in offspring. Research shows that pollutants like PM2.5, PM10, and nitrous oxide can affect gamete quality and epigenetics, potentially altering growth and disease risk in children. Preconception exposure is an emerging focus in public health for preventing adverse developmental and chronic conditions.

Why in news?

The study brought into light that air pollution exposure during the three months before pregnancy may increase obesity risk in children, emphasizing preconception as a sensitive window for intervention.

Production Scrap in Battery Recycling

Production scrap refers to leftover materials generated during battery manufacturing that are not used in final products. Globally, it accounts for about 30% of raw materials in recycled lithium-ion batteries. Utilizing production scrap reduces carbon emissions by approximately 33% and lowers water consumption by 93% compared to primary raw material extraction. It contributes to sustainability by diverting waste from landfills and reducing the demand for mining new resources. Production scrap can be reprocessed with high material recovery rates, supporting circular economy goals in the battery sector. Its use extends battery life and improves cost-efficiency in recycling operations.

Why in news?

Production scrap is brought into light as a key contributor to raw material supply in Indias growing lithium-ion battery recycling industry, supporting sustainable EV battery production and reducing environmental impact.

Project Dolphin

Project Dolphin is an initiative launched by the Government of India to conserve and restore populations of river and marine dolphins, especially the Gangetic dolphin. It began in 2016 with ecological assessments across 22 rivers covering 7,680 km in the Ganga basin. The project focuses on habitat restoration, pollution control, and community involvement. It is coordinated by the Wildlife Institute of India and the National Mission for Clean Ganga. The project is scheduled to conclude in March 2026 and aims to designate 2,850 km of river stretches as conservation priority areas for dolphins and other aquatic species.

Why in news?

The National Green Tribunal sought disclosure of steps taken under Project Dolphin following reports of endangered Gangetic dolphins in tributaries, reinforcing conservation efforts in the Ganga basin.

Proso Millet

Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum) is a cereal grain grown primarily in Asia, Eastern Europe, and North America. It is drought-tolerant, requires minimal water, and matures quickly, making it suitable for arid regions. Proso millet is rich in protein, fiber, and minerals like magnesium and phosphorus. It is gluten-free and used in porridges, bread, and alcoholic beverages. The grain has a low glycemic index, beneficial for diabetic diets. Despite its nutritional benefits, proso millet is less widely cultivated than other millets. It has been cultivated since ancient times, with archaeological evidence dating back over 10,000 years.

Why in news?

Proso millet is among the minor millets grown in Karnataka, featured at the International Millets Festival to promote its cultivation and consumption.

Pumped Storage Project

A pumped storage project is a type of hydroelectric energy storage used to balance grid demand by pumping water to a higher reservoir during low demand and releasing it to generate electricity during peak demand. The Telangana project, with a capacity of 2160 MW, is one of the largest planned in India. Such projects improve grid stability and support renewable energy integration by storing excess power. Pumped storage plants have round-trip efficiencies typically between 70-80%. They require specific geological conditions, including two reservoirs at different elevations and suitable water availability.

Why in news?

Telangana’s MoU with MEIL includes establishing a 2160 MW pumped storage project to enhance renewable energy capabilities and create over 1,000 construction jobs and 250 operational jobs.

Pumped Storage Projects Policy

Maharashtras Pumped Storage Projects policy involves Public-Private Partnership agreements for 38 projects aimed at generating 55,970 MW of electricity. The policy expects an investment of ₹2.95 lakh crore and the creation of approximately 90,390 jobs. Pumped storage projects store energy by pumping water to a higher elevation during low demand and releasing it to generate electricity during peak demand. This enhances grid stability and renewable energy integration. Maharashtras policy is one of the largest state-level efforts to expand pumped hydroelectric capacity in India.

Why in news?

Governor C.P. Radhakrishnan announced the signing of MoUs for 38 pumped storage projects as part of Maharashtras energy expansion plans during the Republic Day 2025 event.

Punchirimattom Village

Punchirimattom is a village located in the Wayanad district of Kerala, known for its steep terrain and susceptibility to landslides. The village experienced a devastating debris flow in July 2024, which followed a path similar to a deadly landslide in 1984 that caused 14 fatalities. Punchirimattoms geography, characterized by mountainous slopes and high rainfall, makes it vulnerable to rapid mass movements. The villages repeated exposure to landslides has made it a focus area for disaster risk studies and mitigation planning, including the installation of early warning systems for rainfall and soil moisture monitoring.

Why in news?

Punchirimattom was severely affected by the July 2024 debris flow in Wayanad, prompting renewed focus on disaster management and early warning systems in the region.

QR Code Tagging of Trees

Geo-tagging combined with QR code technology allows for precise digital identification and monitoring of individual trees. Each Chinar tree is tagged with a QR code affixed using a specialized spring-enabled metal plate. Scanning the QR code provides instant access to detailed data including the trees location, health status, age, and risk assessment. This tech-driven approach enables proactive conservation efforts and minimizes human error by incorporating USG-based machine surveys for risk evaluation. The initiative started in 2021 and aims to create a comprehensive digital database accessible through a dedicated website for public and administrative use.

Why in news?

The J&K Forest Research Institute’s project to digitally protect Chinar trees by tagging them with QR codes has reached 28,500 trees, enhancing monitoring and management of Kashmirs iconic trees.

Ramsar Convention

The Ramsar Convention is an intergovernmental treaty signed in 1971 in Ramsar, Iran, focused on wetland conservation. It identifies wetlands of international importance, called Ramsar sites, based on ecological criteria such as supporting endangered species or hosting over 20,000 waterbirds. The Montreux Record is a list of Ramsar sites facing ecological threats requiring monitoring. The treaty is administered by the Ramsar Secretariat under the framework of UNESCO, and member countries propose and maintain sites under its guidelines.

Why in news?

Dhanauri wetlands are being considered for designation as a Ramsar site, which would grant the area international recognition and protection under this treaty to preserve its ecological and biodiversity values.

Rapid Mass Movement Simulation (RAMMS)

RAMMS is a numerical simulation tool designed to model rapid mass movements such as debris flows, avalanches, and landslides. It uses physical equations to predict the flow path, velocity, and deposition patterns of moving material on slopes. Developed initially for avalanche risk assessment in the Swiss Alps, RAMMS incorporates complex terrain data and material properties to improve hazard mapping. It has been adapted for various environments worldwide, including tropical mountainous regions. The software supports disaster management by identifying vulnerable zones and potential run-out distances, aiding in planning and early warning systems. RAMMS integrates with crowd-sourced and remote sensing data for real-time hazard assessment.

Why in news?

RAMMS was used in the recent Wayanad landslide study to track debris flow paths, helping identify high-risk zones and improve disaster mitigation strategies after the July 2024 event.

Rat-hole Mining

Rat-hole mining is a method of coal extraction involving narrow horizontal tunnels about 3-4 feet high, just wide enough for a single miner. It is predominantly practiced in Meghalaya. This technique is highly dangerous due to poor ventilation and structural instability, leading to frequent accidents and fatalities. The National Green Tribunal banned rat-hole mining in 2014 due to environmental damage and safety concerns. It is considered unscientific and illegal under Indian law. Despite the ban, some coal remains in open areas, which the Supreme Court allowed for transportation. The practice has been linked to economic and social issues in Meghalaya.

Why in news?

Rat-hole mining in Meghalaya remains a focus as the state government signs agreements to initiate scientific coal mining, replacing this banned and hazardous method.

Reactive Nitrogen

Reactive nitrogen refers to nitrogen compounds that are biologically, chemically, and radiatively active, including ammonia, nitrate, nitrous oxide, and nitrogen oxides. Humans add around 150 teragrammes (Tg) of reactive nitrogen annually to the Earth’s land surface, more than double the pre-industrial levels. It originates mainly from agriculture, industry, synthetic fertilizers, manure, and land-use change. Excess reactive nitrogen contributes to air and water pollution, biodiversity loss, and climate change. By 2100, climate change could increase reactive nitrogen input to 600 Tg per year, exacerbating environmental damage and nitrogen loss.

Why in news?

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations released a report denoting the increase of reactive nitrogen due to human activity and its environmental impacts, urging improved nitrogen management globally.

Red Rot Disease

Red rot disease is a fungal infection caused by Colletotrichum falcatum that severely affects sugarcane crops, especially in tropical regions. It causes red discoloration in the stalks, leading to cane deterioration and reduced sugar content. The disease spreads rapidly under warm, humid conditions and can cause yield losses of up to 50%. Resistant varieties and crop rotation are primary management strategies. Chemical fungicides are less effective once infection sets in. The disease has historically caused production drops in Indian sugarcane belts, particularly in Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra.

Why in news?

Red rot disease contributed to the decline in sugarcane yield and sugar production in Uttar Pradesh during the 2024-25 season, as reported by AISTA.

Renewable Energy Service Company (RESCO) Model

The Renewable Energy Service Company (RESCO) model is a business framework where a service provider installs and maintains renewable energy systems, such as solar panels, and sells electricity to consumers. This model shifts upfront costs from consumers to companies, making renewable energy affordable for low-income households. In India, RESCO is being promoted to address financial barriers in schemes like PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana. It involves innovative financial instruments and credit guarantees to convert capital expenditure into manageable operating expenses. The model supports accelerated adoption of green energy, especially in underserved rural areas.

Why in news?

The FY26 Budget emphasizes RESCO to improve solar connection installation rates and enhance renewable energy access for lower-income groups.

Resolution A/77/327

Resolution A/77/327 was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly during its 77th session. It officially declared 26 January as the International Day of Clean Energy. The resolution emphasizes the importance of a just and inclusive transition to clean energy worldwide. It calls on member states to raise awareness about clean energy’s role in combating climate change. The resolution marks the environmental, social, and economic benefits of clean energy adoption. It encourages international cooperation to facilitate access to affordable and sustainable energy technologies. The resolution also supports efforts to reduce reliance on fossil fuels globally.

Why in news?

Resolution A/77/327 was recently adopted, marking 26 January as the International Day of Clean Energy to promote global awareness and action on clean energy transitions.

Rhodamine B

Rhodamine B is a synthetic dye with a bright pink color primarily used in textiles, paper, and leather industries. It exhibits fluorescent properties useful in scientific research. The dye is carcinogenic, linked to DNA damage and tumor formation in animal studies, affecting organs like the liver and bladder. It is banned in food products by the US FDA and classified as a substance of very high concern by the European Union. Illegal use in food, especially in India, has led to regulatory crackdowns due to health risks. Exposure is especially dangerous to children and immunocompromised individuals.

Why in news?

Rhodamine B was recently banned by the US FDA in January 2025 for use in food products, following evidence of carcinogenicity and widespread illegal use in Indian street foods and candies.

Ridge Area Treatment

Ridge area treatment is a watershed management practice aimed at reducing soil erosion and improving moisture retention on elevated landforms called ridges. It involves contour bunding, afforestation, and vegetative barriers to stabilize soil and enhance groundwater recharge. This technique helps in preventing runoff, increasing infiltration, and supporting vegetation growth. Ridge treatment is crucial in hilly and undulating terrains where soil erosion risks are high. It also contributes to improved pasture and crop productivity by conserving soil nutrients and moisture. This practice forms a key part of watershed development projects targeting sustainable land use and climate adaptation.

Why in news?

Ridge area treatment is one of the major activities under newly sanctioned watershed projects by the Department of Land Resources aimed at restoring degraded lands and improving water conservation.

Riviera Country Club

The Riviera Country Club is a prestigious golf club located in Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles. Established in 1926, it has hosted numerous major golf tournaments, including the PGA Tours Genesis Invitational. The clubs course was designed by George C. Thomas Jr. and William P. Bell. It is known for its challenging layout and scenic views of the Santa Monica Mountains. The club has a strict membership policy and is considered one of the most exclusive golf clubs in the United States. It will host the Olympic golf tournament during the 2028 Los Angeles Games.

Why in news?

The Riviera Country Club is near wildfire-affected areas but remains a scheduled venue for the Olympic golf tournament in the 2028 Los Angeles Olympics.

Rousettus Fruit Bats

Rousettus fruit bats are a genus of Old World fruit bats found throughout Africa and Asia. They are the natural reservoir hosts of the Marburg virus. These bats roost in caves and mines, where they live in large colonies. They are frugivorous, feeding primarily on fruit, and play an essential role in seed dispersal. Rousettus bats can shed the virus in saliva, urine, and feces, leading to zoonotic transmission when humans enter their habitats or handle contaminated materials. Unlike many other bats, they use echolocation to navigate in the dark.

Why in news?

Avoiding contact with Rousettus fruit bats has been emphasized by WHO as a key preventive measure during the Marburg virus outbreak in Tanzania.

Rushikulya River Mouth

The Rushikulya river mouth in Odisha, is one of the world’s major Olive Ridley turtle rookeries. It hosts mass nesting events where hundreds of thousands of turtles lay eggs on a 3 km beach stretch. The river mouths sandbars and beach conditions are crucial for nesting success. Flooding or erosion can disrupt nesting, but new sandbars can create additional space. The site is protected by fishing bans within 20 km from November to May to minimize disturbances. Conservation efforts include tagging turtles and patrolling by coast guards and forest officials to safeguard the nesting turtles.

Why in news?

Recently, a new 1.5 km sandbar appeared near the Rushikulya river mouth, potentially increasing nesting space for Olive Ridley turtles, prompting conservation activities and anticipation of a large arribada.

Sada

The sada are flat-topped hills found in the Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra, formed by centuries of erosion. They are barren most of the year but bloom with unique endemic flora during the monsoon season. The geology includes a highly weathered lateritic soil layer that acts as a rainwater catchment, recharging groundwater and providing perennial fresh water sources. Locals practice traditional, pesticide-free agriculture on small patches during monsoons. The sada support diverse wildlife, including freshwater turtles like the Indian flapshell turtle and mammals such as leopards and jackals. They are also culturally , with water conservation rituals linked to local deities.

Why in news?

A biodiversity and ecosystem services study from 2022-2024 brought into light the ecological and cultural importance of the sada in Ratnagiri, emphasizing their role in water availability and habitat conservation amidst increasing development pressures.

Salix (Willow Trees)

Salix is a genus comprising about 400 species of deciduous trees and shrubs commonly known as willows. They grow in temperate and cold regions, often near water. Willows have fast growth rates and extensive root systems that help stabilize soil and prevent erosion. They are used in bioenergy production due to their high biomass yield and capacity to regenerate after harvest. Willows also play a role in phytoremediation, absorbing pollutants like heavy metals and pesticides from contaminated soils. Their ability to grow on marginal and polluted lands makes them valuable for environmental restoration projects.

Why in news?

Willow trees were among the crops planted in biochar-amended, DDT-contaminated soil in Sweden to test soil recovery and potential bioenergy crop cultivation.

Saltwater Firefighting Challenges

Saltwater contains high concentrations of salt, primarily sodium chloride, which is corrosive to firefighting equipment such as pumps and aerial water-dropping planes. Its chemical composition makes it less effective in cooling flames compared to freshwater. Saltwater is also a better conductor of electricity, increasing the risk of electrical hazards during firefighting operations. Environmental effects include increased soil salinity that inhibits vegetation growth and reduces soil permeability, harming ecosystem recovery. Saltwater runoff can disrupt aquatic life by altering water salinity. These factors limit saltwater use despite proximity to oceans in coastal wildfire regions.

Why in news?

The ongoing Los Angeles wildfires have raised questions about using seawater for firefighting, denoting the technical, safety, and environmental challenges of this approach amid freshwater shortages.

Samoohika Sannadhasena

Samoohika Sannadhasena is a volunteer network in Kerala engaged in disaster preparedness, rescue, and rehabilitation. It collaborates with NGOs and government agencies to train volunteers in emergency response. The network is part of Keralas broader disaster management framework and plays important role in community resilience. Volunteers assist during crises by disseminating warnings, supporting evacuations, and helping vulnerable populations. The network is integrated into the KaWaCHaM systems operational plan to ensure rapid and localized response, especially in remote or disaster-prone taluks, enhancing the states overall disaster mitigation capacity.

Why in news?

Samoohika Sannadhasena is involved in the implementation and operation of Keralas new KaWaCHaM disaster warning and response system launched in early 2025.

Sand Mining Pits

Sand mining pits are deep depressions formed in riverbeds due to the extraction of sand, often illegally or without regulation. These pits can vary in size and depth, sometimes reaching several meters, and create hazardous underwater terrain. In rivers like the Bharathapuzha, sand mining disrupts natural sediment flow, leading to erosion, habitat loss, and increased flood risk. The pits create strong undercurrents and sudden depth changes, posing dangers to swimmers and boaters. Sand mining is driven by demand for construction materials but often lacks environmental oversight, resulting in ecological damage and increased accidents in affected rivers.

Why in news?

The drowning tragedy near Painkulam involved victims falling into deep pits caused by sand mining in the Bharathapuzha River, emphasizing the environmental and safety issues linked to unregulated sand extraction.

Sarus Crane

The Sarus crane (Grus antigone) is the world’s tallest flying bird, standing up to 1.8 meters. It is the state bird of Uttar Pradesh and is classified as vulnerable by the IUCN. Sarus cranes are known for their lifelong monogamous pairs and elaborate courtship dances. They inhabit wetlands, marshes, and flooded fields. The population is concentrated in South Asia, with India hosting the largest numbers. Sarus cranes play an important ecological role in wetland ecosystems by controlling pest populations and maintaining habitat health.

Why in news?

The Dhanauri wetlands serve as a vital habitat for over 150 Sarus cranes, supporting their conservation amid threats from nearby infrastructure projects like Jewar airport.

SDG-related Investments

SDG-related investments refer to financial flows directed toward projects and sectors aligned with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), such as clean energy, health, education, water, sanitation, and agrifood systems. These investments aim to promote inclusive economic growth, environmental sustainability, and social well-being. They often rely heavily on international project finance and foreign direct investment, especially in developing countries. Despite growth in renewable energy and health sectors, investments in infrastructure, agrifood systems, and water and sanitation have declined since 2015, threatening progress toward SDG targets. Tracking SDG-related investments helps measure global commitment to sustainable development.

Why in news?

In 2024, SDG-related investments fell by 11%, with declines in infrastructure, agrifood, and water projects, impacting progress toward the SDGs according to UNCTAD’s January 2025 report.

Seemai Karuvelam

The Seemai Karuvelam tree, scientifically known as Prosopis juliflora, is an invasive species introduced in India for afforestation and soil stabilization. It is drought-tolerant and fast-growing but outcompetes native plants, reducing biodiversity. Its dense thickets hinder agricultural activities and local flora regeneration. The tree’s pods are consumed by livestock, but it is considered a weed due to its aggressive spread. Seemai Karuvelam has been widely planted in arid and semi-arid regions, leading to ecological imbalance. Its removal is challenging because of its extensive root system and ability to resprout from cut stumps.

Why in news?

Referenced as a cautionary example of environmental damage, Seemai Karuvelam marks the risks of invasive species like Conocarpus in Tamil Nadu’s ecosystem.

Segur Elephant Corridor

The Segur Elephant Corridor is a designated passage that facilitates elephant movement across fragmented habitats in India. It is part of a network of corridors crucial for maintaining elephant populations by allowing seasonal migrations and access to feeding grounds. Elephant corridors like Segur help reduce human-elephant conflicts by directing elephant movement away from populated areas. These corridors are legally protected under Indian wildlife laws but often face threats from development and encroachments. Maintaining such corridors is vital for biodiversity conservation and ensuring the survival of wide-ranging species like elephants.

Why in news?

The Segur elephant corridor is referenced as part of ongoing efforts and discussions to protect elephant passageways and reduce conflicts in regions including Arunachal Pradesh.

Semi-Mechanised Mining

Semi-mechanised mining involves the use of heavy earth-moving machinery combined with manual labor. It lacks a clear, official definition in Uttarakhands mining regulations. This method allows for faster extraction but poses environmental risks such as increased erosion, destabilization of slopes, and pollution. The absence of strict policy limits on semi-mechanised mining in Uttarakhand has led to uncontrolled operations, often resulting in damage to local ecosystems and communities. It is frequently employed in soapstone mining in regions like Bageshwar, where the terrain is fragile and prone to landslides and subsidence.

Why in news?

The Uttarakhand High Court criticized authorities for issuing environmental clearances for semi-mechanised mining without defined policies, leading to unregulated mining practices contributing to environmental degradation.

Sentinel-2 Satellite

Sentinel-2 is a European Space Agency (ESA) satellite launched in 2015 (Sentinel-2A) and 2017 (Sentinel-2B) as part of the Copernicus Programme. It captures high-resolution optical imagery across 13 spectral bands, including visible, near-infrared, and shortwave infrared wavelengths. The satellite is designed for land monitoring, vegetation analysis, and disaster management. Sentinel-2s multispectral images enable detailed observation of plant health, soil moisture, and land use changes. Its data is freely available and widely used in environmental research. Sentinel-2B, launched in 2017, provided critical data for the 2024 study on coal mining dust impact in Jharsuguda.

Why in news?

Sentinel-2B satellite data was used in a 2024 study to assess how coal mining dust affects vegetation in Jharsuguda, Odisha, by analyzing changes in leaf reflectance.

Shaheed Ashfaq Ullah Khan Zoological Park

Shaheed Ashfaq Ullah Khan Zoological Park is located in Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh. It is named after Ashfaq Ullah Khan, an Indian freedom fighter involved in the Kakori conspiracy against British rule. The park is one of the largest zoological parks in Asia, spanning over 1500 acres. It houses a variety of species including tigers, lions, and elephants. The park focuses on conservation and education, with facilities like the newly inaugurated Elephant Rescue Center. It plays role in regional wildlife preservation and environmental awareness. The park also supports breeding programs for endangered species.

Why in news?

The Elephant Rescue Center was inaugurated by Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath at this zoological park, denoting efforts to preserve wildlife and maintain ecological balance in the region.

Shola Forest

Shola forests are high-altitude stunted tropical montane forests found in the southern Western Ghats of India, typically above 1,500 meters elevation. They occur as small patches surrounded by grasslands and are characterized by evergreen trees adapted to cool, moist conditions. These forests harbor rich biodiversity, including many endemic species of plants, amphibians, birds, and insects. Shola forests play a critical role in water retention and maintaining regional climate stability. They are threatened by habitat fragmentation due to tea plantations, agriculture, and climate change. Their unique ecosystem supports rare species like certain tarantulas, amphibians, and medicinal plants.

Why in news?

New tarantula species were discovered in rare small fragments of remaining shola forests in the Western Ghats, denoting the ecological importance of these threatened habitats.

Sikkim Urja Limited (SUL)

Sikkim Urja Limited (SUL) is the state-owned company responsible for developing and operating hydropower projects in Sikkim, including Teesta-3. SUL manages dam safety protocols, flood gate operations, and early warning systems for upstream catchments. The company plans to implement an advanced early warning system to enable timely opening of flood gates and the safe evacuation of personnel during floods. SUL also intends to shift the dam control room to higher ground to protect staff. The companys role is critical in balancing hydropower generation with disaster risk management in the fragile Himalayan environment.

Why in news?

SUL is tasked with reconstructing the Teesta-3 dam and enhancing safety systems following the 2023 glacier lake outburst flood.

Slender Loris

The Slender Loris is a small, nocturnal primate found in southern India and Sri Lanka. It has large eyes adapted for night vision and a slow, deliberate movement pattern. The species is arboreal, feeding mainly on insects, small birds, and tree sap. It plays a role in controlling insect populations and maintaining forest health. Slender lorises are classified as vulnerable due to habitat loss and hunting. They have a unique grooming claw and a strong grip enabling them to hang from branches for extended periods. Conservation efforts focus on habitat protection and reducing human-wildlife conflict.

Why in news?

Mentioned as part of the fauna in the newly declared Greater Hessarghatta Grasslands conservation reserve, denoting its habitat importance.

Small Hydro Power Projects

Small hydro power projects generate electricity from water flow in rivers or streams with a capacity typically below 25 MW. Indias small hydro capacity increased from 4.99 GW in 2023 to 5.10 GW in 2024. These projects are often run-of-the-river types, causing minimal environmental disruption. They are suitable for remote and hilly areas, providing decentralized power. Small hydro plants have a long lifespan, often exceeding 50 years, and require low operational costs. India has untapped small hydro potential estimated at around 20 GW, mostly in the Himalayan and northeastern regions.

Why in news?

Incremental growth in small hydro power capacity was recorded in 2024, contributing to Indias renewable energy mix expansion.

Snow Leopard Population Estimation

Snow leopard population estimates in Chinas Sanjiangyuan region were derived using standardized camera trap data collected from 12 sites between 2015 and 2021. The study estimated an average density of 0.90 individuals per 100 sq km and a population size around 1,000 snow leopards. Conservative estimates ranged from 755 to 1,341 individuals. This method combined data from four organizations and aimed to create a rapid, large-scale population assessment framework. The population size is critical for conservation status assessments, especially after the IUCN downgraded the snow leopard from “Endangered” to “Vulnerable” in 2017.

Why in news?

The studys population estimates provide updated, large-scale data on snow leopards in China, influencing conservation strategies and addressing concerns over previous population assessment biases.

Spotted Deer (Chital)

The spotted deer, or chital (Axis axis), is native to the Indian subcontinent and is a key prey species in many tiger reserves. It is characterized by its reddish-brown coat with white spots and a white underbelly. Spotted deer are social animals living in herds that can range from small groups to hundreds. They primarily feed on grasses, leaves, and fruits. Their population density can indicate ecosystem health. In Nagarahole, the density is 28 per sq. km, higher than many other reserves, supporting a balanced predator-prey dynamic.

Why in news?

The spotted deer population in Nagarahole has increased steadily, contributing to a balanced predator-prey ratio alongside the rising tiger population.

Standing Committee of NBWL

The Standing Committee of the National Board for Wildlife (NBWL) is a statutory body responsible for wildlife conservation decisions in India. It reviews projects impacting protected areas and eco-sensitive zones. The committee meets periodically, with its 81st meeting approving exploratory oil drilling near the Hollongapar Sanctuary. It imposes strict conditions such as real-time digital surveillance, operational plan submissions, minimal tree felling, and pollution control to mitigate environmental impact. The committee differentiates between exploratory and commercial drilling, allowing only the former within eco-sensitive zones under stringent oversight.

Why in news?

The committees recent decision to permit exploratory drilling in the sanctuarys ESZ has sparked debate on balancing development and conservation.

Sullurpeta Constituency

Sullurpeta is a legislative assembly constituency located in Tirupati district, Andhra Pradesh. It is situated near the Bay of Bengal and serves as a gateway to the ecologically sensitive regions along the eastern coast. The constituency includes rural and semi-urban areas with dependence on agriculture and fishing. It is known for its proximity to the Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary and the Pulicat Lake, a major brackish water lagoon. Sullurpeta has been a focus for eco-tourism development and rural employment programs, integrating environmental conservation with local livelihoods. The constituency plays a vital role in regional biodiversity protection policies.

Why in news?

The Flamingo Festival 2025 is being held in the Sullurpeta constituency, denoting its importance as a center for eco-tourism and biodiversity conservation.

Sundarban Bird Festival

The Sundarban Bird Festival is an annual event promoting avifauna awareness in the Sundarbans mangrove forest. It involves bird counting and species identification by teams of birders. The festival began in 2023, with the first count recording 145 species and 5,065 birds. The second festival in 2024 noted a decrease in species to 135 but an increase in total birds to 8,886. The third festival in 2025 recorded 154 species and nearly 32,000 birds. The event helps monitor bird populations and supports conservation efforts in the largest mangrove forest in the world.

Why in news?

The third Sundarban Bird Festival in January 2025 recorded 154 bird species, showing a rise in species diversity and bird counts compared to previous years.

Surajpur Wetland

The Surajpur Wetland is a 325-hectare wildlife habitat located in Greater Noida, featuring a 60-hectare natural lake on the Dadri-Surajpur-Chhalera road. It serves as a critical stopover for various migratory birds during the winter. The wetland supports biodiversity and acts as a natural water filtration system. It is threatened by polluted wastewater discharge from nearby industrial areas. Conservation efforts involve collaboration between local authorities, research institutes, NGOs, and environmental experts to restore and protect its fragile ecosystem.

Why in news?

The Greater Noida authority has initiated a project to protect and conserve the Surajpur Wetland, which is under threat from industrial pollution and wastewater discharge.

Thein Dam

The Thein Dam is the only major reservoir in Punjab. It has a capacity of approximately 1.0 billion cubic meters and plays important role in irrigation and drinking water supply in the region. Constructed in the mid-20th century, it is located on the Thein River, a tributary of the Sutlej River. The dam is primarily an earth-fill embankment type and supports agriculture in the surrounding areas. Its storage capacity is highly sensitive to seasonal rainfall patterns, especially post-monsoon and winter rains, which impact water availability for Punjab’s agrarian economy.

Why in news?

Thein Dam’s storage dropped below 20% capacity due to deficient post-monsoon and winter rainfall, signaling water stress in Punjabs only major reservoir.

Tiger Task Force

The Tiger Task Force was established in 2005 after the extinction of tigers in Sariska, Rajasthan. It conducted a comprehensive evaluation of relocation and displacement issues linked to tiger conservation. The task force collected data on village relocations and the number of villages inside tiger reserves. It found that about 80 villages had been relocated under Project Tiger by 2005, with 273 villages in 28 reserves situated in core tiger breeding areas. The task force recommended a detailed study to assess relocation needs based on tiger breeding zones. Its data helped shape future conservation and relocation policies in India.

Why in news?

The Tiger Task Forces data and recommendations are referenced in the Ministry of Tribal Affairs recent directive to compile updated information on villages inside tiger reserves and relocation status.

Tipeshwar Sanctuary

Tipeshwar Sanctuary is a protected wildlife area located in Maharashtra, known for its diverse flora and fauna, including tigers. It serves as a critical habitat and corridor for tiger movement within the region. In 2019, a male tiger was documented traveling from Tipeshwar to Dnyanganga Sanctuary, covering a linear distance of 315 km over 225 days, using 89 resting sites. The sanctuary supports forest and agricultural mosaics, enabling tiger dispersal through fragmented landscapes. Tipeshwars role in tiger conservation is in maintaining connectivity between tiger populations in Maharashtra and adjoining states.

Why in news?

A 2019 study brought into light a tigers 315 km journey from Tipeshwar to Dnyanganga Sanctuary, showcasing the sanctuarys importance in facilitating tiger dispersal in Maharashtra.

Trigonobalanus excelsa (Black Oak)

Trigonobalanus excelsa, or black oak, is a relict tree species once widespread in the Northern Hemisphere. It now survives in fragmented patches in Colombias cloud forests due to deforestation and land conversion. The species depends on a complex community of over 200 ectomycorrhizal fungal taxa for seedling survival and growth. Black oak seedlings struggle to mature without these fungi. Conservation efforts include inoculating seedlings with native soil fungi to improve survival rates. The species is a key component of cloud forest biodiversity and serves as a living link to ancient forest ecosystems.

Why in news?

Black oak seedlings are being inoculated with native ectomycorrhizal fungi in Colombia to boost survival and aid reforestation in fragmented cloud forest habitats.

Tundra Biome

Tundra is a cold, treeless biome found mainly in the Arctic and alpine regions. It has a short growing season, typically less than 60 days, and low biodiversity. The soil is often frozen, with underlying permafrost. Vegetation includes mosses, lichens, grasses, and dwarf shrubs. Tundra contributes to global carbon storage through its frozen soils. Seasonal thaw creates wetlands that support migratory birds. The biome is sensitive to climate change, with warming causing shifts in species composition and permafrost thaw. Tundras albedo effect influences local and global climate by reflecting sunlight due to snow cover.

Why in news?

The Eurasian tundra experienced warming and ecological stress between 1997 and 2020, more than boreal forests, denoting climate vulnerability.

Udanti Sitanadi Tiger Reserve

The Udanti Sitanadi Tiger Reserve is located in the Gariaband district of Chhattisgarh. It spans approximately 1,890 square kilometers and was declared a tiger reserve in 2007. The reserve is home to the Udanti, one of the last populations of the critically endangered Wild Buffalo. It also hosts diverse flora and fauna, including tigers, leopards, and various bird species. The area is characterized by mixed deciduous forests and dry deciduous forests. It faces challenges from poaching and Maoist insurgency activities, which complicate conservation efforts and local security.

Why in news?

The reserve was the site of a gunfight between security forces and suspected Maoists, resulting in multiple casualties during an anti-Maoist operation in January 2025.

Unclassed Forest Land

Unclassed forest land refers to areas of forest that are not formally classified as reserved or protected forests under Indian forest laws. These lands often include wastelands, degraded forest areas, or lands with ambiguous legal status. They are typically under state government control but lack the stringent protections of reserved forests. Unclassed forests can be used for purposes like rehabilitation or cultivation, subject to government approval. Their ambiguous status sometimes leads to conflicts over land use, especially in ecological or conservation-sensitive zones. These lands are crucial in forest management, balancing human needs and environmental conservation.

Why in news?

Unclassed forest land near Venkatapur village has been identified for rehabilitating 98 families from Sheribikanahalli Tanda inside Chincholi Wildlife Sanctuary.

UNEP Finance Initiatives Principles for Responsible Banking (PRB)

The UNEP Finance Initiatives Principles for Responsible Banking (PRB) is a framework developed by the United Nations Environment Programme to guide banks in aligning their strategies with sustainable development goals and climate targets. Launched in 2019, it requires banks to embed sustainability into governance, strategy, and operations. PRB signatories commit to transparency, stakeholder engagement, and continuous improvement in environmental and social impact. It serves as the foundation for initiatives like NZBA, providing banks with tools to measure and manage their climate-related risks and opportunities while supporting the transition to a low-carbon economy.

Why in news?

PRB underpins the NZBAs climate commitments, which are currently under strain as major banks withdraw and legal challenges arise, affecting responsible banking practices globally.

USG-based Risk Assessment

USG-based risk assessment refers to the use of ultrasonic or ultrasound-generated technologies to evaluate the structural integrity and health of trees. This non-invasive method uses sound waves to detect internal decay, cavities, or weaknesses without harming the tree. The data collected helps determine whether a tree is safe or poses a risk of falling or dying. In Kashmirs Chinar conservation project, USG-based surveys are planned to be conducted by machines without human interference to provide objective and accurate risk evaluations, facilitating timely interventions for tree preservation.

Why in news?

As part of the Chinar conservation project, USG-based risk assessment surveys will be carried out using machines to assess the health and safety of geo-tagged Chinar trees in Kashmir.

Veeramalakkunnu

Veeramalakkunnu is a hill located in a district vulnerable to landslides due to unscientific soil extraction. It has experienced landslides during heavy rains, with visible cracks and gaps resembling wounds on its surface. These fissures allow rainwater and groundwater to flow forcefully, increasing landslide risk. The hill’s terrain includes laterite layers, whose removal destabilizes the slope. The Geological Survey of India recommends strengthening the surface based on soil type and slope conditions, along with implementing water drainage systems. Horizontal drainage systems are obstructed, and cracked concrete layers without drainage holes worsen the hazard.

Why in news?

Veeramalakkunnu is in the news due to an imminent landslide risk caused by unscientific soil extraction for national highway construction, leading to a government report warning about the unstable terrain and inadequate remedial measures.

Vehicle Scrappage Policy (2021)

The Vehicle Scrappage Policy (2021) mandates fitness tests for passenger vehicles older than 20 years and commercial vehicles older than 15 years in India. It aims to phase out old, polluting vehicles and replace them with Bharat Stage VI (BS-VI) compliant models. This policy is projected to reduce up to 17% nitrogen oxides (NOx) and 11% particulate matter (PM2.5) emissions from freight trucks. It encourages safer, cleaner vehicles, improves road safety, and supports the automotive industry’s modernization. The policy also promotes the circular economy by facilitating vehicle recycling and material recovery.

Why in news?

The Vehicle Scrappage Policy was discussed as part of government initiatives supporting sustainability in the automotive sector during the International Conference on Sustainable Circularity.

Vermiculture

Vermiculture is the process of breeding and raising earthworms to decompose organic waste into nutrient-rich compost called vermicompost. It is an eco-friendly method of waste management and organic farming enhancement. Vermiculture improves soil aeration, moisture retention, and fertility. Earthworms used are typically species like Eisenia fetida. Vermicompost contains essential nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, beneficial for plant growth. This technique is widely practiced in rural and urban agriculture for sustainable farming and environmental conservation. Vermiculture also generates income through the sale of worms and compost products.

Why in news?

Vermiculture is one of the 27 skill modules offered in SBIs new women-focused rural training program launched in January 2025.

Vertical Wind Shear

Vertical wind shear refers to the change in wind speed or direction with height in the atmosphere. Low vertical wind shear is crucial for tropical cyclone formation and intensification because strong shear can disrupt the storm’s structure by tilting or displacing the cyclones core. Tropical cyclones thrive in environments where vertical wind shear is minimal, allowing the storm to maintain a symmetrical structure and strong convection. Meteorologists monitor vertical wind shear closely to predict cyclone development and potential weakening. It varies seasonally and geographically, influenced by jet streams and other atmospheric phenomena.

Why in news?

Minimal vertical wind shear contributed to the rapid intensification of Tropical Cyclone Sean to Category 4 before it weakened near Western Australia in January 2025.

Waste Colonialism

Waste colonialism refers to the practice where developed countries export plastic and electronic waste to less developed nations, exploiting their weaker environmental regulations and lower labor costs. This system allows rich countries to reduce domestic waste management costs while shifting pollution burdens abroad. It often results in improper handling of waste, including burning or dumping, causing severe environmental and health problems in recipient countries. The term marks power imbalances and economic exploitation embedded in global waste trade, linking it to historical patterns of colonial resource extraction and environmental injustice.

Why in news?

The concept is brought into light amid Thailands 2025 ban on plastic waste imports, reflecting growing resistance to exploitative waste trade practices by developing countries.

Western Ghats Freshwater Biodiversity

The Western Ghats, a mountain range in India, is a critical hotspot for freshwater biodiversity, harboring numerous species of fishes, odonates, and decapod crustaceans. It contains many endemic species, meaning these species are found only in this region. The areas freshwater ecosystems are threatened by pollution, dam construction, water extraction, and invasive species. The Western Ghats freshwater habitats contribute to regional ecological balance, supporting nutrient cycling and flood control. Conservation efforts in this region are vital due to its high species diversity and the increasing pressures from human activities and climate change.

Why in news?

The Western Ghats were identified as one of the global hotspots with the greatest number of threatened freshwater species in the 2025 IUCN Red List assessment.

Western Ghats Freshwater Fish Families

The Western Ghats harbor two endemic families of freshwater fishes found exclusively in groundwater and subterranean systems, unique in Asia. These families have evolved in isolation, adapting to cave and underground water habitats. Such endemism indicates a rich evolutionary history and high biodiversity value. These families are poorly studied due to their cryptic habitats but are crucial for understanding evolutionary processes in freshwater ecosystems. Their restricted distribution makes them highly vulnerable to habitat disturbances such as groundwater extraction and pollution. Their presence underlines the Western Ghats as a global biodiversity hotspot with unique aquatic fauna.

Why in news?

Highlighted in the global freshwater fauna assessment for their exceptional evolutionary diversity and conservation importance in the Western Ghats region.

Wetland City Accreditation

The Wetland City Accreditation is an international recognition by the Ramsar Convention awarded to cities that value and conserve their natural and human-made wetlands. The accreditation requires cities to meet six strict criteria, including adopting conservation measures and ensuring sustainable ecosystem services. As of January 2025, 74 cities worldwide have been accredited, with 31 new cities added recently. China leads with 22 accredited cities, followed by France with nine. The scheme promotes sustainable urban and peri-urban wetland use and socio-economic benefits for local communities.

Why in news?

Indore and Udaipur were accredited as wetland cities under this scheme, becoming the first Indian cities to receive this international recognition.

White-rumped Vulture

The white-rumped vulture (Gyps bengalensis) is a critically endangered bird species native to the Indian subcontinent. Its population declined by over 99% in recent decades due to poisoning from veterinary NSAIDs like diclofenac and nimesulide. These drugs cause fatal kidney failure in vultures, indicated by symptoms such as visceral gout. The bird plays a vital role in ecosystem health by consuming carcasses, preventing disease spread. Conservation efforts include bans on harmful drugs and establishing “vulture-safe” zones. The species is protected under Indian wildlife laws and is a key focus of vulture conservation programs.

Why in news?

The white-rumped vulture is in the news due to the Government of Indias recent ban on nimesulide, extending efforts to protect this species from NSAID-related poisoning.

WHO Malaria Elimination Certification

The WHO Malaria Elimination Certification is awarded when a country proves no indigenous malaria transmission for at least three consecutive years. The certification process involves rigorous evaluation of surveillance data, health system capacity, and entomological evidence. It requires sustained political commitment, robust prevention, early case detection, and effective treatment. As of January 2025, 45 countries and one territory have received this certification. It distinguishes malaria elimination from control, indicating complete interruption of local transmission. The certification is valid globally and supports countries in maintaining malaria-free status and preventing reintroduction through continued vigilance.

Why in news?

Georgia was recently certified malaria-free by WHO, joining the global list of certified countries and bringing the WHO European region closer to becoming the first malaria-free region worldwide.

Zoological Survey of India (ZSI)

The Zoological Survey of India (ZSI), established in 1916, is a premier Government of India institution for animal taxonomy and biodiversity research. It maintains extensive collections of fauna specimens and publishes the journal ‘Records of the Zoological Survey of India.’ ZSI operates regional centers across India, including in Arunachal Pradesh and Assam, facilitating research on local biodiversity. The institute has played a key role in discovering new species using modern genomic tools. It also contributes to conservation policies and environmental assessments in India.

Why in news?

ZSI scientists led the team that identified the Indo-Burmese pangolin as a new species using advanced genomic analysis, denoting their ongoing role in biodiversity discovery and conservation.

History (India / World) & Culture

Biju Patnaik

Biju Patnaik (1916–1997) was an Indian aviator, politician, and freedom fighter. In 1947, he flew covertly into Dutch-occupied Indonesia to evacuate Prime Minister Sutan Sjahrir and Vice President Mohammad Hatta during the Indonesian National Revolution. Patnaik dodged Dutch anti-aircraft fire to bring them safely to India. He later served as Chief Minister of Odisha twice and was instrumental in industrial and infrastructural development in the state. Patnaik was also a founding member of the Socialist Party of India and played a key role in the Indian independence movement. His legacy continues through his son Naveen Patnaik, current Odisha Chief Minister.

Why in news?

Mentioned for his 1947 daring rescue mission during Indonesias struggle for independence, denoting India-Indonesia historical ties.

Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj

Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj (1657-1689) was the eldest son of Shivaji Maharaj and succeeded him as ruler of the Maratha Empire after a succession battle with his half-brother Rajaram. He fought against Mughal emperor Aurangzebs expansion into the Deccan region. Sambhaji defended several forts but was captured and executed by the Mughals in 1689. His reign is noted for resistance against Mughal forces and efforts to consolidate the Maratha Empire during a turbulent period in Indian history.

Why in news?

Sambhaji Maharajs portrayal in the film “Chhava” sparked controversy over historical accuracy and cultural sensitivity.

Kozhikode Literary City

Kozhikode, a city in Kerala, was designated as a UNESCO Creative City of Literature in 2024. Known for its rich literary heritage and vibrant publishing industry, Kozhikode hosts numerous literary festivals and has produced many prominent writers. The citys inclusion in the UNESCO network marks its contributions to Malayalam literature and the promotion of reading culture. Kozhikodes literary scene includes traditional storytelling forms and modern literary movements, supporting both local and international authors through cultural exchanges and educational programs.

Why in news?

Kozhikode was the most recent Indian city before Bhopal to be included in UNESCOs Creative City Network for literature.

Lake of No Return

The Lake of No Return is located near the India-Myanmar border in Arunachal Pradesh and Myanmar. It gained notoriety during World War II when several Allied aircraft reportedly disappeared over or landed in the lake. The lake was used as an emergency landing spot for planes damaged by enemy fire or mechanical failure. Despite many disappearances, the exact reasons remain unclear. It is now a historical site visited during the Pangsau Pass International Festival, symbolizing the dangers faced by Allied forces in the region during the war.

Why in news?

The Lake of No Return is brought into light during the 2025 Pangsau Pass International Festival as part of the World War II heritage tourism initiatives in Arunachal Pradesh.

Lezim Dance

Lezim is a traditional folk dance from Maharashtra that involves the use of a small wooden mallet with metal pieces which produce a distinctive clashing sound. It is performed in formations of twos, fours, or circles and involves vigorous movements like squatting, stepping, and jumping. The dance is usually accompanied by a dhol or dhalgi drum and sometimes a song, but no wind or string instruments. Lezim is also used as a physical exercise drill in schools and colleges in Maharashtra and is a key feature in cultural celebrations such as Ganesh Chaturthi.

Why in news?

Lezim dance featured in a controversial scene in the Bollywood film “Chhava,” leading to objections from Maratha descendants and political leaders in Maharashtra.

Maha Kumbh Mela

Maha Kumbh Mela is a major Hindu pilgrimage festival held every 12 years at Prayagraj (formerly Allahabad). It involves ritual bathing at the confluence of the Ganges, Yamuna, and mythical Saraswati rivers. The event attracts millions of devotees worldwide, making it one of the largest peaceful gatherings on earth. The festival’s origins date back over 2,000 years and are linked to Hindu mythology involving the churning of the ocean (Samudra Manthan). Key bathing days include Paush Purnima and Makar Sankranti. The Kumbh Mela is recognized by UNESCO as an Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.

Why in news?

The Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister inspected the ongoing Maha Kumbh Mela in Prayagraj, emphasizing the events role in promoting unity and devotion, and supporting the governments vision for the festival.

Maharishi Agasthyar

Maharishi Agasthyar is a revered ancient sage in Indian tradition credited with contributions to Tamil language, literature, and Indian knowledge systems. He is considered a foundational figure in Tamil culture and spirituality, with expertise spanning health, philosophy, science, linguistics, polity, and arts. Agasthyar is associated with the southern migration of Vedic knowledge and is believed to have authored many Tamil literary works and medicinal treatises. His legacy is celebrated in Tamil Nadu and beyond as a symbol of cultural unity and intellectual heritage bridging North and South India.

Why in news?

Maharishi Agasthyar is the central theme of Kashi Tamil Sangamam 3.0, denoting his role in connecting Tamil Nadu and Kashi culturally and spiritually.

Maratha Warrior Statues

The Maratha warrior king statues at Rajkot Fort, Malvan in Sindhudurg district commemorate Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. A 35-foot statue revealed by Prime Minister Narendra Modi collapsed in August 2024, months after installation. Plans are underway to erect a new 60-foot-high statue at the same location. Statues of Shivaji Maharaj are cultural symbols in Maharashtra, representing Maratha pride and heritage. The fort has been a historically important site related to the Maratha Empire.

Why in news?

The Governor announced the installation of a new 60-foot statue of Shivaji Maharaj at Rajkot Fort after the previous statues collapse, marking a restoration effort during Republic Day 2025.

Marathi World Conference

The Marathi World Conference is an international event aimed at connecting Marathi-speaking communities globally. It focuses on promoting Marathi language, culture, literature, and heritage on a global scale. The conference features seminars, cultural performances, and literary discussions involving scholars, writers, and artists from across the world. It serves as a platform for networking among Marathi diaspora and encouraging pride in Marathi identity. The event is periodically organized with support from government and cultural organizations. The conference enhances awareness and preservation of Marathi language and traditions internationally.

Why in news?

Union Culture Minister Gajendra Singh Shekhawat is scheduled to inaugurate the Marathi World Conference in Pune, denoting efforts to promote Marathi globally after its classical status recognition.

Mesram Clan

The Mesram clan is a subgroup of the Raj Gonds, an Adivasi tribe predominantly found in central India. They follow distinct customs and rituals tied to nature worship and ancestral traditions. The Mesram clan is known for its unique role in the Nagoba Jatara, where they perform the sacred ritual of creating the serpent deity’s anthill, called Varooli Prathishta. They maintain ancient practices such as barefoot pilgrimages and earth worship under sacred banyan trees. The clan also participates actively in the Sri Nagoba Darbar, a traditional tribal grievance platform. Their cultural practices emphasize harmony with nature and tribal identity.

Why in news?

The Mesram clan is central to the Nagoba Jatara pilgrimage starting January 28, 2025, in Keslapur village, Telangana, where they lead key rituals and ceremonies during the eight-day tribal festival.

Namdhari Sikhs

The Namdhari Sikhs, also known as Kukas, are a Sikh sect founded by Satguru Ram Singh on April 12, 1857, in Ludhiana. They are named Kukas due to their distinctive high-pitched style of reciting Gurbani, with “kook” meaning “screaming” in Punjabi. Namdharis emphasize strict social reforms, including banning alcohol and meat consumption. They initiated early boycott movements against British goods and institutions, predating the 20th-century Swadeshi and Non-Cooperation Movements. Today, approximately 200,000 Namdharis exist in Punjab, divided mainly between followers of Thakur Dilip Singh in Sirsa and Uday Singh in Bhaini Sahib.

Why in news?

Punjab Chief Minister Bhagwant Mann paid tribute at the Namdhari Shaheed Smarak in Malerkotla on the Kuka martyrs day, commemorating the 1872 execution of 66 Namdhari Sikhs by the British.

Poothara

The _Poothara_ is a seven-tiered raised platform located in the southwestern corner of a _kalari_, symbolizing the seven chakras of the human subtle body according to Ayurvedic tradition. Some kalaris use nine tiers instead of seven. At its apex is a lotus-shaped _kumbha_, representing Bhagavathy or the heart of the individual. The Poothara serves as a sacred space within the training ground where rituals are performed before practice. It is part of the kalaris architectural and spiritual design, integrating martial training with religious and healing traditions.

Why in news?

The Poothara exemplifies the traditional and ritualistic aspects of Kalaripayattu, relevant to discussions on preserving cultural heritage amid changes in sports recognition.

Qalbana

Qalbana is a form of Sufi devotional music that predates and influenced qawwali. It originated around the 14th century and is associated with the mystical and spiritual practices of Sufism in South Asia. Qalbana was fused with the temple traditions of dhrupad and prabandh gayaki to form the khayal style of Hindustani classical music. The term qalbana relates to the Arabic word for heart, emphasizing the musics emotional and spiritual depth. This fusion was largely attributed to the Sufi saint Amir Khusrau, who played a key role in merging diverse musical traditions into classical forms.

Why in news?

Referenced in the historical background of khayals emergence and its connection to Amir Khusrau and the evolution of Hindustani classical music styles.

Ratnagiri Buddhist Complex

Ratnagiri, located in Odishas Jajpur district, is an ancient Buddhist site dating from the 5th to 13th centuries AD. It forms part of Odishas Diamond Triangle along with Udaygiri and Lalitgiri. The site features monastic complexes, stupas, and sculptures, including a colossal Buddha head and a massive palm unearthed recently. Ratnagiri was a major center of Buddhist learning, rivaling Nalanda, and is linked to Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhist sects. Excavations began in 1905, with major digs in the 1950s and now resumed after 60 years to explore partially visible structures and Southeast Asian cultural links.

Why in news?

Excavations restarted in December 2024 at Ratnagiri after six decades, revealing large Buddha sculptures and relics, denoting Odishas historical Buddhist prominence and its trade-cultural links with Southeast Asia.

Sahitya Sammelan

Sahitya Sammelan is a literary conference dedicated to the promotion and preservation of Marathi language and literature. It has been a major platform for Marathi writers, poets, and scholars since its inception in 1912. The Sammelan is organized annually and often includes awards, discussions, and cultural programs. It plays a key role in nurturing Marathi literary traditions and encouraging new talent. The event also helps in policy advocacy for Marathi language education and funding. The Sahitya Sammelan receives government support, including funds allocated yearly to strengthen Marathi literary activities.

Why in news?

The government has allocated Rs 2 crore annually to the Sahitya Sammelan to support Marathi language promotion following Marathi’s classical language status.

Saje ka Duna

Saje ka Duna is a traditional gift comprising meat, jaggery, and wheat flour, exchanged by men when they visit their married sisters during the Boda Tyohar festival. This custom symbolizes familial bonds and reciprocity. The sisters later visit their parental homes to receive their share of the meat, reflecting a ritualized exchange system. Saje ka Duna is an important aspect of the festivals social fabric, emphasizing the role of marriage and kinship ties within the Hatti community. It is practiced annually during the Magha month as part of the festivals second day celebrations.

Why in news?

Saje ka Duna was practiced during the January 2025 Boda Tyohar festival as men visited their married sisters with gifts, maintaining an age-old Hatti custom of kinship exchange.

Satguru Ram Singh

Satguru Ram Singh (1816–1885) founded the Namdhari Sikh sect and led social and political reforms in Punjab. He advocated against alcohol, meat consumption, and caste discrimination. Ram Singh initiated an early boycott of British goods and institutions, foreshadowing later Indian independence movements. After the 1872 Kuka revolt, he was exiled to Rangoon (now Yangon, Myanmar), where he died without returning to India. Namdharis believe Ram Singh is still alive and will return. His followers mourn his absence by wearing white, a unique custom distinguishing them from mainstream Sikhs.

Why in news?

The anniversary of the Kuka martyrs execution marks Ram Singhs role as a spiritual and revolutionary leader whose legacy continues to influence Namdhari Sikhs.

Sewa Singh Thikriwala

Sewa Singh Thikriwala was a prominent leader of the Praja Mandal movement in Punjabs princely states during the early 20th century. Born in Thikriwala village, then part of Patiala state, he left a government health officer post to join the Singh Sabha reform movement. He organized Gurmukhi classes and promoted the Sikh Anand Karaj wedding ceremony. Arrested multiple times, he died in 1935 in jail during a hunger strike protesting his mistreatment. He was president of the Punjab Riyasat Praja Mandal, which fought for civil liberties, tax reforms, and responsible government in princely states under British India.

Why in news?

January 20 marks Sewa Singh Thikriwalas death anniversary. A memorial event is held annually in his native village, with recent government promises to upgrade local schools and convert his house into a memorial.

Shahi Idgah Complex

The Shahi Idgah complex in Mathura is a Mughal-era mosque built in 1660 by Emperor Aurangzeb. It is situated adjacent to the Krishna Janmasthan, the believed birthplace of Lord Krishna. The mosque has been a focus of religious and legal disputes due to its proximity to the Hindu sacred site. The complex includes a large courtyard used for Eid prayers and a mosque structure with Mughal architectural features. It is considered example of Mughal religious architecture in northern India. The site has been subject to multiple lawsuits concerning ownership and religious rights.

Why in news?

The Supreme Court extended the stay on the inspection of the Shahi Idgah complex by a court-appointed commissioner amid ongoing legal disputes over the sites ownership and religious significance.

Siddha Peeths

The Siddha Peeths are 52 sacred pilgrimage sites in Hinduism, believed to be places where spiritual power or siddhi is attained. These sites are scattered across India and are linked to various deities, saints, and mystical events. They are often associated with temples, caves, and natural formations where intense yogic practices or divine manifestations occurred. Pilgrims visit these sites to seek blessings, spiritual progress, and liberation. The number 52 is in Hindu cosmology and ritual symbolism, often representing completeness and spiritual attainment.

Why in news?

The Maha Mrityunjaya Yantras dimensions symbolize the 52 Siddha Peeths, connecting the yantras spiritual significance to these revered pilgrimage sites during the Maha Kumbh 2025.

Sinhtoo Dance

Sinhtoo is an ancient mask dance of the Hatti community from the Giri region in Sirmaur district, Himachal Pradesh. The dance features performers wearing wooden masks shaped like various animals, especially lion cubs, called Sinhtoo in the local Pahari dialect. Costumes were traditionally made from sheeps wool (pattu) and tree bark, later replaced by woollen fabrics and cloth scraps. Masks are crafted using wood, sawdust, and kidney bean dough. Sinhtoo conveys themes of wildlife conservation and environmental protection. The dance is considered endangered, with only a few practitioners remaining, but gained national attention after being selected for the 76th Republic Day parade.

Why in news?

Sinhtoo was selected for the first time to be performed by 200 artists at the 76th Republic Day parade in Delhi, denoting the endangered dance and the culture of the Hatti community.

Talwandi Sub-Gharana

Talwandi is a sub-gharana (sub-school) of the Punjab tabla gharana, known for its mathematically complex and rhythmically intricate style. Originating in the Punjab region, Talwandi emphasizes difficult divisions of beats and precise rhythmic patterns. It is one of the lesser-known offshoots of the Punjab gharana, which itself is distinguished by a more calculated and systematic approach to tabla playing compared to other gharanas. Talwandis style contributes to the diversity of the Punjab gharana and influences tabla compositions and performances in North Indian classical music.

Why in news?

Mentioned as part of the discussion on different tabla gharanas and their unique styles, denoting the diversity within Punjab gharanas offshoots.

Thirukkural

The Thirukkural is an ancient Tamil text composed by the poet-sage Thiruvalluvar, consisting of 1,330 couplets or kurals. It is divided into three sections – virtue, wealth, and love, covering ethics, politics, economics, and human relationships. Written over 2,000 years ago, it remains influential in Tamil culture and literature. The Thirukkural is secular and universal, transcending religious boundaries. It has been translated into numerous languages worldwide. The text is considered one of the greatest works on morality and philosophy, often called the “Tamil Veda.” Its teachings are still taught in schools and referenced in modern ethical discussions.

Why in news?

A Global Thirukkural Conference is being organized in New Delhi, emphasizing the texts global cultural and philosophical significance, with government support to promote this classical Tamil literary treasure.

UNESCO Creative City Network

The UNESCO Creative City Network (UCCN) was established in 2004 to promote cooperation among cities that have identified creativity as a strategic factor for sustainable urban development. It includes cities recognized for excellence in fields such as literature, music, crafts, design, film, and gastronomy. As of January 2025, the network comprises 53 cities from 39 countries in the literature category alone. Member cities collaborate on projects to share best practices, support cultural industries, and enhance cultural tourism. The network aims to encourage cultural diversity and contribute to economic growth through creative industries.

Why in news?

Bhopal is being nominated to join the UNESCO Creative City Network in the field of literature, joining 53 cities globally recognized.

Science & Technology

Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS)

Accelerator Mass Spectrometry is a highly sensitive radiometric dating technique that measures isotopic ratios of rare isotopes, especially carbon-14, to determine the age of archaeological samples. AMS requires only milligram-sized samples, unlike conventional radiocarbon dating, which needs larger material amounts. It can date samples up to 50,000 years old with high precision. AMS accelerates ions to extraordinarily high kinetic energies before mass analysis, enabling discrimination of isotopes with nearly the same mass. This method is widely used in archaeology, geology, and environmental science for dating organic remains, including charcoal, bone, and seeds, with minimal destruction of samples.

Why in news?

AMS was used in the new Tamil Nadu study to date iron artifacts and related samples, providing evidence of iron use as early as 3345 BCE, challenging previous global timelines of the Iron Age.

AI-designed Synthetic Antivenoms

AI-designed synthetic antivenoms use artificial intelligence to engineer antibodies that neutralize snake venom toxins without relying on animal-derived proteins. This technology enables rapid optimization of antibodies for specific venoms, improving safety and efficacy. The approach was advanced by researchers led by 2024 Nobel laureate David Baker, who reported success in creating synthetic antivenoms using computational protein design. These antivenoms promise reduced allergic reactions, scalable production, and region-specific targeting of snake venoms. They represent innovation over traditional horse-based antivenoms and could revolutionize snakebite treatment globally.

Why in news?

Recent breakthroughs in AI-designed synthetic antivenoms promise safer, more effective snakebite treatments, potentially replacing century-old production methods.

Antimicrobial Peptides

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are short chains of amino acids produced by many organisms as part of innate immunity. They kill or inhibit microbes by disrupting microbial membranes, interfering with metabolism, or modulating immune responses. AMPs are found in animals, plants, and microorganisms and are a major source of natural antibiotics. Over 90% of current antibiotics are derived from natural sources, and AMPs are increasingly used to enhance existing antibiotics’ effectiveness. They can boost host immunity and reduce bacterial resistance development. AMPs are under investigation for treating resistant infections and biofilm-associated diseases.

Why in news?

Oyster-derived antimicrobial peptides were found to improve the potency of conventional antibiotics against resistant bacteria.

Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT)

Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) is a decentralized database system where transactions are recorded across multiple nodes, ensuring immutability and transparency. Unlike traditional databases, DLT does not rely on a central authority, which reduces the risk of single-point failures and tampering. It is the underlying technology behind blockchain but can exist without forming a chain of blocks. DLT enables multiple participants to access and verify the same data concurrently. In telecom spam regulation, DLT is used to maintain an immutable list of approved SMS senders, enabling traceability and accountability of commercial messages.

Why in news?

TRAI mandated the use of DLT to register spam preferences and maintain a traceable, tamper-proof record of approved commercial SMS senders to combat spam more effectively.

Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST)

The Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) is a nuclear fusion reactor located in Hefei, Anhui Province, China. Operational since 2006, EAST is designed to study plasma confinement and heating in a tokamak system. It uses superconducting magnets to generate strong magnetic fields necessary for plasma stability. EAST set a world record by sustaining plasma for 1,000 seconds in January 2025, surpassing its previous record of 403 seconds. The reactor aims to achieve continuous plasma operation, a key step toward practical fusion power. EAST supports international collaboration in fusion research.

Why in news?

Chinas EAST reactor sustained plasma for 1,000 seconds, marking a new record in fusion research and advancing the global pursuit of continuous, sustainable fusion energy.

Lipofuscin

Lipofuscin is a yellow-brown pigment composed of lipid-containing residues of lysosomal digestion. It accumulates in post-mitotic cells such as neurons and retinal pigment epithelial cells as a byproduct of cellular metabolism and aging. Excessive lipofuscin buildup in the retina, particularly in the macula, is toxic and associated with diseases like Stargardt disease and age-related macular degeneration. Lipofuscin granules exhibit autofluorescence, which is used in diagnostic imaging. It is composed mainly of oxidized proteins and lipids, and its accumulation impairs cellular function by disrupting lysosomal degradation.

Why in news?

Excess lipofuscin accumulation in the macula is a hallmark of Stargardt disease, the target of new gene editing therapies discussed in recent research.

Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC)

The Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC) is a key research and development center of ISRO, headquartered in Bengaluru. It specializes in the design, development, and testing of liquid propulsion systems for launch vehicles and spacecraft. Established in 1985, LPSC operates multiple facilities, including test stands for cryogenic, hypergolic, and earth-storable propellants. It played important role in developing the Vikas engine used in PSLV and GSLV rockets. LPSC also integrates propulsion systems for crew modules and space missions. The center collaborates with other ISRO facilities for avionics and spacecraft integration.

Why in news?

LPSC dispatched the Crew Module with integrated liquid propulsion system for ISROs first uncrewed Gaganyaan mission (G1) on January 21, 2025, marking a milestone in Indias human spaceflight program.

Mahendragiri Propulsion Complex

The ISRO Propulsion Complex (IPRC) located at Mahendragiri in Tamil Nadu is ISROs primary facility for testing and assembling liquid propulsion systems. It supports testing of engines like the Vikas, CE-20 cryogenic engine, and other liquid stages. The complex is equipped with state-of-the-art test stands capable of simulating flight conditions, including engine restarts and long-duration firings. It plays important role in validating propulsion technologies for ISROs launch vehicles and spacecraft propulsion modules. The facility also supports development towards reusable launch vehicle technologies through advanced engine tests.

Why in news?

The restart demonstration test of the Vikas engine was conducted at the Mahendragiri Propulsion Complex on January 17, 2025, as part of ISROs reusability technology development efforts.

Mechatronics

Mechatronics is an interdisciplinary field combining mechanical engineering, electronics, and computer science. It integrates sensors, actuators, control systems, and software to design intelligent machines and systems. Originating in Japan in the 1960s, mechatronics is fundamental in robotics, automated manufacturing, and automotive systems. In South Korea, it is a core subject in Meister schools, aligning education with evolving industrial demands. The field supports innovations in automation, artificial intelligence, and smart technologies. Mechatronics engineers work on embedded systems, robotics, and intelligent control systems, making it essential for modern high-tech manufacturing and industrial automation.

Why in news?

Mechatronics is being introduced into Indias secondary vocational education through the KOICA-supported Meister school initiative to equip students with advanced, multidisciplinary technical skills.

Mud Volcanoes on Mars

Scientists hypothesize that some geological features on Mars, particularly muddy mounds in the northern lowlands, may be analogous to Earths mud volcanoes. These Martian features could have formed from the eruption of gas- and liquid-rich sediments to the surface, similar to terrestrial mud volcano activity. Mars mud volcanoes, if confirmed, would indicate past subsurface fluid activity and possible tectonic or sedimentary processes. This comparison helps researchers understand Martian geology and assess the planets past environmental conditions, including the presence of water and gases beneath the surface.

Why in news?

The study of the transient island formed by the Kumani Bank mud volcano in 2023 provides new data supporting the theory that similar mud volcano processes may occur on Mars.

National Physical Laboratory (NPL)

The National Physical Laboratory (NPL) in India is a premier research institution responsible for maintaining national standards of measurement. It plays important role in timekeeping by developing and disseminating the Indian Standard Time with high precision. NPL uses atomic clocks to achieve nanosecond accuracy and collaborates with ISRO for time synchronization across critical infrastructure. It also ensures cybersecurity in time dissemination systems. NPLs work supports sectors like telecommunications, banking, defense, and emerging technologies including 5G and AI. It periodically audits compliance with timekeeping regulations to maintain uniformity and precision nationwide.

Why in news?

NPL is collaborating with the Department of Consumer Affairs and ISRO to establish a reliable and secure time generation and dissemination system under the new timekeeping rules.

National Physical Laboratory (NPL) India

The National Physical Laboratory (NPL), India, is the premier metrology institute responsible for maintaining national standards of measurement, including time. It collaborates with ISRO to develop precise time generation and dissemination systems, ensuring synchronization with nanosecond accuracy. NPL maintains the official Indian Standard Time through atomic clocks and coordinates with international timekeeping bodies. It plays a critical role in calibrating instruments used in telecommunications, banking, defense, and emerging technologies like 5G and AI. NPL also conducts periodic audits to ensure compliance with legal metrology standards across India.

Why in news?

NPL is working with the Department of Consumer Affairs and ISRO to implement the new legal metrology rules mandating IST for all official and commercial timekeeping.

National Science Drama Festival

The National Science Drama Festival is an annual event organized by the NCSM to promote science education through theatrical performances. It involves multiple competition levels – block, district, state/UT, culminating in a national festival. More than 40,000 students participate, performing plays on scientific topics such as artificial intelligence, climate change, and medical breakthroughs. The festival integrates science with literature and performing arts to engage young audiences and encourage scientific temper. It emphasizes cross-curricular learning and counters misinformation by making science accessible and entertaining through drama.

Why in news?

The 2024-25 edition of the National Science Drama Festival is scheduled at the National Science Centre, Delhi, featuring performances by students from across India.

Photonic Quantum Computing

Photonic quantum computing uses photons, or particles of light, as qubits. Photons have advantages like low noise and easy transmission through optical fibers, making them suitable for quantum communication and some quantum computing tasks. Companies like PsiQuantum and Xanadu specialize in photonic quantum processors, using integrated photonics and nonlinear optics to create scalable qubit systems. Photonic qubits differ from superconducting and semiconductor qubits by relying on light manipulation rather than electric or magnetic fields. Challenges include photon loss and creating deterministic photon sources, but photonics offers potential for room-temperature quantum devices and long-distance quantum networks.

Why in news?

Photonic quantum computing companies such as PsiQuantum and Xanadu are advancing scalable quantum processors, contributing to the diversity of quantum chip technologies pursued in 2025.

Planet Parade

A planet parade occurs when several planets in the solar system appear close together in the night sky, visible simultaneously or within hours of each other. It is not a formal astronomical term but a popular descriptor. This event happens because planets orbit the Sun at different speeds and align roughly along the plane of the solar system. Planet parades can occur in the morning or evening sky and are not extremely rare, happening irregularly every few years. The visibility depends on the observers location, weather, and light pollution. The last notable parade was in May-June 2024.

Why in news?

A planet parade involving Venus, Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, Uranus, and Neptune was visible in the night sky in early 2025, offering a rare multi-planet viewing opportunity for skywatchers.

Plansys

Plansys is a start-up specializing in marine robotics, non-destructive testing, and analytics, founded by IIT Madras alumni and faculty. The idea originated from academia-industry projects started in 2012, with the company officially formed after three years of research. It has executed hundreds of projects across three countries, transforming underwater asset inspections in maritime, infrastructure, and energy sectors. Plansys leverages deep-tech innovation to improve inspection accuracy and operational efficiency underwater, using robotics and advanced analytics to detect faults without damaging assets. Its work supports critical infrastructure maintenance and energy sector safety.

Why in news?

Plansys is brought into light for its role in revolutionizing underwater asset inspections through marine robotics and analytics, representing a successful deep-tech start-up born from academic collaboration.

Polyethyleneimine (PEI)

Polyethyleneimine (PEI) is a polymer characterized by repeating amine groups, which provide a high density of positive charges. It exists in branched and linear forms, used widely for gene delivery, water treatment, and as a surface functionalization agent. PEIs amine groups facilitate nucleation and binding of metal ions, making it useful in nanomaterial synthesis. It enhances adhesion and stability of metal nanostructures on various substrates. Its ability to provide multiple binding sites is crucial in controlled growth of nanoparticles. PEI is water-soluble and can be tuned for molecular weight and branching, influencing its interaction with other molecules and surfaces.

Why in news?

PEI functionalizes sporopollenin surfaces, providing amine groups that enable controlled growth of copper oxide nanostructures in the new star-like catalyst.

Polyethyleneimine (PEI) Activation

Polyethyleneimine (PEI) is a polymer with repeating amine groups, known for its strong nucleophilic properties and ability to bind metal ions. PEI is used to functionalize surfaces by providing amine groups that facilitate nucleation and growth of metal oxide nanostructures. In catalysis, PEI enhances adhesion and dispersion of nanoparticles on templates, improving catalyst efficiency. It is water-soluble and can be branched or linear, with branched PEI having higher density of amine groups. PEI is widely used in gene delivery, water treatment, and nanomaterial synthesis due to its chemical versatility. Its role in catalyst synthesis is to activate templates for metal oxide growth.

Why in news?

PEI functionalizes the sporopollenin surface, enabling the controlled nucleation and growth of copper oxide nanostructures forming a “morning star” catalyst.

Polyvalent Antivenoms (PVAs)

Polyvalent antivenoms (PVAs) are immunoglobulin preparations designed to neutralize venom from multiple snake species simultaneously. In India, PVAs target the Big Four venomous snakes – Indian cobra, common krait, Russells viper, and saw-scaled viper. These antivenoms are produced by immunizing horses with venoms from these species, resulting in antibodies that bind and neutralize toxins. However, PVAs have limited efficacy against less common or region-specific venomous snakes, such as the king cobra or hump-nosed viper. The production process requires careful venom dosage to avoid harming horses while eliciting strong antibody responses. PVAs remain the primary treatment despite these limitations.

Why in news?

PVAs are central to Indias snakebite treatment but face challenges due to varied venom compositions of less common snakes.

Project Stargate

Project Stargate is a $500 billion AI infrastructure initiative launched in 2025 to establish the United States as a global AI leader. It aims to create over 100,000 jobs immediately and build massive data centers and campuses nationwide. Key stakeholders include SoftBank, OpenAI, Oracle, and MGX. The project involves technology partners like Microsoft, NVIDIA, and Arm, leveraging Microsoft Azure for AI model training. It focuses on accelerating Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) development and includes expedited energy production and emergency declarations to support infrastructure needs. Construction began in Texas with plans for nationwide expansion.

Why in news?

Announced by President Trump with OpenAI CEO Sam Altman and SoftBank CEO Masayoshi Son, Project Stargate represents the largest AI infrastructure investment in US history, aiming to boost AI leadership and job creation.

Qartemi

Qartemi is Indias first internationally licensed CAR T-cell therapy for adult B-cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (B-NHL), developed by Immuneel Therapeutics. It is a “living drug” involving engineered patient cells to target cancer. Licensed from Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, it underwent Phase 2 trials named IMAGINE across three Indian hospitals, showing an 83.3% overall response rate. Priced between Rs 35 to 50 lakh, it is cheaper than US equivalents. Immuneel is backed by Kiran Mazumdar Shaw and Dr. Siddhartha Mukherjee. The therapy represents a major step in affordable, personalized cancer treatment in India.

Why in news?

Qartemi was recently approved by Indias Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO) as a new CAR T-cell therapy for blood cancer patients, marking a milestone in homegrown immunotherapy.

Quantum Resistant Cryptography (QRC)

Quantum Resistant Cryptography develops algorithms secure against attacks by quantum computers, which can break many current encryption methods. QRC started gaining focus around 2006 following advances in quantum computing. It includes lattice-based, hash-based, code-based, and multivariate polynomial cryptography. These algorithms rely on mathematical problems believed to be hard even for quantum machines. Governments and research institutions worldwide, including India, are investing in QRC to prepare for the era of quantum computing. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is standardizing post-quantum cryptographic algorithms. QRC aims to protect sensitive data against future quantum-enabled decryption.

Why in news?

Indian researchers at IISER Pune, IISc Bengaluru, and others are actively working on QRC, reflecting the global push to secure communication against quantum computer threats.

Quick Pontoon Opening Mechanism (QPOM)

The Quick Pontoon Opening Mechanism (QPOM) is a device designed to facilitate rapid opening and closing of pontoons at jetties, enhancing passenger movement efficiency. Developed by IIT Kharagpur, it reduces waiting times and improves operational fluidity on national waterways. The mechanism is installed at multiple locations in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, aiming to standardize jetty operations. It supports seamless boarding and deboarding, crucial for busy waterways with high passenger traffic. QPOM represents an innovation in inland water transport infrastructure, combining engineering efficiency with passenger convenience, and is being expanded to all operational national waterways in India.

Why in news?

QPOM was announced for deployment at eight locations each in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar during the 2025 IWDC meeting to improve passenger handling on national waterways.

Radiation Belts

Earth’s radiation belts, also known as the Van Allen belts, are two layers of energetic charged particles trapped by Earth’s magnetic field. Discovered in 1958, the belts consist mainly of protons and electrons, extending from about 1,000 to 60,000 kilometers above Earth. The inner belt contains high-energy protons, while the outer belt is dominated by electrons. Particle energies vary from kiloelectronvolts (keV) to several megaelectronvolts (MeV). The belts fluctuate in response to solar activity and geomagnetic storms. They pose radiation hazards to satellites and astronauts. The belts’ shape and intensity change with the shifting magnetic field, influencing particle penetration altitudes.

Why in news?

The study examined how the north magnetic pole’s movement alters the radiation belts’ particle penetration altitudes, affecting satellite drag and space weather predictions.

Radioisotope Power System on Mars

The radioisotope power system (RPS) is a nuclear-based energy source that converts heat from radioactive decay into electricity. It provides continuous power regardless of sunlight, making it ideal for Mars missions facing frequent dust storms that block solar energy. In the Mars Sample Return Program, the RPS will replace solar panels on the Mars Ascent Vehicle, ensuring reliable operation during critical phases. RPS technology has been used in previous deep-space missions like Voyager and Curiosity. Its integration into the MAV marks an advancement in sustaining power for complex Martian surface operations.

Why in news?

NASAs new Mars Sample Return strategy includes replacing solar panels with an RPS on the Mars Ascent Vehicle to maintain power during dust storms, a key factor in mission success.

Random DNA Sequence Inserts

Random DNA sequence inserts are artificially introduced DNA segments with no predetermined function or sequence pattern. When inserted into a genome, these sequences can be transcribed and translated into random proteins. Studies have shown that some random sequences can affect cell growth and survival, acting like incipient genes. This suggests that new genes can arise from non-functional DNA sequences through natural selection. The concept challenges the view that all genes originate from functional ancestors and marks the role of randomness in genome evolution.

Why in news?

The Max Planck Institute demonstrated that random DNA inserts in human cells can influence cell growth, behaving like emerging genes relevant for evolution.

Rapid Unscheduled Disassembly

The term Rapid Unscheduled Disassembly (RUD) is SpaceX’s euphemism for an unplanned explosion or breakup of a rocket or spacecraft. It specifically refers to catastrophic failures occurring during or shortly after launch, often involving structural disintegration. The phrase gained popularity within SpaceX culture and aerospace communities as a less negative way to describe failures. RUD events provide critical data for improving vehicle design and safety. SpaceX has experienced multiple RUDs during Starship development, which is typical in experimental aerospace testing. The term puts stress on the iterative nature of rocket engineering.

Why in news?

Starship experienced a RUD approximately 8 1/2 minutes into its January 16, 2025 flight, breaking apart after engine shutdowns during ascent.

RedNote

RedNote is an emerging social media app that gained attention as a potential TikTok alternative. It focuses on short video content and aims to attract users displaced by TikTok bans in various countries. RedNote emphasizes data privacy and local ownership to avoid regulatory issues faced by foreign-owned platforms. The app supports content creators with monetization features and uses AI-driven recommendation engines similar to TikToks but with transparency in its algorithms. RedNote began gaining traction in late 2024, particularly in markets where TikTok has been restricted or banned.

Why in news?

RedNote is mentioned as a likely beneficiary of TikToks potential US ban, competing to capture millions of users seeking new video-sharing platforms.

REPRIEVE Trial

The Randomized Trial to Prevent Vascular Events in HIV (REPRIEVE) is a large, global clinical study launched to assess cardiovascular disease prevention in people with HIV. It enrolled nearly 4,000 participants aged 40–75 with low-to-moderate cardiovascular risk, from 12 countries across various Global Burden of Disease regions. REPRIEVE is unique for its diverse population and focus on statin therapy’s efficacy in reducing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk among people with HIV. It is funded primarily by the National Institutes of Health and is the first large-scale trial addressing HIV-related heart disease prevention worldwide.

Why in news?

REPRIEVE data was analyzed in a 2025 study revealing current cardiovascular risk models underestimate events in Black men and women with HIV in high-income countries, prompting calls for improved risk scores.

Research Sops

Research sops are government incentives designed to encourage innovation and development in science and technology sectors. These can include tax breaks, grants, subsidies, and streamlined regulatory approvals. In healthcare, research sops often target pharmaceutical development, medical devices, and biotechnology. They aim to reduce the financial risk associated with R&D, accelerate product development, and enhance global competitiveness. Countries with strong research incentives tend to attract more private investment and encourage public-private partnerships. These sops are critical in promoting breakthroughs in treatment, diagnostics, and healthcare delivery systems.

Why in news?

The budget is expected to announce new or enhanced sops to boost research and innovative initiatives in the healthcare sector.

Retinal Vascular Fingerprint

The retinal vascular fingerprint comprises 29 specific indicators derived from retinal blood vessels, including vessel density, complexity, calibre, and twistedness. It reflects the health and structural integrity of retinal vasculature, correlating with systemic vascular conditions. The fingerprint is developed through quantitative analysis of fundus images, enabling risk stratification for diseases like stroke. More than half of these indicators relate to vessel density, with others linked to complexity and calibre. Changes in these parameters predict stroke risk increases between 10% and 20%. This fingerprint offers a non-invasive biomarker for chronic vascular diseases, especially useful in primary healthcare and low-resource settings.

Why in news?

Researchers identified a vascular fingerprint of 29 retinal indicators that predict first-time stroke risk, outperforming traditional risk models.

Ringers Lactate

Ringers Lactate (RL) is an intravenous crystalloid solution composed of sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, and sodium lactate. It is used to replace fluids and electrolytes in patients experiencing dehydration, blood loss, burns, or surgery. RL helps correct electrolyte imbalances and maintain acid-base balance by metabolizing lactate into bicarbonate in the liver. It is isotonic to human plasma, allowing easy passage of molecules between blood and tissues. RL is preferred in many clinical situations due to its balanced electrolyte composition compared to normal saline, reducing risks of acidosis and hyperchloremia.

Why in news?

RL was linked to patient deaths and illnesses in West Bengal and Karnataka due to allegedly expired or non-standard batches supplied by Paschim Banga Pharmaceuticals, prompting bans and investigations.

RITM-200 Reactor

The RITM-200 is a compact, pressurized water reactor developed by Russia for use in nuclear icebreakers and small modular reactors (SMRs). It has a power output of about 50 MW and features enhanced safety systems and passive cooling. The reactor is designed for harsh Arctic conditions, with a modular design allowing for land-based or floating applications. The RITM-200 uses low-enriched uranium fuel and has a lifespan of several decades. It is currently being deployed in new Russian icebreakers and planned for small nuclear power plants in remote regions like Yakutia.

Why in news?

Rosatom is developing land-based small modular reactors with the RITM-200 design for Arctic and remote areas, including a project in Ust-Kuyga, Yakutia, complementing their floating nuclear power initiatives.

RITM-400 Reactor

The RITM-400 is a nuclear reactor plant designed specifically for Russias newest generation of nuclear icebreakers. Each unit has a capacity of 315 MW, providing substantial power for icebreaking operations. These reactors are compact and highly efficient, enabling icebreakers to cut through ice up to 4.3 meters thick. The RITM-400 design improves fuel efficiency and reduces refueling frequency compared to earlier models. It is integral to Project 10510, which includes the construction of three advanced icebreakers, including the Rossiya. The reactors are installed in the rear section of the vessels to enhance safety and operational stability.

Why in news?

The RITM-400 reactors will power the Rossiya, the worlds most powerful nuclear icebreaker, under construction and expected to be operational by 2030.

RNA-Editing with ADAR Enzymes

RNA-editing with ADAR (Adenosine Deaminases Acting on RNA) enzymes is a therapeutic technique that modifies RNA molecules by converting adenosine to inosine, effectively correcting specific genetic mutations at the RNA level. This process does not alter the underlying DNA, reducing risks of permanent off-target effects. ADAR-mediated editing can restore protein production in retinal cells affected by single-point mutations, offering a novel approach to treating inherited retinal diseases. This method is distinct from DNA editing and is still in experimental stages, with potential applications beyond ophthalmology.

Why in news?

ADAR-based RNA editing is emerging as a promising treatment for IRDs, representing a safer alternative to DNA editing and expanding the RNA therapy landscape for genetic eye disorders.

Robotic Beating Heart TECAB

Totally Endoscopic Coronary Artery Bypass (TECAB) is a minimally invasive cardiac surgery performed using robotic systems without opening the chest cavity. The beating heart variant avoids cardiopulmonary bypass, reducing risks and recovery time. TECAB requires high precision and expert robotic manipulation, traditionally performed only in specialized centers. The robotic beating heart TECAB performed via telesurgery involves remote control of surgical robots with ultra-low latency, enabling surgeons to operate from distant locations. This method expands access to complex cardiac surgeries. Achieving this remotely with latency under 40 milliseconds is a technical breakthrough in telesurgical procedures.

Why in news?

The first robotic beating heart TECAB was successfully performed remotely in India, showcasing advanced telesurgery capabilities with minimal latency between Gurugram and Jaipur.

Rubidium-87 Atoms

Rubidium-87 is an isotope of rubidium with 37 protons and 50 neutrons, widely used in atomic physics experiments due to its favorable atomic properties. It has a nuclear spin of 3/2, enabling precise manipulation with magnetic and optical fields. Rubidium-87 atoms are commonly employed to create Bose-Einstein condensates and simulate quantum phenomena. Their hyperfine structure and long coherence times make them ideal for quantum simulation and information experiments. In recent studies, rubidium-87 atoms were used to demonstrate anyonic behavior through engineered interactions and wavefunction twisting in low-dimensional systems.

Why in news?

Rubidium-87 atoms were utilized in a groundbreaking tabletop experiment demonstrating anyonic wavefunction properties, contributing to advances in quantum computing and the study of exotic quasiparticles.

S N Bose Centre for Basic Sciences

The S N Bose Centre for Basic Sciences (SNBCBS) is an autonomous research institute under Indias Department of Science and Technology. Named after physicist Satyendra Nath Bose, it focuses on fundamental research in physics, chemistry, and mathematical sciences. The Centre has a dedicated Department of Astrophysics responsible for projects like the Panchet Hill Observatory. It collaborates with universities such as Sidhu Kanu Birsa University to promote scientific education and research. The Centre also emphasizes training students in telescope handling and data recording for observational astronomy.

Why in news?

SNBCBS signed a memorandum of understanding with Sidhu Kanu Birsa University to jointly run the newly inaugurated Panchet Hill Observatory.

S&T PRISM Program

The Science and TechnologyPromotion of Research and Innovation in Start-ups and MSMEs (S&T PRISM) program was launched in 2023 by the Ministry of Mines. It provides funding to startups and MSMEs to bridge the gap between research and development and commercialization in the critical minerals sector. The program aims to encourage innovation in mineral exploration, processing, and recycling technologies. It supports technological advancements that can enhance Indias capabilities in critical mineral supply chains and reduce dependence on imports.

Why in news?

S&T PRISM was mentioned as part of the governments broader strategy to promote innovation and technology development under the National Critical Mineral Mission.

Sabatier Process

The Sabatier process is a chemical reaction that converts carbon dioxide and hydrogen into methane and water over a nickel catalyst at elevated temperatures (around 300-400°C). It is used on the International Space Station (ISS) to recycle exhaled CO₂ from astronauts, producing methane and water, improving life support sustainability. Methane is typically vented into space, but it contains carbon that can be repurposed. The process helps maintain a closed-loop system in space habitats and is considered key for future extraterrestrial missions for in-situ resource utilization and fuel production.

Why in news?

The IIT-Madras research team used methane derived from the Sabatier process as the carbon source to synthesize silicon carbide from lunar regolith simulant.

Samudrayaan Project

The Samudrayaan project is an Indian deep-sea manned submersible initiative aiming to send scientists to ocean depths of up to 6,000 meters. It is designed for deep ocean exploration, underwater scientific research, and resource assessment. The project involves developing a submersible vehicle capable of withstanding extreme pressure and equipped with robotic arms, cameras, and sampling tools. India is among a few countries attempting manned exploration at such depths, complementing its broader maritime and scientific ambitions. Samudrayaan supports India’s strategic and research interests in the Indian Ocean and deep-sea mining potentials.

Why in news?

Prime Minister Narendra Modi brought into light the Samudrayaan project during the January 15, 2025 naval commissioning event as part of Indias future focus on space and deep-sea exploration.

Satish Dhawan

Satish Dhawan (1920–2002) was an Indian aerospace engineer and former chairman of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) from 1972 to 1984. He played a key role in establishing ISROs launch vehicle program and advancing Indias space capabilities. Dhawan introduced rigorous research and development processes and promoted indigenous technology development. Despite his scientific contributions, he was elected only as an Honorary Fellow of INSA due to his administrative role and limited research publications. He was awarded the Padma Vibhushan in 1973. Dhawans leadership helped India launch its first satellite, Aryabhata, in 1975 and laid the foundation for future space missions.

Why in news?

Satish Dhawan was mentioned in the context of INSAs historical exclusion of non-publishing scientists, denoting the academys evolving fellowship criteria in 2025.

Science in Translation

The “Science in Translation” category was introduced by the Indian National Science Academy (INSA) in 2025 to recognize individuals demonstrating leadership in applying scientific knowledge beyond academia. Eligibility includes contributions in science-based innovation, industrial research and development, national technology missions, and scientific institution management. This category broadens fellowship criteria to include those who facilitate the practical application of scientific discoveries, such as entrepreneurs and industrialists. It marks a shift from traditional academic-only recognition to encompass stakeholders who translate scientific research into real-world technologies and innovations, encouraging private funding and industrial partnerships in Indian science.

Why in news?

INSA introduced the “Science in Translation” fellowship category in 2025 to include leaders in industrial R&D and innovation, expanding the academy’s diversity and stakeholder representation.

SCOT Satellite

SCOT (Space Camera for Object Tracking) is a satellite launched by Indian startup Digantara for space surveillance. It can detect and track objects as small as 5 centimetres in orbit, addressing the growing issue of space debris and congestion. SCOT enhances space situational awareness by providing real-time monitoring of orbital objects, which is critical for collision avoidance and sustainable space operations. The satellite was launched via SpaceXs Transporter-12 rideshare mission and represents a key step in Indias private space sector efforts to ensure a safer space environment.

Why in news?

Digantara announced the successful launch of its SCOT mission on the Transporter-12 mission, marking Indias advancement in space debris tracking technology.

Seabed Acoustic Sensor Array

The seabed acoustic sensor array is a network of underwater acoustic sensors placed at depths around 1,000 metres. It detects sound waves reflected by objects above water, including aircraft. The array uses sound wave propagation through varying seawater layers affected by temperature, salinity, and currents. It captures faint reflected signals from aircraft, overcoming challenges like signal interference and distortion. This technology enables detection of high-altitude targets previously considered undetectable in deep waters. The arrays sensitivity allows tracking aircraft within a 17-kilometre radius with an error margin under 1 kilometre.

Why in news?

China has developed the worlds first seabed radar using this sensor array, capable of detecting high-altitude aircraft, a breakthrough reported by the South China Morning Post in January 2025.

Search and Rescue Aided Tool (SARAT)

SARAT is an innovative tool developed by INCOIS to assist maritime search and rescue operations. It integrates oceanographic and meteorological data to predict drift patterns of objects or individuals lost at sea. SARAT supports the Indian Coast Guard, Navy, and Coastal Security Police by improving the accuracy and efficiency of search missions. The tool factors in currents, winds, tides, and waves to provide real-time guidance. Its deployment has enhanced rescue operations in the Indian Ocean region, reducing search times and increasing survival chances for victims of maritime accidents.

Why in news?

SARAT is brought into light as one of the key technological contributions by INCOIS, which won the 2025 disaster management award.

Semi-Dirac Fermions

Semi-Dirac fermions are quasiparticles exhibiting mass in one direction but behaving as massless particles in the perpendicular direction. This anisotropic mass arises due to their interaction with electric and magnetic forces within certain materials. They differ from standard Dirac fermions, which have mass in all directions and are not their own antiparticles. Semi-Dirac fermions are theorized to appear in two-dimensional or layered crystalline materials, where their unique energy dispersion leads to unusual electronic properties. Their presence is identified by a distinct power-law scaling of cyclotron energy with magnetic field strength, specifically as B2/3, a signature not seen in other fermions.

Why in news?

Physicists at Columbia University and Pennsylvania State University recently discovered semi-Dirac fermions experimentally in zirconium silicon sulphide (ZrSiS), confirming theoretical predictions and expanding understanding of exotic quasiparticles in condensed matter physics.

Sensory Afferents in Adipose Tissue

Sensory afferents are nerve fibers originating from neurons in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) that penetrate tissues to detect stimuli. In adipose tissue, these afferents express the mechanosensitive channel PIEZO2, allowing them to sense mechanical changes in fat. Using cholera toxin-B (CTB) as a tracer, researchers identified these neurons innervating fat. Reduction of PIEZO2 in sensory afferents leads to larger fat cells and altered metabolic gene expression, while increasing PIEZO2 reverses these effects. This indicates sensory afferents use mechanosensation to relay mechanical changes in fat tissue to the brain, influencing metabolism.

Why in news?

A preprint from Patapoutians lab demonstrated the unexpected role of PIEZO2 in sensory neurons innervating fat, suggesting mechanical sensing in adipose tissue impacts metabolic regulation.

Silver Nanowire Conductive Ink

Silver nanowire conductive ink consists of ultra-thin silver wires suspended in a liquid medium, enabling high electrical conductivity and flexibility. It is used in flexible electronics, RFID tags, wearable devices, sensors, and solar panels. The nanowires typically measure tens of nanometers in diameter and several micrometers in length, providing excellent conductivity and transparency. This ink can repair or enhance printed circuit boards and is crucial for foldable screens and flexible keyboards. Its production involves chemical synthesis methods such as polyol reduction. The ink is a key component in next-generation electronic packaging and display technologies.

Why in news?

The technology for silver nanowire conductive ink was transferred to Indian startups to boost indigenous manufacturing and reduce imports, denoting its importance in flexible electronics and semiconductor industries.

SpaDeX Project

The Space Docking Experiment (SpaDeX) is an Indian space mission launched on December 30, 2024, aimed at demonstrating autonomous satellite docking technology. It involves two separately launched satellites, designated as chaser and target, operating at an orbital altitude of about 475 km. The mission tests critical maneuvers like approaching, docking, retraction, and rigidization, with commands issued from the ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC) in Bengaluru. SpaDeX uses a petal-based docking system compatible with the International Docking System Standard (IDSS). Multiple stages of docking were ground-monitored with abort scenario simulations before final success on January 16, 2025.

Why in news?

SpaDeX successfully completed India’s first-ever satellite docking maneuver, marking a major milestone for future missions like Chandrayaan-4 and the Bharatiya space station.

Sporopollenin

Sporopollenin is a highly durable biopolymer found in the outer walls of spores and pollen grains. It is chemically resistant to degradation by acids, bases, and enzymes, making it one of the most chemically inert biological materials. Sporopollenin’s complex structure includes aliphatic and aromatic components, contributing to its robustness. It provides mechanical protection to spores and pollen, aiding in their survival and dispersal. Due to its resilience, sporopollenin is used as a natural scaffold in nanotechnology and catalysis. Its bowl-like outer morphology facilitates controlled growth of nanostructures. Sporopollenin is abundant in biomass waste such as plant spores.

Why in news?

Sporopollenin is used as a template for the growth of copper oxide nanostructures in a newly developed sustainable catalyst with star-like morphology.

Strawberry Tongue

Strawberry tongue is a clinical sign characterized by a swollen, red tongue with prominent enlarged papillae, resembling the surface of a strawberry. It is commonly associated with diseases like scarlet fever, Kawasaki disease, and toxic shock syndrome. The tongue initially appears white-coated with red papillae protruding through, later turning uniformly red. This symptom arises due to inflammation and desquamation of the tongues epithelial cells. It is an important diagnostic feature in pediatric infectious diseases and helps differentiate scarlet fever from other febrile illnesses. Treatment of the underlying condition usually resolves the strawberry tongue.

Why in news?

Strawberry tongue is one of the key symptoms to identify scarlet fever in children affected by the recent outbreak in Hyderabad.

Super-Eddington Accretion

Super-Eddington accretion occurs when a black holes matter intake exceeds the Eddington limit, the balance point where radiation pressure counters gravitational pull. This process allows black holes to emit radiation brighter than normally possible and grow faster. It is typically short-lived and rare. The Eddington limit is named after Arthur Stanley Eddington, who first calculated this theoretical maximum luminosity. Super-Eddington accretion may involve thick accretion disks, jets, or mergers, but the exact mechanisms remain uncertain. It challenges traditional black hole growth models that assume steady, sub-Eddington feeding rates.

Why in news?

LID-568s feeding rate surpasses the Eddington limit by a factor of about 40, providing a unique example of super-Eddington accretion far beyond previously observed cases.

Supersonic Combustion Ramjet (Scramjet)

A Scramjet is an air-breathing jet engine designed to operate at hypersonic speeds, typically above Mach 5. Unlike traditional jets, scramjets have no moving parts and rely on supersonic airflow through the engine for combustion. The fuel ignites and burns while the air moves at supersonic speeds, requiring advanced flame stabilization techniques. Scramjets achieve thrust by compressing incoming air through the vehicles forward speed, allowing combustion at extremely high velocities. Developed initially in the late 20th century, scramjets are crucial for hypersonic missiles and space access. Indias recent ground test of a scramjet combustor lasted 120 seconds, marking technological milestone.

Why in news?

Indias Defence Research & Development Laboratory (DRDL) successfully conducted a 120-second ground test of a scramjet combustor, demonstrating operational potential for hypersonic missile technology.

Supersonic Jet Stream

Supersonic jet streams are extremely fast, narrow air currents in planetary atmospheres, exceeding the speed of sound in that medium. On WASP-127b, these winds reach speeds of about 33,000 km/h, far surpassing Earth’s jet streams (~442 km/h) and Neptunes (~2,000 km/h). These winds typically form around the equator and result from intense stellar irradiation and temperature gradients between day and night sides of tidally locked planets. Supersonic jet streams can influence atmospheric circulation, heat distribution, and weather systems on gas giants and exoplanets.

Why in news?

The discovery of supersonic jet streams on WASP-127b marks the fastest known planetary winds, providing new vital information about exoplanet atmospheric physics.

Suppressor tRNAs

Suppressor transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are engineered molecules that enable the cellular translation machinery to bypass premature stop codons caused by nonsense mutations. These mutations cause early termination of protein synthesis, leading to truncated, nonfunctional proteins. Suppressor tRNAs insert an amino acid at the stop codon site, allowing full-length protein production to continue. This strategy can restore proper protein function in genetic disorders, including inherited retinal diseases where stop-codon mutations disrupt vital retinal proteins. Suppressor tRNA therapy is experimental but offers a targeted way to counteract specific mutation types without altering DNA sequences.

Why in news?

Suppressor tRNAs are being explored as a novel RNA-based therapeutic to treat inherited retinal diseases by overcoming stop-codon mutations halting protein synthesis.

Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS)

Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) is an analytical technique that enhances Raman scattering signals of molecules adsorbed on rough metal surfaces or nanostructures. Enhancement factors can reach up to 10^6-10^11, allowing detection of single molecules. SERS relies on localized surface plasmon resonance in metals like silver, gold, or copper nanostructures. It is used in chemical sensing, biosensing, and environmental monitoring. The morphology and composition of the nanostructured surface critically affect SERS performance. Copper oxide nanostructures, though less common than noble metals, have shown promise in SERS due to cost-effectiveness and catalytic properties.

Why in news?

The newly developed copper oxide nanostar catalyst shows potential applications in SERS, providing a sustainable and efficient platform for enhanced molecular detection.

Syringeal Motor Nucleus

The syringeal motor nucleus is a brain region in birds located in the hindbrain, responsible for controlling the syrinx, the vocal organ of birds. It governs vocalization patterns, including the crowing behavior of roosters. This nucleus is sensitive to androgen hormones like testosterone, which influence its neural circuit development. In male chickens lacking androgen receptors, the syringeal motor nucleus fails to develop properly, resulting in the absence of crowing despite testosterone presence. This demonstrates the androgen receptors essential role in the neural control of sexually dimorphic vocal behaviors in birds.

Why in news?

Male chickens without androgen receptors did not develop crowing behavior, indicating the androgen receptors necessity for the development of neural circuits controlling vocalization.

Thermal Barrier Coating (TBC)

Thermal Barrier Coatings are advanced ceramic layers applied inside engines to protect components from extreme heat. The TBC developed by DRDL and Indias Department of Science & Technology can withstand temperatures beyond the melting point of steel. These coatings are deposited using specialized methods that improve adhesion and durability. TBCs reduce heat transfer to engine parts, enabling longer operational life and higher performance in hypersonic conditions. Their development involves materials science innovations to balance thermal resistance, mechanical strength, and environmental stability.

Why in news?

DRDL and DST developed a state-of-the-art ceramic thermal barrier coating designed for hypersonic scramjet engines, enhancing thermal management and engine longevity.

Third Launch Pad (TLP)

The Third Launch Pad (TLP) at Satish Dhawan Space Centre is planned to support ISROs Next Generation Launch Vehicles (NGLV) and serve as a standby for the existing Second Launch Pad (SLP). It is designed to be universal and adaptable, capable of launching NGLV, LVM3 vehicles with semicryogenic stages, and scaled-up NGLV configurations. The project has a budget of Rs. 3984.86 Crore and a timeline of 48 months. TLP aims to increase launch capacity for human spaceflight and exploration missions, boosting Indias space ecosystem and launch frequency. It will utilize maximum industry participation and existing infrastructure.

Why in news?

The Union Cabinet approved the establishment of the Third Launch Pad in January 2025 to enhance Indias launch capacity for future space missions, including human spaceflight and exploration.

Timescape Model

The Timescape model is an alternative cosmological theory proposing that the universe’s expansion rate varies locally due to the uneven distribution of matter. Unlike the standard Lambda-CDM model, which assumes homogeneity and isotropy, Timescape accounts for cosmic structures such as voids and filaments. It introduces the void fraction, quantifying the volume of low-density regions expanding faster than denser areas. This differential expansion can mimic the observed accelerated expansion without invoking dark energy. The model suggests that observers in different cosmic environments perceive different expansion rates, challenging the assumption of a uniform cosmic expansion.

Why in news?

A recent study using the Pantheon+ supernova dataset found the Timescape model explains nearby cosmic expansion better than the standard Lambda-CDM, offering a potential alternative to dark energy-driven acceleration.

Toluene

Toluene is an aromatic hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C7H8, used primarily as an industrial solvent and precursor in chemical synthesis. It is essential in producing pharmaceuticals, paints, adhesives, and explosives. Toluene is derived mainly from petroleum refining and coal tar processing. Its volatility and solvent properties make it valuable in manufacturing processes. Exposure to toluene vapors can affect the nervous system, requiring strict industrial safety standards. The global demand for toluene is driven by its versatility in chemical industries and its role in producing benzene and other derivatives.

Why in news?

MRPLs new toluene facility aims to increase Indias domestic production by 40,000 tonnes annually, helping reduce the import gap and save foreign exchange.

U R Rao Satellite Centre

The U R Rao Satellite Centre (URSC), located in Bengaluru, is ISRO’s lead facility for satellite design and development. Founded in 1972, it was renamed after Dr. Udupi Ramachandra Rao, a pioneer in Indian space science. URSC develops satellite buses, payloads, and integration systems for communication, remote sensing, and scientific missions. It played a central role in launching India’s first satellite, Aryabhata. The center also focuses on advanced satellite technologies like miniaturization and onboard processing. URSC collaborates internationally for joint missions and supports ISRO’s expanding space exploration goals.

Why in news?

URSC is responsible for providing the spacecraft bus for the NISAR mission, important component enabling the satellite’s operation and integration with ISRO launch systems.

U. R. Satellite Centre (URSC)

The U. R. Satellite Centre (URSC), located in Bangalore, is the primary facility responsible for designing, developing, and integrating Indian satellites. It plays important role in the assembly, integration, and testing of spacecraft. URSC supports various ISRO missions, including navigation, communication, and earth observation satellites. It collaborates with other ISRO centers to manage payload development and satellite bus platforms like the I-2K. URSC has contributed to the development of indigenous technologies such as atomic clocks and cryogenic stages for Indian satellites.

Why in news?

URSC led the design and integration of the NVS-02 satellite, part of Indias NavIC navigation system.

Uroteuthis duvaucelii

Uroteuthis duvaucelii is a species of squid found primarily in the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific. It is a commercially important cephalopod, often harvested for food. The species exhibits rapid growth and a short life cycle of about one year. Its genome shows unique adaptations for fast swimming and camouflage. It has complex chromatophore systems allowing dynamic skin color changes. The squids reproductive strategy involves semelparity, where it reproduces once before dying. It plays a key role in marine food webs as both predator and prey. Its gene expression patterns provide vital information about cephalopod evolution and physiology.

Why in news?

Researchers at the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi, decoded the gene expression pattern of Indian squid, revealing evolutionary links with vertebrates.

VAIBHAV Summit

The VAIBHAV Summit is an international event organized by the Government of India to connect Indian-origin scientists, researchers, and innovators worldwide with Indias scientific ecosystem. It aims to leverage the expertise of the Indian diaspora to encourage collaboration, co-innovation, and knowledge exchange. The summit includes workshops, networking sessions, and discussions on cutting-edge research areas. It supports capacity-building and joint ventures between global Indian researchers and domestic institutions. VAIBHAV also promotes the integration of diaspora talent into Indias strategic technology missions and startup ecosystem, enhancing Indias global scientific footprint.

Why in news?

The VAIBHAV Summit was mentioned at the Technology Dialogue 2025 as a platform strengthening international partnerships and co-innovation between Indian innovators abroad and domestic stakeholders.

Ventilator Support

Ventilator support is a life-saving mechanical aid that assists or replaces spontaneous breathing in patients with respiratory failure. It delivers controlled oxygen and removes carbon dioxide via intubation or non-invasive masks. Ventilators are essential in diseases impairing respiratory muscles, such as Guillain-Barré Syndrome, where paralysis can affect breathing. Modern ventilators have adjustable settings for volume, pressure, and oxygen concentration. Prolonged use can lead to complications like infections or lung injury. Weaning from ventilators requires careful monitoring to ensure the patient resumes adequate independent breathing.

Why in news?

Twelve of the 59 Guillain-Barré Syndrome patients in Pune are on ventilator support due to respiratory muscle weakness, denoting the severity of some cases.

Very Large Telescope (VLT)

The Very Large Telescope (VLT) is an array of four individual telescopes located at the Paranal Observatory in Chile, operated by the European Southern Observatory (ESO). Each unit has an 8.2-meter primary mirror, allowing for high-resolution observations in visible and infrared light. The VLT can operate as a single instrument by combining the four telescopes light, achieving extremely high angular resolution. It has been operational since 1999 and contributes to discoveries in exoplanets, black holes, and distant galaxies. The VLT uses adaptive optics to correct atmospheric distortions and has been critical in characterizing exoplanet atmospheres.

Why in news?

The VLT was used to detect and measure the supersonic jet stream wind speeds on the exoplanet WASP-127b, confirming the fastest winds recorded in space.

Visible Emission Line Coronagraph

The Visible Emission Line Coronagraph (VELC) is an instrument developed by the Indian Institute of Astrophysics for the Aditya-L1 solar mission. It observes the solar corona in visible light emission lines, enabling detailed studies of coronal structures, solar flares, and coronal mass ejections. VELC provides high-resolution imaging and spectroscopy of the solar corona, crucial for understanding the dynamics of solar eruptions and space weather events. Its design allows continuous monitoring of the Sun from a halo orbit around the Lagrangian point L1, offering uninterrupted solar observations.

Why in news?

VELC was mentioned during the conference as contribution of IIA to the Aditya-L1 mission, underlining India’s growing capabilities in space-based solar observation.

Zirconium Silicon Sulphide (ZrSiS)

Zirconium silicon sulphide (ZrSiS) is a layered crystalline material known for hosting exotic quasiparticles such as semi-Dirac fermions. Its electronic structure allows unusual interactions between electrons and magnetic fields, leading to distinctive cyclotron energy scaling laws. ZrSiS belongs to a family of materials with similar layered structures, including zirconium silicon selenide (ZrSiSe), which also exhibits unconventional electronic behaviors. The materials robustness and stability make it suitable for high-field experiments, with magnetic fields up to 17.5 tesla applied to study its properties. ZrSiS serves as a model system for exploring new physics in table-top condensed matter experiments.

Why in news?

ZrSiS was the material used to experimentally detect semi-Dirac fermions by measuring cyclotron energy scaling under strong magnetic fields, marking step in condensed matter physics research.

International Relations & Organizations

Act East Policy

Indias Act East Policy is a diplomatic initiative launched in 2014 to promote economic, strategic, and cultural relations with Southeast Asia and the broader Indo-Pacific region. It evolved from the earlier Look East Policy started in the 1990s. The policy focuses on enhancing connectivity, trade, security cooperation, and people-to-people ties with ASEAN countries. It emphasizes ASEAN unity and centrality in regional affairs, freedom of navigation, and a rules-based order in the Indo-Pacific. The policy also includes cooperation in areas like energy, critical minerals, and technology with partner countries.

Why in news?

India and Indonesia reaffirmed their commitment to the Act East Policy during the Indonesian Presidents visit, signing MOUs in health, maritime, traditional medicine, digital development, and cultural exchange.

Latvia’s State Radio and Television Centre (LVRTC)

The Latvia’s State Radio and Television Centre (LVRTC) is the owner and operator of Latvias primary telecommunications and broadcasting infrastructure, including undersea fibre-optic cables. LVRTC manages critical data transmission services and maintains connectivity with neighboring countries such as Sweden. The organization is responsible for ensuring the resilience and security of Latvias communications networks. It has legal authority to initiate criminal procedural actions when infrastructure is damaged. LVRTCs undersea cables facilitate internet and broadcasting services across the Baltic region, making them vital for national security and information flow.

Why in news?

LVRTCs undersea cable between Latvia and Sweden was damaged, causing disruptions in data transmission and prompting an investigation into sabotage.

Lemon8 App

Lemon8 is a social media app owned by ByteDance, launched as an alternative platform focusing on lifestyle, fashion, and user-generated content with a strong emphasis on visual and community-driven posts. It combines elements of Instagram and Pinterest, targeting younger demographics interested in curated content. Lemon8 has gained popularity in the US amid TikToks ban and regulatory challenges, serving as a strategic diversification for ByteDance outside of short-video formats. Its future remains uncertain due to ongoing US government scrutiny of Chinese-owned apps and possible regulatory actions similar to those faced by TikTok.

Why in news?

Lemon8 is gaining traction as a TikTok alternative in the US after the Supreme Court upheld the TikTok ban, raising questions about the future of ByteDances app portfolio in America.

Nehruvian Era Neutrality

During the 1940s and 1950s, India followed a policy of nuanced neutrality in global politics, avoiding alignment with major Cold War blocs. This approach was shaped by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehrus vision of non-alignment. The Non-Aligned Movement was formally established in 1961, with India as a founding member. This neutrality allowed India to maintain diplomatic relations with both the Western and Eastern blocs. The policy emphasized sovereignty, anti-colonialism, and peaceful coexistence. It influenced Indias domestic focus on welfare and public sector-led economic development during this period. The 1962 Sino-Indian War challenged this stance .

Why in news?

The text references Indias historical foreign policy during Nehrus era, denoting the impact of the 1962 war with China on economic and political strategy shifts.

Nuclear Suppliers Group

The Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) is a multinational body established in 1975 to prevent nuclear proliferation by controlling the export of materials, equipment, and technology that can be used to manufacture nuclear weapons. It has 48 member countries that coordinate export controls to ensure nuclear trade is for peaceful purposes. India is not currently a member due to political reasons but has sought entry to facilitate nuclear commerce. NSG membership requires consensus approval, and Indias bid has been complicated by objections from some members. The NSG plays a critical role in global nuclear non-proliferation and trade regulation.

Why in news?

IAEA director Rafael Grossi discussed India’s aspiration to join the Nuclear Suppliers Group and the challenges involved during a Davos 2025 interview, noting ongoing diplomatic efforts.

One Belt One Road

The One Belt One Road (OBOR) initiative, officially known as the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), was launched by China in 2013 to enhance global trade and infrastructure connectivity. It consists of the Silk Road Economic Belt (land routes) and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road (sea routes), spanning over 60 countries. The BRI aims to promote economic cooperation and development across Asia, Africa, and Europe. It has faced criticism for increasing debt burdens on participating countries and expanding China’s geopolitical influence. OBOR includes railways, highways, ports, and energy projects, impacting global trade patterns.

Why in news?

The IMEC Corridor is promoted as an alternative to Chinas One Belt One Road Initiative, reflecting shifting geopolitical and economic alliances in Asia and Europe.

One-Horned Rhinoceros Exports

Since 1985, Nepal has exported at least 26 endangered one-horned rhinos to foreign governments, including the US, UK, Germany, Austria, Japan, and China. These animals serve as diplomatic gifts symbolizing goodwill and cooperation. The practice continues a tradition of using wildlife in diplomacy, with recent gifts including two elephants sent to Qatar in 2024. The one-horned rhino is native to the Indian subcontinent and classified as vulnerable due to poaching and habitat loss. Nepal’s export of rhinos is notable for combining conservation efforts with international relations.

Why in news?

Nepals history of gifting endangered animals like rhinos contextualizes the current proposal to gift surplus tigers internationally.

Philadelphi Accord

The Philadelphi Accord was a 2005 agreement between Israel and Egypt allowing Egypt to deploy 750 border guards along the Gaza-Egypt border to patrol the Philadelphi Corridor after Israels withdrawal from Gaza. The accord aimed to curb smuggling and maintain border security. It was signed without a security arrangement with the Palestinian Authority. Despite this, Hamas took control of Gaza in 2007 and continued smuggling weapons through tunnels. The accord’s enforcement was complicated by Hamass rise and ongoing conflicts, making the corridor a persistent security challenge for all parties.

Why in news?

The accords provisions are central to ceasefire talks, as Israels withdrawal from the corridor will transfer border control responsibilities to Egypt.

Protecting Americans from Foreign Adversary Controlled Applications Act (PAFACA)

The Protecting Americans from Foreign Adversary Controlled Applications Act (PAFACA) was signed into law in April 2024. It empowers the US government to ban foreign-owned apps deemed national security threats. The law targets intermediaries like app marketplaces (Apples App Store, Google Play Store) and cloud providers (Oracle), making it illegal for them to distribute or update such apps. It does not criminalize individual users accessing the apps. The legislation was passed with bipartisan support and was a response to concerns about foreign data surveillance and influence operations, particularly focusing on Chinese-owned apps like TikTok.

Why in news?

PAFACA is central to the US Supreme Court case on whether TikTok can be banned or must be divested from its Chinese parent company ByteDance by January 19, 2025.

Rapid Support Forces (RSF)

The Rapid Support Forces (RSF) is a paramilitary group in Sudan, originally formed from the Janjaweed militias active during the Darfur conflict. It was officially established in 2013 and operates under Sudans government but maintains autonomy. The RSF is led by Mohamed Hamdan “Hemedti” Dagalo. It has been accused of numerous human rights abuses, including mass killings and sexual violence. The RSF played a central role in Sudans 2023 conflict against the Sudanese Armed Forces. Its funding partly comes from gold mining operations in Sudan, making it both a military and economic power.

Why in news?

The US Secretary of State Antony Blinken declared that the RSF and allied militias committed genocide in the 2023 Sudanese conflict, citing mass famine, killings, and targeted ethnic violence.

Resolution 73/25

Resolution 73/25 was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on December 3, 2018, officially establishing the International Day of Education. It was co-sponsored by Nigeria and 58 other countries, reflecting broad international consensus. The resolution emphasizes education as a fundamental human right and a key driver for peace, development, and sustainable growth. It calls on member states to promote inclusive, equitable, and quality education for all. The resolution also marks educations role in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals, particularly SDG 4, which focuses on ensuring inclusive and equitable quality education and promoting lifelong learning opportunities.

Why in news?

Resolution 73/25 is mentioned as the founding legal basis for the International Day of Education, observed annually on January 24 to promote education’s role in peace and development.

SAGAR Vision

SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region) is Indias maritime doctrine launched in 2015 to promote peace, stability, and sustainable development in the Indian Ocean Region. It emphasizes cooperation with neighboring countries for maritime security, disaster response, and economic growth. SAGAR advocates for a rules-based order and enhanced maritime domain awareness through partnerships and capacity building. It supports freedom of navigation, safe sea lanes, and collaborative efforts against piracy and terrorism. SAGAR aligns with Indias broader strategic interests in the Indo-Pacific, promoting connectivity and resilience among littoral states.

Why in news?

Indias participation in Exercise LA PEROUSE aligns with the SAGAR vision to strengthen maritime cooperation and ensure security in the Indo-Pacific region.

Undersea Cables

Undersea cables are fiber-optic cables laid on the ocean floor that carry around 95% of global internet and telecommunications data. They enable international connectivity and economic exchange by linking continents and countries. These cables are strategically important but vulnerable to physical damage, espionage, and cyberattacks. Repairing damaged cables can take weeks, causing disruptions. Despite their critical role, undersea cables have limited defense mechanisms. Recent geopolitical tensions, especially in regions like the Baltic Sea, have increased concerns about their security. Monitoring and protecting these cables is essential for maintaining global data flow and communication infrastructure resilience.

Why in news?

The WEF report references attacks and vulnerabilities of undersea cables amid the ongoing Ukraine conflict, underscoring their critical importance and exposure to geopolitical cyber threats.

White Shipping Information Exchange (WSIE)

The White Shipping Information Exchange (WSIE) is a maritime security mechanism facilitating the sharing of non-sensitive commercial shipping data among participating countries to enhance maritime domain awareness. It focuses on tracking merchant vessels to ensure safety, security, and efficient navigation in regional waters. WSIE helps detect suspicious activities, prevent maritime crimes, and coordinate responses to emergencies. The system excludes military or sensitive information, differentiating it from “black shipping” data. WSIE is in regions like the Indian Ocean and Southeast Asia, where international shipping lanes are critical for global trade and security cooperation among maritime neighbors.

Why in news?

India and Indonesia agreed to continue discussions on WSIE to enhance maritime security cooperation during recent bilateral talks.

World Customs Organization (WCO)

The World Customs Organization (WCO) is an intergovernmental organization with 179 member countries as of 2025. It evolved from the Customs Cooperation Council in 1994 to promote efficient customs administrations worldwide. The WCO develops international standards such as the SAFE Framework of Standards for securing global trade. It facilitates cooperation on customs policies, trade facilitation, and combating illicit trade. The WCO annually designates themes for International Customs Day, focusing on issues like security, efficiency, and prosperity in customs operations. Its headquarters are located in Brussels, Belgium, continuing the legacy of its predecessor organization.

Why in news?

The WCO is dedicating 2025 to “Customs Delivering on its Commitment to Efficiency, Security and Prosperity,” marking its ongoing role in global customs cooperation and service recognition.

Social Development & Government Schemes

Jalvahak Scheme

The Jalvahak Scheme incentivizes cargo movement on Indias inland waterways by providing a 35% financial incentive to cargo owners and operators. It promotes fixed scheduled services on key waterways such as NW 1 (river Ganga) and NW 2 (river Brahmaputra), enhancing cost-effective, safe, and timely cargo transport. The scheme supports the governments vision of sustainable and efficient inland water transport, reducing road and rail congestion. It also encourages private sector participation and regional trade connectivity. The scheme is being extended to cover more national waterways and regions, contributing to the exponential growth in cargo traffic on inland waterways since 2014.

Why in news?

Launched recently before January 2025, the Jalvahak Scheme was extended to additional waterways to boost cargo transport efficiency and utilization of inland waterways during the IWDC meeting.

Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR)

The Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) measures the number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births, reflecting healthcare quality for pregnant women. Indias MMR decreased from 130 in 2014-15 to 97 in 2018-20, a 25% reduction, and an 83% reduction since 1990. This decline exceeds the global average reduction of 45%. Factors contributing include improved antenatal care, institutional deliveries, skilled birth attendants, and emergency obstetric services. The MMR is a critical Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) indicator. Indias progress is attributed to focused government programs under the National Health Mission and increased healthcare workforce.

Why in news?

The Union Cabinet brought into light the accelerated decline in maternal mortality rate as part of its review of the National Health Missions achievements.

Measles-Rubella Vaccination Campaign

The Measles-Rubella Vaccination Campaign in India aims to eliminate measles and rubella by increasing immunization coverage. Launched in 2017, it targets children aged 9 months to 15 years. The campaign uses a combined vaccine to prevent two diseases simultaneously. Measles causes severe respiratory symptoms and can lead to death; rubella infection during pregnancy causes congenital rubella syndrome in newborns. India achieved 97.9% coverage of the campaign’s target population by 2024. The program is part of WHOs global measles-rubella elimination strategy and is integrated with routine immunization services.

Why in news?

The Cabinet reviewed progress under the National Health Mission, noting the measles-rubella vaccination campaign has covered 97.9% of its target, contributing to disease control efforts.

Medical Certification of Cause of Death (MCCD)

The Medical Certification of Cause of Death (MCCD) is a system used in India to record and classify causes of death based on medical certification by a qualified physician. It follows the World Health Organizations International Classification of Diseases (ICD) guidelines. The MCCD data helps in generating mortality statistics, informing public health policies and resource allocation. Reporting coverage is uneven across state of Indias, with urban areas better represented than rural ones. MCCD data has been crucial in identifying cancer as the fifth-leading cause of death in India, accounting for 5.7% of all deaths as per 2018 records.

Why in news?

MCCD data underpinned the finding that cancer is the fifth-leading cause of death in India, supporting the study estimating the rising incidence and economic impact of breast cancer.

Micro-Irrigation Initiatives

Micro-irrigation involves precise water delivery methods such as drip and sprinkler systems to optimize water use in agriculture. It reduces water wastage by applying water directly to plant roots and minimizes evaporation. Micro-irrigation improves crop yields, conserves water resources, and enhances drought resilience. In India, micro-irrigation coverage has been expanding under government schemes, targeting drought-prone regions. The technology also integrates moisture sensors to automate irrigation based on soil moisture levels. Despite benefits, adoption remains limited due to high initial costs and lack of awareness among smallholder farmers. Micro-irrigation is key to climate-resilient farming strategies.

Why in news?

Budget 2025 promotes expanding micro-irrigation and moisture sensor integration to improve water efficiency and agricultural sustainability.

Minimum Support Price (MSP)

The Minimum Support Price (MSP) is a government-set price at which farmers can sell their produce to ensure a minimum profit. MSP is announced annually for various crops to protect farmers from price fluctuations in the market. It acts as a safety net, encouraging crop production and stabilizing agricultural income. MSP procurement is typically conducted through government agencies at designated mandis. The concept was formalized in India in the 1960s during the Green Revolution. Despite its importance, MSP coverage is limited to certain crops and regions, leading to debates about its adequacy and implementation. MSP is a key issue in agricultural policy discussions.

Why in news?

The Punjab government criticizes the new central policy for lacking any mention of MSP, which they consider vital for protecting farmers’ incomes.

Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)

The Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) was developed by the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). It measures poverty through three dimensions – health, education, and living standards, using ten specific indicators such as child mortality, nutrition, school attendance, access to clean water, and electricity. MPI assesses both the incidence and intensity of poverty, capturing multiple deprivations simultaneously. The index is rooted in Amartya Sens Capability Approach, emphasizing capabilities and freedoms rather than just income. Indias Niti Aayog has adapted the MPI by adding bank account ownership and maternal health as indicators.

Why in news?

Niti Aayogs adaptation of the MPI showed a decline in poverty in India from 24.85% in 2015-16 to 14.96% in 2019-21, sparking debate on the choice and adequacy of poverty indicators.

NAFED (National Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation)

NAFED is an apex cooperative body in India established in 1958 to promote cooperative marketing of agricultural produce. It operates under the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare. NAFED procures and markets various crops, including soyabean, at minimum support prices (MSP) to protect farmers from price fluctuations. It also facilitates exports and imports of agricultural commodities. NAFED has a network of procurement centers across multiple states and supports farmer registration and procurement processes. It plays a critical role in stabilizing agricultural markets and ensuring fair prices for farmers. It collaborates with state governments and other cooperatives like NCCF.

Why in news?

NAFED facilitated the registration of 7.64 lakh soyabean farmers and procurement of 7.81 lakh metric tonnes of soyabean in Maharashtra during the 2024-25 season, contributing to the states leading position in soyabean procurement.

National Essential Diagnostics List (NEDL)

The National Essential Diagnostics List (NEDL) is a government initiative by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) to standardize essential diagnostic tests across healthcare facilities. First released in 2019, it categorizes tests by healthcare levels, from village health centers to district hospitals. The list aims to improve diagnostic availability, affordability, and quality nationwide. The second edition expands test coverage , increasing the number of recommended tests at various facility levels. It aligns with national health programs and incorporates stakeholder feedback. The NEDL also supports a hub-and-spoke model, centralizing testing while enabling sample collection at peripheral centers.

Why in news?

The ICMR issued a draft of the second NEDL in January 2025, seeking public feedback to finalize the expanded list of essential diagnostic tests for different healthcare levels across India.

National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA)

The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA), enacted in 2005, guarantees at least 100 days of wage employment per year to every rural household in India. It aims to enhance livelihood security by providing unskilled manual work. NREGA sets wages higher than local prevailing rates, which helps raise rural wages overall. The scheme also functions as a social safety net during economic downturns and natural disasters. It mandates transparency through social audits and promotes sustainable development by focusing on water conservation, afforestation, and land development works. It is one of the largest public works programs globally by employment created.

Why in news?

NREGA is brought into light as a key factor in the 2004-2011 high growth phase for increasing rural wages and consumption, contrasting with recent economic slowdowns despite rising capital expenditure.

National Sickle Cell Anaemia Elimination Mission

The National Sickle Cell Anaemia Elimination Mission targets the eradication of sickle cell disease, a genetic blood disorder prevalent in tribal and certain rural populations in India. The mission includes screening, awareness campaigns, and treatment facilities. Sickle cell disease causes red blood cells to deform, leading to anemia, pain, and organ damage. India has approximately 1.5 million affected individuals, with high prevalence in states like Odisha, Chhattisgarh, and Maharashtra. The mission integrates with existing health programs to improve diagnostics and provide hydroxyurea therapy. It also focuses on genetic counseling to reduce disease transmission in future generations.

Why in news?

The Union Cabinet approved continuation of the National Health Mission, denoting new initiatives including the National Sickle Cell Anaemia Elimination Mission to address genetic blood disorders.

National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC)

The National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) is a public-private partnership established in 2008 to promote skill development by funding vocational training initiatives across India. NSDC catalyzes skill development by supporting private sector training providers and aligning programs with industry needs. It plays a critical role in implementing government missions like Skill India. NSDCs involvement in the Solar Mobile Van Training Units exemplifies its focus on rural skill empowerment, leveraging technology to train millions in digital skills, financial literacy, and cybersecurity. The corporation also facilitates partnerships with technology firms and NGOs to scale training impact.

Why in news?

NSDC collaborated in launching solar-powered mobile training vans to expand skill development and digital literacy in rural Indian districts.

One District One Product (ODOP)

The One District One Product (ODOP) scheme aims to promote a unique product from each district in India, boosting local economies and preserving traditional crafts. It supports artisans and producers through better branding, marketing, and infrastructure development. ODOP encourages value addition and export potential of district-specific products. The scheme integrates with government initiatives like GI tagging and the Anusandhan National Research Foundation Fund. States like Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra have actively promoted ODOP products. The initiative also facilitates showcasing these products at embassies abroad to expand international markets.

Why in news?

ODOP was brought into light by the Union Minister of Commerce & Industry as a key government effort to strengthen the intellectual property ecosystem and promote regional products.

One Nation, One Subscription

One Nation, One Subscription is an Government of India initiative aimed at providing unified access to academic and research journals across the country. It seeks to eliminate subscription barriers for students, researchers, and institutions by negotiating collective subscriptions with publishers. This initiative promotes equitable access to knowledge resources, reducing costs and enhancing research output. It supports Indias goal to become a global research hub by democratizing information access. The program is implemented under the Anusandhan National Research Foundation to strengthen the research ecosystem and encourage innovation across disciplines.

Why in news?

Dr. L. Murugan mentioned this initiative during the hypnosis conference as part of government efforts to boost Indias research and development infrastructure.

Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTG)

Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTG) are a sub-category of Scheduled Tribes in India identified by the government based on factors like pre-agriculture level of technology, stagnant or declining population, low literacy, and subsistence level of economy. There are currently 75 recognized PVTGs across India. They are often isolated, with distinct languages and customs. The government implements special welfare schemes for their development, including healthcare, education, and livelihood support. PVTGs face challenges like malnutrition, displacement, and lack of infrastructure. Jharkhand is home to several PVTGs, who were specifically targeted in voter inclusion campaigns during the 2024 elections.

Why in news?

Jharkhand ran special campaigns to include PVTG voters in the electoral rolls for the 2024 elections, improving their political participation and representation.

Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS)

The Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) is an annual survey conducted by Indias National Statistical Office (NSO) to estimate employment and unemployment levels. It replaced the earlier quinquennial Employment-Unemployment Surveys and provides quarterly data on labor market indicators. The PLFS collects data on workforce participation, employment status, sectoral distribution, and wages across rural and urban India. Its 2021-22 report brought into light that agriculture remains the largest employer (45.5%), followed by construction (12.4%) and trade/hotels/restaurants (12.1%). The survey is critical for policymaking and assessing labor market trends in India.

Why in news?

The 2021-22 PLFS data revealed that most Indian laborers remain in low-productivity sectors, explaining persistent income inequality and low labor productivity compared to developed countries.

PG Teachers for NBE Diploma Courses

Postgraduate (PG) teachers for National Board of Examinations (NBE)-approved diploma courses are medical educators responsible for training postgraduate diploma students in specialized medical fields. The NBE conducts diploma and degree examinations parallel to university systems. PG teachers must have relevant clinical and teaching experience and are often senior residents or faculty members. Their role includes supervising clinical work, guiding research, and conducting assessments. Under the new NMC norms, PG teachers with at least three years of experience in NBE-approved diploma courses are eligible for professorship in NMC-recognized colleges, denoting the integration of NBE diploma training into formal medical education pathways.

Why in news?

The NMC’s updated faculty norms allow experienced PG teachers from NBE diploma courses to become professors, expanding career progression routes in medical education.

PM Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY)

The PM Fasal Bima Yojana is a government-backed crop insurance scheme launched in June 2016 to provide financial support to farmers against crop losses due to natural calamities. It replaced multiple fragmented schemes with a unified framework. PMFBY covers risks from pre-sowing to post-harvest stages and includes notified crops and areas. It uses advanced technologies like satellite data from ISRO for damage assessment. The scheme offers payouts based on individual or area-based yield losses. Recently, it expanded to cover crop damage caused by animals, addressing gap in farmer compensation.

Why in news?

The government expanded PMFBY to cover crop damage by animals, responding to farmers demands and increasing human-animal conflicts affecting agriculture in multiple states.

PM Gati Shakti Plan

The PM Gati Shakti National Master Plan, launched in 2021, aims to integrate and coordinate infrastructure development across multiple ministries in India. It focuses on multi-modal connectivity, linking road, rail, air, and waterways to optimize freight movement. The plan uses a digital platform for real-time project monitoring and planning. It emphasizes reducing logistics costs by improving last-mile connectivity and reducing transit times. The initiative targets enhancing India’s global logistics competitiveness. It is the first of its kind in India to unify over 16 ministries under a single framework for infrastructure and logistics development.

Why in news?

The PM Gati Shakti Plan is brought into light as a foundational reform underpinning the recent growth and recovery in Indias freight logistics sector employment and infrastructure efficiency.

PM Kisan Sampada Yojana

The Pradhan Mantri Kisan Sampada Yojana (PMKSY) was launched in 2016-17 to boost the food processing sector in India. It aims to create a processing and preservation capacity of 428.04 lakh metric tonnes (LMT) per annum. The scheme supports projects including food testing labs and R&D, with a sanctioned investment of over ₹31,830 crore till December 2024. It targets employment generation of about 13.42 lakh jobs and benefits to over 51.24 lakh farmers. It encourages private and public investments in storage, processing, supply chains, and marketing.

Why in news?

An update from the Ministry of Finance in January 2025 brought into light the sanctioning of 1,646 food processing projects under PMKSY, with investment and employment targets.

PM Surya Ghar – Muft Bijli Yojana

The PM Surya Ghar – Muft Bijli Yojana is a government initiative launched to promote rooftop solar energy in India by providing free solar power systems to households. It facilitated the installation of 7 lakh rooftop solar systems in 2024 alone. The scheme aims to increase decentralized solar power generation, reduce dependence on grid electricity, and lower household energy costs. It targets rural and semi-urban areas to enhance energy access and sustainability. The program has contributed to a 53% growth in rooftop solar capacity in 2024, adding 4.59 GW to Indias renewable energy mix.

Why in news?

The PM Surya Ghar – Muft Bijli Yojana enabled expansion of rooftop solar installations in 2024, contributing to Indias record 24.5 GW solar capacity addition and rural energy access improvements.

PM SVANidhi

The Prime Minister Street Vendors AtmaNirbhar Nidhi (PM SVANidhi) is a micro-credit scheme launched in June 2020 to support street vendors affected by the Covid-19 pandemic. It offers collateral-free loans with affordable interest rates to help vendors restart their businesses. The scheme includes incentives for timely repayment, such as increased loan limits and cashback rewards. Initially planned for a limited period, it was extended until December 2024. It also promotes digital transactions by encouraging beneficiaries to use mobile wallets and UPI payments, aiming to bring informal vendors into the formal financial system.

Why in news?

The scheme is under review by the Department of Financial Services to assess its progress and impact on street vendors as part of broader financial inclusion efforts.

PM Vishwakarma Scheme

The PM Vishwakarma Scheme is a government program aimed at supporting artisans and traditional craftsmen in India. It provides financial assistance, skill development, and marketing support to promote indigenous crafts. The scheme targets artisans from marginalized communities, including Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. It encourages the use of modern technology and digital tools to enhance productivity and market reach. The program also facilitates access to credit and helps artisans form cooperatives for better bargaining power. PM Vishwakarma Scheme is part of the broader effort to preserve cultural heritage while integrating artisans into the formal economy.

Why in news?

The TEAM initiative complements the PM Vishwakarma Scheme by further empowering MSMEs, including women-led and SC/ST-led enterprises, through digital commerce and skill-building workshops.

PM YASASVI Scheme

The PM Young Achievers Scholarship Award Scheme for Vibrant India (YASASVI) is a government initiative launched to support students from OBC (Other Backward Classes), EBC (Economically Backward Classes), and DNT (Denotified Tribes). It offers a pre-matric scholarship of ₹1.25 lakh annually for classes 9-12 and post-matric financial aid worth ₹12.75 crore for higher education. The scheme also funds hostel construction for OBC students and promotes access to top-class schools and colleges. It aims to empower marginalized groups educationally, socially, and economically across India.

Why in news?

The scheme was brought into light during a Republic Day event in 2025 where 400 beneficiaries from 21 states were honored by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment.

PM-Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission (PM-ABHIM)

PM-ABHIM is a central government scheme launched to strengthen public health infrastructure across India, aiming to prepare for future pandemics and outbreaks. It focuses on upgrading existing health facilities, establishing new labs, and enhancing disease surveillance systems. The scheme involves capital expenditure shared between the Centre (60%) and states (40%), while running costs are borne by the states. It supports diagnostic labs, health and wellness centres, and emergency response units. PM-ABHIM is part of the broader Ayushman Bharat initiative but specifically targets infrastructure development rather than insurance or treatment services.

Why in news?

The Delhi High Court ordered the Delhi government to sign an MoU with the Centre to implement PM-ABHIM, which was stayed by the Supreme Court following the Delhi government’s appeal.

PM-Kisan Scheme

The PM-Kisan (Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi) scheme, launched in 2019, provides income support of ₹6,000 annually to small and marginal farmers in India. It benefits farmers owning less than 2 hectares of land. Payments are made in three equal installments directly to beneficiaries’ bank accounts. The scheme covers over 120 million farmers and aims to supplement agricultural income. It is funded entirely by the central government. The scheme’s database is linked with Aadhaar and PAN cards to avoid duplication and ensure targeted delivery. It has faced challenges like inclusion errors and delays in payments but remains a critical rural welfare program.

Why in news?

PM-Kisan was brought into light as a major social welfare scheme with large allocations during the pandemic and is under review for rationalization in budget planning.

PM-Kusum Scheme

The Pradhan Mantri Kisan Urja Suraksha Evam Utthaan Mahabhiyan (PM-Kusum) Scheme was launched in March 2019 to promote solar energy in agriculture. It has three components – (A) decentralized solar power plants on farmers’ land (10,000 MW target), (B) standalone off-grid solar water pumps (14 lakh units), and (C) solarisation of existing grid-connected pumps (35 lakh units). The scheme aims to add about 34,800 MW solar capacity by March 2026 with ₹34,422 crore central financial support. Component B has seen the most progress, while A and C lag due to subsidy and implementation challenges. It targets reducing diesel use, enhancing farmer income, and lowering pollution.

Why in news?

The PM-Kusum Schemes progress and challenges were discussed in a 2024 report by the Centre for Science and Environment, denoting slow implementation and state-level adoption issues as of January 2025.

PM-Surya Ghar – Muft Bijli Yojana

The PM-Surya Ghar – Muft Bijli Yojana is a government subsidy scheme in India aimed at promoting residential rooftop solar installations. It offers financial support to households to install solar panels, reducing dependency on traditional electricity. The scheme has surpassed 850,000 installations as of early 2025. It targets powering 10 million households with solar energy. The program is part of India’s broader renewable energy policy to increase solar capacity and reduce carbon emissions. It integrates with state-level initiatives and involves multiple stakeholders, including banks and local governments, for implementation and financing.

Why in news?

The scheme recently crossed 850,000 installations, marking a key milestone in India’s renewable energy expansion and residential solar adoption.

PM-WANI Scheme

The Prime Ministers Wi-Fi Access Network Interface (PM-WANI) scheme was launched in December 2020 to expand public Wi-Fi access across India. It enables Public Data Offices (PDOs) to offer Wi-Fi services without needing licenses or spectrum fees. PDOs can be small businesses like tea stalls or kirana shops. The scheme aims to reduce digital divide by increasing affordable internet access. Despite its potential, PM-WANI has struggled to gain traction due to regulatory and tariff challenges. It operates under the Department of Telecommunications and is designed to complement existing broadband infrastructure with decentralized public Wi-Fi hotspots.

Why in news?

TRAI recommended capping Internet tariffs for Wi-Fi providers under PM-WANI at twice the retail broadband rate, revising its earlier stance to boost the schemes adoption.

Pradhan Mantri Awaas YojanaGramin (PMAY-G)

PMAY-G is a government initiative launched on 1st April 2016 to provide affordable housing to rural poor in India. The scheme targets constructing 4.95 crore houses by March 2029. It integrates with other schemes like MGNREGA and Jal Jeevan Mission for holistic development. As of January 2025, over 3.23 crore houses have been sanctioned and 2.69 crore completed, with ₹2.37 lakh crore disbursed. It emphasizes women empowerment, with 74% of houses under womens ownership. The scheme uses AI-based facial recognition via the Awaas+ 2024 app for beneficiary identification.

Why in news?

The Union Cabinet approved an additional 2 crore houses under PMAY-G for FY 2024-25 to FY 2028-29, with a ₹3,06,137 crore outlay, denoting ongoing expansion and progress.

Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana

Launched in 2015, the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) is an Government of India initiative aimed at improving irrigation coverage and water use efficiency in agriculture. It integrates ongoing schemes like Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme and National Mission on Micro Irrigation. The program promotes micro-irrigation technologies such as drip and sprinkler irrigation. It targets Har Khet Ko Pani (water to every field) and emphasizes water conservation and sustainable groundwater management. The scheme offers subsidies and technical support to farmers. By 2024, it had contributed to increasing micro-irrigated land, especially in southern and western states of India.

Why in news?

PMKSY is brought into light due to its role in addressing water scarcity by promoting micro-irrigation, with varying adoption rates across state of Indias, notably low in Uttar Pradesh.

Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY)

PMKSY is an Government of India scheme launched in 2015 aimed at improving farm productivity and water use efficiency through integrated irrigation and water resource management. It consists of components like Per Drop More Crop, Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme, and Watershed Development. The Watershed Development Component (WDC) focuses on restoring degraded and rainfed areas via soil conservation, rainwater harvesting, and livelihood support. PMKSY promotes sustainable agriculture and climate resilience by enhancing groundwater recharge and surface water availability. The scheme operates through state-level projects covering large geographical areas with financial outlays, measured in thousands of crores of rupees.

Why in news?

The Department of Land Resources sanctioned 56 new watershed projects under PMKSY-WDC 2.0 in 10 states, with a budget of ₹700 crores to improve degraded lands and support farmers incomes.

Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana

The Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY) is an Government of India scheme launched in 2015 to provide financial support to micro and small enterprises. It offers loans without collateral under three categories – Shishu (up to ₹50,000), Kishore (₹50,001 to ₹5 lakh), and Tarun (₹5,00,001 to ₹10 lakh). The scheme aims to promote entrepreneurship by facilitating easy access to credit. Loans under PMMY are primarily given to non-corporate small business sectors. The scheme is implemented through banks, NBFCs, and microfinance institutions, targeting unbanked and underserved sectors.

Why in news?

The MSME ministry has proposed increasing the loan limits for the Shishu and Kishore categories under PMMY in the FY26 Budget to expand financial assistance to small enterprises.

Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY)

The Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY) was launched by the Government of India in 2016 to provide liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) connections to women from below poverty line households. It aims to reduce health hazards caused by indoor air pollution from traditional cooking fuels. Over 80 million LPG connections have been distributed under PMUY, making it one of the largest clean cooking initiatives globally. The scheme also offers financial support for the deposit of LPG cylinders and encourages womens empowerment by granting ownership of connections. PMUY has been replicated as a model in several developing countries for clean cooking access.

Why in news?

PMUY is brought into light at IEW 2025s Clean Cooking Ministerial as a successful model for accelerating global adoption of clean cooking solutions, especially for poor households in the Global South.

Pravasi Bharatiya Divas

Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (PBD) is an annual event celebrated by the Government of India to mark the contribution of the overseas Indian community to the development of India. It is observed on January 9th, commemorating the return of Mahatma Gandhi from South Africa to India in 1915. The event includes conferences, cultural programs, and award ceremonies recognizing the achievements of Non-Resident Indians (NRIs) and Persons of Indian Origin (PIOs). The 18th edition in 2025 focused on strengthening ties between India and its diaspora, promoting investment, and cultural exchange. PBD also encourages the diaspora to participate in Indias socio-economic growth.

Why in news?

The 18th Pravasi Bharatiya Divas was mentioned as part of the January 2025 news roundup denoting Indian diaspora engagement and related events.

Press Trust of India (PTI) CSR Sponsorship

The Press Trust of India (PTI) supports menstrual hygiene projects through its Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) funds. PTIs sponsorship facilitated the installation of sanitary napkin vending machines and incinerators in rural schools via partnerships with Prayatna and NOBA GSR. This funding addresses healthcare, sanitation, and gender equality challenges in underserved areas. PTIs CSR efforts align with promoting social equity and womens empowerment by breaking cultural taboos around menstruation. The organizations involvement exemplifies how media entities can contribute to social causes beyond journalism, supporting impactful grassroots initiatives in India.

Why in news?

PTIs CSR sponsorship enabled the expansion of sanitary napkin dispensers and waste management facilities in rural schools, supporting the Sangini initiatives mission to combat period poverty in India.

Prime Ministers Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP)

PMEGP is a Central sector scheme launched in 2008 to promote self-employment by setting up micro enterprises in rural and urban areas. It is implemented by the Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) through the Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC). The scheme offers subsidies up to 35% for special category beneficiaries and 25% for general category in rural areas, with lower rates in urban areas. It supports projects with a maximum cost of ₹50 lakh for manufacturing and ₹20 lakh for services. Since 2018-19, a second loan facility is available for expansion with subsidies on margin money.

Why in news?

PMEGP has generated over 80 lakh jobs in 16 years, with rural micro enterprises outperforming urban ones, especially during and after the Covid-19 pandemic, denoting its role in rural employment generation.

Prohibition of Child Marriage Act

The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006, is an Indian law that prohibits the marriage of girls below 18 and boys below 21 years. It replaced earlier legislation to strengthen legal measures against child marriage. The Act provides penalties for solemnizing or promoting child marriages and empowers courts to annul such marriages. Despite its provisions, enforcement remains weak in many regions due to social acceptance of child marriage and lack of awareness. The Act also mandates the protection and welfare of children affected by child marriage, though gaps persist in implementation and support services for adolescent mothers.

Why in news?

The Acts enforcement challenges are discussed as a key factor in the persistence of child marriage and teenage pregnancies in India, despite legal prohibitions.

Project Abhay

Project Abhay is an initiative developed by the Centre for Rural Development & Technology (CRDT) at IIT Delhi, in collaboration with the Foresight Foundation and supported by India’s Ministry of Road Transport & Highways. It focuses on enhancing the health, vision, and safety of truck drivers, a critical and underserved workforce. The project has screened over 50,000 truck drivers across six state of Indias, providing on-the-spot spectacles and health screenings. It also improved social security coverage from 51.5% to 86.16%, benefiting over 62,700 family members. The initiative uses the Abhay App for real-time data collection and operational transparency.

Why in news?

Project Abhays findings were released at IIT Delhi, denoting its success in improving truck drivers health, vision, and social security, with support from Union Minister Nitin Gadkari.

Protection of Women and Girls in Sports Act

The Protection of Women and Girls in Sports Act is a legislative proposal aiming to amend Title IX regulations by defining sex strictly based on reproductive biology and genetics at birth. It prohibits transgender athletes from competing on teams aligning with their gender identity in educational institutions receiving federal funds. The bill permits transgender women to practice with womens teams only if no female athlete loses opportunities. The legislation passed the House but failed in the Senate in 2023. It reflects ongoing national debates about fairness and inclusion in sports, intersecting with federal funding and civil rights law.

Why in news?

The House of Representatives passed this bill in January 2025, reigniting political debate over transgender participation in womens sports and federal Title IX protections.

Public Data Offices (PDOs)

Public Data Offices (PDOs) are local entities authorized under the PM-WANI scheme to provide public Wi-Fi services. PDOs can be small shops or street vendors who act as internet service providers without requiring telecom licenses. They purchase broadband from licensed operators and resell it to consumers via Wi-Fi hotspots. This model decentralizes internet access and lowers entry barriers for service providers. PDOs are crucial to expanding affordable internet in rural and underserved urban areas. They function similarly to cybercafés but are more accessible and integrated into daily community life.

Why in news?

PDOs’ tariff caps were revised by TRAI to twice retail broadband rates, aiming to encourage more PDOs to participate in the PM-WANI scheme.

Public Relations Consultants Association of India (PRCAI)

The Public Relations Consultants Association of India (PRCAI) is a professional body representing the public relations industry in India. Established in 2001, it aims to promote ethical standards, professionalism, and growth within the sector. PRCAI conducts industry surveys, offers training programs, and advocates for policy changes benefiting PR firms. It collaborates with international bodies like the Global Alliance for Public Relations and Communication Management. PRCAIs membership includes top PR consultancies and independent practitioners. It plays a very important role in shaping industry guidelines and encouraging innovation, especially with the integration of AI and digital communication tools in Indias expanding PR market.

Why in news?

PRCAI released a report denoting the Indian PR industrys growth to ₹2500 crore in FY 2023 and projected its expansion to ₹4570 crore by FY 2030, emphasizing AI adoption and regional outreach as growth drivers.

Rangarajan Committee

The Rangarajan Committee, chaired by economist C. Rangarajan, was appointed in 2012 to review poverty measurement in India. It proposed a new methodology for estimating the poverty line, differing from the earlier Tendulkar Committee method. The committee suggested higher poverty lines – Rs 2,515 for rural and Rs 3,639 for urban areas (2022-23 prices). Its estimates indicated a poverty ratio of 29.5% in 2011-12, higher than previous figures. The government did not officially approve this report. The committee emphasized consumption patterns and poverty-specific price indices over general Consumer Price Index adjustments.

Why in news?

The Rangarajan Committees poverty measurement method was used in a recent research paper challenging official low poverty estimates, claiming about 26.4% of Indians remain poor in 2022-23.

Rashtriya Gokul Mission

The Rashtriya Gokul Mission is a government initiative launched in 2014 to conserve and develop indigenous bovine breeds in India. It focuses on breed improvement, productivity enhancement, and sustainable livestock management. The mission promotes the establishment of Gokul Gram, a center for indigenous breed conservation. It supports scientific breeding techniques, including Artificial Insemination and sex-sorted semen, to improve genetic merit. Funded by the Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying, it aims to increase milk yield and rural income. The mission also emphasizes the preservation of native breeds like Gir, Sahiwal, and Red Sindhi, which are adapted to local conditions.

Why in news?

The Rashtriya Gokul Mission was brought into light during the inauguration of a cattle induction program in Mayurbhanj, Odisha, involving distribution of 3,000 high-genetic-merit cattle to beneficiaries.

Restitution of Conjugal Rights

Section 9 of The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 allows a spouse to petition for the return of the other spouse if they have “without reasonable excuse, withdrawn from the society of the other.” The court may issue a decree for restitution of conjugal rights, compelling the spouse to return to the matrimonial home. The provision aims to preserve the marital union by judicial intervention. It has faced legal challenges for potentially violating personal liberty and privacy rights. The Andhra Pradesh High Court struck it down in 1983, but the Supreme Court reinstated it in 1984, affirming its social purpose in preventing marital breakdowns.

Why in news?

The Supreme Court recently ruled that maintenance payments must continue even if a wife refuses to comply with a restitution of conjugal rights decree, separating the two legal proceedings.

Riverine Community Development Scheme

The Riverine Community Development Scheme aims to uplift socio-economic conditions of communities living along national waterways in India. It focuses on infrastructure development, trade and tourism promotion, riverine ecosystem conservation, skill enrichment training, and upgrading traditional knowledge related to rivers. The scheme targets coastal and riparian populations, providing employment and enhancing livelihoods through sustainable utilization of inland waterways. It integrates environmental and economic objectives to boost river-based economies. The initiative supports cooperative federalism by involving multiple states and the central government in planning and implementation, ensuring holistic regional development along waterways.

Why in news?

The scheme was proposed at the Inland Waterways Development Council (IWDC) meeting in January 2025 to improve living standards and economic activities of riverine communities across India.

Rubber Smokehouses

Rubber smokehouses are specialized structures used to dry and cure latex, transforming it into high-quality rubber sheets. They function by exposing the latex to controlled smoke, which helps preserve the rubber and improve its durability. Model smokehouses introduced under the INROAD project are tailored to regional needs in Northeast India and provide improved processing infrastructure. These facilities enhance the skillset of rubber tappers and processors, leading to better product quality and increased income. Smokehouses also serve as training hubs for farmers, promoting best practices in tapping, processing, and grading natural rubber.

Why in news?

Model smokehouses are being set up under INROAD to boost rubber quality and support skill development among rubber growers in the North East.

Rural Abadi Land

Rural Abadi land refers to inhabited village areas designated for residential use in Indias rural regions. It is distinct from agricultural or forest land and typically falls under Panchayati Raj jurisdiction. Under the SVAMITVA Scheme, about 67,000 sq.km of Abadi land has been surveyed using drones for accurate mapping and land record digitization. This land is valued at approximately Rs.132 lakh crore. Formalizing ownership of Abadi land helps reduce disputes, supports financial inclusion by enabling loans, and aids in planning local infrastructure development.

Why in news?

The SVAMITVA programs drone surveys and property card issuance focus heavily on rural Abadi land, emphasizing its economic and governance significance.

Rural Self Employment Training Institutes (RSETIs)

RSETIs are specialized training centers established across India to promote entrepreneurship and self-employment in rural areas. They operate under the aegis of banks, primarily public sector banks, and provide skill development programs tailored to local needs. These institutes focus on training unemployed youth and women in trades like tailoring, food processing, and agriculture-related activities. RSETIs also assist trainees in accessing credit and market linkages to start sustainable businesses. As of January 2025, there are 153 RSETIs affiliated with the State Bank of India, making it one of the largest networks dedicated to rural skill development in the country.

Why in news?

SBI launched a special training program for women across its 153 RSETIs, benefiting around 5,200 women, to promote rural entrepreneurship and economic independence.

Rural Transfers and Welfare Spending

Rural transfers and welfare spending involve government payments and subsidies aimed at improving rural livelihoods and social welfare. These include direct cash transfers, food security schemes, and rural housing programs. Such expenditures support income redistribution, reduce poverty, and stimulate rural demand. With the BJP’s reduced parliamentary majority, a reallocation towards rural transfers and welfare is expected, balancing growth with social equity. These measures often have a multiplier effect on the rural economy but can increase fiscal pressure if not offset by other spending cuts.

Why in news?

The upcoming Union budget is likely to increase allocations for rural transfers and welfare spending amid political considerations and slower public capex growth.

Rural Youth Coordinators

Rural Youth Coordinators are government-appointed officials responsible for mobilizing and supporting youth in rural areas. They act as liaisons between government schemes and rural populations, facilitating awareness, training, and participation in development programs. Their duties include organizing local training sessions, promoting employment schemes, and assisting in skill development initiatives. They play important role in ensuring government programs reach remote areas and help youth access education, vocational training, and employment opportunities. These coordinators often collaborate with district officers and local institutions to maximize outreach and effectiveness.

Why in news?

Rural Youth Coordinators are involved in implementing the PARTH Yojana, supporting youth training and recruitment efforts in Madhya Pradeshs rural regions.

Rythu Bharosa

Rythu Bharosa is a financial assistance scheme launched by the Telangana government, providing Rs. 12,000 per acre of arable land to farmers. It aims to support agricultural investment costs and boost farmer income. The scheme includes direct cash transfers to beneficiaries’ bank accounts, ensuring timely support. Telangana has credited Rs 21,000 crore to over 25 lakh farmers under this and related schemes. It complements other initiatives like free electricity supply up to 200 units and crop loan waivers. The scheme targets improving agricultural productivity and reducing farmer distress in Telangana.

Why in news?

Rythu Bharosa was launched by Chief Minister A. Revanth Reddy as part of new welfare schemes announced on Telanganas 76th Republic Day, providing financial aid to farmers across the state.

Rythu Bharosa Scheme

The Rythu Bharosa scheme provides an annual investment support of ₹12,000 per acre to farmers in Telangana. It is designed to assist farmers with input costs such as seeds, fertilizers, and labor. The scheme supports sustainable agriculture by ensuring timely financial aid directly to farmers bank accounts. It is part of Telangana’s agricultural welfare policies, promoting farm productivity and reducing rural distress. The scheme covers all eligible farmers owning cultivable land, irrespective of crop type, and aims to increase farm incomes and reduce dependency on informal credit sources.

Why in news?

The Telangana government launched the Rythu Bharosa scheme on Republic Day in Karimnagar to support farmers financially.

Samagra Shiksha Abhiyaan

The Samagra Shiksha Abhiyaan is India’s flagship integrated scheme for school education, launched in 2018. It subsumes three earlier schemes – Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan, and Teacher Education. The program aims to provide holistic education from pre-primary to senior secondary levels. It focuses on improving infrastructure, teacher training, and learning outcomes. The scheme promotes digital literacy, inclusive education for children with disabilities, and gender equity. It is funded jointly by the Centre and States, with the Centre contributing 60% in general category states and up to 90% in northeastern and special category states.

Why in news?

In Budget 2024, Rs 37,010 crore was allocated to Samagra Shiksha Abhiyaan, making it the largest expenditure within the school education budget to improve quality and infrastructure.

Samman Sanjeevani App

The Samman Sanjeevani app is a digital platform launched to monitor the distribution of benefits under the Mahila Evam Kishori Samman Yojana. It tracks delivery of sanitary napkins and other services to BPL women and girls aged 10 to 45 years through Anganwadi centers and schools. The app collects beneficiary data and updates monthly benefits, ensuring timely and transparent service delivery. It supports government efforts to improve health and hygiene among women and adolescent girls in Haryana. The app enhances accountability and streamlines welfare schemes using real-time data.

Why in news?

Haryana cabinet minister Shruti Choudhry launched the Samman Sanjeevani app on National Girl Child Day 2025 to improve tracking and delivery of sanitary napkins under a womens welfare scheme.

SDG 4 (Sustainable Development Goal 4)

Sustainable Development Goal 4 aims to “ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all” by 2030. It includes targets such as universal primary and secondary education, equal access to affordable technical, vocational, and higher education, and eliminating gender disparities. SDG 4 also promotes skills development, literacy, and education for sustainable development and global citizenship. It is one of 17 SDGs adopted by UN member states in 2015 as part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Progress on SDG 4 is monitored through UNESCO and other UN agencies.

Why in news?

SDG 4 is cited as a key global goal supported by education, which the International Day of Education promotes to achieve sustainable development and equal access to quality education.

Shompens

The Shompens are a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG) residing in the interior forests of Great Nicobar Island. Their population was recorded as 229 in 2011. They practice a matrilineal system governing marriage, kinship, land, and water management. Their diet primarily consists of pandanus (screw pines), supplemented by seafood and wild boar. The tribe avoids contact with outsiders to prevent disease transmission. Historically, their population declined sharply due to a gastroenteritis epidemic in the 1980s. They cultivate crops like bananas, tapioca, yams, and coconuts. Outsider influence has affected their traditional clothing and increased vulnerability to respiratory illnesses.

Why in news?

The Shompens oppose the Great Nicobar Project, which threatens their forest land and traditional lifestyle, sparking concerns over their cultural and health vulnerabilities.

Stand-Up India Scheme

The Stand-Up India Scheme was launched in 2016 to facilitate bank loans between ₹10 lakh and ₹1 crore to at least one Scheduled Caste (SC) or Scheduled Tribe (ST) borrower and one woman borrower per bank branch. It focuses on promoting entrepreneurship among marginalized groups by supporting greenfield enterprises in the manufacturing, services, or trading sectors. The scheme provides handholding support through incubation centers and mentoring. It was extended until 2025 to further encourage economic empowerment and job creation among underrepresented entrepreneurs, aiming to reduce social disparity in business ownership.

Why in news?

The scheme’s progress and effectiveness are being evaluated in a high-level meeting chaired by the Financial Services Secretary to reinforce financial inclusion policies.

State Disaster Response Fund (SDRF)

The State Disaster Response Fund (SDRF) is a fund maintained by state of India governments to provide immediate relief to victims of natural disasters. It is created under the Disaster Management Act, 2005, with contributions from both the Centre and State. The Centre contributes 75% of the fund for general category states and 90% for special category states, while the state provides the balance. SDRF is primarily used for relief and rehabilitation activities during disasters such as floods, cyclones, and landslides. Utilization of SDRF requires adherence to specific guidelines, and expenditure must be approved by the State Executive Committee.

Why in news?

Kerala government has been permitted to utilize ₹120 crore from the SDRF for airlifting service charges related to rehabilitation after the Wayanad landslides in 2006, 2016, and 2017.

Sub-Mission on Seeds & Planting Materials (SMSP)

The Sub-Mission on Seeds & Planting Materials (SMSP) started in 2014-15 to promote the production and multiplication of quality seeds for agricultural crops in India. It supports farmers by providing financial assistance for foundation/certified seeds at 50% cost for cereal crops and 60% for pulses, oilseeds, fodder, and green manure crops. The Seed Village Programme under SMSP aims to make high-yielding seed varieties available at the village level, increasing productivity and profitability. The scheme is demand-driven and implemented by state agencies, benefiting all farmer categories and enhancing India’s seed self-sufficiency.

Why in news?

SMSP is part of ongoing subsidy reviews to align agricultural support schemes with economic growth and social equity goals in India.

Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana

The Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana (SSY) was launched on 22nd January 2015 by the Government of India under the Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao Campaign. It is a savings scheme aimed at securing the financial future of girl children. Accounts can be opened from birth up to age 10, with deposits allowed for 15 years. The account matures after 21 years from opening. The scheme offers tax benefits under Section 80C of the Income Tax Act. Withdrawals up to 50% are allowed for education after the girl turns 18 or completes 10th grade. Premature closures are allowed only under specific conditions.

Why in news?

The scheme completed 10 years on 22nd January 2025, with over 4.1 crore accounts opened, marking milestone in promoting girls’ financial empowerment in India.

Super Swachh League

The Super Swachh League is a special category introduced in the 2024 Swachh Survekshan survey. It includes cities that ranked in the top 3 at least twice in the last three years (2021-2023). There are 12 cities in this league, classified by population size from Very Small (10 lakh). Cities in this league must maintain a cleanliness score of 85% or higher to retain their position. The league adds aspirational indicators and encourages continuous improvement and competition among the cleanest cities in India. It aims to sustain high cleanliness standards.

Why in news?

The Super Swachh League was introduced as part of the 9th edition of Swachh Survekshan in 2025 to recognize and motivate consistently high-performing cities in urban cleanliness.

T-Hub Startup Incubator

T-Hub is one of India’s largest startup incubators, based in Hyderabad, Telangana. Established in 2015, it is a public-private partnership involving the Telangana government, IIIT Hyderabad, ISB, and the University of Hyderabad. T-Hub offers startups mentorship, funding access, co-working spaces, and networking opportunities. It focuses on technology-driven startups, including AI, IoT, and blockchain sectors. T-Hub has launched multiple initiatives to enhance the startup ecosystem, including acceleration programs and corporate innovation partnerships. Its model integrates academia, industry, and government to encourage innovation and entrepreneurship in Indias emerging tech hubs.

Why in news?

T-Hub launched the BIML programme to strengthen incubation leadership and management skills across Indias startup ecosystem.

Tourism Department of India

The Department of Tourism was established by the Government of India in 1948. Its purpose is to promote tourism, preserve national heritage, and ensure tourist destinations remain beautiful and accessible. It coordinates policies and programs for tourism development and works to balance growth with sustainability. The department also collaborates with state governments and private sectors to boost tourism infrastructure. It played a key role in making India a global tourist destination and continues to oversee initiatives like National Tourism Day and various campaigns to promote cultural tourism.

Why in news?

The Department of Tourism’s ongoing efforts support the 2025 theme of inclusive growth, aiming to expand tourism benefits to all parts of Indian society.

U-WIN Platform

U-WIN (Universal Vaccine Intelligence Network) is a digital health platform launched in January 2023 to improve immunization coverage in India. It tracks vaccine administration in real-time for pregnant women, infants, and children, ensuring timely vaccination. By the end of FY 2023-24, U-WIN expanded to 65 districts across 36 states and Union territories. The platform integrates data from Health and Wellness Centres and primary healthcare facilities, facilitating evidence-based decision-making and reducing vaccine dropouts. U-WIN supports India’s goal of universal immunization and better disease prevention, contributing to higher coverage rates in campaigns like Intensified Mission Indradhanush 5.0.

Why in news?

U-WINs expansion and use in tracking immunizations were brought into light in the NHM report as a key digital initiative improving vaccine coverage and public health outcomes in India.

UN Global Compact Network India (UN GCNI)

The UN Global Compact Network India is the Indian chapter of the UN Global Compact, a voluntary initiative encouraging businesses to adopt sustainable and socially responsible policies. It promotes ten principles covering human rights, labor standards, environmental protection, and anti-corruption. UN GCNI facilitates dialogue, capacity building, and collaboration among Indian businesses, government, and civil society for sustainable development. It organizes workshops, seminars, and events to mainstream corporate sustainability. The network supports the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and acts as a platform for Indian companies to report progress on responsible business practices.

Why in news?

Dr. Somnath Singh, Deputy Director of UN GCNI, moderated the panel discussion on ethics and responsible business practices at the summit.

Unified District Information System for Education Plus (UDISE+)

UDISE+ is an extensive data collection system by Indias Ministry of Education that compiles annual statistics on school education. It covers enrollment, retention, infrastructure, teacher availability, and learning outcomes for all government and private schools across districts. UDISE+ replaced the earlier UDISE system to provide more granular and real-time data. It helps policymakers identify gaps in education quality, monitor schemes, and allocate resources efficiently. The system covers over 15 lakh schools and is critical for tracking progress toward universal education and the goals of the National Education Policy 2020.

Why in news?

Latest UDISE+ data revealed challenges in enrollment, retention, and literacy rates among 14-18-year-olds, underscoring ongoing issues in school education quality.

Van Dhan Vikas Kendras (VDVKs)

Van Dhan Vikas Kendras are tribal livelihood centers aimed at enhancing the value chain of forest produce collected by tribal communities. They focus on sustainable harvesting, processing, and marketing of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs). The scheme was launched by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs to increase tribal incomes by promoting value addition and entrepreneurship. VDVKs provide training, infrastructure, and market linkages to tribal producers. The centers operate as cooperative groups and have contributed to reducing exploitation by middlemen while promoting tribal self-reliance and economic empowerment.

Why in news?

The National Conference emphasized scaling up Van Dhan Vikas Kendras to promote sustainable livelihoods among PVTG communities as part of the PM JANMAN initiative.

Vehicle Location Tracking Devices (VLTD)

Vehicle Location Tracking Devices (VLTD) are GPS-based systems installed in commercial and public transport vehicles to monitor real-time location and movement. These devices enhance safety by enabling authorities to track vehicles, especially for women and childrens security. VLTDs can provide alerts for unauthorized stops, speeding, or deviations from routes. They support fleet management, accident response, and law enforcement. The Government of India is promoting VLTD installation to improve transport safety and compliance with regulations. Data from VLTDs can be integrated with traffic management centers for better oversight and emergency response coordination.

Why in news?

VLTD implementation was discussed as part of safety measures for women and children in the January 2025 MoRTH workshop focusing on road transport sector transformation.

Vivad-se-Vishwas Scheme

The Vivad-se-Vishwas Scheme was introduced in 2020 to resolve pending tax disputes between taxpayers and the Government of India. It offers a one-time opportunity to settle disputes by paying the disputed tax amount with a waiver on interest and penalties. The scheme aims to reduce the backlog of litigation in tax matters and expedite dispute resolution. Taxpayers who opt for this scheme must pay the amount before the deadline to avail the benefits. It has helped clear thousands of cases, easing the burden on tax authorities and courts. The scheme is periodically modified to encourage more settlements.

Why in news?

Budget 2025 may propose enhancements to the Vivad-se-Vishwas Scheme to further reduce tax litigation backlog and prevent new disputes, aligning with the governments focus on simplifying tax administration.

Weavers Service Centres (WSCs)

Weavers Service Centres (WSCs) are government-run institutions established under the Ministry of Textiles in India. They provide technical support, design development, and skill training to handloom weavers. WSCs assist in improving product quality, introducing innovative designs, and facilitating access to modern technology. They also help in marketing and branding efforts to enhance the competitiveness of handloom products. WSCs have regional branches across India, acting as a bridge between traditional artisans and the contemporary market. Their role includes documentation of traditional weaving techniques and preservation of indigenous crafts.

Why in news?

About 35 officials from Weavers Service Centres are participating in the Handloom Conclave- Manthan to share innovations and support strategies for the handloom sectors growth.

Women Entrepreneurship Platform (WEP)

The Women Entrepreneurship Platform (WEP) was incubated by NITI Aayog in 2018 and transitioned into a public-private partnership in 2022. It serves as an aggregator platform to support women entrepreneurs by addressing information asymmetry and providing continuous assistance across six pillars – Access to Finance, Market Linkages, Training and Skilling, Mentoring & Networking, Compliance & Legal Assistance, and Business Development Services. WEP collaborates with over 30 public and private sector partners to develop scalable programs. Since 2023, its Award to Reward (ATR) initiative offers a plug-and-play framework for stakeholders to create impactful entrepreneurship programs.

Why in news?

WEP launched EmpowHER Biz – Sapno Ki Udaan in partnership with New Shop under the ATR program to empower women entrepreneurs in Indias retail sector through mentorship, training, and franchise fee waivers.

Women Self-Help Groups (SHG)

Women Self-Help Groups (SHGs) are informal associations of women, usually from rural areas, who come together to save money, access credit, and undertake income-generating activities. SHGs play a critical role in community development and financial inclusion in India. They often receive government support under various schemes for skill development, entrepreneurship, and social welfare. In border villages under the VVP, SHGs contribute to local empowerment, healthcare awareness, and economic activities. These groups help in mobilizing women for antenatal care and other health initiatives, improving social cohesion and participation in developmental projects.

Why in news?

Women SHGs were present at the Vibrant Village Programme event where the union health minister announced new healthcare and development initiatives for border villages.

World Employment and Social Outlook (WESO) Trends

The WESO Trends is an annual report published by the International Labour Organisation (ILO) analyzing global employment, unemployment, and social trends. It provides data on labour market conditions, wage growth, labour force participation, and vulnerable groups such as youth and women. The report assesses progress toward Sustainable Development Goals related to decent work. WESO Trends tracks economic growth impacts, inflation, and geopolitical risks affecting employment. It also marks disparities in employment recovery between advanced and low-income countries, and the effects of informality and working poverty on job markets worldwide.

Why in news?

The ILO released the 2025 edition of WESO Trends, reporting steady global unemployment but slow improvements for youth and low-income countries amid economic uncertainties.

World Happiness Index

The World Happiness Index ranks countries based on factors like income, social support, life expectancy, freedom, generosity, and corruption perception. Compiled annually by the UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network, it measures subjective well-being through surveys. India’s ranking at 126 out of 146 countries in 2023 indicates challenges in mental health, work-life balance, and social support systems. The index marks disparities between economic growth and quality of life. It is used by policymakers to assess societal progress beyond GDP. Lower rankings often correlate with long working hours, poor mental health, and inadequate social infrastructure.

Why in news?

Indias low ranking on the 2023 World Happiness Index is cited in discussions about the detrimental effects of overwork culture and poor work-life balance.

Defence

Medium-Range Surface-to-Air Missile (MRSAM)

The Medium-Range Surface-to-Air Missile (MRSAM) is a joint Indo-Israeli project developed by Bharat Dynamics Limited and Israel Aerospace Industries. It is designed to defend naval vessels against aerial threats, including aircraft, helicopters, and anti-ship missiles. The missile has a range of approximately 50-70 kilometers and uses active radar homing for guidance. MRSAM is integrated into various Indian Navy warships and provides multi-target engagement capability. It complements the Indian Navy’s layered air defense system and enhances fleet survivability. The missile system includes a command-and-control unit, radar, and missile launchers, enabling rapid response to incoming threats.

Why in news?

The Indian Ministry of Defence signed a contract for the supply of MRSAM systems to the Navy, marking step in strengthening naval air defense with indigenous technology.

Multi-Purpose Vessels (MPVs)

Multi-Purpose Vessels (MPVs) are specialized naval ships designed to perform diverse roles such as trial platforms for weapons and sensors, maritime surveillance, humanitarian assistance, and combating sea pollution. They have the capability to launch and recover both surface and aerial assets, making them versatile assets for the navy. MPVs are typically around 107 meters long with a displacement exceeding 3,750 tonnes. Their design and construction are aligned with Indias Make in India and Aatmanirbhar Bharat initiatives, emphasizing indigenous development and production.

Why in news?

The Indian Navy recently received the second MPV, INS Utkarsh, from Larsen & Toubro, enhancing its operational flexibility and technological testing capabilities.

Nag Mark 2 Missile

The Nag Mark 2 is a third-generation fire-and-forget anti-tank guided missile developed indigenously by India’s DRDO. It features advanced guidance systems that allow operators to lock targets before launch, requiring no further intervention. The missile is designed to penetrate explosive reactive armour (ERA) on modern tanks. It has been successfully tested at the Pokhran field range in Rajasthan, demonstrating precision at maximum and minimum range limits. The Nag Mark 2 integrates with the Nag Missile Carrier (NAMICA) Version 2, enhancing battlefield mobility and deployment flexibility. It supports India’s aim for self-reliance in defence manufacturing.

Why in news?

The Nag Mark 2 missile underwent successful field evaluation trials at Pokhran, validating its precision and operational capabilities, marking a key milestone in India’s indigenous defence technology development.

Nag Missile Carrier

The Nag Missile Carrier is a tracked armored vehicle developed to deploy the Nag missile system. It provides mobility, protection, and firepower, carrying multiple missiles ready for immediate launch. The Carrier is equipped with advanced fire control systems and day/night targeting capabilities. The Mk 2 version includes upgrades in electronics and missile integration to enhance combat effectiveness. It allows rapid deployment of the Nag missile in diverse terrains, increasing operational flexibility for anti-tank warfare. The vehicles design emphasizes crew safety and quick reload capabilities, supporting sustained battlefield engagement.

Why in news?

The Nag Missile Carrier version-2 was also field evaluated alongside the Nag Mk 2 missile, confirming the entire weapon systems readiness for induction into the Indian Army.

Nag Missile Carrier (NAMICA) Version 2

The Nag Missile Carrier (NAMICA) Version 2 is an armored tracked vehicle designed to launch the Nag anti-tank missile. It provides mobility and protection to missile operators in combat zones. NAMICA is equipped with advanced targeting and fire control systems synchronized with the Nag Mark 2 missile. The vehicle has undergone recent field trials alongside the missile, confirming its operational readiness. NAMICA enhances the missile system’s deployment flexibility by allowing rapid movement and firing from varied terrains. It is a critical component of India’s indigenous anti-tank weapon system, supporting frontline army units.

Why in news?

NAMICA Version 2 was successfully field tested in conjunction with the Nag Mark 2 missile, marking progress in integrating missile platforms for enhanced anti-tank warfare capabilities.

Neptune Missile

The Neptune missile is a Ukrainian subsonic anti-ship cruise missile developed by Luch Design Bureau. It has a range of about 280 kilometers and uses an active radar homing system for target acquisition. The missile was first publicly revealed in 2015 and entered service with the Ukrainian military in 2020. It is based on the Soviet Kh-35 missile but features Ukrainian modifications. The missile can be launched from land-based mobile launchers and naval platforms. Its guidance system allows for high accuracy against moving maritime targets. The Neptune missile played a notable role in Ukraines defense strategy during the 2022-2025 conflict with Russia.

Why in news?

The Neptune missile was used by the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU) and Ukrainian Navy to strike an ammunition and reconnaissance drone storage depot in the Rostov region of Russia on January 10, 2025.

Param Vishisht Seva Medal

The Param Vishisht Seva Medal (PVSM) is a military award in India, instituted in 1960. It recognizes distinguished service of the most exceptional order by armed forces personnel. The award is given to members of the Army, Navy, and Air Force for outstanding leadership, command, or staff service during peacetime. It ranks above the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal and Vishisht Seva Medal. Recipients wear a medal with a gold-plated circular design featuring the state emblem. It is announced annually on Republic Day and Independence Day.

Why in news?

The 2025 Republic Day awards included the announcement of Param Vishisht Seva Medals recognizing exceptional service in the armed forces.

Pinaka Battery Composition

A Pinaka battery consists of six launcher vehicles, each capable of firing 12 rockets, totaling 72 rockets per battery. It also includes three replenishment vehicles for ammunition resupply and two command post vehicles equipped with fire control computers, one of which is a standby. The battery can neutralize an area of approximately 1,000 meters by 800 meters with a single salvo. This configuration provides high mobility and rapid firepower, suitable for diverse terrains including high-altitude regions. The Indian Army plans to operate 16 regiments of Pinaka and expand to 22 regiments, replacing older Soviet-era systems.

Why in news?

The Indian Army has inducted four Pinaka regiments and is expanding to 22 regiments, with the battery composition playing a key role in operational deployment and firepower strategy.

Pinaka MBRL

The Pinaka Multi Barrel Rocket Launcher (MBRL) is an indigenous Indian artillery rocket system developed by DRDOs Armament Research and Development Establishment (ARDE). It replaces the Soviet-era Grad BM-21 launcher and can fire 12 rockets in quick succession. The rockets have a range of up to 60 km and cover an area of about 700 x 500 meters per salvo. It was first deployed during the Kargil War for neutralizing enemy positions in difficult terrain. The system includes high-explosive pre-fragmented and area denial munitions and is capable of high-altitude operations along Indias northern borders.

Why in news?

India is finalizing orders worth Rs 10,200 crore for Pinaka systems, with the first lot reportedly supplied to Armenia. Countries like France and others have shown interest in acquiring Pinaka, denoting its growing international demand.

Pinaka Multi-Barrel Rocket Launcher

The Pinaka Multi-Barrel Rocket Launcher is an indigenous artillery system developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) of India. It can fire a salvo of 12 rockets in 44 seconds with a range of 40 to 75 kilometers, depending on the variant. The system is mounted on a Tatra truck chassis and is designed for rapid deployment and high mobility. Pinaka supports the Indian Army’s artillery regiments and has been used in various military exercises. Its advanced variants include guided rockets and improved accuracy systems.

Why in news?

Pinaka rocket launcher systems participated in the rehearsals for the Republic Day parade 2025, denoting Indias indigenous military technology.

Pinaka Multi-Launch Rocket System

The Pinaka is an Indian-developed multi-launch rocket system designed by DRDO. It has a current range of up to 75 km, with planned upgrades extending this to 120 km and eventually 300 km. It supports various munitions, including high-explosive pre-fragmented and area denial minelets. The system is deployed in high-altitude border regions and is capable of precise strikes. Pinaka regiments are being expanded, and it is expected to replace older long-range artillery systems. It has attracted international buyers, including Armenia, marking a milestone in Indian defense exports.

Why in news?

India is securing a Rs 10,200 crore ammunition order for the Pinaka system, enhancing its deployment and export potential.

Pokhran Field Range

Pokhran Field Range is a military testing site located in Rajasthan, known primarily for nuclear and missile testing. It covers a vast desert area providing a secure environment for live-fire trials. The range has been used since the 1970s for testing indigenous weapons systems like missiles and artillery. It played a very important role during India’s nuclear tests in 1974 and 1998. The site features advanced instrumentation for monitoring missile trajectories and impact analysis. Pokhran supports development and validation of strategic and tactical defence technologies, making it a key asset for India’s defence research infrastructure.

Why in news?

Pokhran Field Range hosted the successful field evaluation trials of the Nag Mark 2 missile, showcasing its capability to destroy targets at varied ranges during recent defence tests.

Power Index Score

The Power Index Score is a numerical value assigned by the Global Firepower Index to quantify a country’s overall military strength. Scores range approximately from 0 to 1, with lower scores indicating higher military power. The score integrates factors such as total military personnel, available manpower, financial resources, technological advancement, and logistical capabilities. It also considers geographic and strategic factors like terrain and access to resources. This composite scoring system allows for cross-national comparisons of military power, balancing raw numbers with qualitative elements to provide a nuanced view of a nation’s defense potential.

Why in news?

The 2025 Global Firepower Power Index scores were released, showing the United States with the lowest score (0.0744) and thus the strongest military, with Russia and China tied at 0.0788.

Pralay Missile

The Pralay missile is Indias first tactical quasi-ballistic missile developed for short-range battlefield use. It has a range of 150-500 km and carries a conventional warhead weighing 350-700 kg. It uses a solid propellant rocket motor and advanced guidance for high accuracy. Pralay carries multiple warhead types, including high explosive preformed fragmentation, penetration-cum-blast (PCB), and runaway denial penetration submunition (RDPS). Developed from the Prahaar missile program, it integrates technologies from the K-series submarine-launched ballistic missiles and ballistic defense shield programs. It can maneuver in flight to evade missile interceptors.

Why in news?

Pralay is set to debut at Indias 26 January 2025 Republic Day parade, showcasing its capabilities as part of the Indian Armys power projection, though its formal induction status remains unclear.

Pralay Missile System

The Pralay is India’s first quasi-ballistic missile designed for conventional roles, capable of striking targets before contact battle begins. It features a twin launcher system and flexible warhead options enhancing lethality. Development trials are complete, with the Defence Acquisition Council approving several hundred missiles for the Army and Air Force. Pralays range and precision allow it to neutralize adversary war potential efficiently. It complements Indias tactical strike capability by bridging the gap between ballistic and cruise missile systems. The missile system supports rapid deployment and can be integrated into battlefield operations across multiple army formations.

Why in news?

Pralay was showcased during India’s 2025 Republic Day parade, denoting its readiness for induction and its role in enhancing Indias long-range tactical strike options, reflecting lessons from the Ukraine war.

Project 17A Frigates

Project 17A is a class of stealth guided missile frigates built for the Indian Navy as an advanced version of the Project 17 Shivalik-class frigates. These ships feature enhanced stealth capabilities, improved weapons and sensor suites, and are constructed with percentage of indigenous components. The lead ship, INS Nilgiri, represents the first of this class. The frigates are designed for multi-role operations including anti-submarine warfare, anti-aircraft warfare, and surface warfare. They incorporate modular construction techniques and are equipped with advanced electronic warfare systems. The project emphasizes indigenization under Indias “Atmanirbhar Bharat” initiative.

Why in news?

INS Nilgiri, the lead ship of Project 17A frigates, was commissioned on January 15, 2025, marking a milestone in Indias naval modernization and indigenous warship production.

Project 75 I

Project 75 I is an Indian Navy initiative to construct six nuclear-powered attack submarines domestically. It aims to advance Indias underwater warfare capabilities beyond the diesel-electric Scorpene-class. The project emphasizes indigenous technology integration and self-reliance. MDL is a prime candidate to execute this project due to its experience with Project P-75 and upgraded facilities. Project 75 I submarines will feature advanced nuclear propulsion, extended endurance, and enhanced stealth and combat systems, positioning India among a select group of nations with nuclear-powered submarine construction capabilities.

Why in news?

Project 75 I is brought into light as the Indian Navys upcoming major submarine program, with MDL preparing to bid for the contract following the completion of Project P-75.

Project 75 Kalvari Class

Project 75 Kalvari class submarines are diesel-electric attack submarines based on the French Scorpène-class design, built in India under technology transfer agreements. The class is named after the lead submarine INS Kalvari, commissioned in 2017. The sixth and final boat, INS Vaghsheer, was commissioned in 2025. These submarines are equipped with advanced sonar, torpedoes, and anti-ship missiles. They have a submerged displacement of approximately 1,600 tons and can operate at depths of over 300 meters. The project is a key part of Indias efforts to enhance underwater warfare capabilities and boost domestic defense manufacturing.

Why in news?

INS Vaghsheer, the sixth and final Kalvari-class submarine, was commissioned on January 15, 2025, completing the initial batch of this indigenous submarine series.

Project 75(I)

Project 75(I) is an Indian Navy initiative to build six advanced diesel-electric submarines with Air Independent Propulsion and modern stealth features. Valued at approximately Rs 70,000 crore, it aims to replace aging submarines and enhance maritime security in the Indo-Pacific. The project emphasizes indigenous construction with foreign technology collaboration. Delivery is expected to start by 2032, with extensive testing and integration phases. The project is strategically important for Indias naval dominance and involves key international defense firms competing for the contract. It follows the earlier Project 75, which delivered Scorpene-class submarines.

Why in news?

Indias Defence Acquisition Council is poised to finalize the bidder for Project 75(I), important step in modernizing the countrys submarine fleet with advanced AIP technology.

Quasi-Ballistic Missile

A quasi-ballistic missile is a missile that follows a predominantly ballistic trajectory but incorporates controlled maneuvering during flight. Unlike purely ballistic missiles, which follow a fixed, unpowered parabolic path after boost phase, quasi-ballistic missiles can adjust their course mid-flight to evade missile defense systems. They maintain a low trajectory within the Earths atmosphere and combine speed with maneuverability. This type of missile enhances survivability and accuracy against modern interception technologies. Pralay is classified as quasi-ballistic, using this flight profile to improve its effectiveness on the battlefield.

Why in news?

Pralays classification as a quasi-ballistic missile is for its debut at the 2025 Republic Day parade, demonstrating Indias advancement in missile technology incorporating maneuverability to evade interceptors.

Rafale-M Fighter Jets

The Rafale-M is the naval version of the Dassault Rafale multirole fighter designed for aircraft carrier operations. It features strengthened landing gear, an arrestor hook, and folding wings for carrier storage. The Rafale-M is equipped with advanced avionics, including the RBE2-AA AESA radar and Spectra electronic warfare system. It can carry air-to-air, air-to-ground, and anti-ship missiles, as well as nuclear weapons. The French Navy currently operates the Rafale-M from its aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle. Indias procurement of 26 Rafale-M jets will enhance its naval aviation capabilities .

Why in news?

India plans to procure 26 Rafale-M fighter jets from France as part of a $10 billion defense deal to strengthen its naval air power during PM Modis visit to Paris in early 2025.

Rashtriya Rifles

The Rashtriya Rifles (RR) is a specialized counter-insurgency force under the Indian Army, created in 1990 to combat militancy in Jammu and Kashmir. It consists of personnel drawn from various army regiments and operates under the direct control of the Indian Armys Northern Command. The RR is tasked with maintaining law and order, conducting search and cordon operations, and securing civilian populations. It has been instrumental in reducing insurgency levels but has also faced criticism over human rights concerns. The force operates in challenging terrain and coordinates closely with the Jammu and Kashmir Police and CRPF.

Why in news?

Rashtriya Rifles provided heightened security during the peaceful Republic Day event in Tral, facilitating safe participation of local communities in a historically volatile region.

Reserve Battalions

Reserve battalions in the CISF are specialized units trained for rapid deployment in emergencies, particularly for securing high-security jails and critical infrastructure. They are equipped with dedicated transport fleets and sufficient weaponry to ensure quick and effective responses. Personnel in these battalions are experienced in managing complex security situations, reducing the burden on regular units. The reserve battalions improve operational flexibility and public safety by enabling faster mobilization during crises or heightened threat levels.

Why in news?

The two newly sanctioned battalions will form part of the reserve battalions, enhancing CISFs rapid response and high-security jail management capabilities.

Road Opening Party (ROP)

A Road Opening Party (ROP) is a specialized security team tasked with scouting and securing routes before the movement of larger convoys in insurgency-affected areas. Their duties include detecting and neutralizing Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs), ambush threats, and other hazards. ROPs use foot patrols, mine detectors, and sometimes UAVs for surveillance. These parties are often the first to face danger, making them highly vulnerable; several attacks on ROPs have led to casualties. The ROP concept is crucial in Maoist conflict zones to prevent ambushes and ensure safe passage for reinforcements and supplies.

Why in news?

An ROP failed to detect wires linked to a massive IED in the recent Bijapur attack, allowing Maoists to destroy a DRG vehicle, killing nine personnel.

Robotic Mules

Robotic mules are autonomous or semi-autonomous robotic vehicles designed to carry heavy loads in difficult terrains, reducing the physical burden on soldiers. These unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) use advanced navigation systems, including GPS and sensors, to follow troops or predefined routes. They are capable of transporting ammunition, supplies, and equipment in combat zones, improving operational efficiency and soldier safety. The technology is evolving to include modular payloads and enhanced obstacle avoidance. Robotic mules are part of the Indian Armys modernization efforts, integrating robotics to support infantry and logistics in diverse environments.

Why in news?

For the first time, robotic mules will be showcased during the 2025 Army Day Parade in Pune, demonstrating advancements in military technology.

Runaway Denial Penetration Submunition (RDPS)

The Runaway Denial Penetration Submunition (RDPS) is a specialized warhead type designed to penetrate enemy defenses and cause maximum disruption. It is deployed as a submunition, meaning it is released from the main missile warhead to cover a wider area. RDPS is engineered to defeat hardened or buried targets by combining penetration with denial effects, such as creating obstacles or contamination that hinder enemy movement or repair. This type of submunition enhances battlefield effectiveness by targeting both personnel and infrastructure, making it a key component in tactical missile payloads like Pralay.

Why in news?

RDPS is among the advanced warhead options featured on the Pralay missile, which is debuting at Indias 2025 Republic Day parade, denoting Indias growing missile technology sophistication.

Sambhav Smartphone

The Sambhav smartphone is an indigenously developed secure communication device for the Indian Army. It operates on 5G technology and features end-to-end encryption for secure messaging and data sharing. Around 30,000 units have been distributed to officers. The phone supports applications like M-Sigma, an army-specific messaging platform similar to WhatsApp, designed to prevent information leaks. It also integrates contact numbers of key officials, eliminating the need to save them manually. The project was launched in 2024 to curb the leakage of sensitive military information through commercial apps.

Why in news?

The Sambhav smartphone was brought into light during recent talks with China, emphasizing its role in secure communication for Indian Army officers amid ongoing border tensions.

Scorpene-class Submarines

The Scorpene-class submarine is a diesel-electric attack submarine developed by the French company Naval Group and Spanish company Navantia. It features advanced stealth capabilities, including anechoic coatings and hydrodynamic hull design, allowing it to operate quietly underwater. The class is equipped with torpedoes, anti-ship missiles, and mines. Indias version, named the Kalvari-class, incorporates indigenous technologies and local manufacturing. These submarines are capable of deep-sea operations and have enhanced sonar and communication systems. They are considered among the most modern conventional submarines globally, with export customers including India, Chile, and Malaysia.

Why in news?

India is expected to sign deals worth about $10 billion including Scorpene-class submarines during Prime Minister Modis upcoming visit to France, denoting Indias push for modern naval capabilities.

Secure Army Mobile Bharat Version (SAMBHAV)

The Secure Army Mobile Bharat Version (SAMBHAV) is a mobile communication ecosystem developed exclusively for the Indian Army. It combines hardware (the Sambhav smartphone) and software (including M-Sigma) to provide a secure communication platform. The system is designed to function on existing 5G networks, providing instant connectivity with end-to-end encryption. SAMBHAV aims to replace insecure commercial messaging apps previously used by officers, reducing the risk of sensitive information leaks. The project was initiated in 2024 and has rapidly expanded, with thousands of devices distributed for operational use.

Why in news?

SAMBHAV was officially mentioned by the Indian Army chief during the annual press conference, denoting its role in secure communication and information sharing amid border negotiations with China.

Supersonic Cruise Missiles

Supersonic cruise missiles are guided missiles capable of sustained flight at speeds exceeding Mach 1. They combine the precision of cruise missiles with high-speed capabilities to evade enemy defenses. Indias indigenous BrahMos missile, developed jointly with Russia, is a notable example, capable of speeds up to Mach 3 and versatile deployment from land, sea, and air platforms. Supersonic missiles reduce target reaction time and increase strike effectiveness. Their development requires advanced propulsion, guidance systems, and materials resistant to extreme heat generated by high-speed flight.

Why in news?

India plans to announce a landmark $450 million deal to supply Indonesia with supersonic cruise missiles, marking milestone in Indias growing arms export market.

Typhon Launchers

The Typhon launchers are advanced missile systems capable of firing multiple missile types, including Tomahawk cruise missiles and SM-6 missiles. They provide long-range strike capabilities, with Tomahawks reaching thousands of kilometers and SM-6 missiles targeting air and sea threats over 200 km. Designed for rapid redeployment, their mobility enhances survivability in conflict zones. The system is part of a broader U.S. military strategy to strengthen anti-ship and multi-domain warfare capabilities in the Indo-Pacific region. Typhon launchers are typically deployed on land bases and can be transported via large military aircraft like the C-17 Globemaster III.

Why in news?

The U.S. military relocated Typhon launchers from Laoag airfield to another site on Luzon island, Philippines, to test mobility and survivability in the region amid rising tensions with China and Russia.

Varuna Naval Exercise

Varuna is a bilateral naval exercise conducted between India and France, first initiated in 1993. It aims to enhance operational coordination and interoperability between the two navies. The exercise includes a wide range of activities such as anti-submarine warfare, surface warfare, air defense, and amphibious operations. The 42nd edition took place in early 2025, with the French Carrier Strike Group making port calls in Goa and Kochi. Varuna strengthens strategic maritime ties and promotes mutual understanding between the Indian Navy and the French Navy in the Indian Ocean Region.

Why in news?

The 42nd edition of the Varuna exercise was conducted by the French Carrier Strike Group in cooperation with the Indian Navy just before the La Perouse multilateral exercise.