Polity & Governance

Article 101(4)

Article 101(4) of the Constitution of India stipulates that if a Member of Parliament (MP) is absent from all sittings of their respective House for 60 days without permission, their seat may be declared vacant. The 60-day count excludes periods when the House is prorogued or adjourned for more than four consecutive days. Permission for absence is granted by the House, often based on recommendations by the Committee on Absence of Members. No MP has ever lost their seat solely due to this provision. The rule ensures active parliamentary participation and allows MPs to seek leave for reasons such as illness or incarceration.

Why in news?

Amritpal Singh, incarcerated MP from Khadoor Sahib, invoked Article 101(4) concerns as he sought court permission to attend Parliament to avoid losing his seat due to prolonged absence.

Article 243G

Article 243G of the Constitution of India grants state legislatures the authority to devolve powers and responsibilities to Panchayats. It lists 29 subjects under the Eleventh Schedule, including agriculture, health, sanitation, and education, which can be transferred for local governance. The article ensures Panchayats have autonomy in decision-making and implementation within these subjects. It forms the constitutional basis for decentralized rural governance under the 73rd Amendment. The extent of devolution varies by state, influencing the effectiveness of Panchayati Raj Institutions. The article supports grassroots democracy by enabling Panchayats to function as independent units of local self-government.

Why in news?

Article 243G’s application and impact are central to the Devolution Index Report 2024, which assesses how states have empowered Panchayats under this constitutional provision.

Article 276(2)

Article 276(2) of the Constitution of India pertains to the levy of tax on employment, allowing states to impose a tax on employment income. This article empowers states to tax salaries or wages paid to employees within their jurisdiction. The tax on employment is distinct from income tax and is typically deducted from the employer’s payroll expenses. It was introduced to provide states with a separate revenue source. The tax is levied on the employer, not the employee, and the amount paid can be deducted under Section 19 of the new Income Tax Bill, 2025, reducing the taxable salary income.

Why in news?

The new Income Tax Bill, 2025, explicitly allows full deduction of tax on employment paid under Article 276(2), reflecting its continued relevance in the updated tax framework.

Article 276(2) of the Constitution

Article 276(2) of the Constitution of India pertains to the imposition of a tax on employment. It authorizes states to levy a tax on professions, trades, callings, and employments, but limits the tax amount to a maximum of ₹2,500 per person per annum. This provision was introduced to regulate the taxation on employment income without overlapping with central income tax. The tax on employment under this article is deductible from salary income under Section 19 of the new Income Tax Bill 2025. It is one of the few constitutional provisions directly linked to employment taxation in India.

Why in news?

The new Income Tax Bill 2025 allows full deduction of the tax on employment paid under Article 276(2), affecting salary income computation under Section 19 of the bill.

Article 33 Constitution

Article 33 of the Constitution of India allows Parliament to restrict or modify the fundamental rights of members of the armed forces to maintain discipline and operational efficiency. It permits laws to define the extent to which rights apply to armed forces personnel. This constitutional provision underpins separate military laws such as the Army Act, 1950, Navy Act, 1957, and Air Force Act, 1950, which include punishments for adultery under “unbecoming conduct” and violations of discipline. Article 33 thus creates a legal distinction between civilians and armed forces members regarding rights and offences, allowing continued criminal liability for adultery in the military context.

Why in news?

The Supreme Court upheld the Centre’s argument that adultery remains punishable in the armed forces due to Article 33’s provisions and specific military laws.

Article 33 of the Constitution

Article 33 of the Constitution of India empowers Parliament to restrict or modify the application of fundamental rights for members of the armed forces to ensure discipline and proper functioning. This article allows special laws like the Army Act 1950, Navy Act 1957, and Air Force Act 1950 to impose punishments, including for adultery, which remains a punishable offense in the armed forces. This legal distinction recognizes the unique requirements of military discipline and order, permitting different treatment than civilians regarding personal conduct offenses.

Why in news?

Article 33 was cited in a 2023 application clarifying that adultery remains punishable in the armed forces despite its decriminalization for civilians.

Article 356

Article 356 of the Constitution of India allows the President to impose President’s Rule in a state if the Governor reports that the state government cannot function according to constitutional provisions. The proclamation is initially valid for two months and must be approved by both Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha to continue. It can be extended up to six months at a time, for a maximum of three years, but extensions beyond one year require either a national or state Emergency or certification by the Election Commission about difficulties in conducting elections. The High Courts continue functioning unaffected during President’s Rule.

Why in news?

Article 356 is relevant as Manipur faces potential President’s Rule after the resignation of its Chief Minister, and BJP seeks alternatives to avoid central takeover.

Article 371A

Article 371A of the Constitution of India grants special autonomy to Nagaland, protecting Naga customary law, ownership of land, and resources. It restricts the Indian Parliament from legislating on these matters without Nagaland’s state legislature’s consent. This article exempts Nagaland from certain central laws, including environmental regulations like the National Green Tribunal’s bans. It was enacted to preserve Naga identity and customs after Nagaland’s statehood in 1963. The provision has been factor in allowing traditional practices and unregulated coal mining, including rat-hole mining, to continue in Nagaland despite national environmental concerns.

Why in news?

Nagaland’s Article 371A is cited by Meghalaya’s regional party to seek similar constitutional protection for resuming rat-hole coal mining, banned since 2014, arguing it would prevent interference from central environmental laws.

Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS)

The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) is a proposed comprehensive criminal code intended to replace the Indian Penal Code. It omits Section 377 entirely, removing explicit provisions criminalising unnatural offences. The BNS categorises sexual offences under Offences Against Woman and Child, focusing on male perpetrators and female victims. It lacks protections for men, transgender persons, and LGBTQIA+ individuals against sexual violence. A 2023 Parliamentary Standing Committee criticized this omission, denoting the absence of legal provisions for non-consensual sexual offences involving adults regardless of gender or sexual orientation. The BNS’s enactment has raised concerns about legal protection gaps for marginalized groups.

Why in news?

The omission of Section 377 from BNS has been criticized for leaving sexual offences against men, transgender, and LGBTQIA+ persons unaddressed, especially after the Chhattisgarh HC ruling.

Colonial Urban Planning Legacy

India’s current urban planning system is largely a colonial legacy, focused on controlling and regulating development rather than promoting economic growth. It prioritizes land use restrictions and building regulations, often ignoring the economic dynamics of cities as markets for land and labor. This legacy results in inefficiencies such as congestion, informal settlements, and urban sprawl. The system lacks integration with state-level economic visions and fails to address the needs of rapidly growing urban populations. Reforms are needed to shift from a regulatory mindset to one encouraging productivity, liveability, and investment readiness.

Why in news?

The Budget 2025-26 marks the limitations of India’s colonial-era urban planning system and calls for reforms to support city-level economic growth and efficient infrastructure development.

Comptroller and Auditor-General (CAG)

The Comptroller and Auditor-General of India is a constitutional authority established under Article 148 of the Constitution of India. It audits all receipts and expenditures of the Government of India and the state governments, including bodies substantially financed by the government. The CAG submits reports to the President or Governor, which are then laid before the Parliament or state legislatures. The office is independent and crucial for financial accountability. The CAG also audits government-owned corporations and enterprises. The current CAG has a fixed tenure and cannot be removed except by a process similar to that of a Supreme Court judge.

Why in news?

The CAG report on the Aam Aadmi Party government’s excise policy in Delhi was tabled, prompting demands for a Public Accounts Committee investigation into alleged irregularities and political involvement.

Concurrent List (Education)

In India’s federal structure, the Concurrent List allows both the Centre and states to legislate on certain subjects, including education since the 42nd Amendment in 1976. Education was previously under the State List. This shift has enabled the Union government to introduce policies like the NEP and enforce language formulas nationwide. Tamil Nadu opposes this change, arguing it reduces state control over education and threatens regional linguistic preferences. The inclusion of education in the Concurrent List is a key factor in disputes over curriculum and language instruction, denoting tensions between federal authority and state autonomy.

Why in news?

The reclassification of education under the Concurrent List underpins Tamil Nadu’s resistance to the NEP’s three-language policy and the Centre’s increased control over state education systems.

Eleventh Schedule of the Constitution

The Eleventh Schedule of the Constitution of India lists 29 subjects under the Panchayats’ jurisdiction, such as agriculture, land improvement, minor irrigation, animal husbandry, fisheries, social forestry, rural housing, drinking water, roads, and health. Added by the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992, it defines the functional responsibilities of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs). The schedule empowers local self-government bodies to plan and implement schemes tailored to local needs. It excludes salaries and establishment costs from grant usage, ensuring funds are used for development activities. The schedule is crucial for decentralization and rural empowerment in India.

Why in news?

The XV FC Untied Grants for rural local bodies are to be used under the 29 subjects listed in the Eleventh Schedule, excluding salaries and establishment costs.

Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C)

The Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C) is an initiative under the Ministry of Home Affairs, aimed at combating cybercrime through coordination among states and Union Territories. Established to facilitate information sharing and streamline investigation processes, I4C acts as a nodal agency for cybercrime units nationwide. It issues directives to state cybercrime nodal officers and collects data on cybercrime cases. I4C also monitors cyber threats and supports capacity building in law enforcement agencies. As of 2024, it actively investigates complaints related to data theft and cyber offenses involving fintech and credit information companies.

Why in news?

I4C responded to a Supreme Court case by seeking information on FIRs or cases filed against credit information companies and fintech firms amid allegations of data theft.

Information Technology (Intermediary Liability and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021

The IT Rules, 2021, are Government of India regulations governing digital media and intermediaries, focusing on accountability and content regulation. They mandate age-based content classification and require grievance redressal mechanisms in a three-tier system – platform-level, self-regulatory bodies, and government inter-departmental committees. These rules apply to online curated content platforms like OTT services but exclude user-generated content platforms. The regulations address content involving obscenity, pornography, substance abuse, violence, and hate speech. They also align with existing laws such as the Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act and POCSO Act, aiming to curb unlawful digital content dissemination.

Why in news?

The Ministry of Information and Broadcasting issued an advisory in February 2025 reiterating compliance with the IT Rules, 2021 to OTT platforms, emphasizing age-based content classification and prohibiting unlawful content after complaints from parliamentarians and statutory bodies.

Justice Ranganath Mishra Commission

The Justice Ranganath Mishra Commission was appointed in 1985 by then Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi to investigate the 1984 anti-Sikh riots in Delhi. It examined the causes, nature, and extent of the violence and recommended measures to prevent recurrence. The commission’s report brought into light the role of political leaders and police in the riots and suggested reforms for law enforcement and governance. It was among the earliest official probes into the riots, laying the groundwork for later investigations and trials. The commission operated during a politically sensitive period, balancing demands for justice with maintaining public order.

Why in news?

The commission’s affidavit dated September 9, 1985, was crucial evidence in Sajjan Kumar’s recent conviction for murder during the 1984 anti-Sikh riots.

Kaveri 2.0 Portal

Kaveri 2.0 is a web-based land registration portal launched in 2023 by the Karnataka government to streamline property registrations and related citizen services. It replaced the earlier Kaveri system to improve efficiency and transparency. The portal integrates multiple departments and allows online submission and processing of property documents. Kaveri 2.0 faced a motivated Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack in late 2024 and early 2025, which caused service disruptions and fake account creation. The attack involved 62 email accounts from 14 IP addresses, generating over 620,000 fake requests in two hours. Cybercrime police are investigating the incident.

Why in news?

Kaveri 2.0 was targeted by a large-scale DDoS attack in December 2024 and January 2025, crippling property registration services across Karnataka and denoting cybersecurity vulnerabilities in critical government portals.

Khasi Hills Autonomous District Council (KHADC)

The Khasi Hills Autonomous District Council (KHADC) is one of three autonomous councils in Meghalaya, created under the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution of India to govern tribal areas. It administers the Khasi tribal areas, managing land, forest, social customs, and local governance. The council has 30 seats, with 29 elected and one nominated by the Governor. KHADC elections are held regularly and cover matrilineal Khasi communities. Despite female majority voters, women candidates remain underrepresented. The council plays important role in preserving tribal autonomy and customary laws within the constitutional framework.

Why in news?

KHADC elections are scheduled for February 2026, with candidates contesting in a matrilineal society amid debates on constitutional status and coal mining regulations.

Land Revenue

Land revenue is a tax levied on landowners and agricultural land usage, forming part of state government’s own revenue. In Gujarat, land revenue has grown at an annualized rate of 7.97% from 2011-12 to 2024-25. It contributes to the state’s fiscal resources alongside VAT and GST. Land revenue is critical in rural areas, supporting local governance and infrastructure. It reflects land utilization patterns and impacts agricultural investment.

Why in news?

Land revenue growth figures were brought into light in Gujarat’s 2024-25 budget documents, showing steady increase amid changes in other sector contributions.

Legislative Council

A Legislative Council is the upper house in the bicameral legislature of some state of Indias, including Bihar. It functions similarly to the Rajya Sabha at the national level. Members are elected through various constituencies including local authorities, graduates, teachers, and legislative assembly members, serving staggered six-year terms. The council acts as a revising chamber, reviewing and suggesting amendments to bills passed by the Legislative Assembly. Not all state of Indias have a Legislative Council; its formation requires approval by the Parliament. The council’s powers are more limited compared to the assembly, and it cannot reject money bills outright.

Why in news?

The Bihar Legislative Council expelled a member, leading to a Supreme Court judgment on proportionality of punishment for legislative misconduct.

Lokpal

The Lokpal is India’s anti-corruption ombudsman institution established under the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013. It investigates corruption allegations against public officials, including the Prime Minister, ministers, and Members of Parliament. The Lokpal has a chairperson and up to eight members, with at least 50% being judicial members. It functions independently of the government and reports annually to Parliament. The Lokpal can initiate inquiries suo moto or based on complaints. It was created after decades of public demand for stronger anti-corruption mechanisms, especially following the 2011 anti-corruption movement led by Anna Hazare.

Why in news?

Justice Awasthi, a current Lokpal member, provided expert testimony on the constitutionality of the simultaneous elections Bill before Parliament’s joint committee.

Maha Vikas Aghadi

Maha Vikas Aghadi (MVA) is a coalition government in Maharashtra formed by the Shiv Sena (Uddhav Thackeray faction), Nationalist Congress Party (NCP), and Indian National Congress. Established in 2019, it ended the BJP’s rule in the state. The alliance is ideologically diverse, combining regional and national parties with differing political agendas. MVA faced internal challenges and political instability, including the 2022 split in Shiv Sena leading to the formation of the Shinde faction. The coalition’s MLAs had their security downgraded after the change in government in 2022.

Why in news?

The security of several Maha Vikas Aghadi MLAs was downgraded after the Eknath Shinde-Devendra Fadnavis government took office in June 2022.

Mithu vs State of Punjab

The 1983 Supreme Court ruling in Mithu v. State of Punjab struck down Section 303 of the IPC, which mandated the death penalty for murder committed by life convicts. The court held mandatory death sentences violated Articles 14 (equality before law) and 21 (right to life) of the Constitution of India. This ruling ensured death penalty sentencing must consider individual circumstances, not be automatic. It reinforced judicial discretion and constitutional safeguards in capital punishment cases.

Why in news?

The Mithu decision shapes ongoing debates on the fairness and application of death penalty laws brought into light by recent Indian court cases in 2025.

National Commission for Indian System of Medicine

The National Commission for Indian System of Medicine (NCISM) was established by the Government of India in 2020 to regulate education and practice in traditional Indian medical systems, including Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha, and Sowa-Rigpa. It replaced earlier councils to streamline governance and promote research, standardization, and quality assurance. NCISM oversees curriculum development, professional registration, and promotes integration of traditional medicine with modern healthcare. It supports MD and PhD programs and encourages evidence-based research to enhance credibility and global acceptance of Indian traditional medical systems.

Why in news?

NCISM is guiding research and education in Unani medicine institutions, facilitating the modernization and mainstreaming of AYUSH systems as brought into light during the 2025 Unani medicine conference.

National Statistical System (India)

The National Statistical System (NSS) in India is a decentralized network involving multiple ministries and departments responsible for collecting, compiling, and disseminating statistical data. It integrates government agencies, research institutions, and private sector bodies. The NSS operates under the guidance of the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) and follows standardized methodologies to ensure data quality and comparability. It supports policymaking, planning, and monitoring at national and state levels. The system is continually modernized to incorporate digital tools, improve data timeliness, and enhance transparency through initiatives like the Compendium of Datasets.

Why in news?

The NSS is being modernized through initiatives like the 2024 Compendium publication to improve data quality, accessibility, and support evidence-based governance in India.

Panchayat Devolution Index (PDI)

The Panchayat Devolution Index (PDI) is a composite metric developed by the Indian Institute of Public Administration (IIPA) to evaluate state-wise performance of panchayats in India. It scores on six parameters – framework, functions, finances, functionaries, capacity building, and accountability, on a scale from 0 to 100. The index was first published in 2014 and updated in 2024, showing a national average increase from 39.92 to 43.89. Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu topped the latest index, while Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh, and Jharkhand scored the lowest. The index helps track decentralization progress and governance quality at the grassroots level.

Why in news?

The Union Ministry of Panchayati Raj published the 2024 PDI report, analyzing state performance and denoting improvements and declines in panchayat devolution across India.

Private Public Participation (PPP) Model

The Private Public Participation (PPP) model is a cooperative arrangement between government and private sector entities for infrastructure development and public services. It aims to leverage private capital and expertise to improve efficiency and reduce public sector burden. PPP frameworks often include Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) and Design-Build-Finance-Operate (DBFO) contracts. Challenges include regulatory complexity, risk allocation, and long gestation periods. India’s PPP model has been used in roads, airports, and urban infrastructure. Reviving PPP requires updated legal frameworks, transparent bidding, and risk-sharing mechanisms to attract private investment and ensure project viability.

Why in news?

The Budget announced a revival of the PPP model in infrastructure, but noted that frameworks need to be recreated, indicating delays before projects materialize.

Proportionality Principle

The Proportionality Principle is a legal doctrine used to ensure that punitive measures or restrictions imposed by authorities are appropriate and not excessive relative to the misconduct or objective. It originated from constitutional and administrative law, balancing individual rights with public interest. Courts use this principle to review legislative or executive actions, preventing arbitrary or harsh penalties. In legislative contexts, it ensures punishments like suspension or expulsion correspond to the severity of the member’s breach of privilege or conduct, protecting democratic representation and institutional integrity. It is a key check on legislative disciplinary powers.

Why in news?

The Supreme Court applied the proportionality principle to overturn the expulsion of a Bihar legislative council member, emphasizing balanced punishment for misconduct.

Protection and Security Wing

The Protection and Security Wing is a specialized unit within the Mumbai Police responsible for managing the security of high-profile individuals in the city, including politicians, actors, and industrialists. It assesses threat levels and coordinates security arrangements such as guards and armored vehicles. The Wing operates under the Mumbai Police Commissioner and works closely with the State Intelligence Department. It is tasked with implementing security categorizations like X, Y, Y-plus, Z, and Z-plus within Mumbai city limits. The unit regularly reviews and adjusts security details based on threat assessments and intelligence inputs.

Why in news?

The Protection and Security Wing recently adjusted security cover for several MLAs in Mumbai following a state-level review, downgrading some from higher to lower threat categories.

Purusharthas and Vikaras

The Purusharthas are four aims of human life in Indian philosophy – Arth (material well-being), Kama (legitimate desire), Dharma (moral duty), and Moksha (liberation). These guide a balanced, purposeful life. In contrast, the Vikaras are six negative impulses – Kama (illegitimate desire), Krodh (anger), Mada (pride), Moha (attachment), Lobha (greed), and Irshya (jealousy). Indian political thought views individuals as a complex mix of these forces, shaping behavior and social relations. This framework contrasts with Western theories focused mainly on self-interest or fear, offering a nuanced understanding of human nature relevant to political and social design.

Why in news?

Highlighted as a fundamental conceptual framework illustrating Indian political philosophy’s unique view of human nature, influencing governance and ethical considerations.

Rail Vikas Nigam Limited (RVNL)

Rail Vikas Nigam Limited (RVNL) is a government-owned enterprise responsible for the implementation of railway infrastructure projects in India. Established in 2003, RVNL focuses on building new lines, gauge conversions, and electrification. It played a key role in constructing the new Pamban Bridge. RVNL uses advanced construction technologies such as composite sleepers and long-life painting systems to enhance durability. The company also integrates modern control systems, including electromechanical operations for movable bridges, ensuring safety and efficiency in railway operations.

Why in news?

RVNL was the implementing agency for the new Pamban Bridge, overseeing construction and incorporating state-of-the-art technology to enable faster and safer rail connectivity.

Rarest of Rare Doctrine

The ‘rarest of rare’ doctrine was established by the Supreme Court of India in 1980 in Bachan Singh v. State of Punjab to limit the death penalty to exceptional cases. It lacks a statutory definition, leading to judicial discretion. The 1983 Machhi Singh case identified five criteria for applying the doctrine – manner of murder, motive, socially abhorrent nature, magnitude, and personality of the offender. The doctrine guides courts to impose capital punishment only when crimes provoke extreme indignation. Despite this, ambiguity remains, causing inconsistent death penalty applications across India.

Why in news?

Two murder cases in January 2025 resulted in contrasting death penalty verdicts, denoting ongoing challenges in applying the ‘rarest of rare’ doctrine in Indian courts.

Schedule VIII

Schedule VIII of the Income Tax Bill 2025 specifies income categories exempt from taxation for political parties and electoral trusts. It covers income from house property, capital gains, and other miscellaneous sources. The schedule mandates strict compliance, including maintaining books of accounts, recording donations above ₹20,000 with donor details, and conducting annual audits. It requires donations above ₹2,000 to be received via banking channels or electoral bonds. Political parties must file income tax returns under Section 263(1)(a)(iii) and submit annual reports under Section 29C(3) of the Representation of the People Act, 1951, to qualify for exemptions.

Why in news?

Schedule VIII is central to the Income Tax Bill 2025, introducing tax exemptions and compliance rules for political funding transparency and accountability.

Shigeru Ishiba

Shigeru Ishiba is a prominent Japanese politician, member of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), and has served in various cabinet positions including Minister of Defense and Minister of Agriculture. Known for his expertise in defense and rural policies, Ishiba has run for LDP leadership multiple times but has never secured the top post. He is recognized for his pragmatic approach to Japan’s demographic and economic challenges. Ishiba advocates for decentralization and regional revitalization to address population decline. He is also noted for his interest in military strategy and has authored books on defense policy.

Why in news?

Shigeru Ishiba is brought into light as Japan’s Prime Minister prioritizing the population crisis amid record low births and a shrinking workforce in 2024.

Shri Ram Janmabhoomi Teertha Kshetra Trust

The Shri Ram Janmabhoomi Teertha Kshetra Trust was established in 2020 to oversee the construction and management of the Ram Temple in Ayodhya. It was formed following a Supreme Court verdict that settled a decades-long dispute over the Ram Janmabhoomi-Babri Masjid site. The Trust comprises 15 members, including government nominees and Hindu religious leaders. It manages fundraising, temple construction, and future administration. The Trust operates under the guidance of the central government and has been very important in coordinating the temple’s development, symbolizing moment in Indian socio-political history. The Trust is headquartered in Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh.

Why in news?

Gyanesh Kumar played role in the formation of the Shri Ram Janmabhoomi Teertha Kshetra Trust during his tenure at the Ministry of Home Affairs.

Simultaneous Elections in India

Simultaneous elections, or One Nation, One Election, refer to holding general elections for the Lok Sabha and all state legislative assemblies at the same time. This practice was followed from 1951 to 1967 in India. It was disrupted due to premature dissolutions of some state assemblies and the imposition of President’s Rule. The break in synchronization led to staggered election cycles. The 129th Constitutional Amendment Bill aims to restore simultaneous elections to reduce costs, administrative burden, and political instability. Historically, only the first three Lok Sabhas completed full terms, while later ones faced early dissolutions or extensions due to emergencies.

Why in news?

The joint parliamentary committee is examining the Bill proposing simultaneous elections; experts and ministries are addressing constitutional and federalism concerns.

SOUL Leadership Conclave

The SOUL Leadership Conclave is a newly established platform inaugurated in 2025 at Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi. It brings together leaders from politics, sports, arts, media, spirituality, public policy, business, and social sectors. The conclave aims to encourage collaboration, thought leadership, and learning from both failures and successes. It is linked to the School of Ultimate Leadership, an institution in Gujarat focused on training authentic leaders for public service. The event is planned as an annual or biennial gathering rotating across India, designed to broaden political leadership beyond traditional lineage.

Why in news?

The first edition of the SOUL Leadership Conclave was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on February 21, 2025, marking the launch of this new leadership platform.

Special NRI Courts

Special courts for Non-Resident Indian (NRI) cases are judicial bodies established to expedite legal proceedings involving NRIs. These courts handle disputes related to property, marriage, inheritance, and financial transactions affecting NRIs. The creation of such courts aims to reduce backlog and deliver swift justice, considering the unique challenges NRIs face in accessing the Indian legal system. Punjab’s initiative to set up these courts is part of a broader trend in India to address diaspora-specific legal issues more efficiently. These courts often use video conferencing and other technologies to facilitate participation of NRIs residing abroad.

Why in news?

Punjab government approved the establishment of special courts to ensure faster disposal of legal cases involving Non-Resident Indians, improving justice delivery for the diaspora community.

State Administration for Religious Affairs

The State Administration for Religious Affairs (SARA) was a Chinese government agency responsible for overseeing religious affairs and implementing religious policies nationwide. It was established in 1951 and dissolved in 2018, with its functions absorbed by the United Front Work Department of the CCP. SARA managed official recognition of religions, regulated religious venues, and controlled clerical appointments. It played a key role in enforcing state control over religious groups, including Tibetan Buddhism, Islam, Christianity, and others. Despite its dissolution, its legacy continues through the policies and administrative frameworks maintained by successor bodies within the CCP.

Why in news?

SARA’s updated Measures for the Administration of Tibetan Buddhist Temples, enacted January 2025, intensified state control over Tibetan religious practice, integrating political loyalty criteria into religious administration.

State Institutions for Transformation (SIT)

State Institutions for Transformation (SIT) are multi-disciplinary resource centers established at the state or union territory level in India to steer development strategies. As of 2025, 26 SITs have been notified under the State Support Mission by NITI Aayog. These institutions assist in aligning state policies with national priorities, focusing on socio-economic goals and core strengths of each state. SITs facilitate structured engagement between states and the central government, promoting cooperative federalism. They play a key role in designing and implementing state-specific vision documents for 2047, aimed at comprehensive growth and development across multiple sectors.

Why in news?

NITI Aayog’s annual report 2024-25 marks the establishment of 26 SITs to support states like Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh in preparing vision documents for India’s development by 2047.

State Support Mission (SSM)

The State Support Mission (SSM) is an umbrella initiative launched by NITI Aayog in the Union Budget 2023-24 to institutionalize engagement between the central government and states/UTs. It facilitates the development of customized socio-economic roadmaps aligned with national priorities. SSM supports states in identifying and leveraging their core strengths and provides technical assistance for policy formulation and implementation. A key component of SSM is the establishment of State Institutions for Transformation (SIT). The mission encourages cooperative federalism by strengthening state capacities and enabling proactive contribution to India’s overall progress.

Why in news?

The 2024-25 NITI Aayog report details the State Support Mission’s role in helping states prepare vision documents and establish SITs for coordinated development efforts under the Viksit Bharat framework.

UK Labour Government Immigration Blitz

The UK Labour government under Prime Minister Keir Starmer has initiated a UK-wide immigration crackdown targeting undocumented immigrants. The operation includes raids on Indian restaurants, nail bars, convenience stores, and car washes employing undocumented workers. The government plans to deport approximately 19,000 failed asylum seekers, foreign criminals, and immigration offenders globally. While specific data on Indian nationals deported has not been released, the crackdown mirrors previous US immigration policies. This initiative is part of broader efforts to enforce immigration laws and reduce illegal employment across multiple sectors.

Why in news?

The Labour government’s immigration raids and deportation plans have drawn attention as part of stricter immigration enforcement policies in the UK.

University Grants Commission (UGC)

The University Grants Commission (UGC) is a statutory body in India established in 1956 under the UGC Act. It coordinates, determines, and maintains standards of higher education. It disburses grants to universities and colleges and regulates their functioning. The UGC introduced the National Eligibility Test (NET) for faculty recruitment. It also oversees accreditation and quality assurance through agencies like NAAC. The UGC has recently focused on promoting research culture, interdisciplinary learning, and reducing contract faculty dependence. It faces challenges such as political interference, corruption in rankings, and balancing quality with quantity in higher education.

Why in news?

The UGC’s new initiatives to overhaul India’s higher education system, focusing on research culture, faculty recruitment reforms, and quality assurance, are sparking public debates and policy discussions in October 2025.

University Grants Commission (UGC) Regulations, 2025

The UGC Regulations, 2025, are a set of guidelines proposed to govern higher education institutions in India. They include provisions for appointing Vice-Chancellors from non-academic backgrounds such as industry and public administration. The regulations set a minimum enrolment criterion of 3,000 students per institution. These rules aim to standardize university governance but have raised concerns about undermining state autonomy and the federal structure of education governance. The regulations also emphasize adopting foreign education models, which critics argue may not suit India’s diverse educational landscape. The UGC is a statutory body responsible for coordinating and maintaining standards of higher education in India.

Why in news?

The governments of Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Telangana opposed the UGC Regulations, 2025, citing concerns over state autonomy, appointment processes, and minimum enrolment criteria at a recent convention.

Yangte Circle

Yangte Circle is an administrative region within Kraa Dadi District, Arunachal Pradesh, established after the district’s formation in 2015. It is predominantly inhabited by the Nyishi tribe, known for rich cultural traditions and festivals like Nyokum Yullo. The area is characterized by hilly terrain and dense forest cover, contributing to its biodiversity. Yangte Circle serves as a local governance unit, facilitating development and cultural preservation initiatives. It is also a focal point for tribal festivals, which draw visitors and promote cultural tourism. The region has limited infrastructure but is gradually developing through government schemes.

Why in news?

Yangte Circle hosted the Silver Jubilee Nyokum Yullo Celebration, denoting its cultural significance within Kraa Dadi District and receiving government attention for infrastructure development.

Zonal Councils

Zonal Councils were established under the States Reorganisation Act, 1956, to promote cooperation among states grouped regionally. There are five main councils – Northern, Central, Eastern, Western, and Southern. Each council includes member states and union territories, with the Union Home Minister as chairman and rotating vice-chairmanship among Chief Ministers. They address economic, social, and political issues, including border disputes and linguistic minority concerns. Standing Committees, comprising Chief Secretaries, prepare groundwork for meetings. The North Eastern Council, created in 1972, functions similarly with additional members like Sikkim since 2002. In 2018, the Union Home Minister became ex-officio chairman of the North Eastern Council.

Why in news?

Union Home Minister Amit Shah chaired the 27th meeting of the Western Zonal Council in Pune, denoting the councils’ role in encouraging cooperative federalism and resolving inter-state issues.

Economy & Banking/Finance

Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs)

Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) are the biologically active components in drugs responsible for therapeutic effects. India is the world’s second largest manufacturer of APIs after China, producing many that depend on critical minerals like lithium, magnesium, zinc, and selenium. APIs constitute the largest share (21.9%) of India’s $20 billion pharmaceutical exports to the US in 2023. The sector is vulnerable to tariffs and supply chain disruptions. The TRUST initiative aims to strengthen API supply chains by securing critical minerals and enhancing processing technologies, reducing dependency on imports and improving pharmaceutical manufacturing resilience.

Why in news?

The India-US TRUST initiative includes a focus on APIs to improve supply chain robustness for pharmaceuticals dependent on critical minerals, amid concerns over tariffs and supply vulnerabilities.

Asian Development Bank (ADB)

The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is a regional development bank established in 1966 to promote economic growth and cooperation in the Asia-Pacific region. It has 68 member countries, with Japan and the United States as the largest shareholders. ADB provides loans, technical assistance, grants, and equity investments to its developing member countries. Its operations cover sectors such as infrastructure, environment, education, and health. ADB has a strong focus on climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction, making it a key financier of projects addressing climate resilience and sustainable urban development in Asia.

Why in news?

ADB approved a $200-million loan to support Kolkata’s sewerage and drainage infrastructure project to enhance climate resilience and urban sanitation.

Bhiwandi Textile Hub

Bhiwandi, located in Maharashtra, is a prominent textile manufacturing cluster primarily known for its fabric production, especially power loom weaving. It hosts over 30,000 power looms producing a variety of fabrics, including cotton and synthetic blends. The town’s textile industry employs a large workforce, many of whom are migrant laborers. Bhiwandi’s growth was historically driven by affordable labor and proximity to Mumbai’s markets. However, environmental regulations and infrastructure challenges have affected its expansion. The cluster is also noted for producing grey fabrics that are sent to other centers for processing and garment manufacturing. It remains a vital part of India’s textile ecosystem.

Why in news?

Bhiwandi is brought into light as a key MSME textile cluster in India’s fragmented cotton textile supply chain, facing challenges amid rising costs and sustainability demands.

Commercial Paper (CP)

Commercial Paper (CP) is an unsecured, short-term debt instrument issued by corporations to meet immediate funding needs such as working capital. CPs usually have maturities ranging from 7 days to one year and are issued at a discount to face value. In India, only companies with a minimum credit rating and net worth can issue CPs. They are tradable instruments and provide a cheaper alternative to bank loans. CP issuance is regulated by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI). CPs are mostly bought by mutual funds, insurance companies, and other institutional investors.

Why in news?

Commercial paper issuances by Indian companies increased by 15% year-on-year to ₹12.44 lakh crore during 2024-25 (up to January), reflecting growing corporate borrowing needs.

Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR)

Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) measures the mean annual growth rate of an investment or economic indicator over a specified time period longer than one year. It smooths out fluctuations to provide a steady rate of growth, calculated by taking the nth root of the total growth ratio, where n is the number of years. CAGR is widely used in trade and economic analysis to compare growth performance. For India-US merchandise trade, a CAGR of 5% between 2014 and 2022 indicates steady expansion. CAGR does not reflect volatility or interim fluctuations but serves as a useful summary statistic for long-term growth trends.

Why in news?

The article cites a 5% CAGR in merchandise trade between India and the US from 2014 to 2022 to contextualize trade relations amid tariff changes.

Crude Soyabean Degummed Oil

Crude soyabean degummed oil is crude soybean oil that has undergone degumming, a process removing phospholipids and impurities to improve oil quality before refining. Degumming enhances oil clarity, stability, and shelf life. This intermediate product is typically imported by countries with refining capacity to produce refined soybean oil locally. Major exporters include Argentina, Brazil, and Russia. Degummed oil retains natural antioxidants and nutrients better than fully refined oil. The degumming process is essential to meet food safety and quality standards. Importing degummed oil allows importing countries to reduce costs by refining domestically rather than importing fully refined oil.

Why in news?

India’s imports of crude soyabean degummed oil surged in late 2024 and early 2025, driven by competitive pricing and supply from Argentina and others.

First-to-File Status

The first-to-file status in the U.S. pharmaceutical regulatory system grants the first generic drug applicant who submits an Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA) a 180-day market exclusivity. This exclusivity period prevents the FDA from approving other generic versions of the same drug, allowing the first filer to be the sole generic seller temporarily. The status incentivizes early generic competition and can be challenged or forfeited under certain conditions. It applies only to drugs with existing patents and exclusivities, and the exclusivity period starts upon the generic’s market launch or FDA approval, whichever is later.

Why in news?

Natco Pharma claimed sole first-to-file status for its generic Bosentan tablets, making it eligible for 180-day exclusivity upon launch in the U.S. market.

Global Capability Centre (GCC)

Global Capability Centres (GCCs) are offshore units set up by multinational corporations to handle specialized functions such as IT, finance, HR, and R&D. They serve as innovation hubs, driving digital transformation and advanced analytics. GCCs often focus on emerging technologies like artificial intelligence and cybersecurity. India is one of the largest GCC destinations globally, contributing to IT exports and employment. The GCC market in India is projected to reach $110 billion by 2030. These centres enable cost-effective operations, access to skilled talent, and facilitate collaboration across global business units.

Why in news?

Madhya Pradesh launched the first dedicated GCC policy in India to attract over 50 GCCs and create 37,000 jobs, positioning tier-2 cities as new innovation hubs beyond metro areas.

Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP)

Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) measures the total economic output of a state within a country. It is calculated at current prices or constant prices to reflect inflation-adjusted growth. GSDP includes contributions from agriculture, manufacturing, and the tertiary sector. It is a key indicator of a state’s economic health and helps in policy planning and budget formulation. Gujarat’s GSDP has grown at an annualized rate of 11.95% from 2011-12 to 2024-25. The state’s GSDP was revised to ₹26.72 lakh crore in 2024-25, down from earlier projections.

Why in news?

Gujarat revised its GSDP growth rate for 2024-25 to 10.2%, lower than previous estimates, affecting economic forecasts and budget planning.

GST Compensation Cess

The GST Compensation Cess is a tax levied on specific goods and services to compensate state of Indias for revenue losses due to the implementation of the Goods and Services Tax (GST). The cess is collected by the central government and transferred to states to ensure fiscal stability during the transition to GST. The cess is expected to raise ₹1.53 lakh crore in 2025-26 but was not mentioned in the 2025 Budget presentation regarding transfers to states. The delay or omission of compensation cess transfers can impact state finances and development programs. The cess is a temporary mechanism, initially guaranteed for five years post-GST rollout.

Why in news?

The 2025 Budget did not address the GST compensation cess transfer to states despite expected collections of ₹1.53 lakh crore, raising concerns about state fiscal health.

KABIL (Khanij Bidesh India Limited)

KABIL is a state-owned enterprise established in 2019 to secure overseas mineral assets for India, focusing on critical minerals like lithium, cobalt, and copper. It is a joint venture between three public sector undertakings – National Aluminium Company (NALCO), Hindustan Copper Limited (HCL), and Mineral Exploration Corporation Limited (MECL). KABIL aims to reduce India’s dependence on imports by acquiring mining rights abroad and developing supply chains for strategic minerals essential to energy transition and technology sectors. It currently holds lithium mining blocks in Argentina and is expanding its portfolio globally. KABIL also facilitates technology transfer and sustainable mining practices.

Why in news?

KABIL is mentioned as part of India’s overseas mineral acquisition strategy, following its lithium block acquisition in Argentina, complementing the new copper-cobalt exploration in Zambia.

Kama Jewellery

Kama Jewellery is a notable Indian jewelry company specializing in gold ornaments and luxury pieces. It has gained prominence for blending traditional Indian designs with contemporary styles. The company plays role in India’s gold market, catering to both domestic consumers and exports. Kama Jewellery is recognized for its craftsmanship and use of high-purity gold, often above 22 karats. It has expanded its presence through retail outlets in major Indian cities and international markets. The company also invests in sustainable sourcing practices and innovation in jewelry design technology, positioning itself as a leader in the evolving gold jewelry sector.

Why in news?

Colin Shah, Managing Director of Kama Jewellery, discussed the prospects for gold in 2025 on the State of Economy Podcast, focusing on gold price volatility and Indian market dynamics.

Kani Shawl

The Kani Shawl is a traditional handwoven woolen shawl from Kashmir, made using small wooden sticks called ‘kanis’ as weaving tools. It features intricate, colorful patterns often inspired by nature and Persian motifs. The weaving process can take several months, with artisans following a hand-drawn design called a

Why in news?

Kani shawl exports from Kashmir reached ₹1,105 crore in the last three years, contributing to the region’s handicraft export economy despite global challenges.

Kanpur Housing Market

Kanpur is an industrial city in Uttar Pradesh known for its leather and textile industries. Its housing market shows minimal price growth, with the RBI reporting only a 0.1% annual rise in the December quarter of 2024-25. This sluggish growth contrasts with other major cities, reflecting local economic challenges and slower urban development. Kanpur’s real estate is characterized by affordable housing and limited high-end residential projects. Infrastructure development and industrial shifts influence its housing demand. Its market trends provide insight into smaller metro cities’ real estate dynamics in India’s broader economic landscape.

Why in news?

Kanpur recorded the lowest annual house price growth (0.1%) among the 10 cities included in the RBI’s December 2024-25 house price index report.

Kharif Crops

Kharif crops are monsoon-season crops sown in India between June and July and harvested in September and October. Major kharif crops include rice, maize, cotton, and soybeans. Their output is highly dependent on timely and adequate monsoon rainfall, influencing rural income and demand. Kharif farming contributes to India’s agricultural GDP and rural employment. Crop yields affect food inflation and rural consumption patterns. The term “kharif” originates from Arabic, meaning “autumn.” Crop rotation between kharif and rabi (winter) crops helps maintain soil fertility. Technological advances like improved seed varieties and irrigation have increased kharif productivity over recent decades.

Why in news?

Healthy output of major kharif crops supported rural sentiment and contributed to India’s economic growth rebound in Q3 FY25, as reported by economic forecasters.

Kharif Season

The kharif season refers to the monsoon crop season in India, spanning June to October. Kharif crops include rice, maize, cotton, groundnut, soybean, and pulses, sown with the onset of the southwest monsoon. The term kharif is derived from Arabic, meaning “autumn.” These crops rely heavily on rainfall and are harvested in autumn. The kharif season accounts for a major portion of India’s agricultural output. Weather variability during this period impacts crop yields. The government often announces MSPs for kharif crops to ensure minimum income for farmers and stabilize agricultural markets.

Why in news?

The article discusses procurement and MSP for groundnut and soybean during the kharif 2024-25 marketing season, reflecting record production and price trends.

Liberalized Remittance Scheme (LRS)

The Liberalized Remittance Scheme (LRS) by the Reserve Bank of India permits resident individuals to remit up to a specified amount annually abroad for permitted current or capital account transactions. The threshold was recently raised from ₹7 lakh to ₹10 lakh to accommodate rising education and living costs overseas amid rupee depreciation. The scheme covers expenses like education, travel, medical treatment, and investments abroad. It is widely used by middle-class families, particularly international students, to transfer funds legally. The LRS also helps in formalizing outward remittances and preventing unauthorized foreign exchange transactions.

Why in news?

The 2025-26 Budget increased the LRS tax collection threshold from ₹7 lakh to ₹10 lakh, easing remittances for international students and other middle-class users amid rising overseas expenses.

Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF)

The Liquidity Adjustment Facility is a monetary policy tool used by the Reserve Bank of India to manage liquidity and control short-term interest rates. It allows banks to borrow money through repurchase agreements or park excess funds via reverse repos, influencing money supply and credit availability. Since its inception in 2000, LAF has become vital for daily liquidity management. The RBI’s surplus balances under LAF indicate excess liquidity in the banking system. Consistent surplus balances can ease credit conditions but may also contribute to asset bubbles if not managed prudently.

Why in news?

Referenced as evidence of RBI’s accommodative stance, showing 78% of recent fortnights with surplus liquidity, impacting inflation and financial market stability.

Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF) Corridor

The Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF) corridor is a monetary policy tool used by the RBI to manage short-term interest rates and liquidity in the banking system. It consists of a repo rate (ceiling) and a floor rate, which was traditionally set by the reverse repo rate but replaced by the SDF rate in 2022. The corridor guides the overnight call money rates, influencing lending rates across the economy. The corridor’s floor rate ensures banks have an incentive to lend or park funds with the RBI, stabilizing liquidity fluctuations. The corridor’s width reflects the RBI’s monetary policy stance and liquidity management strategy.

Why in news?

The introduction of the SDF as the new floor of the LAF corridor has led to concerns about banks preferring to park excess funds with the RBI rather than lending in the call money market, impacting overnight rates.

Liquidity Deficit

A liquidity deficit occurs when the demand for funds exceeds the available supply in the banking system, causing short-term borrowing costs to rise. In India, liquidity deficits are measured in trillions of rupees and can result from factors like government borrowing, currency interventions, or seasonal demand. Persistent deficits may prompt the RBI to intervene via OMOs or other monetary tools. Liquidity deficits impact credit availability, bond yields, and overall economic growth. The RBI monitors core liquidity closely, which excludes temporary factors, to gauge the true liquidity position.

Why in news?

The Indian banking system has faced a liquidity deficit of about ~2 trillion for eight consecutive weeks, prompting RBI to increase OMO purchases.

Liquidity Deficit in Indian Banking

A liquidity deficit occurs when banks have insufficient cash or liquid assets to meet short-term obligations. India’s banking system has faced a liquidity deficit exceeding ₹1.7 trillion for over ten weeks, partly due to RBI’s foreign exchange interventions and tight monetary conditions. This deficit stresses banks’ ability to lend and impacts repo rates. Liquidity shortages typically worsen near the financial year-end due to increased demand for funds. The RBI uses tools like OMOs, repo rate cuts, and FX swaps to manage liquidity and ensure stability in the financial system.

Why in news?

India’s banking sector is experiencing liquidity deficit, prompting RBI’s large-scale liquidity infusion measures, including the $10 billion swap auction and bond market interventions.

MAITRI Application

The MAITRI (Master Application for International Trade and Regulatory Interface) is a digital platform launched to streamline international trade documentation and regulatory clearances. It reduces bureaucratic redundancies, expedites processing, and integrates AI and blockchain technologies for enhanced security and efficiency. MAITRI operationalizes the Virtual Trade Corridor between India and the UAE, supporting the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEEC) and planned expansions to BIMSTEC and ASEAN nations. The platform aims to optimize trade flows, reduce processing times, and reinforce India’s commitment to ease of doing business and sustainable development in global logistics.

Why in news?

MAITRI was launched in October 2025 to facilitate seamless international trade and strengthen India’s role in global supply chains through digital innovation.

MITRA Platform

MITRA (Mutual Fund Investor Tracking and Retrieval Application) is a digital platform launched by AMFI to help investors and their legal heirs identify and recover inactive or forgotten mutual fund holdings. It ensures rightful asset ownership by enabling easy tracking of mutual fund investments across various fund houses. MITRA simplifies the process of claiming dormant funds, reducing the risk of asset loss due to unawareness or lack of documentation. The platform supports transparency and investor protection, particularly benefiting those who have lost track of their investments over time.

Why in news?

AMFI introduced the MITRA platform to address the issue of inactive mutual fund holdings and improve asset recovery for investors and their heirs.

Morningstar Dominion Bond Rating Service (DBRS)

Morningstar Dominion Bond Rating Service (DBRS) is a global credit rating agency founded in 1976 in Canada. It provides credit ratings, research, and risk analysis for debt instruments and issuers worldwide. DBRS plays important role in assessing the creditworthiness of governments, corporations, and financial institutions. It was acquired by Morningstar Inc. in 2019, enhancing its global footprint. DBRS ratings influence investment decisions and regulatory capital requirements. The agency uses a robust methodology combining quantitative and qualitative factors. It is recognized by major financial regulators including the US SEC and the European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA).

Why in news?

DBRS provided preliminary estimates projecting the Los Angeles wildfires among the top ten costliest natural disasters in over a century, with insured losses around $30 billion.

MSME Turnover Threshold Revision

The Government of India revised the turnover threshold defining micro enterprises from ₹5 crore to ₹10 crore to widen the MSME category. This change impacts classification, eligibility for schemes, and regulatory compliance. Over 95% of the 5.93 crore MSMEs are micro enterprises, making this revision for credit access and insolvency processes. The revision aims to support recovery and growth post-Covid-19 by easing eligibility criteria for benefits and resolution mechanisms like prepack insolvency.

Why in news?

The turnover limit increase affects eligibility for insolvency and relief schemes designed to support MSMEs amid economic recovery efforts.

National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER)

The National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER) is India’s oldest and largest independent economic think tank, established in 1956. It conducts policy-oriented research in areas like macroeconomics, agriculture, industry, and international trade. NCAER’s monthly economic reviews provide data-driven insights influencing government policy. It maintains extensive data archives and collaborates with global institutions. The think tank is headquartered in New Delhi and operates several survey programs, including household consumption and business confidence surveys. NCAER is known for its rigorous econometric models and empirical studies on inflation, fiscal policy, and foreign institutional investments (FII).

Why in news?

NCAER released its monthly economic review in January 2025, denoting inflation moderation and its impact on RBI’s policy space for interest rate cuts.

Natural Rubber RSS 4 Grade

RSS 4 (Ribbed Smoked Sheets grade 4) is a standard quality of natural rubber widely produced in Kerala. It is used primarily in manufacturing tires, footwear, and industrial goods. The grading depends on color, smoke penetration, and rib pattern. During April-December 2024-25, the average price of RSS 4 in Kottayam was ₹202.04/kg, up 33.03% from ₹151.88/kg in the previous year. Price fluctuations are influenced by global demand, weather conditions affecting plantations, and domestic production trends. RSS 4 is a benchmark for rubber pricing in India’s plantation sector.

Why in news?

Price data for RSS 4 natural rubber in Kerala showed increase in 2024-25, reported in a government reply in the Lok Sabha.

Net Non-Corporate Taxes

Net non-corporate taxes primarily consist of personal income tax collections from individuals and Hindu Undivided Families (HUFs), excluding corporate taxes. This category forms part of direct tax revenue in India. The tax is progressive, with slabs based on income levels. Non-corporate tax collections reflect economic activity and employment trends. In fiscal 2024-25, these collections grew 21% year-on-year to ₹9.48 lakh crore, indicating increased earnings and compliance. The growth is influenced by salary income, capital gains, and other individual income sources. Refunds and adjustments also affect net collections in this category.

Why in news?

Net non-corporate tax collections rose 21% to ₹9.48 lakh crore, contributing to the overall 14.69% growth in net direct tax revenue.

Non-Alloyed Steel

Non-alloyed steel, also called carbon steel, primarily consists of iron and carbon with minimal alloying elements. It is widely used due to its strength, malleability, and cost-effectiveness. Non-alloyed steel accounts for a large share of India’s steel imports, reaching 6.1 million tonnes in the 10-month fiscal period FY25, a 19% year-on-year increase. It is commonly used in construction, automotive, and infrastructure sectors. Unlike alloyed steels, it does not contain amounts of elements like chromium or nickel, which affect corrosion resistance and mechanical properties. Non-alloyed steel is highly recyclable and forms the backbone of many industrial applications.

Why in news?

Non-alloyed steel imports in India increased in FY25, contributing to the overall rise in steel imports amid export challenges.

Non-ferrous Metals

Non-ferrous metals include metals and alloys without iron content, such as aluminum, copper, lead, zinc, and nickel. These metals are valued for their resistance to corrosion, light weight, and high conductivity. They are essential in electronics, aerospace, and construction industries. India’s non-ferrous metal imports rose by 26% in January 2025, impacting the trade deficit. Unlike ferrous metals, non-ferrous metals do not rust and are often recycled due to their economic and environmental value. India depends heavily on imports for these metals, as domestic production is limited and cannot meet industrial demand fully.

Why in news?

Non-ferrous metal imports surged by 26% in January 2025, contributing to the rise in India’s merchandise trade deficit and raising concerns about trade imbalances.

Official Action Indicated (OAI)

Official Action Indicated (OAI) is a regulatory classification used by the USFDA following inspections of pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities. It indicates violations that warrant regulatory or administrative actions such as warning letters, import alerts, or consent decrees. OAIs show issues affecting product safety, quality, or compliance with Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP). The term contrasts with Voluntary Action Indicated (VAI) and No Action Indicated (NAI), which reflect less severe findings. OAIs have declined in Indian pharma inspections from 23% in 2014 to 11% in 2024, despite an increase in total inspections during this period.

Why in news?

The OAI rate for Indian drugmakers halved over the last decade, despite increased USFDA inspections, signaling improved compliance ahead of the 10th Global Pharmaceutical Quality Summit.

Open Market Operation (OMO) Auction

Open Market Operations (OMO) are conducted by central banks to regulate money supply and liquidity by buying or selling government securities in the open market. RBI’s OMO auctions involve purchasing government securities to infuse liquidity or selling them to absorb excess liquidity. The auction determines the amount and securities involved. OMOs impact short-term interest rates and overall financial stability. The RBI uses OMOs to manage liquidity mismatches, control inflation, and support monetary policy objectives. OMOs are distinct from repo operations as they involve outright purchase or sale, not collateralized borrowing or lending.

Why in news?

RBI increased its OMO purchase amount from Rs 20,000 crore to Rs 40,000 crore to address the core liquidity deficit in the banking system.

Priority Sector Lending (Housing)

Priority Sector Lending (PSL) guidelines in India require banks to lend a portion of their funds to specified sectors, including affordable housing. Under PSL, banks provide loans up to ₹35 lakh in metropolitan areas and ₹25 lakh in other centers for home purchase or construction. The scheme aims to promote affordable housing and financial inclusion. However, demand for affordable housing loans has declined over recent years, with the share of affordable homes in major cities dropping from 39% in 2020 to 20% in 2024. PSL also covers other sectors like agriculture, micro and small enterprises, and education.

Why in news?

Lending under the priority sector for housing has marginally reduced in FY25 due to declining demand for affordable housing, impacting banks’ loan portfolios and government housing targets.

Priority Sector Loans (PSL)

Priority Sector Loans are credit facilities extended to specific sectors considered crucial for economic development, including agriculture, micro and small enterprises, housing, education, and weaker sections of society. The Reserve Bank of India mandates banks, including UCBs, to allocate a certain percentage of their loan book to PSL to ensure inclusive growth. The target for UCBs is 75% of their total loans by March 2026. PSL classification affects regulatory benefits like lower risk weights and priority sector subsidies. PSL definitions include loans up to specific limits and sectors that support livelihood and infrastructure development.

Why in news?

The RBI raised the small value loan limits for UCBs to help them meet the 75% priority sector lending target by March 2026.

Prompt Remittance Norms

Prompt remittance norms require insurance brokers and intermediaries to transfer premiums and claim payments received from policyholders to insurers, reinsurers, or foreign brokers within a specified timeframe. These norms ensure liquidity and trust in the insurance market by preventing delays that could affect claim settlements or risk coverage. The stipulated time limits are defined by the IRDAI and vary depending on the transaction type. Failure to comply results in penalties and mandatory corrective measures. These norms are critical for maintaining regulatory oversight and protecting policyholder interests in the complex insurance ecosystem.

Why in news?

The penalty on UIB Insurance Brokers was imposed due to violations of prompt remittance norms, denoting regulatory enforcement on timely financial transactions in insurance.

Purchasing Managers’ Index (PMI)

The Purchasing Managers’ Index (PMI) is a composite indicator derived from monthly surveys of private sector companies, measuring economic health in manufacturing and services. A PMI above 50 indicates expansion, below 50 signals contraction. It covers new orders, output, employment, supplier deliveries, and inventories. The index is compiled by entities like IHS Markit and widely used by policymakers and investors for real-time economic analysis. India’s manufacturing PMI reached 57.7 in January 2025, signaling strong growth. PMI data often precedes official government statistics, making it a leading indicator of economic trends.

Why in news?

January 2025 PMI data showed expansion in manufacturing and services sectors, reflecting improving economic conditions despite global challenges.

Rabi Sowing

Rabi crops are sown in winter, typically between October and December, and harvested in spring (March-April). Major rabi crops in India include wheat, barley, peas, and mustard. Rabi sowing depends heavily on residual soil moisture and irrigation, as it follows the monsoon season. The success of rabi crops impacts food inflation and overall agricultural output. Reservoir levels play important role in irrigation availability during this season. Rabi sowing patterns influence rural demand and agricultural sector performance, contributing to economic growth in India. The term is distinct from “kharif,” which refers to monsoon-season crops sown in June-July.

Why in news?

The RBI bulletin brought into light improved rabi sowing and higher reservoir levels as positive factors for food inflation and agricultural sector growth in the Indian economy for FY26.

RBD Palmolein

RBD palmolein stands for Refined, Bleached, and Deodorized palmolein, a liquid fraction of palm oil commonly used in cooking and frying. It is produced by fractionating palm oil to separate the liquid portion, which has a lower melting point. The refining process removes impurities, color, and odor, making it suitable for food applications. RBD palmolein has a high smoke point (~225°C) and good oxidative stability, making it preferred in commercial kitchens. It is widely traded globally and often priced lower than other edible oils. The palmolein fraction is richer in unsaturated fats compared to palm stearin, the solid fraction.

Why in news?

RBD palmolein prices and import volumes declined in early 2025, influencing India’s edible oil market and consumer oil preferences.

RBI Gold Accumulation Strategy

Since 2017, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has steadily increased its gold reserves as part of a diversification strategy. India’s gold holdings rose by $5.1 billion between September 2024 and January 2025, reaching about $70.89 billion. This accumulation helped offset declines in foreign exchange reserves caused by currency interventions to stabilize the rupee. The RBI’s gold purchases are aimed at maintaining a balanced reserve portfolio rather than reducing reliance on the US dollar. India’s gold reserves nearly doubled from pre-pandemic levels, reflecting a long-term approach to hedge against currency fluctuations and economic uncertainties.

Why in news?

The RBI’s rising gold reserves amid fluctuating forex holdings show India’s strategic response to global economic pressures and trade war uncertainties in early 2025.

RBI Gold Reserves

India’s Reserve Bank of India (RBI) gold reserves reached a record 879 tonnes by January 2025, making it one of the top global holders. RBI’s gold holdings increased from 7.7% of total forex reserves in early 2024 to 11.31% by February 2025. The RBI bought 73 tonnes of gold in 2024 and continued acquisitions in early 2025 to diversify foreign exchange reserves and reduce reliance on foreign currency assets. Gold serves as a hedge against currency volatility and geopolitical risks. RBI’s gold reserves are stored in secure vaults both domestically and abroad.

Why in news?

RBI’s increased gold purchases helped cushion India’s forex reserves decline and stabilize the rupee amid global uncertainty and currency volatility in late 2024 and early 2025.

Registrar and Transfer Agencies (RTAs)

Registrar and Transfer Agencies (RTAs) are intermediaries in the mutual fund ecosystem responsible for maintaining investor records, processing transactions, and managing Know Your Customer (KYC) compliance. RTAs act as the interface between investors and Asset Management Companies (AMCs). They handle account statements, transaction confirmations, and redemption processing. In the Jan Nivesh SIPs scheme, RTAs have agreed to waive fees for servicing small-ticket SIPs to reduce costs. RTAs play important role in ensuring smooth investor servicing and regulatory compliance in India’s mutual fund industry.

Why in news?

RTAs’ fee waivers were a key enabler in SEBI’s plan to offer ₹250 SIPs under Jan Nivesh SIPs, helping reduce costs for small investors.

Revised Estimates (RE)

Revised Estimates (RE) are updated projections of government revenue and expenditure made during a fiscal year, reflecting changes from the original Budget Estimates (BE). REs account for actual economic conditions, policy changes, and unexpected factors affecting fiscal performance. In India, the Ministry of Finance prepares REs typically around mid-fiscal year to provide a more accurate fiscal outlook. REs influence government planning, borrowing, and policy adjustments. They are important for fiscal transparency and help stakeholders assess the government’s financial health and priorities. REs can either increase or decrease targets set in the BE.

Why in news?

The government released revised estimates for direct tax collections in 2024-25, increasing income tax and STT targets while lowering the corporate tax collection target.

RTAs (Registrar and Transfer Agents)

Registrar and Transfer Agents (RTAs) are intermediaries between mutual funds and investors, responsible for maintaining records of investor transactions and holdings. RTAs handle account creation, redemption, transfer of units, and compliance with regulatory requirements. In India, prominent RTAs include CAMS, Karvy, and Franklin Templeton. RTAs play important role in investor servicing and data reconciliation. The reconciliation process between RTAs and stock exchanges ensures accuracy in investor records and eliminates duplicate or inactive accounts. This process helps maintain the integrity of the mutual fund investor database and prevents fraudulent activities.

Why in news?

A reconciliation between RTAs and exchanges led to the elimination of 61.32 lakh SIP accounts, causing a decline in the total number of outstanding SIP accounts in January 2025.

Rupee Depreciation

Rupee depreciation is the decline in the value of the Indian rupee relative to other currencies, especially the US dollar. It impacts export competitiveness and import costs. Causes include capital outflows, rising crude oil prices, and dollar index movements. Depreciation can boost exports but increase inflation by making imports costlier. The Indian rupee often fluctuates due to external factors like global economic uncertainty and currency volatility in other Asian markets. The Reserve Bank of India intervenes to stabilize the rupee through monetary policy and market operations to maintain economic stability.

Why in news?

The Finance Minister addressed concerns over rupee depreciation during the FY26 Budget discussion, explaining government and RBI efforts to stabilize the currency amid global volatility.

Sandalwood Heartwood Formation

Sandalwood heartwood is the dense, aromatic central wood of the sandalwood tree, formed after about 15-20 years of growth. It contains essential oils used in perfumes, incense, and traditional medicines. Heartwood formation begins around 9-10 years but is not commercially valuable until maturity. The heartwood’s fragrance is due to high concentrations of santalol compounds. The quality and oil content depend on soil type, climate, and tree genetics. Heartwood is resistant to decay and has been prized for centuries in art and religious rituals. Harvesting before full heartwood development results in lower economic value.

Why in news?

The valuation controversy centers on whether sandalwood trees aged 6-9 years, without fully developed heartwood, should be compensated during land acquisition.

Satellite Accounts

Satellite accounts are supplementary accounting frameworks that provide detailed data on specific sectors or themes outside the core national accounts. Examples include tourism satellite accounts, culture satellite accounts, and ocean and blue economy accounts. They allow for a more nuanced understanding of sectoral contributions without altering the main GDP calculations. These accounts help track expenditures and outputs in areas like Intellectual Property Products (IPP), which currently fall under Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF). Satellite accounts support policy-making by offering targeted economic insights and are developed through collaboration between statistical agencies and relevant ministries.

Why in news?

MoSPI is considering a satellite account for the knowledge economy to better measure intellectual capital’s role in the Indian economy.

Scheduled Commercial Banks (India)

Scheduled Commercial Banks (SCBs) in India are banks included in the Second Schedule of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934, meeting specific criteria such as minimum paid-up capital and reserves. They are eligible for loans from the RBI and participate in the clearinghouse system. SCBs include public sector banks, private sector banks, foreign banks, regional rural banks, and cooperative banks. They play important role in financial intermediation and credit flow to agriculture, industry, and services. Almost half of their credit portfolio is linked to natural ecosystems, making them vulnerable to climate-related risks and economic impacts from environmental changes.

Why in news?

The report states that 50% of SCBs’ credit portfolios are exposed to climate risks, affecting their financial stability due to rising extreme weather events impacting agriculture and housing sectors.

Secured RuPay Credit Cards

Secured RuPay credit cards are credit cards issued against a fixed deposit (FD) held by the user. The credit limit on these cards is equal to the FD amount, which minimizes risk for the issuing bank. If the user defaults, the bank recovers funds from the FD principal. These cards enable first-time credit users or those who do not qualify for unsecured credit cards to build a credit history. Fintechs like super.money use this model to expand credit access. Secured cards function like regular credit cards but provide a safer lending option for banks and users.

Why in news?

Fintech companies are promoting secured RuPay credit cards to increase credit access for underserved users and expand RuPay card usage linked to UPI payments.

Securities and Exchange Board of India’s SCORES

The Securities and Exchange Board of India’s Complaints Redress System (SCORES) is an online platform for investor grievance redressal related to securities market transactions. It provides a centralized system where investors can lodge complaints against listed companies, brokers, and intermediaries. SCORES tracks complaint status and facilitates resolution by forwarding grievances to concerned entities. It supports transparency by publishing complaint statistics and trends. SCORES excludes complaints related to investors trading through separate business units for government securities, as clarified in SEBI’s recent circular. The system is part of SEBI’s broader investor protection and market integrity efforts.

Why in news?

SEBI clarified that complaints related to government securities trading through SBUs will not be covered by SCORES, indicating regulatory limits on grievance mechanisms for these units.

Sequencing Path

The sequencing path refers to the strategic order in which the Reserve Bank of India’s Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) implements monetary policy changes. It involves a planned sequence of steps such as rate hikes or cuts, liquidity adjustments, and communication strategies to manage inflation and growth effectively. This approach helps in building market confidence and ensures smooth transmission of policy decisions. The sequencing path was cited by Executive Director Rajiv Ranjan as the rationale for the February 2025 repo rate cut, reflecting increased confidence in disinflation trends.

Why in news?

The MPC followed the sequencing path to justify the first repo rate cut in two years in February 2025, balancing inflation control with growth revival amid global uncertainties.

SEWA Portal

The Service Availability Web Application (SEWA) is a national portal launched in January 2025 by the Indian Banks’ Association (IBA) under the guidance of the Reserve Bank of India. It monitors the real-time availability of digital banking services across multiple banks in India. SEWA tracks six key services – Internet Banking (INB), Real Time Gross Settlement (RTGS), National Electronic Funds Transfer (NEFT), Immediate Payment Service (IMPS), Unified Payments Interface (UPI), and Mobile Banking. It updates service status every 10 minutes, categorizing them into five statuses – available, unavailable, scheduled downtime, status unavailable, and service fluctuation. Initially, nine banks participate, with plans to expand.

Why in news?

SEWA was recently launched to provide customers with real-time updates on digital banking service availability, aiming to improve transparency and customer trust in India’s banking sector.

Shadow Fleet

The shadow fleet refers to a network of ships, often tankers and cargo vessels, that operate under deceptive or opaque ownership to evade international sanctions. These vessels frequently change names, flags, and tracking systems to avoid detection. The fleet plays a critical role in transporting Russian oil and goods despite sanctions. It includes both state-owned and private ships linked to Russian military or industrial interests. The EU added 74 vessels to its sanctions list targeting this fleet in 2025. The shadow fleet is essential for sustaining Russia’s economy amid global restrictions.

Why in news?

The EU’s 16th sanctions package in 2025 targeted the shadow fleet to curb Russia’s ability to bypass sanctions related to the Ukraine conflict.

Share Pledge Invocation

Share pledge invocation occurs when lenders enforce their right to sell pledged shares due to borrower default on loans. Promoters often pledge shares as collateral for loans. If the borrower defaults, lenders can sell these shares to recover dues. In AGS Transact’s case, lenders invoked the pledge on over 9.13 lakh shares, about 0.7% of equity, linked to promoter Ravi Goyal. Such invocation can lead to share price volatility and loss of promoter control. It is a common risk in leveraged companies and signals financial distress to the market.

Why in news?

Lenders of AGS Transact invoked the pledge on promoter shares amid the company’s default on loan repayments and deteriorating financial health.

Shree Renuka Sugars

Shree Renuka Sugars is one of India’s largest integrated sugar producers and ethanol manufacturers. The company operates multiple sugar plants primarily in Maharashtra and Karnataka. It is notable for its role in India’s sugar export market. The company has faced operational challenges including plant closures due to labor shortages and market conditions. It also invests in ethanol production, which aligns with India’s biofuel policies. Shree Renuka Sugars uses advanced technologies like satellite mapping for crop and production estimates. The company’s export quota and domestic sales influence regional sugar prices and supply-demand dynamics in India.

Why in news?

Shree Renuka Sugars reported lower production and plant closures affecting India’s sugar export quota for the 2024-25 season, denoting supply constraints amid rising domestic demand.

SIM Binding Mechanism

The SIM binding mechanism links a user’s mobile SIM card to their Unique Client Code (UCC) in trading accounts, restricting trades to authorized devices only. This method is inspired by security features in Unified Payments Interface (UPI) apps. It prevents unauthorized access even if login credentials are compromised. The mechanism requires the SIM card to be physically present in the device used for trading. It is designed to enhance account security by tying trading permissions to a specific SIM, reducing risks from stolen or hacked credentials. Implementation demands telecom cooperation and secure integration with trading platforms.

Why in news?

SEBI is considering the SIM binding mechanism as part of new security measures to protect investors’ trading and demat accounts from unauthorized access and cyber threats.

Singapore Power Group

Singapore Power Group (SP Group) is a state-owned energy utilities company headquartered in Singapore. It manages the country’s electricity and gas transmission and distribution networks. SP Group developed the Smart Grid Index (SGI) to promote global smart grid adoption and innovation. The company invests heavily in grid modernization, renewable integration, and digital infrastructure. SP Group operates under the Ministry of Trade and Industry and collaborates internationally to share best practices in utility management and sustainability. It plays a key role in Singapore’s transition towards a low-carbon energy future.

Why in news?

SP Group created the Smart Grid Index that ranked Tata Power-DDL among the top 10 utilities worldwide in 2024.

Single Nodal Account (SNA)

The Single Nodal Account (SNA) is a dedicated bank account maintained by states to receive and manage funds for centrally sponsored schemes. Under the SNA-Sparsh system, funds are transferred directly from the RBI to the SNA after central approval and matching of the state share. The SNA acts as a financial gateway before funds reach implementing agencies. Delays in crediting funds to the SNA, often exceeding 15 days, have caused implementation challenges. The SNA mechanism replaced the earlier system where funds first went to state treasuries, aiming to improve transparency and reduce idle funds.

Why in news?

Delays in transferring funds to the SNA under the new system are causing operational hurdles in Uttar Pradesh’s centrally sponsored schemes, including sanitation projects.

Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI)

SIDBI is a development financial institution in India, established in 1990, focused on promoting and financing micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs). It provides credit, refinancing, and advisory services to support MSME growth. SIDBI also promotes innovation, sustainable development, and entrepreneurship. It manages several schemes like the Credit Guarantee Fund Trust for Micro and Small Enterprises (CGTMSE). SIDBI has played a key role in green finance initiatives, including financing renewable energy projects and energy-efficient technologies. It collaborates with international agencies to expand access to affordable funding for MSMEs, encouraging inclusive and sustainable economic growth in India.

Why in news?

SIDBI signed a $100 million credit facility agreement with France’s AFD to scale up green finance solutions for Indian MSMEs investing in sustainable technologies and climate-friendly practices.

Smart Pension Plan

The Smart Pension Plan is a non-linked, non-par annuity product by LIC, offering single premium immediate annuity options for individuals and groups. It features liquidity for partial or full withdrawal under certain terms. The minimum purchase price is ₹1 lakh, with incentives for higher investments. Entry age ranges from 18 to a maximum of 65-100 years depending on the annuity type. It provides enhanced annuity rates for existing policyholders and nominees of deceased policyholders. The plan supports both single and joint life annuities and aims to provide a stable income stream post-retirement.

Why in news?

LIC introduced the Smart Pension Plan in October 2025, targeting retirees with flexible annuity options and improved benefits for policyholders and beneficiaries.

Smoke House

A smoke house is a structure used in the rubber industry to dry and cure latex sheets by exposing them to controlled smoke. This process prevents microbial degradation and improves the rubber’s quality and shelf life. Smoke houses use wood or other fuel sources to generate smoke, which imparts chemical properties enhancing rubber durability. The design and operation of smoke houses vary regionally, with some using automated systems for better control. Proper curing in smoke houses is essential for producing high-grade natural rubber for industrial use, including tires and adhesives.

Why in news?

Rubber growers raised concerns regarding the supply of smoke houses to dry rubber sheets, which the Minister promised to address for improving product quality and farmer incomes.

Solvent Extractors’ Association of India

The Solvent Extractors’ Association of India (SEA) was established in 1961 and represents the edible oil extraction and refining industry. It plays important role in policy advocacy, research, and dissemination of information related to oilseeds, oils, and meals. SEA organizes conferences and publishes data on oilseed production and trade. It also facilitates dialogue between government bodies and industry stakeholders. The association’s executive director, B V Mehta, often voices industry concerns on pricing and import duties. SEA members include solvent extraction plants, oil refineries, and traders, making it a key entity in India’s edible oil sector.

Why in news?

B V Mehta of SEA commented on the need to raise import duties on edible oils to support struggling oilseed farmers amid falling domestic prices.

Special Category Client

A Special Category Client refers to a participant in the bullion market who holds a distinct status under IFSCA circulars, previously known as Limited Purpose Trading Members. This category was introduced after the 2020 regulations and includes clients with specific trading permissions or restrictions. The 2025 regulations expanded the definition of consumer to include these clients, recognizing their unique role in bullion trading. This classification helps tailor regulatory and compliance requirements to different participant profiles, ensuring appropriate oversight and consumer protection.

Why in news?

The term’s inclusion in the 2025 regulations reflects evolving market structures and the need to update definitions to accommodate new participant types in GIFT City’s bullion ecosystem.

Specialized Investment Funds (SIFs)

Specialized Investment Funds (SIFs) are a new category of investment funds introduced by SEBI to bridge the gap between mutual funds and Portfolio Management Services (PMS) by offering greater portfolio flexibility. SIFs require a minimum investment of ₹10 lakh, except for accredited investors. They can invest with restrictions such as not exceeding 20% in AAA-rated debt or 25% of NAV in any single sector. SIFs can be closed-ended or interval funds and may have different subscription and redemption frequencies. They must disclose portfolio details, liquidity risks, and scenario analyses regularly on their websites.

Why in news?

SEBI released a regulatory framework for Specialized Investment Funds effective April 1, 2026, detailing investment minimums, risk bands, eligibility criteria, and operational guidelines for mutual funds establishing SIFs.

SPMEPCI Scheme

The Scheme to Promote Manufacturing of Electric Passenger Cars in India (SPMEPCI), notified on March 15, 2024, mandates a minimum investment of ₹4,150 crore (~$500 million) for applicants establishing EV four-wheeler manufacturing facilities in India. Approved manufacturers can import completely built units (CBUs) valued at a minimum CIF of $35,000 at a reduced customs duty of 15% for five years. The scheme aims to attract global automakers, including Tesla, by offering a level playing field under the Make in India initiative. Tesla participated only in the first round of consultations in April 2024 in an observer capacity.

Why in news?

The scheme was mentioned in context of Tesla’s potential entry into the Indian EV market and government efforts to attract global EV manufacturers through investment incentives.

Spot LNG Market

The spot LNG market involves short-term, often on-the-spot, purchases and sales of liquefied natural gas, contrasting with long-term contracts. Spot LNG prices are more volatile and influenced by immediate supply-demand imbalances, geopolitical events, and weather. India’s growing LNG import needs expose it to spot market risks due to a widening gap between contracted LNG supply and projected demand after 2028. Spot LNG trade accounts for share of global LNG transactions, providing flexibility but also price uncertainty. Market coordination and securing additional long-term contracts are strategies to mitigate spot market exposure.

Why in news?

India faces increased exposure to spot LNG market volatility unless it secures more long-term LNG contracts amid rising imports to 65 bcm by 2030.

Stamp Duty in Insurance

Stamp duty is a government tax levied on insurance policies as a form of revenue collection. The amount varies by state and policy type but is typically a small percentage of the premium or a fixed fee. It must be paid for the insurance contract to be legally enforceable. Stamp duty charges are deducted from the refund if a policy is canceled during the free look period. This tax is separate from premium and risk charges and is non-refundable in some jurisdictions. Stamp duty rates and rules have evolved with digitization and electronic policy issuance.

Why in news?

Stamp duty charges are part of the deductions applied when policyholders cancel their insurance policies during the free look period, affecting the refund amount.

State-Level Bankers’ Committee (SLBC)

The State-Level Bankers’ Committee (SLBC) is a forum constituted by the Reserve Bank of India to coordinate banking activities at the state level. It includes representatives from scheduled commercial banks, regional rural banks, NABARD, and government agencies. SLBC meetings review the implementation of priority sector lending, financial inclusion initiatives, and government-sponsored schemes. It facilitates dialogue between banks and state government to address regional credit gaps and infrastructure needs. The SLBC also monitors progress on directives like the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana and crop insurance schemes, ensuring cooperative efforts for rural economic development.

Why in news?

The 229th and 230th SLBC meetings coincided with the launch of Andhra Pradesh’s NABARD State Focus Paper 2025-26, focusing on credit planning and rural investment priorities.

Strategic Opportunities Fund

The Strategic Opportunities Fund is one of the three funds managed by NIIF, focused on direct equity investments in high-growth companies in India. It primarily invests in equity and equity-linked instruments and is registered under SEBI as an Alternative Investment Fund Category II. The fund supports sectors such as technology, consumer services, and energy transition. Notable investments include FirstCry, an e-commerce platform for baby products, and Ather Energy, an electric vehicle manufacturer. The fund targets entrepreneur-driven companies with scalable business models and aims to create long-term value through active engagement.

Why in news?

NIIF’s Strategic Opportunities Fund has backed prominent startups like FirstCry and Ather Energy, denoting its role in encouraging innovation and sustainable growth in India’s economy.

SWAMIH Investment Fund

The SWAMIH Investment Fund is a special purpose vehicle (SPV) launched by the Government of India to address stressed real estate projects and provide liquidity to homebuyers. Managed by SBI Ventures Ltd., it focuses on completing stalled housing projects to deliver homes to beneficiaries. The fund pools investments from government and private sectors, facilitating the construction and handover of pending residential units. It plays a critical role in resolving non-performing assets in the real estate sector and restoring confidence among homebuyers and developers. The fund has been instrumental in unlocking stalled projects since its inception in 2019.

Why in news?

FM Nirmala Sitharaman handed over ceremonial keys to homeowners benefiting from the SWAMIH Investment Fund during a post-budget event in Mumbai, February 2025.

Sweep-in and Sweep-out Facility

The sweep-in and sweep-out facility is a banking feature allowing automatic transfer of funds between savings and fixed deposit accounts. When savings account balances exceed a certain threshold, excess funds are “swept out” into fixed deposits to earn higher interest. Conversely, if the savings account balance falls short, funds are “swept in” from fixed deposits to maintain minimum balances or meet withdrawal demands. This facility helps customers maximize returns while maintaining liquidity. It has contributed to moderating average savings account balances as customers optimize their deposits across instruments.

Why in news?

The facility is cited in 2025 as influencing CASA deposit behavior amid shifting customer preferences for higher returns.

SWIFT Payment Mechanism

The Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT) is a global messaging network used by banks and financial institutions to securely transmit information and instructions for international money transfers. It connects over 11,000 institutions in more than 200 countries. Disconnecting banks from SWIFT effectively isolates them from the global financial system, restricting their ability to conduct international trade and transactions. Since 2014, multiple Russian banks have been disconnected as part of sanctions, severely impacting Russia’s banking and trade capabilities.

Why in news?

The EU disconnected 13 Russian banks from SWIFT as part of new sanctions, intensifying economic pressure amid ongoing conflict and negotiations.

Udyam Registration

Udyam Registration is the official government registration process for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in India, launched in July 2020 to replace earlier registration systems. It provides a unique identification number to enterprises and simplifies compliance. Udyam registration enables businesses to avail government subsidies, credit facilities, and procurement benefits. It is mandatory for MSMEs to participate in various government schemes and tenders. As of 2025, over 1.7 lakh women-led enterprises registered under Udyam have been active on the GeM platform, fulfilling substantial government orders and contributing to inclusive growth.

Why in news?

Udyam-verified women micro and small enterprises have fulfilled cumulative government orders worth ₹46,615 Crore through GeM, denoting their growing role in public procurement.

Ujjivan Small Finance Bank

Ujjivan Small Finance Bank was established in 2017 after receiving a license from the Reserve Bank of India to operate as a small finance bank. It evolved from Ujjivan Financial Services, a microfinance institution founded in 2005. The bank focuses on providing banking services to the underserved and unbanked segments, including micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs). It offers savings, deposits, loans, and insurance products. Ujjivan Small Finance Bank has presence in urban and semi-urban areas across India, with a customer base exceeding 4 million. It emphasizes digital banking and financial inclusion.

Why in news?

Ujjivan Small Finance Bank was penalized ₹6.70 lakh by RBI for non-compliance with loan and advance regulations.

Unified Payments Interface (UPI) One Time Mandate (OTM)

The Unified Payments Interface One Time Mandate (UPI OTM) is a payment authorization feature in India that allows users to block funds in their bank accounts for specific transactions without immediate debit. It ensures availability of funds while deferring actual payment until a later trigger event. This mechanism is particularly useful for transactions requiring prior fund reservation, such as insurance premium payments. The OTM authorizes a one-time block on funds, which are debited only upon confirmation of transaction approval. If the transaction is declined, the blocked funds are released back to the account holder without deduction or delay.

Why in news?

IRDAI has enabled UPI OTM for life and health insurance premium payments, allowing insurers to block premiums before policy issuance, improving operational ease and customer convenience.

Union Budget 2025-26

The Union Budget 2025-26 is India’s annual financial statement presented by the Finance Minister, outlining government revenues and expenditures for the fiscal year starting April 1, 2025. It includes proposals for taxation, subsidies, infrastructure spending, and social welfare schemes. The budget aims to balance growth with fiscal prudence and includes measures to boost investment, manufacturing, and digital economy. It also addresses challenges like inflation, employment, and global economic uncertainties. The budget is a key policy document influencing markets, investor confidence, and economic planning. It is presented in the Parliament and debated before approval.

Why in news?

The Finance Minister’s statements on FII outflows and market conditions were made during a post-budget media briefing following the presentation of the Union Budget 2025-26.

Unique Client Code (UCC)

The Unique Client Code (UCC) is a permanent identification number assigned to every investor and trader by stockbrokers and regulators in India. It helps in tracking transactions and maintaining client records across multiple trading platforms. UCC is mandatory for opening demat and trading accounts and is used for regulatory compliance and fraud prevention. It links all transactions of an investor to a single identity, facilitating transparency and monitoring. UCCs are unique to individuals and cannot be transferred. The code is essential for implementing security protocols like SIM binding and device authorization in trading accounts.

Why in news?

SEBI’s new security initiatives involve linking the UCC to mobile devices and SIM cards to prevent unauthorized trading activities.

United Egg Producers (UEP)

United Egg Producers (UEP) is a trade association representing over 90% of US egg producers. Founded in 1968, UEP advocates for industry standards, animal welfare, and biosecurity measures. It plays a key role in coordinating responses to crises like avian influenza by working with government agencies and promoting research. UEP supports policies that stabilize egg prices and supply, and it provides educational resources for farmers. The organization also monitors regulatory developments affecting the egg industry and engages in public relations to improve consumer confidence in egg products.

Why in news?

UEP publicly supported the USDA’s $1 billion initiative to combat avian influenza and stabilize the US egg market amid the ongoing crisis.

Unrealized Investments

Unrealized investments refer to financial assets or holdings that have not yet been sold or converted into cash, representing potential gains or losses on paper. These investments are typically held by financial sponsors, such as private equity firms, venture capitalists, and institutional investors. The value of unrealized investments fluctuates with market conditions but only impacts financial statements upon realization through sale or liquidation. Managing $2.8 trillion in unrealized investments indicates latent capital that can be deployed for acquisitions or growth initiatives. Unrealized investments are a key component in assessing investor confidence and future deal-making capacity.

Why in news?

Financial sponsors managing $2.8 trillion in unrealized investments are expected to drive renewed M&A activity in the APAC region in 2025.

Unsecured Consumer Credit

Unsecured consumer credit refers to loans or credit extended without collateral, relying solely on the borrower’s creditworthiness. Common forms include credit card debt, personal loans, and overdrafts. Banks and NBFCs face higher risk with unsecured credit due to lack of asset backing, leading to higher interest rates. The Reserve Bank of India increased risk weights on unsecured consumer credit exposures on November 16, 2023, to curb excessive borrowing and mitigate systemic risks. This measure affects banks and NBFCs, excluding housing finance companies. Unsecured credit growth is closely monitored for its impact on financial stability and consumer debt sustainability.

Why in news?

The RBI raised risk weights on unsecured consumer credit exposures in 2023 to address concerns about excessive borrowing and potential financial vulnerabilities in India’s consumer credit market.

UPI Lounge Access

UPI Lounge Access is a service allowing users to enter airport lounges by scanning a QR code linked to their UPI account. Kiwi launched this service at 22 airports, integrating it with RuPay credit cards on UPI. This innovation removes the need for physical cards or membership passes. It leverages UPI’s widespread adoption and enhances user experience by simplifying lounge entry. The QR code-based system is a novel application of UPI beyond payments, expanding its ecosystem into travel and lifestyle benefits. This service is part of fintechs’ efforts to add value-added financial products to their platforms.

Why in news?

Kiwi introduced UPI Lounge Access to diversify revenue streams and offer premium benefits to RuPay credit card users on UPI.

Urban Cooperative Banks (UCBs)

Urban Cooperative Banks are financial institutions primarily serving urban and semi-urban areas in India. They cater especially to small borrowers, including micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs). UCBs operate under the dual regulation of the Reserve Bank of India and respective state governments. These banks face prudential norms requiring at least 75% of their loan book to be priority sector loans by March 2026. UCBs are classified into tiers based on deposit size, influencing their loan limits and regulatory requirements. They often depend on Asset Reconstruction Companies to manage non-performing assets through instruments called Security Receipts.

Why in news?

The Reserve Bank of India revised prudential norms for UCBs, raising small value loan ceilings and extending timelines for provisioning against Security Receipts to help meet priority sector lending targets.

US Tariff Policies (Second Term)

US tariff policies during a president’s second term often reflect strategic trade priorities, including imposing or easing tariffs to protect domestic industries or respond to global trade dynamics. Tariffs are taxes on imported goods designed to make foreign products more expensive and boost local production. Changes in tariffs can trigger global trade tensions or wars, affecting currency valuations and international markets. Recently, US tariff adjustments included both increases and reductions, influencing the US dollar’s strength and impacting emerging market currencies like the Indian Rupee. These policies also affect supply chains, inflation rates, and bilateral trade relations.

Why in news?

The US president’s second-term tariff policies contributed to dollar strength and volatility in global markets, impacting the Indian Rupee’s exchange rate in early 2025.

USD/INR Buy/Sell Swap Auction

The USD/INR Buy/Sell swap auction is a forex market operation where the Reserve Bank of India buys US dollars and simultaneously sells them back after a specified tenor, typically ranging from six months to three years. This mechanism helps manage foreign exchange reserves and rupee liquidity simultaneously. The swap auction injects rupee liquidity into the banking system without permanently increasing the RBI’s forex reserves. It also aids in stabilizing the rupee exchange rate by mitigating excessive volatility. The tenor of the swap determines the duration for which liquidity is infused, influencing banks’ foreign currency deposit mobilization strategies.

Why in news?

RBI’s announcement of a $10 billion three-year USD/INR Buy/Sell swap auction aims to attract dollar inflows and infuse ₹87,000 crore rupee liquidity amid a ₹1.90 lakh crore liquidity deficit.

USD/INR Buy/Sell Swap Auctions

USD/INR Buy/Sell Swap Auctions are forex market operations conducted by the RBI to manage volatility in the Indian rupee against the US dollar. These swaps involve simultaneous buying and selling of USD and INR with a forward settlement, allowing the RBI to provide temporary liquidity in foreign exchange markets. The RBI has conducted multiple such auctions, including a recent second currency swap worth $10 billion, to stabilize the rupee and reduce excessive volatility caused by factors like Foreign Portfolio Investor (FPI) outflows. These swaps help smoothen currency fluctuations without impacting the overall foreign exchange reserves .

Why in news?

The RBI’s second $10 billion USD/INR swap auction was part of efforts to counter rupee volatility and ease liquidity pressure in early 2025.

USD/INR Depreciation

USD/INR depreciation refers to a decrease in the value of the Indian Rupee relative to the US Dollar. It affects import costs, foreign investment flows, and inflation in India. A weaker rupee makes imports more expensive, contributing to inflationary pressure on goods and commodities priced in dollars. Currency depreciation can also impact the trade balance and foreign exchange reserves. The Reserve Bank of India monitors exchange rate movements closely, intervening occasionally to stabilize the rupee. Exchange rate fluctuations are influenced by global economic conditions, trade deficits, capital flows, and monetary policy differentials between the US and India.

Why in news?

The depreciation of the USD/INR pair posed upside inflation risks in early 2025, partly offsetting the decline in food inflation in India’s wholesale prices.

USD/INR Exchange Rate

The USD/INR exchange rate represents the value of the Indian Rupee against the US Dollar. It is influenced by factors such as trade balance, foreign investment, interest rates, inflation, and geopolitical events. A depreciation of the INR means more rupees are needed to buy one US dollar, impacting import costs and inflation. The Reserve Bank of India monitors and occasionally intervenes to stabilize the currency. Exchange rate fluctuations affect India’s export competitiveness and foreign debt servicing. The USD/INR pair is actively traded in forex markets and is a key indicator of India’s economic health.

Why in news?

The depreciation of the USD/INR exchange rate in early 2025 contributed to inflationary pressures on non-food segments, affecting WPI inflation projections.

USD/Rupee Swap Auction

A USD/Rupee swap auction is a monetary tool used by the Reserve Bank of India to inject liquidity into the domestic currency market. It involves the RBI swapping US dollars for Indian rupees with banks, providing rupee liquidity while managing forex reserves. The RBI announced a longer-tenor USD/Rupee swap auction to infuse an equivalent of $10 billion in rupee liquidity. This mechanism helps smoothen rupee volatility against the dollar and supports financial stability. Swap auctions are part of RBI’s broader forex management strategy during periods of external pressure on the currency.

Why in news?

The RBI’s longer-tenor USD/Rupee swap auction was introduced in early 2025 to stabilize the rupee and support market liquidity amid falling forex reserves and increased gold purchases.

Variable Rate Repo

A variable rate repo is a short-term borrowing tool used by central banks where the interest rate is not fixed but fluctuates based on market conditions. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) uses this instrument to manage liquidity by lending funds to banks against government securities for varying tenors. Unlike fixed-rate repos, the variable rate repo helps the RBI respond flexibly to changing economic conditions. The 49-day variable rate repo is a relatively longer tenor compared to overnight or 14-day repos, allowing more sustained liquidity support. This tool has gained prominence in India’s monetary policy toolkit since the early 2020s.

Why in news?

The RBI announced a 49-day variable rate repo for Rs 75,000 crore ($8.63 billion) to inject longer-term liquidity into the banking system amid currency market interventions.

Waste to Wealth Initiative

India’s Waste to Wealth Initiative focuses on converting waste materials into valuable resources through recycling and reuse. It supports startups and developers creating recycled products and aims to harness the economic potential of waste. This initiative aligns with the circular economy by promoting resource efficiency, reducing landfill pressure, and generating employment. It encourages product redesign for recyclability and investment in advanced technologies. The initiative is projected to contribute to India’s economy by 2050, with a market value of $2 trillion and creation of 10 million jobs.

Why in news?

The Union Minister cited the Waste to Wealth Initiative as a key driver for India’s transition from waste management to economic growth during the 2025 environmental conclave.

Yield Curve Steepening

Yield curve steepening occurs when the difference between long-term and short-term government bond yields increases. It signals expectations of higher future interest rates or inflation. Steepening can encourage borrowing as short-term rates remain lower, while investors demand higher returns for longer maturities. RBI’s liquidity measures, like the three-year swap, can influence the yield curve by affecting demand and supply of bonds. Mild steepening suggests improved market confidence and potential economic growth. The yield curve is a key indicator for policymakers and investors to gauge economic outlook and monetary policy effectiveness.

Why in news?

The three-year dollar/rupee swap is expected to cause mild steepening in India’s government bond yield curve, affecting bond market dynamics.

Zero-for-Zero Tariff Strategy

The zero-for-zero tariff strategy is a trade policy approach where two countries mutually eliminate tariffs on selected goods without entering a full Free Trade Agreement. This strategy aims to reduce trade barriers quickly and with less negotiation complexity. It focuses on identifying tariff lines that can be liberalized without harming domestic industries. Countries may use existing FTA tariff offers as a reference for such lists. Zero-for-zero deals can serve as interim measures to ease trade tensions, often preceding more comprehensive agreements. This method helps maintain trade flows while minimizing disruption from retaliatory tariffs.

Why in news?

India is advised to propose a zero-for-zero tariff strategy to the US to counter proposed reciprocal tariff hikes, aiming to keep tariffs low or near zero without full bilateral trade agreement negotiations.

Geography (Indian & Physical)

Geographical Concentration Risk in Microfinance

Geographical concentration risk refers to the vulnerability of microfinance institutions due to a large portion of their loan portfolios being concentrated in specific regions. Karnataka accounts for 9% to 33% of the loan portfolios of top NBFC-MFIs and is the fourth-largest microfinance market in India. Such concentration increases exposure to region-specific political, regulatory, and economic risks. In Karnataka, recent political events and the new ordinance have led to a 1%-4% dip in collection efficiency. This risk complicates portfolio diversification and impacts overall asset quality for NBFC-MFIs.

Why in news?

The concentration risk gained attention due to Karnataka’s political developments and regulatory changes affecting collection efficiency and borrower repayment behavior in the microfinance sector.

GIS-Based Industrial Information System

The GIS-based industrial information system uses Geographic Information System technology to provide spatial data and compliance information related to industrial land use. It helps investors verify site-related regulations on their own or revenue land before starting projects. The system integrates geographic data with regulatory frameworks, enabling real-time checks on zoning, environmental clearances, and land allotment status. This tool enhances transparency and reduces the risk of non-compliance by providing visual and data-driven insights. It is part of Karnataka’s digital infrastructure to support informed decision-making for industrial investments.

Why in news?

Karnataka introduced a GIS-based industrial information system as part of its revamped single window platform to assist investors in verifying site compliance before project commencement.

Indian Ocean Cable Maintenance

India’s involvement in Project Waterworth includes investing in the maintenance and repair of undersea cables in the Indian Ocean. This responsibility is assigned to trusted vendors to ensure cables remain in optimal condition. Maintenance involves regular inspections, repairing damage from natural events or human activities, and upgrading infrastructure. The Indian Ocean is a critical route for global subsea cables, linking Asia with Africa and Europe. Effective maintenance here is vital to prevent internet outages and sustain international data flow, supporting billions of users and global digital economies.

Why in news?

India will play a key role in maintaining Project Waterworth’s subsea cables in the Indian Ocean, part of a strategic partnership with the US to secure global digital infrastructure.

Kartavya Path

Kartavya Path is a ceremonial boulevard in New Delhi, formerly known as Rajpath, connecting India Gate to Rashtrapati Bhavan. It was renamed in 2022 to reflect a renewed national ethos of duty and service. The avenue hosts major national events like Republic Day parades. The redevelopment of Kartavya Path involved widening the road, enhancing pedestrian zones, and adding green spaces. It is designed to be a symbol of India’s democratic spirit and cultural heritage. The area is also equipped with modern lighting and surveillance systems to improve security and visitor experience.

Why in news?

The Kartavya Path to Amrit Udyan Photography Contest invites participants to capture the vibrant atmosphere along this stretch during the festival.

Koshi Province

Koshi Province is one of Nepal’s seven provinces, located in the eastern part of the country. It is named after the Koshi River, the largest river in Nepal, which is known for its complex braided channels and frequent flooding. The province has diverse geography, ranging from lowland Terai plains to Himalayan foothills. Agriculture is a major livelihood, but the region is vulnerable to climate extremes such as droughts and floods. Koshi Province experienced an extreme drought in December 2024, with precipitation 20-25% below normal, exacerbating water stress and impacting local communities.

Why in news?

Koshi Province faced extreme drought conditions during December 2024, linked to drier winters and above-average temperatures affecting eastern Nepal’s climate and water resources.

Lord Curzon Bridge

The Lord Curzon Bridge is a historic rail-cum-road bridge across the Ganga River in Prayagraj. Constructed during British colonial rule and named after Lord Curzon, the Viceroy of India, it was completed in the early 20th century. The bridge played role in connecting northern and eastern India but has been closed to rail traffic since the 1990s due to structural concerns. It remains a notable landmark and is often referenced in discussions about regional infrastructure and river pollution due to its proximity to urban discharge points.

Why in news?

The water quality around the Lord Curzon Bridge on the Ganga River remained below bathing standards on January 19, 2025, amid ongoing pollution concerns during the Maha Kumbh Mela.

Magnetic Map Sense

The magnetic map sense is the ability of certain animals to detect and use spatial variations in Earth’s magnetic field as positional information, distinct from directional compass sense. This sense allows animals to determine their geographic location relative to magnetic landmarks. In loggerhead turtles, this sense operates independently of the radical-pair mechanism and is not affected by radiofrequency oscillations. It involves different sensory pathways and underlies long-distance navigation and site fidelity. The magnetic map sense is less understood but is believed to be widespread among migratory vertebrates, enabling precise homing and feeding site recognition.

Why in news?

New research demonstrates loggerhead turtles possess two distinct geomagnetic senses, with the magnetic map sense enabling learned recognition of feeding locations despite magnetic interference.

Magnetic Signature

The magnetic signature of a geographical area refers to the unique pattern of Earth’s magnetic field at that location, including variations in intensity and inclination. Animals like loggerhead turtles can detect and memorize these signatures to navigate. This magnetic imprint acts as a natural landmark, enabling species to identify specific feeding or breeding sites. The magnetic signature is stable over time but can shift due to geomagnetic secular variation. It differs from the magnetic compass sense, which provides directional orientation. Loggerhead turtles’ ability to recognize magnetic signatures supports the concept of a magnetic map used in animal migration.

Why in news?

Research published in Nature confirms loggerhead turtles learn and remember magnetic signatures of feeding areas, showing a conditioned behavioral response known as the ‘turtle dance’ linked to these magnetic cues.

Manikaran Hot Springs

Manikaran is located in the Parvati Valley of Kullu district, Himachal Pradesh. It is famous for its natural hot water springs, which are considered sacred by both Hindus and Sikhs. The springs are believed to have healing properties and are linked to several religious legends, including that of Lord Shiva and Guru Nanak. Manikaran hosts a historic Sikh gurudwara and several Hindu temples. The hot springs maintain a temperature of around 96°C (205°F). The site attracts thousands of pilgrims annually, who use the springs for ritual baths and cooking food in the geothermal waters.

Why in news?

Manikaran’s hot springs water is proposed to be transferred to Kasol for commercial use in a new nature park, sparking protests from locals who want to protect the sacred water source.

Meghalaya

Meghalaya is a state in northeastern India, known for its hilly terrain and heavy rainfall. It is home to the Khasi, Jaintia, and Garo tribes, each with distinct customs and languages. The state is famous for living root bridges, created by guiding the roots of rubber trees across rivers. Shillong, the capital, is often called the “Scotland of the East” for its scenic landscapes. Meghalaya has one of the highest literacy rates in India. It also hosts the Mawphlang Sacred Forest, a protected area with ancient trees and biodiversity. The state experiences some of the world’s highest rainfall, especially in Mawsynram.

Why in news?

Meghalaya has been announced as the host state for the 39th National Games, scheduled for February/March 2027, marking event in its sporting and cultural history.

Mount Dukono

Mount Dukono is an active volcano located on Halmahera Island in Indonesia’s North Maluku province. It is one of the most active volcanoes in Indonesia, with almost continuous eruptions since 1933. The volcano features multiple craters, including the Malupang Warirang crater, known for frequent ash emissions. Its eruptions typically produce ash columns reaching heights of up to 2,000 meters. Dukono’s activity poses risks to local populations and aviation due to ash clouds. The volcano is monitored by Indonesia’s Volcanology and Geological Disaster Mitigation Centre, which issues warnings and aviation alerts during eruptions.

Why in news?

Mount Dukono erupted on February 20, 2025, prompting an aviation warning and restrictions on flights within 5 km of the volcano due to ash clouds.

Nilgiri Mountains Metro Project

The Nilgiri Mountains Metro Project is a planned initiative to integrate Hyperloop or advanced rail technology within the Nilgiri mountain region in southern India. The project aims to enhance connectivity and tourism by providing fast, eco-friendly transportation through challenging hilly terrain. It is part of a collaboration between IIT Madras and Indian Railways, expected to commence within two months from early 2025. The project involves pilot corridors and infrastructure development tailored to mountainous geography. It aligns with India’s Atmanirbhar Bharat policy to encourage indigenous technology and sustainable mobility solutions in remote and environmentally sensitive areas.

Why in news?

The Nilgiri Mountains Metro Project was announced as one of the upcoming Hyperloop-related developments under the Government of India’s push for futuristic mobility solutions.

Palk Straits

The Palk Straits is a shallow body of water between the Tamil Nadu state of India and the Jaffna District of the Northern Province of Sri Lanka. It connects the Bay of Bengal in the northeast with the Gulf of Mannar in the southwest. The straits are named after Robert Palk, a British governor of Madras in the 18th century. The area is known for its rich marine biodiversity and traditional fishing activities. It is also characterized by sandbanks and shallow waters, which have historically allowed fishermen to cross between India and Sri Lanka. The straits have been a subject of territorial disputes and fishing rights conflicts.

Why in news?

Fishermen from Tamil Nadu were arrested by the Sri Lankan Navy for fishing near the Palk Straits, escalating tensions over maritime boundaries and fishing rights in the region.

Pamban Bridge

The Pamban Bridge, originally opened in 1914, connects mainland India with Rameswaram Island in Tamil Nadu. It was Asia’s first sea bridge and featured a unique vertical lift span to allow ships to pass. The old bridge was 2.05 km long with a speed limit of 10 kmph for trains. It was closed in 2022 due to safety concerns. The new bridge retains the vertical lift design but is built to modern standards, allowing trains to cross at 75 kmph. The structure uses stainless steel reinforcements and is designed for future electrification.

Why in news?

The new Pamban Bridge was completed and is expected to be inaugurated soon, reducing train crossing time from 25-30 minutes to under 5 minutes, improving connectivity between mainland India and Rameswaram Island.

Rajmahal Hills

The Rajmahal Hills are a group of hills located in Jharkhand, formed primarily by volcanic activity during the Jurassic to Cretaceous periods. They consist of at least 16 to 18 lava flows, with evidence of extensive vegetation between flows preserved as fossils. The hills are part of the Rajmahal Traps, igneous province linked to the breakup of Gondwana. The area is known for its rich fossil record, including plant fossils and potential dinosaur remains. It is also a key site for studying volcanic activity and paleoclimate during the Cretaceous period.

Why in news?

Rajmahal Hills gained attention after the discovery of a rare, well-preserved petrified tree fossil dating back 100-145 million years, found in situ near Barmasia village, Pakur district.

Rani Kamlapati Station

Rani Kamlapati Station, located in Madhya Pradesh, is the first all-glass railway station in India and was redeveloped as part of the Amrit Bharat Station Scheme. It is named after a Gond queen and is known for its modern architectural design, blending aesthetics with functionality. The station incorporates eco-friendly features like rainwater harvesting and solar panels. It has won awards for its design and sustainability and serves as a model for future station redevelopments under the scheme.

Why in news?

Rani Kamlapati Station is among the six stations where redevelopment work has been completed under the Amrit Bharat Station Scheme, showcasing modern amenities and sustainable infrastructure.

Rayalaseema

Rayalaseema is a geographic region in the southern part of Andhra Pradesh, India, comprising four districts – Kurnool, Anantapur, Kadapa, and Chittoor. It is known for its semi-arid climate and historically frequent droughts. The region depends heavily on groundwater and seasonal rainfall for agriculture. Rayalaseema has a distinct cultural identity with Telugu as the primary language and celebrates festivals like Ugadi and Sankranti with unique local customs. It has a history of political activism and irrigation projects aimed at improving water availability. Despite challenges, Rayalaseema is contributor to Andhra Pradesh’s economy, especially in agriculture and mining.

Why in news?

The October 2025 monsoon outlook mentioned Rayalaseema as a region likely to experience less hot temperatures during the pre-monsoon period.

Seaplane Services in India

Seaplane services in India have been limited and intermittent. The first notable commercial seaplane flight was operated by SpiceJet between the Sabarmati riverfront and the Statue of Unity in Gujarat during 2019-20. This service was discontinued due to commercial viability issues and the COVID-19 pandemic. Seaplanes operate on water bodies such as rivers, lakes, and dams and require waterdromes for takeoff and landing. Globally, countries like the Maldives operate around 200 seaplanes. Manufacturers include De Havilland Canada and Cessna. India currently has fewer than 20 small aircraft in the A1 category suitable for such operations.

Why in news?

UDAN 5.5 encourages the introduction of seaplane routes in India, including island chains like Andaman and Nicobar, marking a push to revive and expand seaplane connectivity.

Sela Pass

Sela Pass is a high-altitude mountain pass in Arunachal Pradesh, located at about 4,170 meters (13,700 feet) above sea level. It connects Tawang with the rest of Arunachal Pradesh and is known for its scenic beauty and strategic military importance. The pass remains snow-covered for most of the year and is one of the highest motorable passes in the world. It is also a pilgrimage route as it houses the Sela Lake and a small shrine dedicated to a local deity. The pass plays a vital role in regional connectivity and tourism in the Eastern Himalayas.

Why in news?

A pair of northern pintail ducks was reportedly spotted flying over Sela Pass earlier in the month, confirming unusual high-altitude bird activity in the region.

Silandhi River

The Silandhi River is a tributary of the Amaravathy River, flowing through the border regions of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. It contributes to the Amaravathy Dam, which supports irrigation and drinking water needs in Western Tamil Nadu. The river basin is part of the Cauvery River Basin, a highly contested water-sharing region. Silandhi’s flow is seasonal and sensitive to upstream interventions such as dams or check dams. The river supports diverse ecosystems and local agriculture, with water disputes arising due to upstream constructions affecting downstream availability.

Why in news?

Kerala’s plan to build a weir across the Silandhi River has caused opposition from Tamil Nadu political leaders concerned about impacts on Amaravathy Dam’s water supply.

South Sandwich Islands

The South Sandwich Islands are a remote volcanic island chain in the southern Atlantic Ocean, part of a British Overseas Territory with South Georgia. They consist of 11 main islands formed by active volcanism along the Scotia Arc. The islands are uninhabited except for transient scientific personnel. They lie on a subduction zone where the South American Plate slides beneath the Scotia Plate, causing frequent earthquakes and volcanic activity. The islands host unique cold-adapted ecosystems and are important breeding grounds for seabirds and seals. Their isolation makes them valuable for studying natural processes with minimal human impact.

Why in news?

Earthquake data from repeated seismic events near the South Sandwich Islands between 1991 and 2024 helped detect structural changes in Earth’s inner core, providing new vital information about core dynamics.

Strait of Magellan

The Strait of Magellan is a navigable sea route in southern Chile, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. It is about 570 kilometers long and separates mainland South America from Tierra del Fuego. Discovered in 1520 by Ferdinand Magellan, it was the first known passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The strait has unpredictable weather and strong currents, making navigation challenging. It played a key role in global maritime trade before the Panama Canal opened. The region is rich in biodiversity, including marine mammals like whales and sea birds, and is a popular site for ecotourism and scientific research.

Why in news?

The Strait of Magellan was the location where Venezuelan kayaker Adrián Simancas was briefly swallowed by a humpback whale while kayaking near Chile’s Patagonian coast.

Waterdromes

Waterdromes are designated water areas used as aerodromes for seaplanes and amphibious aircraft. They provide facilities for takeoff, landing, and parking on water bodies such as lakes, ponds, reservoirs, and coastal waters. Unlike traditional airports, waterdromes require minimal land infrastructure but need clear water surfaces and safety measures for marine and air traffic. Globally, waterdromes are common in island nations and regions with extensive water networks. India’s UDAN 5.5 phase includes planning seaplane routes across 80 water bodies, utilizing waterdromes to enhance connectivity in remote and island areas.

Why in news?

The UDAN 5.5 scheme incorporates 80 water bodies as waterdromes to facilitate seaplane operations, supporting the government’s goal of improving last-mile connectivity in remote and island regions.

Western Disturbances

Western disturbances are weather systems originating in the Mediterranean region that bring winter rain and cooler northerly winds to northern India. These disturbances typically occur between December and February, influencing the weather in the Indian subcontinent by causing precipitation and temperature drops. They are formed by the westerly jet stream and move eastward, impacting the Himalayas and northern plains. Western disturbances are crucial for winter rainfall and the Rabi crop season. Their absence can lead to dry and warmer weather, as seen in Mumbai during February 2025, contributing to the unusual heat spike observed.

Why in news?

Western disturbances were notably absent in Mumbai in February 2025, causing a lack of cooler northerly winds and contributing to higher than normal temperatures in the city.

Yarlung Zangbo River

The Yarlung Zangbo River originates in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China and is the upper stream of the Brahmaputra River. It flows eastward through the Himalayas before entering India’s Arunachal Pradesh, where it is known as the Siang, and later Assam as the Brahmaputra. The river is approximately 2,900 kilometers long and one of the highest major rivers globally, flowing through deep gorges. It supports diverse ecosystems and millions of people downstream. The river basin is seismically active, posing risks to infrastructure projects like dams. It is crucial for agriculture, hydropower, and regional geopolitics in South Asia.

Why in news?

China’s planned hydroelectric dam on the Yarlung Zangbo has raised concerns in India due to potential impacts on water flow, environment, and bilateral relations.

Zagros Mountain Depressions

The depressions surrounding the Zagros Mountains are deeper than expected given the mountain range’s moderate elevation. These depressions result from the sinking Neotethys slab pulling the Earth’s crust downward. The Zagros Mountains themselves formed from the collision of the Arabian and Eurasian plates. The region’s geological structure includes complex fault systems and sediment layers influenced by millions of years of tectonic activity. These depressions affect local topography, groundwater flow, and seismic risk. Their formation offers vital information about the interaction between surface topography and deep mantle processes.

Why in news?

A recent study revealed that the unexpected depth of depressions around the Zagros Mountains is caused by the sinking oceanic slab beneath, affecting regional geology and earthquake risk assessment.

Environment & Ecology

Accelerating Smart Power and Renewable Energy (ASPIRE)

ASPIRE is a bilateral programme between the UK’s Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) and India’s Ministries of Power and New and Renewable Energy. It aims to support India’s transition to renewable energy by promoting smart grid technologies, energy storage solutions, and renewable energy integration. ASPIRE facilitates policy advisory, capacity building, and technical assistance to accelerate clean energy adoption. It supports innovation in battery technologies, including sodium-ion batteries, to enhance grid stability and renewable energy utilization. The programme also promotes collaboration between government, industry, and academia for sustainable energy development in India.

Why in news?

The ASPIRE programme published a report recommending government incentives and standards development for sodium-ion batteries to strengthen India’s renewable energy storage capabilities.

Ammonium Phosphate Sulphate (APS)

Ammonium phosphate sulphate (APS) is a complex fertiliser with 20% nitrogen (N), 20% phosphorus (P), 0% potassium (K), and 13% sulphur (S). It is produced by reacting rock phosphate with sulphuric acid to form weak phosphoric acid (27-29% P), then reacting this with ammonia and sulphuric acid. APS contains nutrients in more balanced proportions than DAP, including sulphur absent in DAP. It suits sulphur-demanding crops like oilseeds, pulses, maize, cotton, onion, and chilly. APS has replaced single super phosphate (SSP) as the third most consumed fertiliser in India, with sales rising 32.4% in 2024-25 to 7 million tonnes.

Why in news?

APS sales have surged in India, becoming a key substitute for imported DAP, helping reduce foreign exchange pressure and balancing nutrient supply for various crops.

Anamudi Shola National Park

Anamudi Shola National Park is located in the Western Ghats of Kerala, and covers an area of approximately 7.5 square kilometers. It is part of the larger Eravikulam National Park complex and is known for its montane evergreen forests, grasslands, and endemic flora and fauna. The park is named after Anamudi, the highest peak in South India at 2,695 meters. It is home to endangered species like the Nilgiri Tahr and the Lion-tailed Macaque. The park plays a critical role in watershed protection for the region, feeding several rivers including tributaries of the Cauvery basin.

Why in news?

The Kerala Water Authority received NBWL approval to use a small portion of Anamudi Shola National Park for constructing a weir on the Silandhi river, sparking inter-state water disputes between Kerala and Tamil Nadu.

Artificial Reef Creation

Artificial reefs are human-made underwater structures designed to promote marine life by providing habitat and shelter. They can be created from decommissioned ships, concrete modules, or other durable materials. Artificial reefs enhance biodiversity, support fisheries, and help restore damaged ecosystems. The SS United States will be sunk off the Gulf of Mexico coast to serve as an artificial reef, a process involving environmental assessments and cleaning to remove hazardous materials. These reefs encourage coral growth and attract fish species, contributing to local economies through recreational diving and fishing industries.

Why in news?

The SS United States is being transformed into an artificial reef off the Gulf of Mexico to promote marine biodiversity and support ecosystem restoration.

Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ)

The Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) is a legal framework in India established to protect coastal environments from unregulated developmental activities. CRZ designations restrict construction, industrial projects, and land reclamation near coastlines to preserve ecological balance. The zones are divided into categories based on ecological sensitivity and human habitation. Despite CRZ rules, enforcement challenges and exceptions for large projects have led to habitat degradation in some areas. The CRZ also includes a No Development Zone where all construction is prohibited. It aims to safeguard coastal biodiversity, fisheries, and livelihoods of local communities.

Why in news?

The breeding site of the Blue-Cheeked Bee-eater lies within a CRZ-designated No Development Zone, yet faces threats from proposed large-scale development projects.

CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT)

CSIR-IHBT, located in Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, specializes in research on Himalayan bioresources, including medicinal plants, floriculture, and aromatic crops. It leads national missions like the Floriculture Mission, Aroma Mission, Millet Mission, and Immunity Mission. The institute has developed technologies for wider seasonal tulip cultivation and supports agri-startups. CSIR-IHBT operates advanced facilities such as Autonomous Green Houses and Heeng Seed Production Centres. It focuses on sustainable agriculture, economic empowerment of farmers, and biodiversity conservation in Himalayan regions, integrating scientific research with industry and government policies.

Why in news?

Dr. Jitendra Singh virtually inaugurated new facilities at CSIR-IHBT and launched products by supported agri-startups, denoting its role in Himalayan bioresource development.

CSIRNational Institute of Oceanography

The CSIRNational Institute of Oceanography (NIO) is a premier research organization under the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research in India, focusing on marine science and oceanographic studies. Established in 1966, NIO conducts research on coastal processes, marine biodiversity, and ocean pollution. It maintains advanced laboratories and research vessels for field studies. NIO’s findings often influence coastal management policies and environmental regulations. Retired scientists like V.S.N. Murthy have contributed to understanding sediment composition and pollution impact on Indian beaches, including mineralogical studies that differentiate natural deposits from pollution-induced changes.

Why in news?

Retired NIO scientist V.S.N. Murthy commented on the unlikely mineral origin of the black sand patches at RK Beach.

Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary

Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary is situated near Jamshedpur in Jharkhand and spans about 193 square kilometers. It is characterized by hilly terrain and dense forests, part of the Eastern Ghats. The sanctuary is home to species such as elephants, leopards, and various birds. It is also known for its rich biodiversity and tribal communities living in and around the area. The sanctuary faces challenges from human encroachment and conflicts between wildlife and villagers, especially with large mammals like elephants and tigers. Dalma is a popular destination for eco-tourism and nature walks.

Why in news?

The tiger found in Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary after leaving PTR has been causing distress by hunting cattle and roaming near villages, prompting efforts for its capture and relocation.

Energy Efficiency Technology Commercialisation and Innovation Project

The Energy Efficiency Technology Commercialisation and Innovation Project focuses on accelerating the adoption of energy-efficient technologies in industrial and commercial sectors. It supports research, development, and market entry of innovative energy solutions. The project aims to reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions by promoting advanced appliances, smart grids, and renewable integration. It collaborates with government bodies, private sector companies, and research institutions. Funding mechanisms include grants, subsidies, and technical assistance to scale up promising technologies. The initiative contributes to national climate goals and energy security by encouraging sustainable industrial growth and reducing dependence on fossil fuels.

Why in news?

This project is among the seven USAID-backed initiatives in India for the financial year 2023-24, focusing on sustainable energy and climate goals.

Energy Systems Catapult

The Energy Systems Catapult is a UK-based innovation center established to accelerate the transition to a low-carbon energy system. It focuses on developing new technologies, business models, and policies that enable decarbonization and energy security. The Catapult works with government, industry, and academia to support smart grid technologies, energy storage, and digital energy solutions. It plays a key role in facilitating international collaborations, including with India’s Power Trading Corporation, to enhance energy market efficiencies and renewable integration. The Catapult also contributes to research on offshore wind and green hydrogen technologies.

Why in news?

The Energy Systems Catapult’s cooperation with India’s Power Trading Corporation was brought into light in the India-UK Energy Dialogue to advance renewable energy and offshore wind projects.

Flightless Birds Conservation

Flightless birds like the Kiwi and Cassowary are vulnerable to habitat loss, predation, and human impact. Conservation efforts emphasize creating large protected areas with minimal human disturbance to preserve these species. These birds evolved in isolated environments without mammalian predators, making them less adapted to survive introduced threats. The insights from extinct species like moa guide current conservation strategies by denoting the need for extensive, pristine habitats. Modern conservation also includes predator control, habitat restoration, and breeding programs to sustain populations of flightless birds in New Zealand and Australia.

Why in news?

The study on moa extinction provides lessons for conserving ’s flightless birds, emphasizing the need for larger, undisturbed habitats to prevent similar losses.

Gharial (Gavialis gangeticus)

The gharial is a long-snouted crocodilian species, with males growing 3-6 meters and females 2.6-4.5 meters. Its name derives from the Hindi word “ghara,” meaning pot, referring to the bulbous snout tip of adult males. Gharials are fish-eaters with slender snouts lined with sharp, interlocking teeth. They mate between November and January, nesting communally on sandbanks from March to May. Females provide parental care for a few days after hatching. Gharials play an ecological role by cleaning carrion in river ecosystems. Their population declined by over 80% between the 1950s and 1960s.

Why in news?

Ten gharials were released into the Chambal river in 2025 to boost the endangered species’ population.

Green Brigade

The Green Brigade is a community-based environmental volunteer group active in Kerala, collaborating with local self-government bodies to promote sustainable practices. Members assist in environmental initiatives such as waste segregation, collection drives, and awareness campaigns. In the nPROUD programme, the Green Brigade helps in collecting expired and unused drugs from households and public spaces, supporting safe disposal efforts. The group works to reduce pollution and promote ecological balance by encouraging responsible waste management at the grassroots level.

Why in news?

The Green Brigade is involved in the implementation of the nPROUD drug disposal programme by assisting in collection and awareness activities in Kozhikode district.

Green Climate Fund (GCF)

The Green Climate Fund (GCF) is a global financial mechanism established under the UNFCCC to support climate mitigation and adaptation projects in developing countries. As of November 2023, the GCF had approved 83 adaptation projects worth USD 18.6 billion for 44 developing countries, directly providing USD 5.3 billion. The fund prioritizes projects that enhance resilience to climate change impacts, especially in vulnerable regions. GCF financing supports countries’ National Adaptation Plans and disaster risk reduction strategies by enabling implementation of climate-resilient infrastructure and ecosystem-based approaches.

Why in news?

The GCF’s funding role was brought into light during India’s NAP consultations to scale up climate adaptation finance ahead of COP30.

Green Credit Programme (GCP)

The Green Credit Programme, launched in October 2023, is a market-based mechanism incentivizing voluntary environmental actions by individuals, communities, and private sectors. It focuses on afforestation and water conservation initially. The Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE) administers the program, managing registration, verification, and issuance of tradable Green Credit certificates. Green Credits can be exchanged to meet compensatory afforestation requirements under the Van Adhiniyam, 1980. A digital platform facilitates project registration, monitoring, and trading. The program aims to encourage eco-restoration of degraded forest land and promote corporate social responsibility through environmental sustainability metrics.

Why in news?

Seventeen state of Indias have collectively set aside over 57,700 hectares of degraded forest land for tree plantation under the Green Credit Programme, with Madhya Pradesh leading in area registered.

Green Food System (Japan)

Japan’s Green Food System is a national initiative aiming to establish pesticide-free agriculture and promote sustainable food production by 2050. It targets reducing chemical pesticide use, enhancing biodiversity on farmland, and improving food safety and environmental health. The program encourages organic farming, integrated pest management, and innovation in agroecology. Despite its ambitious goals, the Green Food System has been criticized for lacking measures to address indirect impacts like biodiversity leakage caused by reduced domestic production leading to increased imports. The initiative is part of Japan’s broader commitment to environmental sustainability and climate change mitigation.

Why in news?

Japan’s Green Food System is mentioned as an example of a policy silent on biodiversity leak, denoting gaps in addressing indirect environmental impacts of reduced pesticide use.

Groundwater Dark Zones

Groundwater Dark Zones are areas where groundwater extraction exceeds natural recharge rates, causing overexploitation. In India, these zones are officially identified and monitored by the government. Approximately 30% of assessed blocks fall under this category. These zones suffer from declining water tables, affecting agriculture and drinking water supplies. India accounts for about 25% of global groundwater abstraction, largely contributing to the formation of dark zones. The Atal Bhujal Yojana targets these zones to promote sustainable water use and recharge. Dark zones are critical for policymaking to prevent long-term water scarcity and ecological damage.

Why in news?

The Atal Bhujal Yojana targets groundwater dark zones for sustainable management, aiming to reverse groundwater depletion in critical and semi-critical blocks through community-led initiatives.

Hangul Deer

The Hangul Deer (Cervus hanglu hanglu) is an endangered subspecies of the Central Asian red deer, endemic to the Kashmir Himalayas. Its population has declined to approximately 300-350 individuals. Males exhibit a synchronised rutting season from October to December, while females have dispersed oestrus cycles, allowing multiple conception opportunities. Pregnancy is indicated by elevated progesterone levels from January to March, with birthing synchronized in April. Stress hormones rise during rutting and parturition, with additional stress linked to livestock herding disturbances. Conservation efforts include captive breeding and habitat protection in the Himalayan region.

Why in news?

A CSIR-CCMB study brought into light the reproductive biology and stress factors of Hangul Deer to inform conservation strategies, emphasizing reduced human disturbance during sensitive seasons for population recovery.

High-Analysis Fertilisers

High-analysis fertilisers contain concentrated amounts of specific nutrients, such as urea with 46% nitrogen, muriate of potash (MOP) with 60% potash, and di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) with 46% phosphorus plus 18% nitrogen. These fertilisers supply nutrients in high percentages but often do not match crop nutrient absorption ratios, leading to inefficiencies and waste. India imports most MOP and DAP, increasing foreign exchange burden. Limiting high-analysis fertiliser use encourages balanced fertilisation with secondary nutrients (sulphur, calcium, magnesium) and micronutrients (zinc, iron, copper, boron, manganese, molybdenum) for better crop health and resource use.

Why in news?

India aims to reduce reliance on high-analysis fertilisers to improve nutrient use efficiency, reduce imports, and conserve foreign exchange amid rising costs and rupee depreciation.

Indian Skimmer (Rynchops albicollis)

The Indian Skimmer is a rare bird species primarily found along riverbanks in South Asia. It has a distinctive lower mandible longer than the upper, used for skimming water surfaces to catch fish. The National Chambal Sanctuary hosts about 80% of India’s Indian Skimmer population, making it a critical conservation site. These birds nest on sandy river islands and are sensitive to habitat disturbance. Their populations are threatened by river pollution, sand mining, and human interference. Conservation in the sanctuary contributes to the survival of this species.

Why in news?

The Indian Skimmer is mentioned as part of the biodiversity supported by the National Chambal Sanctuary, denoting the sanctuary’s ecological importance alongside gharial conservation.

Justice-Informed Conservation

Justice-informed conservation integrates social justice principles into environmental management, emphasizing equitable participation and respect for diverse knowledge systems. It advocates for inclusive decision-making processes that consider affected communities’ values, rights, and consent. This approach seeks to balance ecological goals with human well-being, addressing historical inequities in conservation. It challenges top-down models by promoting shared stewardship and conflict resolution between humans and wildlife. Justice-informed conservation is gaining traction as a way to improve sustainability and social acceptance of environmental initiatives globally.

Why in news?

The study on African cheetah translocation to India recommends a justice-informed approach to ensure conservation efforts respect local communities and diverse perspectives.

Jwala the Cheetah

Jwala is a female cheetah brought from Namibia to India’s Kuno National Park as part of the world’s first intercontinental translocation of cheetahs. She is notable for being the first Namibian cheetah to give birth in the wild in India. Jwala and her cubs symbolize a critical step in the cheetah reintroduction program. The cheetah lineage from Namibia is genetically distinct from those brought from South Africa, representing two different source populations. Jwala’s successful adaptation and reproduction show the viability of international conservation collaborations.

Why in news?

Jwala and her four cubs were released into the wild from enclosures at Kuno National Park, marking a milestone in the ongoing cheetah reintroduction project.

Kalakkad – Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve (KMTR)

The Kalakkad – Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve (KMTR) spans over 800 sq km in Tamil Nadu, and was established in 1988 as part of Project Tiger. It is known for its rich biodiversity, including over 60 species of mammals and 250 species of birds. The reserve includes two wildlife sanctuaries – Kalakkad and Mundanthurai. It is home to the endangered Lion-tailed macaque and the Nilgiri Tahr. The terrain varies from low hills to dense evergreen forests, making it a critical habitat for many endemic species. The reserve is also important for watershed protection.

Why in news?

The post-monsoon wildlife census has commenced in the Kalakkad Division of KMTR, involving forest personnel and volunteers using GPS-enabled mobile apps to track and analyze wildlife presence until March 1.

Kapil Muni Temple

The Kapil Muni temple is a sacred Hindu shrine on Sagar Island, located near the confluence of the Ganga river and the Bay of Bengal. It is a major pilgrimage site during the Gangasagar Mela, especially on Makar Sankranti. The temple is illuminated during the festival and is central to religious rituals including the holy dip. Coastal erosion has brought the sea dangerously close, threatening the temple’s existence. The temple trust has been urged to fund embankment construction to protect it. The temple’s proximity to the sea has decreased from 1,500 meters to 470 meters in about ten years.

Why in news?

The Kapil Muni temple is brought into light due to the threat of coastal erosion and the urgent need for embankment construction to save the temple amid the Gangasagar Mela 2025.

Kasol Nature Park Proposal

The Kasol Nature Park proposal involves creating a tourist attraction featuring jacuzzi hot baths supplied by water piped from Manikaran’s hot springs, located 4 km away. Kasol is a popular tourist destination in Parvati Valley known for its scenic beauty and backpacker culture. The park aims to boost tourism and provide wellness facilities but raises concerns about environmental impact and cultural disrespect. The plan includes constructing a pipeline network to transport geothermal water. The proposal has not yet received full approval and faces opposition from local residents and politicians worried about the commercialization of a sacred resource.

Why in news?

The Kasol Nature Park plan to use Manikaran’s hot spring water commercially has incited protests and political disputes in Kullu district.

Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary

Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary (KWS) is located in the Bahraich district of Uttar Pradesh, near the Indo-Nepal border. It spans approximately 400 square kilometers and forms part of the Terai Arc Landscape. The sanctuary is known for its dense sal and teak forests and is home to tigers, leopards, elephants, and swamp deer. It is contiguous with the Dudhwa Tiger Reserve, enabling wildlife movement across protected areas. The sanctuary is also important part of the Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands ecoregion, supporting a diverse ecosystem with conservation importance.

Why in news?

An elephant carcass was found in the Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary, raising concerns after recent tiger and leopard deaths in the same region, prompting increased wildlife monitoring and investigation.

Kavus

Kavus are traditional sacred groves found in Kerala, serving as protected natural habitats for snakes and other wildlife. Sarpa Kavus are specific serpent groves within kavus, dedicated to snake worship and conservation. These groves have been maintained for generations through religious faith and local customs. Kavus contribute to biodiversity by preserving native flora and fauna in urban and rural areas. The destruction and urbanization of kavus have led to habitat loss, forcing snakes into human settlements, increasing human-snake conflicts. Kavus also play a role in water conservation and microclimate regulation in their local ecosystems.

Why in news?

The destruction of kavus in Kerala has increased human-snake encounters, contributing to a rise in snakebite fatalities, prompting calls for habitat preservation to mitigate man-animal conflict.

Kerala Paper Products Pulpwood Initiative

Kerala Paper Products entered an agreement with the Kerala Forest Department to use invasive Senna spectabilis trees as raw material for pulpwood production. This initiative aims to manage the invasive species by converting felled trees into paper products. Utilizing Senna spectabilis for pulpwood helps reduce forest invasion while providing economic benefits. The project aligns with ongoing efforts to control the tree population through mechanical removal. The pulpwood conversion process supports sustainable forest management by recycling biomass that would otherwise contribute to fire hazards or habitat degradation.

Why in news?

The Kerala Forest Department’s deal with Kerala Paper Products offers a practical solution to managing Senna spectabilis by turning invasive trees into pulpwood, complementing pest control efforts in Wayanad.

Kumbhi, Lakhimpur District

Kumbhi is a town in the Lakhimpur district of Uttar Pradesh. The district is part of the Purvanchal region and has a primarily agrarian economy. It is known for sugarcane cultivation, which supports local sugar industries like BCML. Lakhimpur has a strategic location near the Nepal border and serves as a hub for agro-based industries. The establishment of India’s first integrated biopolymer manufacturing plant in Kumbhi marks a shift towards industrial diversification and sustainable development in the region. The plant is expected to boost local employment and contribute to the circular economy.

Why in news?

Kumbhi in Lakhimpur district was chosen for the inauguration of the country’s first integrated biopolymer manufacturing unit, denoting the region’s industrial growth and commitment to sustainability.

Kunming Biodiversity Fund

The Kunming Biodiversity Fund is a biodiversity financing initiative established by China with an initial contribution of $200 million. It supports the implementation of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, which aims to halt biodiversity loss and restore ecosystems by 2030. The fund complements other global biodiversity financing mechanisms by focusing on projects that promote habitat protection, pollution control, and sustainable resource use. It is part of China’s broader environmental diplomacy efforts and enhances financial flows to biodiversity conservation, particularly in developing countries.

Why in news?

The Kunming Biodiversity Fund was brought into light at COP16 in Rome as a key financial contributor to global biodiversity efforts, with China pledging $200 million to support the 2030 biodiversity goals.

Kunming-Montreal Framework

The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework is an international agreement adopted in 2022 aiming to protect 30% of land and sea by 2030 to halt biodiversity loss. It sets global targets for conservation, sustainable use, and equitable sharing of benefits from genetic resources. The framework emphasizes ecosystem restoration, reducing pollution, and strengthening indigenous peoples’ roles in biodiversity management. It follows the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and responds to accelerating species extinction rates. The framework guides national policies and international cooperation on biodiversity conservation and sustainable development.

Why in news?

Countries are working to meet the 30×30 target under the Kunming-Montreal Framework, but recent research reveals that expanding protected areas is insufficient without addressing threats beyond their borders.

La Niña Phase

The La Niña phase is a climate pattern characterized by cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean. It typically leads to changes in global weather, including increased rainfall in Australia and Indonesia and drier conditions in parts of the Americas. La Niña usually suppresses tropical cyclone activity in the South Pacific by reducing ocean heat content. It alternates with El Niño roughly every 2 to 7 years as part of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle. La Niña events influence agriculture, water resources, and disaster preparedness worldwide.

Why in news?

The current La Niña phase contrasts with the unusually high cyclone activity in the South Pacific, which normally would see fewer storms during this period.

La Niña Phenomenon

La Niña is a climate pattern characterized by unusually cold ocean temperatures in the equatorial Pacific, typically causing cooler and wetter conditions in some regions. It usually leads to colder winters and springs in India. The phenomenon is part of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle, alternating with El Niño, which brings warmer conditions. La Niña events can last from several months to two years. Recently, the La Niña was unusual because despite its presence, India experienced higher-than-normal temperatures, indicating complex interactions with global warming. The Arabian Sea showed a cool west and warm east pattern during this period.

Why in news?

The ongoing La Niña in early 2025 coincided with unexpected high temperatures in India, defying usual cooling effects and denoting the influence of global warming on climate patterns.

Leatherback Turtle Migration

Leatherback turtles nesting in Little Andaman Island have shown extensive migratory routes, traveling thousands of kilometers across the Indian Ocean. Telemetry studies from 2011 to 2014 recorded movements westward to Madagascar and Mozambique and eastward to Western Australia. These turtles are the largest marine turtles and are known for their long-distance migrations, crossing multiple international waters. The increase in leatherback nesting since the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami indicates a positive population trend. Their migratory behavior is crucial for understanding habitat use, threats, and conservation needs across different countries.

Why in news?

The study marks the expanding leatherback turtle population in Little Andaman and their broad migratory patterns, emphasizing international conservation collaboration needs.

Leishmaniasis

Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania, transmitted by the bite of infected female phlebotomine sandflies. It manifests mainly in two forms – cutaneous (skin ulcers) and visceral (affecting internal organs). The disease is endemic in tropical and subtropical regions, particularly in parts of South America, Africa, and Asia. It disproportionately affects impoverished populations with poor housing and sanitation. Leishmaniasis has a complex zoonotic cycle involving wild and domestic animals as reservoirs. Control is challenging due to the diversity of vectors and reservoirs, and the disease is considered a neglected tropical disease by the WHO.

Why in news?

Leishmaniasis is listed among the most prevalent zoonotic diseases in high-risk WUI areas, underscoring its public health importance in the context of expanding human-wildlife interfaces.

Lymphatic Filariasis (LF)

Lymphatic Filariasis, also known as Hathi Paon, is a parasitic disease caused by microscopic filarial worms transmitted through mosquito bites. It leads to lymphoedema (swelling of limbs) and hydrocele (scrotal swelling), causing lifelong disabilities. The disease affects millions in tropical regions, particularly in India, which has a large endemic population. LF is a major cause of physical disability and social stigma. It is targeted for elimination under the WHO’s Global Programme to Eliminate LF. The disease’s long incubation period and asymptomatic carriers make surveillance and mass treatment critical.

Why in news?

The 2025 MDA campaign focuses on preventing LF transmission and managing morbidity through medication and surgeries, aiming for elimination ahead of the 2030 Sustainable Development Goal.

Maha Kumbh Waste Management

The Maha Kumbh is one of the largest religious gatherings globally, held every 12 years at various locations in India. It generates massive waste, requiring innovative waste management solutions. The event uses advanced 3R waste management techniques, including segregation at source, decentralized composting, and extensive public awareness campaigns. Technologies such as bio-digesters and solar-powered waste treatment plants are deployed. The event’s waste management plan is often cited as a benchmark for managing large-scale public events sustainably, integrating government agencies and local communities in circular economy practices.

Why in news?

India will showcase the best waste management practices from the Maha Kumbh at the 12th Regional 3R and Circular Economy Forum in Jaipur.

Manakudy Mangroves

The Manakudy Mangroves are a coastal wetland ecosystem located in the Kanniyakumari district of Tamil Nadu. These mangroves support rich biodiversity including fish, crustaceans, birds, and reptiles. The mangrove area acts as a natural buffer against coastal erosion and floods. It is part of the larger Pazhayar Basin and is adjacent to saltpans, which provide unique habitats for certain bird species. Despite its ecological importance, the mangrove ecosystem faces threats from saltpan expansion, pollution, and developmental projects. It is recognized under Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) rules but enforcement remains inconsistent.

Why in news?

The Manakudy Mangroves are near the newly discovered breeding site of the Blue-Cheeked Bee-eater, denoting the ecological significance of this fragile coastal habitat under threat.

Marine Monitoring Lab (MML)

The Marine Monitoring Lab (MML) is a specialized research unit within the University of Kerala’s Department of Aquatic Biology & Fisheries. It conducts underwater surveys and environmental monitoring of marine ecosystems along Kerala’s coast. MML focuses on documenting marine biodiversity, including coral species, fish populations, and benthic fauna. The lab employs advanced diving and sampling techniques to assess ecological health and impacts of human activities like mining and fishing. MML’s data contributes to policy recommendations and conservation efforts in the region. It collaborates with governmental and non-governmental bodies for marine habitat protection and sustainable resource management.

Why in news?

MML prepared a report denoting the ecological risks of an offshore mining project off Kollam, documenting coral diversity and recommending a moratorium on mining pending detailed environmental impact assessments.

Matti Tree (Goa)

The Matti tree (local to Goa) is a hardwood species traditionally used in shipbuilding for its strength and resistance to water damage. It is commonly used for keels, the backbone of wooden ships, due to its durability and ability to withstand marine environments. The wood’s natural oils contribute to its resistance against rot and marine borers. Despite its importance in regional shipbuilding, the Matti tree is not widely known outside Goa’s maritime crafts community. Conservation efforts are underway to protect these trees due to overharvesting for traditional construction.

Why in news?

The keel of the 5th-century style stitched ship built in Goa was crafted from the Matti tree, denoting the use of indigenous materials in reviving ancient Indian shipbuilding traditions.

Mausam Bhawan

Mausam Bhawan is the headquarters of the India Meteorological Department (IMD), located on Lodhi Road, New Delhi. The building serves as the central hub for India’s meteorological research, forecasting, and disaster management operations. It houses advanced weather monitoring technologies, including radars and satellite data processing centers. Mausam Bhawan is also a symbol of India’s commitment to climate science and public safety, coordinating early warnings for cyclones, monsoons, and extreme weather events nationwide. The name “Mausam” means “weather” in Hindi, reflecting the building’s core function.

Why in news?

Mausam Bhawan was the site of the inauguration of India’s first Open-Air Art Wall Museum dedicated to meteorology in October 2025.

Max Planck Partner Group at IISER Bhopal

The Max Planck Partner Group at IISER Bhopal is a collaborative research initiative linking IISER Bhopal with the Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry in Germany. It focuses on Earth and environmental sciences, particularly ecosystem carbon cycling and climate change impacts. The group employs interdisciplinary approaches combining satellite remote sensing, field observations, and physics-based models. It has contributed to pioneering studies on carbon sequestration and ecosystem resilience to climate extremes. The partnership enhances international scientific exchange and capacity building in India, facilitating advanced climate research and policy-relevant findings.

Why in news?

The Max Planck Partner Group led the IISER Bhopal study quantifying India’s vegetation carbon sequestration and its vulnerability to climate extremes.

Maximum Residue Levels (MRLs)

Maximum Residue Levels (MRLs) are the highest levels of pesticide residues legally permitted in or on food or feed, based on good agricultural practices and ensuring consumer safety. MRLs are set by regulatory authorities worldwide and vary by country and commodity. They are critical for international trade, as exceeding MRLs can lead to product rejection at borders. India’s current MRL framework for spices was limited to 11 pesticides but is being revised to 98, aligning with global standards. MRLs are determined through extensive scientific data, including toxicology and residue trials, to balance pest control and food safety.

Why in news?

FSSAI is revising India’s MRL framework for spices, increasing approved pesticide residue limits from 11 to 98, aiming to improve export market access and reduce trade disputes for Indian spice exporters.

Monocarpic Flowering

Monocarpic flowering refers to plants that flower, set seeds, and then die after a single reproductive cycle. Many species in the genus Strobilanthes exhibit this trait, flowering at irregular intervals that can span several years or even decades. This life strategy can make species identification and study difficult due to unpredictable flowering events. Monocarpic plants often synchronize flowering to maximize reproductive success. This phenomenon is observed in various plant families and is an adaptation to specific ecological conditions. It influences conservation strategies as populations may appear absent during non-flowering years.

Why in news?

The monocarpic nature of many Strobilanthes species complicates the identification and study of newly discovered plants like Strobilanthes gigantra in Arunachal Pradesh.

National Chinese Alligator Reserve

The National Chinese Alligator Reserve was established in 1982 to protect the remaining wild populations of Alligator sinensis in Anhui Province. It covers isolated wetlands and ponds within five counties, providing a refuge for the species amid extensive agricultural landscapes. The reserve is a critical conservation site and one of the few places where wild Chinese alligators still exist. Despite legal protection, habitat fragmentation and human activities within and around the reserve continue to threaten alligator survival. The reserve also serves as a focus for ecological research and local education efforts aimed at improving species awareness.

Why in news?

The reserve’s local communities show low recognition and awareness of the alligator, complicating conservation efforts and raising concerns about the species’ long-term viability in the protected area.

National Critical Mineral Mission (NCMM)

The National Critical Mineral Mission is an Government of India program approved for seven years until 2030-31, with an outlay of Rs 34,300 crore. It focuses on developing a resilient domestic supply chain for critical minerals through exploration, mining, beneficiation, processing, and recycling. The mission targets strategic minerals like lithium and rare earth elements essential for technology and defense sectors. It encourages acquisition of mineral assets abroad by public and private entities and aims to create stockpiles within India. The mission promotes sustainable mining and recovery from end-of-life products to reduce reliance on imports.

Why in news?

The NCMM is brought into light in connection with the India-US TRUST initiative, emphasizing collaboration on critical mineral supply chains.

Native Woodland Potential Model

The native woodland potential model estimates the capacity for forest expansion and carbon sequestration based on land conditions and ecological factors. Applied to the Scottish Highlands, it predicted that new native woodlands could sequester an average of 1.0 ± 0.1 Mt CO2 annually following wolf-driven deer population control. Each wolf was calculated to contribute roughly 6080 tonnes of CO2 sequestration per year. This model integrates forest growth rates, soil types, and climate data to quantify ecosystem services provided by reforestation and natural regeneration processes.

Why in news?

This model was key to estimating the carbon sequestration benefits of wolf reintroduction, denoting its potential to help meet national climate goals in the UK.

Non-Point Source Pollution

Non-point source pollution refers to diffuse contamination that does not originate from a single, identifiable source. It includes runoff from agricultural fields, urban areas, and other landscapes carrying nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus into water bodies. This type of pollution contributes to eutrophication, depleting oxygen and harming aquatic ecosystems. It is challenging to control due to its widespread and variable origins. Monitoring involves analyzing land use, hydrology, and pollutant sources over time. Effective management requires integrating geospatial data and land-use policies to mitigate impacts and improve water quality, especially in rapidly urbanizing regions.

Why in news?

Researchers from Middle East Technical University studied non-point source pollution in Lake Sapanca, revealing its role in nutrient loading and environmental degradation.

Oarfish (Regalecus glesne)

The oarfish is the world’s longest bony fish, reaching lengths up to 11 meters. It inhabits deep ocean waters, typically between 200 and 1,000 meters depth. Oarfish have a distinctive ribbon-like body with shimmering silver scales and a red dorsal fin running the entire length of their body. They feed on small fish, krill, and squid. Oarfish are rarely seen near the surface, often washing ashore when sick or dying. Their elusive nature and unusual appearance have inspired numerous myths and legends worldwide, including the Japanese “Ryugu no tsukai.”

Why in news?

Recent oarfish sightings near Baja California Sur, Mexico, have sparked speculation about their connection to impending natural disasters, reigniting interest in the creature’s folklore and scientific study.

Obligate Diapause

Obligate diapause is a genetically programmed dormancy occurring at a fixed life stage regardless of environmental conditions. It is rare in insects and is primarily documented in temperate species. This dormancy allows organisms to prepare for predictable adverse periods, such as winter, by accumulating energy reserves and seeking shelter. Unlike quiescence, which is a rapid response to immediate conditions, obligate diapause follows an internal clock. In the Antarctic midge, this occurs before the second winter, ensuring synchronized adult emergence in summer for successful reproduction.

Why in news?

The Antarctic midge’s use of obligate diapause before the second winter was identified as a key survival strategy during recent research on its life cycle.

Ocean Noise Pollution

Ocean noise pollution originates from sources including commercial shipping, military sonar, offshore drilling, and seismic surveys. It interferes with marine mammals’ ability to use sound for navigation, communication, and hunting. Elevated noise levels can cause disorientation, stress, and behavioral changes, sometimes forcing animals to surface rapidly or strand. Noise pollution reduces the acoustic space available for whales to communicate, impacting social structures and feeding efficiency. It is recognized as a growing threat to marine ecosystems, exacerbated by increased maritime traffic and industrial activities. Mitigation efforts include quieter ship designs and regulated sonar use.

Why in news?

Experts link increased ocean noise pollution to the rise in mass whale strandings, including the recent event in Tasmania, where disorientation from noise is a suspected factor.

Off-loading

Off-loading is a treatment technique for diabetic foot ulcers that reduces pressure on the affected area to promote healing. Methods include special footwear, braces, wheelchairs, or crutches. Off-loading prevents further tissue damage by minimizing weight-bearing stress. Total contact casts are a common off-loading device, distributing pressure evenly. Effective off-loading can improve healing rates and reduce infection risk. It requires patient compliance and regular monitoring by healthcare professionals. Off-loading is often combined with wound care and infection control for optimal outcomes.

Why in news?

Off-loading is emphasized as a key intervention in managing diabetic foot ulcers to prevent complications such as infections and amputations in India’s large diabetic population.

Oxybenzone

Oxybenzone is a common organic compound used in sunscreens as a UV filter to absorb ultraviolet light. It is fat-soluble and can accumulate in marine organisms, disrupting hormone systems. Oxybenzone has been shown to cause coral bleaching, deformities in coral larvae, and reduced fertility in fish. It is considered a pseudo-persistent pollutant because it constantly re-enters marine environments through swimmers and wastewater. This chemical does not easily break down in seawater and can bioaccumulate, impacting marine food chains. Several regions have banned oxybenzone-containing sunscreens to protect coral reefs and marine biodiversity.

Why in news?

Oxybenzone is brought into light due to its role in sunscreen pollution threatening marine ecosystems, leading to bans in places like Hawaii and Palau to protect coral reefs.

Palamu Tiger Reserve

Palamu Tiger Reserve (PTR) is located in Jharkhand, and was the first tiger reserve established in the state in 1974. It covers an area of approximately 1,102 square kilometers and is part of the Palamu district. PTR is known for its dry deciduous forests and diverse fauna including tigers, leopards, and various deer species. It is managed under Project Tiger, a national tiger conservation program. The reserve also contains several archaeological sites with ancient rock paintings. PTR faces challenges like poaching, habitat fragmentation, and human-wildlife conflict due to its proximity to human settlements.

Why in news?

The tiger that wandered from Palamu Tiger Reserve into Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary and Purulia is being relocated back to PTR for the first time in Jharkhand’s history.

Parambikulam Tiger Reserve

The Parambikulam Tiger Reserve is located in the Palakkad district of Kerala, covering an area of approximately 643.66 square kilometers. It is part of the Western Ghats, a UNESCO World Heritage site. The reserve is known for its rich biodiversity, including over 300 bird species and 270 butterfly species. It features a variety of habitats like tropical evergreen forests, moist deciduous forests, and grasslands. The reserve also has a unique community-based conservation model involving local tribes. It is home to endangered species such as the lion-tailed macaque and the Malabar civet.

Why in news?

A recent faunal survey added 15 new bird species and 5 new butterfly species to the reserve’s checklist, increasing the bird count to 302 and butterfly count to 273.

Peatland Fires

Peatland fires burn organic soil carbon stored in peat, which can be up to 25 kg/cm² in drained peatlands, far exceeding aboveground biomass combustion. These fires release large amounts of carbon dioxide, contributing to greenhouse gas emissions. Peatlands cover 3% of global land but store vast carbon amounts, acting as carbon sinks when wet. Fire severity depends on moisture, climate, and land management. Peat fires are harder to predict than typical forest fires due to soil combustion depth variability. UK peatlands have emitted 800,000 tonnes of carbon (2001–2021), with fires causing up to 90% of UK wildfire carbon emissions.

Why in news?

A new study warns UK peatland fires could increase carbon emissions by 60% with 2°C warming, denoting their growing environmental impact and the need for preventative measures like rewetting.

Pesticide Residue Laboratories

The pesticide residue laboratories in Sirsa and Karnal, Haryana, monitor pesticide levels in fruits, vegetables, soil, and water. Established to ensure food safety and environmental health, these labs analyzed 3,640 samples in 2023-24. They help detect harmful chemical residues that can affect human health and crop quality. The labs use advanced analytical techniques like chromatography and spectroscopy. Their findings guide farmers on pesticide use and inform regulatory authorities. The initiative supports sustainable agriculture by promoting safe pesticide practices and reducing contamination risks in the food supply chain.

Why in news?

The establishment and activity of pesticide residue labs were reported as part of Haryana’s efforts to improve agricultural safety and provide farmers with scientific guidance.

PM2.5 Particulate Matter

PM2.5 refers to atmospheric particulate matter with a diameter of less than 2.5 micrometers. These particles can penetrate deep into the lungs and bloodstream, causing respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Sources include combustion engines, industrial processes, and biomass burning. PM2.5 is measured in micrograms per cubic meter (µg/m³), with levels above 50 µg/m³ classified as severe pollution by the WHO. It contributes to global mortality, with over 1 million deaths annually in China alone. PM2.5 also impacts climate by affecting sunlight absorption and cloud formation. Monitoring involves satellite data, ground sensors, and predictive modeling for air quality management.

Why in news?

China plans to reduce PM2.5 levels by 2025 as part of its “battle for blue skies” campaign to curb severe air pollution and improve public health outcomes.

Polar Bear Avian Influenza Mortality

The first recorded polar bear (Ursus maritimus) death from avian influenza occurred in winter 2024. The bear likely contracted the virus by scavenging infected marine birds. This case marks zoonotic crossover and raises concerns about disease transmission between marine and terrestrial Arctic species. Avian influenza in polar bears marks emerging health threats linked to changing Arctic ecosystems and increased interactions between species due to environmental stressors such as marine heat waves. This event has implications for conservation and public health in the region.

Why in news?

The polar bear mortality from avian influenza is a newly documented phenomenon linked to changing Arctic conditions and marine heat wave impacts on disease dynamics.

Pusa Decomposer

Pusa Decomposer is a microbial-based bio-product developed by ICAR-IARI for effective in-situ and ex-situ management of crop residues, especially paddy straw. It accelerates decomposition by breaking down lignin and cellulose, reducing stubble burning and associated air pollution. Available as a ready-to-use powder dissolvable in water, it can be applied easily with mechanical sprayers at a recommended dose of 500g per acre. The eco-friendly solution improves soil health by enhancing organic matter content and nutrient cycling. It supports sustainable agriculture by promoting residue recycling and reducing environmental hazards caused by traditional residue disposal methods.

Why in news?

Pusa Decomposer was brought into light during the Pusa Krishi Vigyan Mela 2025 as an innovative, eco-friendly technology for crop residue management to mitigate stubble burning and improve soil fertility.

Rabies Fatality Rate

Rabies is a viral disease with an almost 100% fatality rate once symptoms appear, making it one of the deadliest infectious diseases. It affects the central nervous system, causing severe neurological symptoms such as hydrophobia, agitation, and paralysis. Rabies is transmitted primarily through animal bites, especially from dogs. Despite the availability of post-exposure prophylaxis, untreated cases invariably result in death. Globally, rabies causes tens of thousands of deaths annually, mostly in Asia and Africa. The disease has no effective cure after symptom onset, and prevention relies on vaccination and animal control measures.

Why in news?

The plea before the Supreme Court marks rabies’ unique 100% fatality and the disease’s violent symptoms to argue for passive euthanasia rights for affected patients.

Ramsar Sites

Ramsar sites are wetlands designated under the Ramsar Convention, an international treaty for wetland conservation established in 1971. They include about 20% of protected peatlands globally and nearly 40% in tropical regions. Despite their international recognition, many lack strong government enforcement, legal frameworks, or management plans. Ramsar sites aim to preserve wetland biodiversity, sustain ecosystem services, and support local communities. The designation encourages sustainable use but does not guarantee strict protection. Ramsar sites cover diverse wetland types including peatlands, mangroves, and saltmarshes, playing a role in global biodiversity and climate regulation efforts.

Why in news?

The study marks Ramsar sites’ role in peatland protection but notes their limited effectiveness due to weak legal and management support, especially in tropical regions where peatland degradation is prominent.

Red Mud

Red mud is a highly alkaline waste product generated during the extraction of alumina from bauxite ore via the Bayer process. It contains iron oxide, titanium dioxide, silica, and residual aluminum compounds. Globally, over 150 million tons of red mud are produced annually, posing disposal challenges due to its caustic nature. Research focuses on recovering valuable metals like iron, titanium, and rare earth elements from red mud. It is also studied for use in construction materials, soil remediation, and as a pigment. India produces substantial quantities of red mud from its bauxite refining operations in states like Odisha and Gujarat.

Why in news?

Red mud is brought into light as a key mineral waste in India with potential for recovery of critical minerals such as titanium, supporting sustainable mining and critical mineral supply initiatives.

Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF)

Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) is a fuel produced by processing non-recyclable waste materials, primarily plastics and other combustible refuse, into a combustible form for use in cement kilns and power plants. Kerala transports over 800 tonnes of RDF daily to other states like Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Uttar Pradesh. RDF helps reduce landfill volume but poses environmental risks such as toxic emissions if not properly managed. Its use as an alternative fuel is controversial due to pollution concerns and the reliance on waste import-export, which shifts environmental burdens between states.

Why in news?

Kerala’s extensive export of RDF to neighboring states is criticized as unsustainable, with recent legal actions forcing the state to recall improperly handled waste shipments.

Research Institute for Humanity and Nature (RIHN)

The Research Institute for Humanity and Nature (RIHN) is a Kyoto, Japan-based research organization focusing on interdisciplinary environmental studies. It collaborates internationally to study human impacts on ecosystems and sustainable development. RIHN employs advanced atmospheric modeling and field measurements to analyze pollution sources and climate interactions. It played a key role in the 2025 study on particulate matter in Delhi-NCR, providing expertise on chemical transport models and sensor networks. RIHN’s findings emphasize the complexity of air pollution beyond single-source attribution, integrating meteorological and anthropogenic factors.

Why in news?

RIHN researchers co-authored a 2025 study disproving a linear correlation between stubble burning in Punjab-Haryana and PM2.5 levels in Delhi-NCR, influencing pollution policy discussions.

Rigid Staggered Vegetation (RSV)

Rigid Staggered Vegetation (RSV) refers to emergent coastal plants arranged in a staggered pattern that remain upright under wave forces. RSV mimics rigid mangrove trees with stiff stems and trunks, providing strong resistance to wave energy and debris impact. This vegetation type shows higher indices in reducing fluid force (RFI) and momentum (RMI) compared to flexible or tilting vegetation. RSV can reduce debris impact by up to 96%, making it highly effective as a natural bio-shield against tsunamis and storm surges. Its structural rigidity helps dissipate wave energy and slow debris movement, protecting coastal buildings and infrastructure.

Why in news?

The study brought into light RSV’s superior performance over tilting vegetation in mitigating tsunami damage to coastal structures in simulations by IIT Bombay researchers.

Rubix Data Sciences

Rubix Data Sciences is a company specializing in risk management and monitoring, focusing on sectors such as renewable energy. It provides detailed analytical reports on challenges in scaling renewable infrastructure, including land use and supply chain risks. The company uses data-driven approaches to assess environmental, economic, and operational risks, aiding policy makers and businesses. Rubix’s insights show the spatial and material constraints in renewable energy expansion, emphasizing the need for innovative land management and critical mineral sourcing strategies. Its reports are increasingly referenced in discussions on sustainable energy planning and risk mitigation worldwide.

Why in news?

Rubix Data Sciences released a report denoting the land requirements and supply chain challenges India faces in scaling up solar power capacity to meet renewable energy targets.

Rushikulya Beach

Rushikulya Beach is located in Odisha’s Ganjam district, and is one of the world’s mass nesting sites for the endangered Olive Ridley sea turtles. It hosts annual arribadas, where hundreds of thousands of turtles come ashore simultaneously to lay eggs. The beach’s nesting events are influenced by lunar cycles and monsoon patterns. It is less commercialized compared to Gahirmatha, allowing a more natural habitat for turtles. Conservation efforts here include monitoring by forest and wildlife departments, with community involvement to minimize disturbances. The site has witnessed fluctuating turtle numbers due to environmental and anthropogenic factors.

Why in news?

Rushikulya Beach recorded a record 6.5 lakh Olive Ridley sea turtles arriving for mass nesting in 2025 after a two-year gap, marking the highest number recorded at this site.

Sabarmati Basin

The Sabarmati River basin is located in western India, primarily in Gujarat. It is one of the major hydrological basins experiencing water gaps but is projected to see a decrease in water gaps under warming scenarios. The basin supports urban centers like Ahmedabad and is crucial for irrigation and drinking water. The Sabarmati basin has a semi-arid climate with seasonal monsoon rainfall, making it vulnerable to variability in water availability. Water management efforts include dams and reservoirs to regulate flow and mitigate scarcity, but challenges remain due to increasing demand and climate change.

Why in news?

The Sabarmati basin shows a projected decrease in water gaps under 1.5°C and 3°C warming, contrasting with other basins facing increased water scarcity in the 2025 water gap study.

Santhal Pargana Fossil Hub

Santhal Pargana is a region in Jharkhand known for its rich fossil deposits, including plant and potentially dinosaur fossils. It lies near the Rajmahal Hills and is considered paleontological site. The area has been proposed as a center of excellence for fossil research and conservation, aiming to boost geo-tourism and preserve fossil heritage. The establishment of a UNESCO-authorized global geopark in Santhal Pargana is suggested to protect these fossils in their natural state and promote scientific study and local economic development.

Why in news?

Following the discovery of the petrified fossil tree, Santhal Pargana has been proposed as a center for fossil research and conservation, with plans to develop a UNESCO global geopark.

Sariska Tiger Reserve (STR)

Sariska Tiger Reserve, located in Rajasthan, covers approximately 881.11 sq km as its critical tiger habitat, exceeding the 492 sq km of the Sariska Wildlife Sanctuary. It was declared a tiger reserve in 1979 under Project Tiger. The reserve is known for its dry deciduous forests and supports species like tigers, leopards, and several ungulates. STR faced a tiger population collapse in 2004 due to poaching, but conservation efforts have since led to population recovery. The reserve is fragmented, creating challenges for wildlife corridors and management, necessitating boundary rationalisation and eco-sensitive zone notification for enhanced protection.

Why in news?

STR’s CTH is being rationalised to resolve fragmentation issues, with the eco-sensitive zone notification planned by the end of 2025 to strengthen conservation measures.

SARPA App

The SARPA (Snake Awareness and Rescue Protection App) is a mobile application launched by the Kerala government in 2020 to manage snakebite emergencies and snake rescues. It connects the public with about 2,500 trained volunteers across the state who respond to snake sightings and rescue requests. The app helps in quick identification, safe capture, and relocation of snakes from human habitats back to forests. It also provides educational resources on snakebite prevention and first aid. SARPA enhances community engagement and reduces snake-human conflicts by facilitating timely intervention and awareness.

Why in news?

The SARPA App is part of Kerala’s broader strategy to reduce snakebite fatalities and was brought into light in 2025 amidst rising snakebite incidents and rescue operations.

Satpura-Melghat Tiger Corridor

The Satpura-Melghat Tiger Corridor is a vital ecological passage connecting two key tiger reserves in Madhya Pradesh. It enables genetic exchange and population stability of tigers by facilitating movement between Satpura and Melghat reserves. This corridor supports broader wildlife diversity and maintains ecosystem health. It has been identified as a critical tiger habitat in the National Tiger Estimation 2022. Disruption of this corridor risks reversing the recent recovery of tiger populations following voluntary village relocations in the area. Conservation efforts prioritize maintaining this connectivity to ensure long-term viability of tiger populations.

Why in news?

The corridor faces destruction due to the Morand-Ganjal Irrigation Project, which threatens to submerge forest areas essential for tiger movement, prompting warnings from the National Tiger Conservation Authority.

Save The Caspian Sea Ecological Movement

The Save The Caspian Sea Ecological Movement was founded by Vadim Ni to address environmental issues threatening the Caspian Sea. It focuses on the rapidly decreasing water levels, pollution from oil and gas companies, loss of biodiversity, and threats to fishing and tourism. The movement seeks to unite the five bordering countries—Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Russia, Turkmenistan, and Iran—toward collective environmental action. It emerged after a meeting of environmental activists in December 2024. The movement emphasizes raising awareness at both regional and international levels to mitigate the ecological crisis facing the Caspian Sea.

Why in news?

Vadim Ni and the movement have raised alarms over the Caspian Sea’s declining water levels and environmental degradation, calling for urgent multinational cooperation.

Scottish Highlands Wilderness

The Scottish Highlands wilderness covers approximately 12,167 square kilometers and is one of Britain’s last large natural landscapes. It features diverse habitats including native woodlands, moorlands, and peat bogs. The area supports species like red deer and historically hosted apex predators such as the grey wolf until their extinction by the late 17th century. It is characterized by low human population density and limited infrastructure, making it suitable for ecological restoration projects. The wilderness plays important role in biodiversity conservation and carbon storage within the UK.

Why in news?

The Scottish Highlands are the proposed site for wolf reintroduction aimed at ecosystem restoration and climate change mitigation through natural woodland expansion.

SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production)

SDG 12 aims to ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns. It includes targets on reducing waste generation and promoting resource efficiency. However, India’s SDG framework lacks specific indicators for electronic waste (e-waste), a growing environmental concern due to rapid digitalization. E-waste contains hazardous materials that require safe disposal and recycling processes. The absence of e-waste metrics limits monitoring and policy response. Globally, e-waste is the fastest-growing waste stream, and India is among the top producers. Addressing e-waste is critical for reducing pollution, conserving resources, and protecting public health under SDG 12.

Why in news?

The 2025 SDG progress report marks missing e-waste indicators in India’s SDG 12 framework, underscoring challenges in tracking responsible consumption and production.

SDG 14 (Life Below Water)

SDG 14 focuses on conserving and sustainably using the oceans, seas, and marine resources. It includes five indicators, but three lack 2030 targets, complicating progress tracking. Data gaps exist for coastal Union Territories like Andaman and Nicobar, Lakshadweep, and Puducherry. The goal excludes inland states and covers issues such as marine pollution, overfishing, and ocean acidification. India tracks 108 indicators for coastal states but struggles with uniform data availability. The absence of comprehensive targets and data in SDG 14 hinders effective policy formulation for marine ecosystem protection and sustainable fisheries management.

Why in news?

SDG 14 was excluded from some analyses due to its coastal state focus, denoting data gaps in India’s marine sustainability efforts in the 2025 SDG progress report.

Seagrass Overgrazing in Lakshadweep

The growing green turtle population in the Lakshadweep islands has caused overgrazing of seagrass meadows. Seagrasses are vital marine habitats supporting biodiversity and stabilizing coastal ecosystems. Overgrazing reduces seagrass density and health, potentially disrupting ecological balance. This change affects not only marine life dependent on seagrasses but also the coastal environment’s resilience. Green turtles rely on seagrass as a primary food source, and unchecked population growth can lead to habitat degradation. Monitoring and managing turtle populations and seagrass health is necessary to maintain ecosystem sustainability in the region.

Why in news?

The report notes unexpected ecological changes due to green turtle population growth in Lakshadweep, raising concerns about seagrass ecosystem health.

Selenium Bioavailability in Wheat

Selenium bioavailability refers to the extent and rate at which selenium from wheat is absorbed and utilized by the human body. Selenium content in wheat varies geographically based on soil composition, with Punjab and Haryana wheat having naturally higher selenium levels due to alkaline, selenium-rich soils. This selenium is incorporated into wheat proteins, making it highly bioavailable. Excessive intake can cause toxicity, known as selenosis, leading to symptoms like hair loss, gastrointestinal distress, and neurological signs. Selenium content in wheat can be up to 600 times higher in some regions, posing risks when consumed in large amounts through staple foods.

Why in news?

Wheat from Punjab and Haryana, with high selenium bioavailability, was identified as the source of toxic selenium intake causing hair loss in Maharashtra’s Buldhana district.

Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) in Prayagraj

Prayagraj operates 10 sewage treatment plants (STPs) designed to treat municipal wastewater before discharge. The Pong Ghat STP, located near the Ganges confluence, is critical due to its proximity to the sacred river. Despite stringent standards set in 2019, many STPs, including Pong Ghat, fail to meet treatment norms due to overcapacity; they process sewage volumes far exceeding design limits. This overload causes untreated or partially treated sewage to flow directly into the Ganges, posing health risks. Some treated water is reused for irrigation and religious purposes in nearby villages, raising concerns about contamination.

Why in news?

The NGT reprimanded Uttar Pradesh Pollution Control Board for allowing untreated sewage discharge from STPs during the Maha Kumbh festival, worsening river pollution.

Shared Socioeconomic Pathway 2-4.5 (SSP2-4.5)

SSP2-4.5 is a mid-range climate scenario combining moderate socioeconomic development with intermediate greenhouse gas emissions. It assumes global population growth stabilizes mid-century, moderate technological progress, and partial climate mitigation policies. This pathway projects atmospheric CO2 concentrations leading to roughly 2.7°C warming by 2100 without further mitigation. SSP2-4.5 is widely used in climate modeling to explore impacts and adaptation challenges under “business-as-usual” conditions. It reflects current global policy trends and economic growth patterns. The scenario informs IPCC reports and helps evaluate the effectiveness of mitigation strategies and climate risks.

Why in news?

Under SSP2-4.5, models indicate a high probability that the 1.5°C warming threshold will be crossed within the next two decades, reflecting current emission trajectories.

Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP)

Shared Socioeconomic Pathways are scenarios used in climate research to project future greenhouse gas emissions and societal development. SSPs describe different trajectories based on variables like population growth, economic development, and technological progress. The SSP2-4.5 scenario represents a “middle-of-the-road” pathway with moderate mitigation efforts, while SSP1-1.9 and SSP1-2.6 depict more aggressive climate action. These scenarios help climate models estimate global temperature increases, impacts, and risks. SSPs are integral to IPCC assessments, guiding policymakers on potential climate futures. They combine socioeconomic factors with Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) for comprehensive climate projections.

Why in news?

The SSP2-4.5 scenario predicts a high probability that the 1.5°C warming threshold will be crossed within the next two decades, reflecting current climate policy trends.

Shot Silverline Butterfly

The Shot Silverline (Curetis thetis) is a species of lycaenid butterfly found in South and Southeast Asia, including the Western Ghats. It has a wingspan of about 30-40 mm, with bright orange upper wings marked by metallic silver lines on the underwings. The butterfly’s larvae feed on plants in the Fabaceae family. It exhibits a fast and erratic flight pattern. The Shot Silverline is known for its seasonal polyphenism, where its appearance changes between wet and dry seasons. It is considered uncommon but not endangered.

Why in news?

It was one of the five new butterfly species added to the Parambikulam Tiger Reserve’s checklist during the recent biodiversity survey.

Similipal Tiger Reserve

Similipal Tiger Reserve, located in Odisha, is a biodiversity hotspot with dense forests inhabited by tigers, elephants, and tribal communities. It faces challenges from armed poachers and bushmeat hunting by local tribes. The reserve uses advanced technology like TrailGuard AI cameras and traditional intelligence gathering, including undercover staff, to combat poaching. The reserve has implemented proactive enforcement, including house raids based on photo identification, leading to arrests and convictions. Similipal also balances conservation with tribal access to forest resources by facilitating safer forest entry and conducting awareness programs in local languages.

Why in news?

Similipal Tiger Reserve is the first site where TrailGuard AI showed anti-poaching success, reducing poaching incidents and improving forest security.

Single-Cell Imaging Techniques

Single-cell imaging techniques allow precise measurement of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus content in individual glacier ice algae cells. This method helps quantify nutrient assimilation rates, revealing how algae store phosphorus internally and maintain high carbon-to-nutrient ratios. These techniques provide vital information about microbial survival strategies in extreme environments and enable detailed analysis of biochemical processes at the cellular level. They represent a cutting-edge approach in environmental microbiology, facilitating understanding of nutrient dynamics in ecosystems with limited resources, such as glacier surfaces.

Why in news?

Researchers used advanced single-cell imaging to uncover how glacier algae optimize nutrient use, shedding light on their resilience and impact on ice melt.

Sleeping Mats

Sleeping mats are lightweight, portable pads designed to provide insulation and cushioning between a person and the ground during rest or sleep outdoors. Commonly made from foam or inflatable materials, they improve comfort and reduce heat loss. They are widely used in camping, military, and emergency relief situations. Some mats use closed-cell foam for durability and insulation, while others are air-filled for compactness. Sleeping mats help prevent hypothermia by insulating against cold ground and improve sleep quality in rough terrain. Their design varies to balance portability, durability, and thermal resistance depending on intended use.

Why in news?

Sleeping mats are included in the disaster relief materials sent by India to Honduras after Tropical Storm SARA to aid displaced populations.

Snow Line

The snow line is the lowest elevation on a mountain where snow remains year-round without melting. It varies seasonally and geographically, influenced by temperature, precipitation, and solar radiation. The snow line is a key indicator of climate change, as rising temperatures push it higher, reducing permanent snow cover. It differs from the equilibrium line altitude (ELA), which marks where accumulation equals melting. Snow line changes affect glacier mass balance and local ecosystems. In the Himalayas, the snow line has risen in recent decades, impacting water supplies for millions downstream.

Why in news?

The snow line on Mount Everest rose by 150 metres during the winter of 2024-2025, signaling reduced snow accumulation and ongoing glacier retreat due to warmer, drier conditions.

Strombolian Explosions

Strombolian explosions are a type of volcanic activity characterized by relatively mild, intermittent bursts of incandescent cinder, lapilli, and lava bombs. They originate from gas bubbles bursting within the magma column, producing rhythmic explosions. These eruptions typically eject magma fragments a few hundred meters into the air and are named after Stromboli volcano in Italy. Strombolian activity is less violent than Plinian eruptions but more energetic than Hawaiian lava flows. The eruptions usually produce scoria cones and are associated with basaltic to andesitic magma. They can last for hours to years and are important for studying volcanic gas dynamics and eruption forecasting.

Why in news?

The February 2025 eruption of Mount Etna began with Strombolian explosions from the Southeast Crater’s western sector, marking the initial phase of volcanic activity.

Sublimation

Sublimation is the process where ice or snow changes directly into water vapor without becoming liquid first. It occurs under cold, dry, and windy conditions, common in high-altitude environments like Mount Everest. Sublimation can cause glacier mass loss, sometimes exceeding melting losses, especially during dry winters. Rates can reach up to 2.5 millimetres of ice thickness loss daily. Sublimation affects glacier dynamics by reducing snowpack and ice volume, influencing downstream water availability and contributing to glacier retreat independent of temperature-driven melting.

Why in news?

Sublimation was identified as a primary cause of snow cover loss on Mount Everest during the dry winter of 2024-2025, accelerating glacier retreat despite limited melting events.

SuCCESS Code

The SuCCESS Code is an independently auditable set of sustainable farming practices specifically designed for castor cultivation. It focuses on soil health restoration, efficient water use, and reducing chemical inputs to promote environmental sustainability. Farms certified under this code report higher crop yields, reduced production costs, and increased farmer incomes. The code also aligns with international sustainability standards, aiding Indian castor oil exports to comply with stringent European Union regulations. It is promoted by the Sustainable Castor Association (SCA) to boost sustainable castor farming and global market competitiveness.

Why in news?

The SuCCESS Code is brought into light as a key factor in India’s plan to increase castor oil exports to $2.5 billion by 2030 through sustainable farming practices.

Sugar Bioenergy Forum (SBF)

The Sugar Bioenergy Forum (SBF) is a sectoral platform under the Indian Federation of Green Energy that promotes bioenergy development within the sugar industry. It focuses on leveraging sugarcane biomass, including bagasse and molasses, for producing biofuels like ethanol and CBG. SBF facilitates industry collaboration, policy advocacy, and technology exchange among sugar mills, bioenergy producers, and government bodies. The forum supports research initiatives to improve bioenergy efficiency and sustainability. It plays a key role in representing sugar sector interests in India’s renewable energy policies and advancing rural economic development through bioenergy.

Why in news?

The SBF’s Co-Chairperson authored the article denoting CBG sector challenges and policy needs, reflecting the forum’s active role in shaping India’s bioenergy future.

Sustainability Bonds

Sustainability bonds finance projects that combine environmental and social objectives, unlike pure green bonds which focus solely on environmental benefits. Emerging market sovereign issuers tend to issue more sustainability bonds, blending green and social projects, to attract broader investor interest. These bonds can fund climate resilience, social welfare, and infrastructure simultaneously. Post-issuance reporting on allocation and impact is critical for investor confidence but often delayed. The World Bank suggests sustainability bonds could help countries like India increase proceeds from bond issues by appealing to investors seeking both social and environmental returns.

Why in news?

The World Bank report recommends India explore sustainability bonds to improve investor demand and funding for combined green and social projects, addressing current challenges with sovereign green bonds.

Sustainable Development Goals in Tourism

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a collection of 17 global objectives set by the United Nations to address global challenges by 2030. In tourism, SDGs focus on economic expansion, poverty reduction, job creation, and ecosystem preservation. Ecotourism, a branch of sustainable tourism, supports these goals by encouraging responsible travel that conserves natural habitats and respects local cultures. Tourism contributes to SDGs such as Decent Work and Economic Growth (Goal 8), Climate Action (Goal 13), and Life on Land (Goal 15). Integrating SDGs into tourism policies helps balance economic benefits with environmental and social sustainability.

Why in news?

The 2025 Global Tourism Resilience Day marks sustainable tourism’s role in advancing the SDGs, reinforcing tourism’s contribution to poverty reduction and environmental conservation amid global challenges.

Svalbard Global Seed Vault

The Svalbard Global Seed Vault is located on the Norwegian Arctic island of Spitsbergen. It was established in 2008 to safeguard the world’s crop diversity by storing seeds from global gene banks. The vault is built inside a mountain and protected by permafrost to ensure preservation even during disasters like nuclear war or climate change. It holds over a million seed samples representing thousands of plant species. Between 2015 and 2019, it helped restore seed collections damaged by the Syrian war. The vault acts as a global backup, supporting food security and biodiversity conservation.

Why in news?

The vault is receiving over 14,000 new seed samples, including varieties from Sudan, Sweden, and Thailand, enhancing global crop diversity preservation amid ongoing conflicts and climate challenges.

Swabhav Swachhata

Swabhav Swachhata is an environmental cleanliness initiative focusing on natural, inherent cleanliness practices that align with cultural values. It promotes sustainable waste management by encouraging zero-waste events, use of biodegradable materials, and segregation of dry and wet waste for recycling and composting. The concept integrates traditional Indian customs of hygiene with modern ecological practices. It supports grassroots participation in maintaining public spaces and complements national campaigns like Swachh Bharat Abhiyan. Swabhav Swachhata emphasizes individual responsibility and community involvement to achieve sustainable environmental health.

Why in news?

The festival at Amrit Udyan adopts Swabhav Swachhata principles, ensuring zero-waste and no single-use plastics, with waste managed sustainably during the event.

UN Desertification Talks

The UN Desertification Talks are part of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), established in 1994 to address land degradation and desertification globally. The UNCCD focuses on sustainable land management, drought resilience, and restoring degraded lands. It involves nearly 200 countries and holds annual Conferences of the Parties (COP). The convention emphasizes the link between desertification, poverty, and climate change. Despite its importance, negotiations often face challenges due to differing priorities between developed and developing nations. The 2024 talks in Saudi Arabia failed to produce an agreement on drought response measures.

Why in news?

The failure to agree on drought response at the 2024 Saudi-hosted UN desertification talks is cited as part of a series of setbacks in global environmental negotiations last year.

UN Regional Forums on Sustainable Development

The UN Regional Forums on Sustainable Development are annual gatherings held across five regions – Africa, Asia-Pacific, Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean, and Western Asia. They facilitate dialogue and review progress on the Sustainable Development Goals at regional levels. Recently, these forums are scheduled from March to May and will include briefings linked to the Food Systems Summit Stocktake. These forums promote inclusive, cross-sectoral consultations and enable regional stakeholders to align national policies with global SDG targets, encouraging cooperation and sharing best practices.

Why in news?

The 2025 Regional Forums are integral to the preparatory process for the Second Food Systems Summit Stocktake, ensuring regional inputs and commitments are incorporated into global assessments.

Underground Drainage System (UGD) in Kollur

The Underground Drainage (UGD) system in Kollur was developed to manage sewage from the town and nearby lodges, aiming to protect the Sowparnika River from pollution. It includes a sewage treatment plant (STP) designed to treat wastewater before release. However, the UGD system’s pump and wet well have been non-functional since late November of the previous year, leading to untreated sewage discharge into the river. The failure of this system has heightened environmental risks and public health hazards. The issue is under legal scrutiny with a case pending before the National Green Tribunal (NGT).

Why in news?

The Kollur UGD system is in the news due to its failure, causing untreated sewage to pollute the Sowparnika River, prompting environmental activism and legal action.

UNFCCC Gender Needs Framework

The UNFCCC Gender Needs Framework is an analytical tool used to assess and address gender disparities within climate change negotiations and policies. It examines four key domains – governance, gender-based education and assets, gender-based rights and participation, and leadership and decision-making. This framework helps identify structural and cultural barriers that limit women’s involvement in climate talks. It informs policy recommendations and capacity-building efforts to promote gender equality in climate governance. The framework is increasingly applied in research and institutional reforms within the UNFCCC process to ensure that climate actions are inclusive and equitable.

Why in news?

The research applied this framework to explore factors contributing to the low representation of women in UNFCCC negotiations, particularly among LDC delegates.

United Planters Association of South India (UPASI)

Founded in 1936, UPASI is a premier organization representing plantation owners in South India, primarily focusing on tea, coffee, and rubber sectors. It plays a key role in research, development, and policy advocacy for sustainable plantation practices. UPASI operates several research stations and training centers to improve crop yields and quality. It also promotes diversification and value addition in plantation crops. The association has been instrumental in introducing mechanization and modern agricultural techniques in plantations. UPASI collaborates with government bodies and international agencies to enhance the global competitiveness of Indian plantation products.

Why in news?

UPASI president Mathew Abraham emphasized agroforestry and diversification at the Invest Kerala Global Summit to boost sustainability and reduce timber imports, denoting UPASI’s role in plantation sector modernization.

Utility-Led Aggregation Model (ULA)

The Utility-Led Aggregation (ULA) model is a framework for implementing rooftop solar systems where electricity distribution companies (DISCOMS) aggregate power generation from multiple small-scale solar installations. This model enables centralized management of solar assets, streamlines billing, and facilitates net metering or gross metering arrangements. ULA is guided by Ministry of New & Renewable Energy (MNRE) RESCO/ULA guidelines and helps optimize renewable energy integration into the grid while ensuring financial viability for utilities and consumers.

Why in news?

Andhra Pradesh DISCOMS were instructed to adopt the ULA model for the rollout of rooftop solar systems under the PM Surya Ghar scheme for SC/ST consumers.

Wastewater-Based Epidemiology

Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) involves analyzing sewage to monitor the presence of pathogens in a community. It detects viral RNA or other markers shed in human waste, providing early warning of disease outbreaks. WBE can track diseases such as COVID-19, poliovirus, and antimicrobial resistance genes. It is cost-effective and non-invasive, covering large populations regardless of symptomatic testing. WBE helps identify hotspots, monitor infection trends, and evaluate public health interventions. This method is increasingly used in urban centers and ports of entry to strengthen surveillance and guide response efforts.

Why in news?

WBE is brought into light as part of India’s and global efforts to enhance early detection of emerging pathogens through environmental surveillance programs.

Water Gaps

Water gaps are defined as the difference between renewable water availability and water consumption while maintaining adequate flows in aquatic environments. They quantify the shortfall in water supply relative to demand, factoring in ecological flow requirements. Globally, water gaps total nearly 458 billion cubic meters per year under current climate conditions. These gaps are projected to increase by 6% under 1.5°C warming and by 15% under 3°C warming. Water gaps occur on every continent, affecting both water-scarce and previously unaffected regions, with large impacts on agriculture and ecosystems.

Why in news?

A 2025 study published in Nature Communications quantified global water gaps and projected their increase due to climate warming, denoting regions at risk and the need for sustainable water management.

Water Table and Seismicity

Changes in the water table can influence seismic activity by altering pressure in underground rock fractures. When heavy rain raises the water table, pressure increases inside rock pores by nearly 1 atmosphere per 10 meters of water rise, potentially triggering earthquake swarms. This mechanism is in regions with permeable rock formations and existing faults. The infiltration of water lubricates faults or increases pore pressure, reducing friction and enabling slip. This process has been documented in peninsular India and other areas with seasonal rainfall variations, linking hydrological cycles directly to seismic swarms.

Why in news?

Recent earthquake swarms in peninsular India after heavy rains illustrate the link between rising water tables and increased seismic activity, as explained in a 2008 study referenced in the current seismic events.

Water-Efficient Farming

Water-efficient farming involves agricultural practices that optimize water use and reduce wastage. Techniques include drip irrigation, sprinkler systems, rainwater harvesting, and mulching. These methods improve crop yield with less water, conserve groundwater, and reduce dependency on erratic rainfall. Water-efficient farming is critical in drought-prone regions and areas facing water scarcity. It also helps mitigate climate change impacts by reducing water consumption and enhancing soil moisture retention. The practice supports sustainable agriculture and increases farmers’ resilience. Governments and organizations promote water-efficient farming through subsidies, training, and technology adoption.

Why in news?

Telangana’s Deputy Finance Minister advocated water-efficient farming to enhance agricultural productivity and sustainability in the state.

Western Ghats Biogeographic Zone

The Western Ghats is a mountain range and a designated biodiversity hotspot in India, spanning six states including Maharashtra. It hosts over 203 odonate species, with 84 endemic to the region. The zone is characterized by tropical evergreen forests, hill streams, and waterfalls that provide diverse habitats for dragonflies and damselflies. The Western Ghats’ unique climate and topography support high species richness and endemism. It is recognized internationally for its ecological significance and conservation priority. The region’s odonate diversity is used as an indicator of freshwater ecosystem health due to their sensitivity to environmental changes.

Why in news?

Pune district lies within the Western Ghats biogeographic zone, which contributes to its high odonate species richness and the discovery of new dragonfly species in recent studies.

White Industries Classification

The term ‘white industries’ refers to a newly introduced classification under an MoEF&CC notification, assigning 39 industries exemptions from routine environmental clearances and pollution control requirements. Traditionally, industries were classified based on pollution potential into red, orange, and green categories. The ‘white industries’ category is controversial as it includes sectors like fly ash brick manufacturing, which produce hazardous waste. This classification allows these industries to bypass consent renewals and monitoring by State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs), potentially increasing environmental and health risks. The legal basis for this classification is disputed, with concerns about bypassing legislative and constitutional provisions.

Why in news?

The notification granting ‘white industries’ status was issued in November 2024, leading to widespread criticism for undermining environmental safeguards and regulatory accountability.

White-Winged Duck

The White-winged duck (Deo Hanh) is an endangered species native to South Asia, primarily found in India, Bhutan, Thailand, Vietnam, and Myanmar. It inhabits forest wetlands, swamps, and slow-moving streams. It is the state bird of Assam. The population has drastically declined from an estimated 300-400 individuals due to habitat loss and hunting. These ducks are elusive, mostly residing in protected areas like Nameri and Dihing Patkai National Parks. Conservation efforts began in 2018 under the ‘White-Winged Duck Recovery Project’ to revive their dwindling numbers.

Why in news?

A rare pair of white-winged ducks was spotted in Dihing Patkai National Park during a survey by conservationists and forest officials, denoting ongoing efforts to protect this endangered species.

History (India / World) & Culture

Abhinav Bharat Society

Abhinav Bharat Society was a secret revolutionary organization founded by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar and his brother in 1904. Inspired by Giuseppe Mazzini’s Young Italy, it aimed to overthrow British colonial rule in India through armed revolution. The society operated mainly in Maharashtra and was involved in radical nationalist activities, including political assassinations. One notable member, Madan Lal Dhingra, assassinated British official Curzon Wyllie in 1909. Abhinav Bharat played a key role in early 20th-century Indian revolutionary movements and was suppressed by British authorities. Despite its small size, it influenced the militant strand of Indian nationalism.

Why in news?

The society’s connection to Savarkar and the 1909 assassination of Curzon Wyllie contextualizes the banning of Savarkar’s book, The Indian War of Independence 1857, during that period.

Ananda Tandava

The Ananda Tandava is the cosmic dance of Shiva symbolizing the fivefold divine functions – creation, preservation, destruction, concealment, and liberation. Performed in Tamil Nadu’s Chidambaram Nataraja temple, it is celebrated annually on Maha Shivratri. The dance’s gestures include Shiva’s raised leg symbolizing liberation, the drum in his right hand signifying creation, the flame in his left hand representing destruction, and the right hand offering protection. The Ananda Tandava embodies the dynamic energy sustaining life and the universe, linking spiritual philosophy with classical dance traditions.

Why in news?

The Ananda Tandava festival was held at Chidambaram temple on Maha Shivratri 2025, marking Shiva’s cosmic dance during the Mahakumbh festival’s conclusion.

Arya Samaj

Founded in 1875 by Dayanand Saraswati, Arya Samaj is a monotheistic Hindu reform movement emphasizing Vedic teachings. It rejects idolatry, caste-based hereditary privileges, and ritualistic excesses. The organization promotes social reforms like women’s education, abolition of child marriage, and eradication of untouchability. Its mission is encapsulated in ten principles aimed at eliminating ignorance, poverty, and injustice. Arya Samaj is not a separate religion but a reformist Hindu order. It played a key role in social awakening and inspired the establishment of Dayanand Anglo-Vedic (DAV) schools to blend modern education with Vedic culture.

Why in news?

Arya Samaj’s founder Dayanand Saraswati’s 201st birth anniversary was observed on February 12, 2025, denoting his enduring influence on social reform and education in India.

Ashlesha Bali Ritual

Ashlesha Bali is a Hindu ritual performed to pacify the serpent gods (Nagas) and alleviate the malefic effects of snake-related doshas in a person’s horoscope. It involves offerings and prayers to the serpent deities, usually conducted at temples dedicated to Lord Subrahmanya. The ritual is linked to the Ashlesha nakshatra in Vedic astrology, which governs serpent energies. It is believed to bring relief from health problems, financial troubles, and obstacles caused by serpent-related doshas. The ritual requires strict adherence to traditional procedures and is often performed by priests trained in specific mantras and rites.

Why in news?

The Kukke Subrahmanya Temple’s redevelopment plan includes a new puja mandira and dedicated space for ashlesha bali within its tulasi garden.

Assam Tea Tribe

The Assam Tea Tribe comprises various ethnic groups brought to Assam’s tea plantations during the British colonial period to work as laborers. These communities include Adivasis from Central India and indigenous groups from Northeast India. They have a distinct cultural identity, blending tribal customs with local Assamese traditions. The Tea Tribe has contributed to Assam’s tea industry, which is one of the world’s largest tea producers. Their languages, festivals, and art forms like the Jhumoir dance reflect a unique syncretism born from migration and plantation life. The community continues to face socio-economic challenges while preserving their heritage.

Why in news?

The Mega Jhumoir 2025 celebrates the cultural heritage of the Assam Tea Tribe, marking 200 years of the tea industry’s history in Assam.

Bijjeswara Temple

The Bijjeswara temple is a historic Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Shiva, built during the reign of the Kalyana Chalukya dynasty. It was consecrated with a Shivalinga, a symbolic representation of Shiva. The temple’s construction is documented in inscriptions dating back to 1129 CE. It served as a religious center for the local community and received donations of land and cash from village chiefs and choudaries, reflecting the temple’s social and economic importance. The temple is an example of early Western Chalukya architecture, combining intricate stone carvings and functional design.

Why in news?

The first of three inscriptions discovered records the construction and consecration of the Bijjeswara temple, denoting its historical and cultural significance.

Dokra Art

Dokra art is an ancient Indian metal-casting technique using the lost-wax process, primarily practiced by tribal communities in Chhattisgarh. It involves creating intricate brass and copper figurines, often depicting animals, musicians, and deities. The craft dates back over 4,000 years and is one of the oldest forms of metal casting in India. Artisans use natural materials like beeswax and clay to form molds. Dokra pieces are often embellished with semi-precious stones such as lapis lazuli and coral. This art form is recognized for its rustic charm, fine detailing, and cultural significance linked to tribal heritage and folklore.

Why in news?

PM Narendra Modi presented a Dokra artwork depicting musicians to French President Emmanuel Macron during the AI Action Summit in Paris, denoting Indian tribal art and cultural diplomacy.

Hakim Ajmal Khan

Hakim Ajmal Khan (1868–1927) was a prominent Indian physician and freedom fighter who played a key role in popularizing the Unani system of medicine in India. He was a founder of the Jamia Millia Islamia University and served as its first chancellor. Khan combined traditional Unani medicine with modern scientific methods and advocated for its integration into mainstream healthcare. He was also a leader in the Indian independence movement, closely associated with the Indian National Congress and Khilafat Movement. His legacy is commemorated annually on Unani Day, observed since 2016 on his birth anniversary.

Why in news?

Unani Day was celebrated on February 11, 2025, during an international conference on innovation in Unani medicine inaugurated by the President of India, honoring Hakim Ajmal Khan’s contributions.

Herath Festival

Herath is a unique variant of Mahashivratri celebrated by Kashmiri Pandits, lasting about three weeks from the 13th day of Phalgun to the new moon. The name derives from “Hara” (Shiva) and “Ratri” (night). Central to Herath is the Vatuk Pooja, involving a kalash filled with water and walnuts symbolizing purity and prosperity. The festival honors the union of Shiva and Parvati, emphasizing divine consciousness and feminine energy. It includes the distribution of walnuts on “Dooni-Mavas” and the greeting “Herath Poshte,” reflecting community bonding and spiritual renewal.

Why in news?

Herath was celebrated recently with Jammu and Kashmir’s Chief Minister Omar Abdullah extending greetings, denoting the festival’s cultural significance for the Kashmiri Pandit community.

Jyotirlinga

The Jyotirlinga is a devotional representation of Lord Shiva as a column of light. According to the Ling Purana, Shiva manifested as an infinite pillar of light, which neither Brahma nor Vishnu could find the beginning or end of. There are traditionally twelve sacred Jyotirlinga shrines across India, each considered a powerful site of Shiva’s presence. The term combines “jyoti” meaning light and “linga” meaning symbol or phallus, symbolizing Shiva’s limitless, transcendental energy. The worship of the Jyotirlinga dates back to ancient times, with links to early Hindu scriptures and iconography.

Why in news?

Maha Shivratri in 2025 coincided with the conclusion of the Mahakumbh festival, denoting the spiritual significance of Shiva and the Jyotirlinga legend.

Kalighat Pat

Kalighat Pat is a 19th-century folk painting style originating near the Kalighat temple in Kolkata, West Bengal. It is known for bold black outlines, vibrant colors, and depictions of Hindu gods, social satire, and everyday life. Initially created on cloth and later on paper, Kalighat Pat paintings served as souvenirs for pilgrims visiting the temple. The style blends traditional religious themes with contemporary social commentary, making it unique among Indian folk arts. Artists use natural pigments and brushes made from date palm fibers. Kalighat Pat played role in the development of modern Indian art by influencing prominent painters.

Why in news?

Kalighat Pat art was featured in a jigsaw puzzle gifted to the US Vice President’s son, promoting Indian folk painting traditions during diplomatic exchanges.

Kalyana Chalukya Dynasty

The Kalyana Chalukya dynasty ruled parts of South India from the 10th to 12th centuries CE, with its capital at Kalyani (modern Basavakalyan). Emperor Someswara III Bhulokamalladeva reigned from 1126 to 1138 CE and was known for extensive temple construction and patronage of arts. This dynasty is credited with developing the Western Chalukya architectural style, which influenced later South Indian temple architecture. The dynasty’s inscriptions often recorded land grants and temple donations. The use of martars as a land measurement unit was common, reflecting agrarian-based economy and temple patronage systems.

Why in news?

Three Kannada inscriptions from the Kalyana Chalukya era, dating to Someswara III’s reign, were discovered in Kankal village, confirming historical temple construction and donations in the 12th century.

Kalyana Chalukya Inscriptions

Three Kannada inscriptions were discovered in Kankal village, Vikarabad district, dating to the 4th, 5th, and 6th regal years of Emperor Someswara-III (1129-1132 CE). The first inscription describes the construction of the Bijjeswara temple, consecration of a Shivalinga, and a donation of 100 martars (land measurement) by a local chief. The second and third inscriptions record land and cash donations to the temple by local chieftains. These inscriptions provide direct evidence of temple patronage and local governance during the late Kalyana Chalukya period, reflecting socio-religious practices and land grant systems of that era.

Why in news?

Three newly discovered Kannada inscriptions from the Kalyana Chalukya era were examined in Kankal village, shedding light on temple construction and donations during Emperor Someswara-III’s reign.

Kanchi Kamakoti Peeth

The Kanchi Kamakoti Peeth is a prominent Hindu monastic institution headquartered in Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu. It is known for promoting Sanatan Dharma and has historically played important role in preserving Hindu traditions during periods of crisis. The Peeth is led by the Shankaracharya, a spiritual leader who guides religious and cultural activities. It has a pan-India influence, supporting various religious festivals, education, and social welfare programs. The institution is respected for its commitment to safeguarding Hindu philosophy and practices through centuries.

Why in news?

The Peeth was mentioned by Yogi Adityanath during the Maha Kumbh for its role in protecting and promoting Sanatan Dharma across India.

Kanduri Feast

The Kanduri Feast is a traditional communal meal associated with Islamic dargahs in South India, particularly in Tamil Nadu. It commemorates the death anniversary of a Sufi saint and involves offering food to devotees and the needy. The feast encourages community bonding and religious harmony. Typically, large quantities of rice, meat, and sweets are prepared and distributed free of cost. The term Kanduri originates from Persian, meaning feast or banquet. It is observed annually at various dargahs and is cultural event beyond its religious connotations.

Why in news?

False social media messages claimed invitations to a Kanduri feast at the dargah, prompting police cybercrime investigations to curb misinformation amid local tensions.

Kashi Tamil Sangamam (KTS)

Kashi Tamil Sangamam is a government-organized cultural exchange program encouraging ties between Tamil Nadu and Kashi (Varanasi). Initiated in 2022, it brings students, teachers, artisans, and professionals to share knowledge and culture. The event promotes the “Ek Bharat, Shreshtha Bharat” initiative, emphasizing unity through cultural integration. It involves seminars, workshops, exhibitions, and visits to heritage sites like Ram Mandir. IIT Madras and Banaras Hindu University (BHU) are key implementing agencies. KTS incorporates modern educational policies like NEP 2020, aiming to blend traditional Indian knowledge systems with contemporary education.

Why in news?

KTS 3.0 was flagged off in Chennai in February 2025, with around 1,200 delegates participating in a 10-day event to celebrate cultural ties and experience Mahakumbh and Ram Mandir.

Khundrus Sealant

Khundrus is a traditional natural sealant used in ancient Indian shipbuilding, often combined with fish oil and resin to waterproof wooden vessels. It is derived from tree resins or plant extracts and applied to joints and seams between planks. This mixture provides flexibility and durability, preventing water ingress while allowing the wooden hull to expand and contract with changing sea conditions. Khundrus is less known outside maritime archaeology but was essential for the longevity of wooden ships in tropical waters. Its use declined with the advent of modern synthetic sealants and metal fastenings.

Why in news?

The newly constructed ancient-style stitched ship launched in Goa used khundrus mixed with fish oil and resin to seal its wooden joints, replicating traditional shipbuilding practices from 1,500 years ago.

King Edward Memorial Vishranti Grah

The King Edward Memorial Vishranti Grah was originally named after King Edward VII, a British monarch. It functions as a rest house or retreat center, often used for public or official purposes. The recent renaming to Maharishi Dayanand Memorial Vishranti Grah honors Maharishi Dayanand Saraswati, a 19th-century Indian philosopher and founder of the Arya Samaj movement. The change reflects a trend of replacing colonial-era names with those of Indian historical and cultural figures. The Vishranti Grah serves as a symbol of rest and rejuvenation in Ajmer.

Why in news?

The King Edward Memorial Vishranti Grah was renamed to Maharishi Dayanand Memorial Vishranti Grah as part of a campaign to replace colonial names in Ajmer.

Kosa Saree

Kosa saree is a handwoven silk saree originating from Chhattisgarh, made from kosa silk, a variety of tussar silk. It is known for its durability, natural golden sheen, and intricate weaving patterns. The silk is produced by silkworms that feed on specific trees in the region. Kosa weaving is a traditional craft passed down through generations, mostly practiced by rural artisans and self-help groups. The sarees are often used in festive and ceremonial wear. The production of kosa silk supports local economies and preserves indigenous sericulture practices.

Why in news?

Kosa sarees from Chhattisgarh were among the featured products at the SARAS Aajeevika Mela 2025, promoting rural handloom crafts and self-help group enterprises.

Lepakshi Veerabhadra Temple

The Lepakshi Veerabhadra Temple, located in Andhra Pradesh, is a 16th-century temple complex built during the Vijayanagara Empire. It is renowned for its intricate frescoes, sculptural artistry, and monolithic Nandi bull statue, which is the largest in the world carved from a single stone. The temple is dedicated to Lord Veerabhadra, a fierce form of Shiva. Its sky pillar, known as the hanging pillar, uniquely does not touch the ground completely, defying gravity. The temple complex features rare depictions like the 7-headed Nagalingam and sculptures of Bhikshanamurthy Shiva and Padmini, symbolizing ideal womanhood.

Why in news?

Efforts are underway to secure permanent UNESCO World Heritage status for the Lepakshi Veerabhadra Temple complex, following its provisional listing in 2023, with expert committees being proposed for detailed studies.

Maghi Purnima

Maghi Purnima is Hindu festival celebrated on the full moon day (Purnima) of the month of Magha in the Hindu lunar calendar. It marks a sacred bathing ritual believed to purify sins and bring spiritual merit. The festival is observed with mass gatherings at holy rivers and sacred sites across India, especially in northern states. Devotees perform ritual baths and offer prayers to deities. The event often coincides with other religious fairs and activities, attracting lakhs of pilgrims. Maghi Purnima’s timing varies each year according to lunar cycles, typically falling between January and February.

Why in news?

Maghi Purnima was the occasion for a large-scale security operation at Mahakumbh Nagar, involving advanced surveillance and crowd management for the massive congregation.

Maha Kumbh

The Maha Kumbh is a Hindu festival held every 12 years at four river-bank pilgrimage sites in India, with Prayagraj being the most prominent. It attracts millions of devotees who take a holy dip in sacred rivers to cleanse sins. The festival’s name derives from the Sanskrit words “Maha” (great) and “Kumbh” (pitcher). The event is the largest peaceful gathering globally, with attendance sometimes exceeding 100 million over several weeks. The festival is linked to a mythological battle for the nectar of immortality, and its rituals have remained largely unchanged for centuries, blending spirituality with social cohesion.

Why in news?

The Maha Kumbh 2025 at Prayagraj witnessed mass bathing despite severe water pollution, raising health and environmental concerns brought into light by the National Green Tribunal and Central Pollution Control Board.

Mahakumbh

Mahakumbh is a major Hindu pilgrimage and festival held every 12 years at four rotating locations, including Kashi (Varanasi). It involves ritual bathing in sacred rivers, believed to cleanse sins and grant liberation. The festival attracts millions of devotees and includes religious discourses, cultural events, and fairs. Mahakumbh is recognized as one of the largest peaceful gatherings globally. It has deep spiritual significance and is linked to mythological events involving the churning of the ocean (Samudra Manthan). The 2025 Mahakumbh in Kashi coincides with KTS 3.0, enhancing the cultural experience for delegates.

Why in news?

The 2025 Mahakumbh in Kashi is part of the KTS 3.0 itinerary, allowing Tamil Nadu delegates to participate in this religious event during their cultural exchange visit.

Mahashivratri

Mahashivratri is a Hindu festival celebrated annually in honor of Lord Shiva. It falls on the 14th night of the new moon during the Hindu month of Phalguna (February/March). Devotees observe fasting, night-long vigils, and offer prayers to Shiva lingams in temples. The festival symbolizes overcoming darkness and ignorance. It is marked by chanting hymns, meditation, and offerings of bael leaves. In some regions, it includes cultural performances and fairs. Mahashivratri is considered one of the most important festivals for Shaivites and is observed with varying customs across India and Nepal.

Why in news?

Equity markets in India were closed on Wednesday due to the Mahashivratri holiday, affecting trading activity during a week influenced by global economic factors and tariff news.

Mayiladumparai Iron Age Site

Mayiladumparai, located in Krishnagiri district of Tamil Nadu, is an archaeological site where excavations revealed evidence of an Iron Age culture dating back approximately 4,200 years (third millennium BCE). The site yielded iron tools and cultural materials indicating early agrarian society development. Radiometric dating supports the presence of iron smelting and use contemporaneous with the Copper and Bronze Ages in northern India. The findings suggest that southern India may have entered the Iron Age earlier than previously believed, possibly due to limited copper ore availability. This site is very important for revising timelines of technological advancement in South India.

Why in news?

Mayiladumparai’s findings underpin Tamil Nadu’s recent archaeological report asserting the Iron Age began on Tamil soil around 3300 BCE, predating earlier estimates.

Mazargues War Cemetery

The Mazargues War Cemetery in Marseille, France, commemorates 1,487 Indian soldiers who died during World War I and 267 from World War II. It was revealed in July 1925 by British Field Marshal Sir William Birdwood. The cemetery serves as a home base and staging point for Indian troops and labor units during WWI. A special memorial at the rear honors 205 Indian casualties who were cremated. The site reflects the but often overlooked role of Indian soldiers in European theatres of war, especially in France and Belgium.

Why in news?

PM Narendra Modi and French President Emmanuel Macron visited the Mazargues War Cemetery in Marseille on February 12, 2025, to pay tribute to Indian soldiers commemorated there for their World War I contributions.

Mekhela Chadar

Mekhela Chadar is a traditional Assamese attire worn by women, consisting of two main pieces of cloth – the mekhela, a cylindrical skirt worn from the waist down, and the chadar, a draped cloth worn over the upper body. It is usually made of silk or cotton, often adorned with intricate handwoven designs and motifs inspired by nature and Assamese culture. Mekhela Chadar is an essential part of Assamese festivals and ceremonies. The weaving techniques date back centuries and are preserved by rural artisans, many of whom are members of self-help groups promoting this craft.

Why in news?

Mekhela Chadar products from Assam were displayed prominently at the SARAS Aajeevika Mela 2025, denoting traditional textiles made by rural self-help groups.

Raja Nala-ka-tila

Raja Nala-ka-tila is an archaeological site in Uttar Pradesh, where excavations between 1996 and 1998 uncovered iron artefacts, furnaces, and tuyeres carbon-dated between 1800 and 1000 BCE. These findings indicate large-scale iron smelting activities in the Central Ganga Plain during the early second millennium BCE. The site contributed crucial evidence to understanding the early development of iron technology in India, challenging previous assumptions that iron smelting began much later. The presence of slag and finished iron tools suggests an organized iron manufacturing industry existing at this location over 3,000 years ago.

Why in news?

Raja Nala-ka-tila’s iron artefacts form part of the evidence pushing back the date of iron smelting in India, supporting Tamil Nadu’s claim of an ancient Iron Age beginning around 3300 BCE.

Rajaditya Cholan

Rajaditya was a Chola prince, son of Parantaka I, who died in the Battle of Thakkolam in 949 CE. He earned the title ‘Yanaimel Thunjiya Devar’ meaning “The king who died on the back of an elephant.” He was fatally wounded by an arrow from Butuga, a Ganga prince allied with the Rashtrakutas. Rajaditya was both a warrior and an administrator, overseeing socio-economic development such as temple building and land cultivation near Thirunavalur. His death marked moment, but Chola power continued to expand for 250 years after him. His valor is recorded in inscriptions at Kumbakonam and Thirunageswaram.

Why in news?

The CISF Recruits Training Centre in Arakkonam was renamed Rajaditya Cholan (RTC), Thakkolam, to honor the Chola prince’s legacy.

Ratha Beedi (Chariot Street)

Ratha Beedi, or Chariot Street, is a traditional street adjacent to many South Indian temples where temple chariots (rathas) are paraded during festivals. It usually serves as the route for temple processions and is often lined with shops and seating for devotees. The street plays a cultural role during annual festivals and special rituals, acting as a hub for social and religious activities. Its architecture and layout reflect local heritage and customs. In Kukke Subrahmanya, Ratha Beedi is planned for redevelopment to enhance seating and preserve cultural aesthetics.

Why in news?

The Kukke Subrahmanya Temple redevelopment includes upgrading Ratha Beedi to reflect cultural heritage and improve facilities for devotees during festivals.

Sage Agasthyar

Sage Agasthyar is an ancient Vedic sage credited with contributions to Tamil literature, medicine, and spirituality. He is traditionally believed to have authored parts of the Tamil Sangam literature and contributed to Ayurveda. Agasthyar is revered as a pioneer in linguistics, philosophy, and polity, bridging North and South Indian cultures. His teachings emphasize harmony and knowledge exchange between diverse Indian traditions. He is also associated with the Agasthiyar Falls in Tamil Nadu. Agasthyar is considered a key figure in Tamil and Indian cultural history, symbolizing the integration of Tamil and Vedic knowledge systems.

Why in news?

The theme of Kashi Tamil Sangamam 3.0 centers on Sage Agasthyar, denoting his contributions during the cultural exchange event between Tamil Nadu and Kashi in February 2025.

Sanatan Culture

Sanatan culture refers to the ancient, timeless traditions and values rooted in Hindu philosophy, encompassing religious practices, social customs, and ethical principles. It is derived from the term Sanatan Dharma, meaning eternal duty or law, which emphasizes righteousness, truth, and harmony with nature. Sanatan culture includes festivals, rituals, yoga, Ayurveda, and Vedic knowledge. It has influenced Indian society for millennia, shaping art, governance, and social order. The term is often invoked in contemporary discourse to promote cultural identity and socio-economic development aligned with traditional Indian values.

Why in news?

UP Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath praised the 2025-26 Budget for espousing Sanatan culture as a theme for composite socioeconomic growth in the state.

Saraswati Vihar

Saraswati Vihar is a residential neighborhood in northwest Delhi, predominantly middle-class and known for its planned layout. During the 1984 anti-Sikh riots, Saraswati Vihar witnessed violent attacks, including the killing of Sikh residents Jaswant Singh and Tarundeep Singh. The area’s demographic mix and proximity to Outer Delhi made it a flashpoint for communal tensions. Post-riots, Saraswati Vihar saw increased security and community efforts to rebuild trust. It is also noted for its educational institutions and parks. The locality’s experience during the riots is often cited in studies of urban communal violence in Delhi.

Why in news?

Saraswati Vihar is the location where two Sikh men, Jaswant Singh and Tarundeep Singh, were murdered during the 1984 riots, leading to Sajjan Kumar’s recent conviction.

Seyal Machi

Seyal Machi is a traditional Sindhi fish dish where fish is braised in a rich onion-based gravy. The preparation involves slow cooking fish with onions, tomatoes, and a blend of spices, resulting in a tangy and flavorful curry. It is typically served with rice or roti and is a staple in Sindhi households, especially in coastal areas near the Indus River. The dish reflects the importance of fish in Sindhi cuisine, particularly the hilsa or palla fish. Seyal Machi’s recipe varies slightly across Sindh but maintains its core identity as a beloved, aromatic fish curry.

Why in news?

Seyal Machi was brought into light as part of the revival of Sindhi cuisine in Karachi and among the Sindhi diaspora, featured in Sapna Ajwani’s book documenting Sindhi food traditions.

Shuddhi Movement

The Shuddhi Movement was initiated by Dayanand Saraswati and later expanded by Arya Samaj followers to reconvert people who had left Hinduism, mainly Muslims and Christians, back into the Hindu fold. The term “shuddhi” means purification. The movement sought to counteract the religious conversions by Christian missionaries and Islamic proselytizers during British India. It involved rituals and ceremonies to formally reintegrate converts. The movement was controversial, leading to communal tensions but was in Hindu nationalist revivalism. It also influenced later socio-political movements in India advocating Hindu unity and identity.

Why in news?

Dayanand Saraswati’s advocacy for the Shuddhi movement is often referenced in discussions about religious reform and Hindu identity during his birth anniversary celebrations.

Sky Pillar (Hanging Pillar)

The Sky Pillar or Hanging Pillar in the Lepakshi Temple is a unique architectural marvel that appears to hover without touching the ground. It is one of the rare structural elements in Indian temple architecture, demonstrating advanced engineering skills of the Vijayanagara artisans. The pillar’s base is elevated slightly above the floor, allowing a thin gap between the pillar and the ground, which visitors can pass under. This phenomenon has fascinated historians and engineers alike, symbolizing a blend of religious symbolism and architectural innovation during the 16th century.

Why in news?

The sky pillar is brought into light as a key feature in the proposed UNESCO heritage status report for the Lepakshi Veerabhadra Temple complex.

Stitched Ships

Stitched ships are ancient wooden vessels whose planks are fastened using cords or ropes instead of nails or metal fasteners. This technique involves binding planks with coconut fiber stitching, coir ropes, and natural resins, providing flexibility to hulls in rough seas. The method was common in the Indian Ocean region, especially before the widespread use of metal nails. The hulls are traditionally sealed with mixtures like fish oil and resin to ensure watertightness. Steering is done using oars instead of rudders, and sails are typically square-shaped. Stitched ships are documented in ancient Indian art, including the Ajanta cave paintings.

Why in news?

A 5th-century style stitched ship was recently launched at Goa’s Divar island, marking a revival of this ancient maritime technique as part of a historic voyage retracing India’s ancient trading routes to Oman.

Swami Shraddhanand

Swami Shraddhanand (1856–1926), born Munshi Ram, was a prominent Arya Samaj leader and social reformer. He joined Arya Samaj in the 1880s and strongly opposed caste discrimination and untouchability, calling them curses on Hindu society. He authored “Hindu Sangathan,” analyzing Hindu decline and proposing national emancipation through unity and reform. Shraddhanand was assassinated by Abdul Rashid in 1926 due to his activism. He worked to revive Hinduism and promote education, particularly for marginalized communities, and was instrumental in expanding Arya Samaj’s influence across northern India.

Why in news?

Swami Shraddhanand’s legacy was recalled during commemorations of Dayanand Saraswati’s birth anniversary, denoting his role as a key disciple and social reformer inspired by Saraswati.

Vatuk Pooja

Vatuk Pooja is a ritual central to the Herath festival, involving the worship of a kalash (vessel) adorned with water and walnuts. The kalash symbolizes life and fertility, representing the divine presence of Lord Shiva. This ritual includes purification of the home and invoking blessings for prosperity and protection. The priest plays a vital role, receiving traditional offerings to sanctify the ceremony. The walnuts used in the pooja are later shared among family members as a symbol of strength and unity. Vatuk Pooja integrates natural elements with spiritual devotion, reflecting Kashmiri Pandit religious customs.

Why in news?

Vatuk Pooja was performed as part of the recent Herath celebrations, underscoring its importance in Kashmiri Pandit religious tradition.

Yog Vashisht

The Yog Vashisht is a Sanskrit philosophical text attributed to Sage Valmiki, widely read during the Mughal era. It is framed as a dialogue between Sage Vashisht and Prince Rama, focusing on spiritual wisdom and ethical governance. The text integrates Vedantic ideas with practical advice on ruling, emphasizing the inseparability of political duty and moral conduct. It discusses the nature of reality, consciousness, and detachment, blending metaphysical concepts with political philosophy. The Yog Vashisht influenced Indian rulers and thinkers by advocating that ethical integrity is essential for legitimate political power and just governance.

Why in news?

Referenced as a key example of the ethical dimension in Indian political thought, particularly its influence on governance during the Mughal era and parallels with modern political ethics.

Science & Technology

Floating Docks

Floating docks are maritime structures that float on water and can be submerged to allow a ship to enter, then raised to lift the ship out of the water for maintenance or repairs. Unlike fixed docks, floating docks adjust with tidal movements, providing flexibility in different sea conditions. They are constructed using buoyant materials or compartments that can be flooded or pumped dry to control buoyancy. Floating docks are widely used in shipyards and naval bases for servicing vessels without the need for dry dock facilities. Their mobility and adaptability make them valuable for remote or temporary maritime operations.

Why in news?

Goa Shipyard Ltd showcased floating docks at NAVDEX 2025, denoting advanced maritime solutions that adjust with tidal movements, enhancing ship maintenance capabilities in various sea conditions.

Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) on Mars

Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) uses high-frequency radio waves to image subsurface structures. On Mars, the Zhurong rover’s GPR penetrated up to 80 meters deep, detecting layers of sand-like material sloped similarly to Earth’s beaches. GPR helps identify buried geological features invisible from the surface, such as ancient shorelines, sediment layers, and potential water ice. It distinguishes between different materials by analyzing reflected signals. Mars GPR data has ruled out dune, river, and lava flow origins for certain deposits, supporting interpretations of past water bodies. GPR is crucial for understanding Mars’ geological history and searching for signs of past habitability.

Why in news?

Zhurong’s ground-penetrating radar detected subsurface coastal deposits, offering new vital information about Martian paleoenvironments and evidence for ancient oceans.

Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC)

Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common type of primary liver cancer, originating from hepatocytes, the main liver cells. It accounts for approximately 75-85% of liver cancer cases worldwide. Major risk factors include chronic hepatitis B and C infections, alcohol-related liver disease, and liver cirrhosis. HCC often develops in the setting of chronic liver inflammation and fibrosis. Early detection is difficult due to asymptomatic progression. Treatment options vary from surgical resection, liver transplantation, to targeted therapies and immunotherapy. Globally, HCC is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Its incidence is rising, especially in regions with high hepatitis prevalence.

Why in news?

The study marks the role of vegetable consumption in reducing the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma among patients with liver cirrhosis, emphasizing diet as a preventive factor for this common liver cancer type.

High Altitude Platform Systems (HAPS)

High Altitude Platform Systems (HAPS) are unmanned aerial platforms operating in the stratosphere, typically at altitudes of 20 km or higher. They provide wireless communication services similar to satellites but with lower latency and more flexible deployment. HAPS can deliver broadband internet, emergency communication, and surveillance over wide areas, including disaster-hit regions where ground infrastructure is damaged. They are solar-powered for long endurance and can stay aloft for months. HAPS complement terrestrial and satellite networks, enhancing connectivity in remote or disaster-affected zones.

Why in news?

India is promoting HAPS technology to maintain telecom connectivity in disaster-hit regions as part of its telecom resilience strategy.

Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In)

CERT-In is the national agency responsible for cybersecurity incident response in India, operating under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology. It monitors, tracks, and mitigates cyber threats targeting government and private sectors. CERT-In maintains a database of cyber incidents and issues advisories to strengthen security postures. It coordinates with various ministries during cyberattacks and provides guidelines for incident management. In 2023, it tracked over 1,12,000 cybersecurity incidents, reflecting the increasing scale of digital threats facing India’s public infrastructure.

Why in news?

CERT-In data was cited regarding the frequency of cyberattacks on government websites, underscoring the risk environment surrounding the CBIC eOffice outage.

Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)

The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) is India’s apex body for biomedical research, established in 1911. It coordinates and funds medical research across the country and develops national health policies. ICMR operates numerous institutes specializing in various medical fields, including cancer research, infectious diseases, and nutrition. It plays a key role in generating epidemiological data, conducting clinical trials, and setting guidelines for disease control programs. ICMR collaborates with international agencies like WHO and IARC, contributing to global health research.

Why in news?

ICMR conducted a comprehensive retrospective study using GLOBOCAN 2022 data to analyze cancer incidence and mortality trends in India, informing public health strategies.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) encompasses chronic inflammatory conditions of the gastrointestinal tract, primarily Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. IBD is characterized by immune system dysregulation causing prolonged inflammation, leading to symptoms like abdominal pain, diarrhea, and weight loss. The exact cause is unknown but involves genetic, environmental, and microbial factors. IBD incidence is rising in developing countries, including India, linked to urbanization and Western lifestyle adoption. Diagnosis involves endoscopy, imaging, and biopsy. Treatments include anti-inflammatory drugs, immunosuppressants, and biologics targeting specific immune pathways. Surgery is considered for complications or refractory cases.

Why in news?

IBD has seen a sharp increase in India, raising concerns at the recent Indian Association of Surgical Gastroenterology conference about lifestyle-related disease surges.

Krutrim

Krutrim is an indigenous Indian large language model (LLM) developed for public use, representing early steps in India’s AI capabilities. It is among the few Indian AI models available outside research labs. Krutrim focuses on natural language processing tasks tailored to Indian languages and contexts. It is part of India’s efforts to build homegrown AI technologies amid global competition. Despite its promise, Krutrim faces challenges such as limited scale and adoption compared to global leaders. It demonstrates India’s potential to develop AI solutions suited to local needs and linguistic diversity.

Why in news?

Krutrim was mentioned as an example of India’s initial AI models during discussions on India’s position in the global AI race at the 2025 Global AI Summit.

Lotus Leaf Coating

The lotus leaf coating mimics the microscopic rough surface texture of lotus leaves, producing superhydrophobic properties that cause water to bead and roll off rather than soak in. This effect is known as the lotus effect. The coating creates water-repellent and self-cleaning surfaces, protecting materials from moisture, stains, and oxidation. It is applied in textiles, glass, and electronics to enhance durability and water resistance. The microscopic roughness traps air, minimizing contact between water and the surface. This biomimetic approach extends the lifetime and functionality of materials exposed to wet or humid conditions.

Why in news?

Researchers at IIT Guwahati applied a lotus leaf-inspired water-repellent coating to silver nanowires on textiles, preventing oxidation and water damage, ensuring long-lasting heating performance.

Low Power Small Range Radio Service

Low Power Small Range Radio Service is a proposed new category of radio broadcasting service characterized by limited transmission power and a smaller geographic coverage area compared to traditional FM or AM stations. These services aim to provide hyper-local content, community programming, and niche broadcasts, often at lower operational costs. TRAI recommended introducing this category to facilitate diverse radio offerings and encourage digital adoption in radio broadcasting. The service authorisation for this category would be distinct from traditional terrestrial radio services and spectrum auctions. This concept supports community engagement and localized broadcasting in underserved areas.

Why in news?

TRAI suggested adding Low Power Small Range Radio Service to the broadcasting authorisation framework to promote digital radio adoption and expand localized radio content options under the new Telecommunications Act, 2023.

Lunar Surface Communication System (LSCS)

The Lunar Surface Communication System (LSCS) is a compact, low-power cellular network developed by Nokia Bell Labs for lunar use. It uses modified 4G/LTE technology tailored for the moon’s harsh environment and limited power availability. The LSCS consists of two modules—a lunar rover and a hopper—that connect to a base station on the Athena lander. This system enables real-time, high-definition video streaming and data transmission from the lunar surface to Earth, overcoming the communication challenges of the moon’s far side, where line-of-sight radio communication is impossible. The LSCS is designed as a network in a box.

Why in news?

The LSCS was fully integrated into the Athena lander and will be tested during the IM-2 mission to demonstrate cellular connectivity on the lunar surface for the first time.

Lunar Thermal Mapper (LTM)

The Lunar Thermal Mapper (LTM) is an instrument aboard NASA’s Lunar Trailblazer orbiter designed to map and measure the temperature of the moon’s surface. It operates by detecting infrared radiation emitted from the lunar surface, providing detailed thermal maps. LTM helps scientists understand the thermal environment of permanently shadowed craters where water ice may exist. It plays a key role in studying how surface temperature influences the movement and stability of water on the moon. The instrument was developed with contributions from the University of Oxford and supports lunar resource exploration and scientific research.

Why in news?

LTM is currently active on the Lunar Trailblazer mission, which launched in October 2025 to map lunar water in permanently shadowed regions at the moon’s poles.

Majorana 1

Majorana 1 is Microsoft’s first quantum computing chip designed to implement topologically protected qubits using a topological superconductor. It aims to solve the problem of qubit fragility by leveraging Majorana fermions to encode quantum information more stably. The chip represents step toward practical quantum computing by enabling better error resistance and scalability. Majorana 1 is part of Microsoft’s quantum development effort to build machines capable of millions of qubits, potentially transforming fields like medicine design, pollution control, and self-healing materials through faster problem-solving capabilities.

Why in news?

Microsoft launched Majorana 1, its first quantum chip utilizing topological superconductors to enhance quantum computing speed and reliability.

Majorana Particles

Majorana particles are fermions that are their own antiparticles, first theorized by Ettore Majorana in 1937. Unlike typical particles, they can exist as zero-energy modes called Majorana zero modes (MZM), where multiple electrons behave collectively as one particle. These particles arise in topological superconductors under extreme conditions, such as near absolute zero temperatures and magnetic fields. They are of great interest in quantum computing due to their potential to create qubits less prone to errors. Experimental detection of Majorana particles remains challenging, with evidence mostly indirect through signatures in nanowire-superconductor hybrid systems.

Why in news?

Majorana particles form the basis of Microsoft’s new Majorana 1 quantum chip, providing more stable qubits for practical quantum computing.

Matsya-6000 Submersible

The Matsya-6000 is a 4th generation deep-ocean scientific submersible developed by India’s National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT). It features a 2.1-meter diameter spherical hull made of 80mm-thick titanium alloy, capable of withstanding pressures 600 times that at sea level. It accommodates three humans and can operate for 12 to 16 hours with an oxygen supply lasting 96 hours. The submersible uses syntactic foam for buoyancy, has multiple thrusters, and advanced navigation and communication systems including ultra-short baseline acoustic positioning (USBL). It underwent extensive dry and wet tests in 2025 and aims for operational dives up to 6000 meters.

Why in news?

Matsya-6000 completed critical wet tests near Chennai in early 2025 and is part of India’s Deep Ocean Mission for deep-sea exploration and resource assessment, with operational readiness expected by 2026.

Mature Generic Drugs

Mature generic drugs refer to generic medications that have been on the market for an extended period, often several years after the original brand-name drug’s patent has expired. These drugs typically experience intense price competition, which can lead to cost-cutting in manufacturing and supply chain processes. This may affect their quality and safety, as seen in increased adverse event reports. Mature generics are distinguished from newer generics by their market longevity and reduced profitability, influencing manufacturers’ operational decisions. The term is crucial in pharmaceutical quality discussions, especially regarding risk management for long-established generic medications.

Why in news?

The study marks that mature generic drugs made in India show higher severe adverse events compared to mature US-made generics, emphasizing the impact of manufacturing origin on drug safety.

Measles Virus Transmission

The measles virus (genus Morbillivirus) is transmitted primarily through respiratory droplets from coughs and sneezes. It can remain airborne or on surfaces for up to two hours, facilitating rapid spread. The virus infects the respiratory tract, then spreads systemically via the bloodstream. Measles has a high basic reproduction number (R0) of 12-18, meaning one infected person can infect 12 to 18 others in a susceptible population. The virus suppresses the immune system temporarily, increasing vulnerability to secondary infections. The incubation period ranges from 10 to 14 days, and individuals are contagious from four days before to four days after rash onset.

Why in news?

The measles virus is responsible for the ongoing outbreak in Texas, denoting its highly contagious nature.

Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Space

Mitochondria, the cell’s energy producers, experience dysfunction during spaceflight. Space radiation and microgravity disrupt mitochondrial activity, causing reduced energy production and increased oxidative stress. This dysfunction affects multiple organs, including the brain, heart, muscles, kidneys, and skin. Mitochondrial damage is linked to immune dysregulation, neurodegeneration, and aging acceleration in astronauts. Research from the 2021 Inspiration4 mission revealed mitochondrial breakdown in all crew members. Scientists are developing mitochondrial-targeted countermeasures to mitigate these effects and improve astronaut health during long-duration missions.

Why in news?

Mitochondrial dysfunction was a key finding in studies of the all-civilian Inspiration4 mission, emphasizing its role in space-induced health risks.

Oblique Angle Cameras

Oblique angle cameras used in NAKSHA are equipped with five lenses to capture images from multiple angles simultaneously, enabling detailed 3D mapping. These cameras are mounted on drones and paired with LiDAR sensors to measure precise distances by laser scanning. The combination allows creation of accurate urban models, surpassing satellite imaging resolution (5 cm vs 30-50 cm). Oblique imaging captures building facades and terrain details not visible in vertical aerial photos, enhancing urban planning and property record accuracy. Their use in land surveys is innovative in India’s urban governance context.

Why in news?

Oblique angle cameras are a key technology in the NAKSHA project’s aerial survey phase, enabling detailed geospatial data collection for urban land records modernization.

Operator AI Agent

OpenAI’s Operator is a web-based AI agent designed to autonomously navigate and interact with websites by performing actions like typing, clicking, and scrolling. It uses Computer-Using Agent (CUA) technology, which integrates GPT-4’s vision capabilities with advanced reasoning to interpret graphical user interfaces. Operator captures screenshots to analyze webpage content before interaction and attempts self-correction if errors occur. It supports custom instructions for specific sites and can automate multiple tasks simultaneously. For sensitive actions like payments or CAPTCHA, it requests user intervention. Users can regain control of the browser at any time during operation.

Why in news?

Operator AI has expanded availability to Pro-tier users in India, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Japan, Singapore, South Korea, and more regions beyond the initial US launch as of early 2025.

Polarised Moonlight Navigation

Polarised moonlight navigation involves animals detecting the linear polarisation patterns in moonlight scattered by Earth’s atmosphere. Moonlight, although million times dimmer than sunlight, forms an e-vector pattern—a stable orientation of the electric field oscillation in the light wave. This pattern acts as a natural compass for certain nocturnal animals, including some bull ants and dung beetles. The polarisation pattern shifts predictably with the moon’s position and phase, allowing animals to maintain orientation even when the moon is partially obscured or crescent-shaped, when light intensity is reduced.

Why in news?

The discovery that nocturnal bull ants use polarised moonlight to navigate expands understanding of animal orientation mechanisms under low light conditions.

Prathap Subrahmanyam Centre for Digital Intelligence and Secure Hardware Architecture (PSCDISHA)

PSCDISHA is a research center within the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at IIT Madras. It focuses on digital intelligence, secure hardware design, and advanced semiconductor architecture. Led by V Kamakoti, the center has driven the design and development of the SHAKTI family of chips. PSCDISHA conducts end-to-end semiconductor research, including microprocessor design, fabrication coordination, packaging, motherboard design, software development, and system integration. It aims to build secure and high-performance indigenous hardware solutions supporting strategic and commercial applications.

Why in news?

PSCDISHA led the microprocessor project for the SHAKTI-based IRIS chip, successfully fabricating and booting the chip entirely within India.

Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC)

Primary sclerosing cholangitis is a chronic liver disease characterized by inflammation and scarring of the bile ducts, leading to their narrowing and eventual obstruction. It is considered an autoimmune disorder and often progresses to liver cirrhosis or liver failure. PSC is strongly associated with inflammatory bowel disease, especially ulcerative colitis, with about 70-80% of PSC patients also suffering from IBD. The disease has no known cure and frequently necessitates liver transplantation. PSC increases the risk of bile duct and colon cancer. The exact cause remains unknown, but genetic and environmental factors are believed to contribute.

Why in news?

PSC is in the news because researchers found that vancomycin, an antibiotic, may effectively treat the associated inflammatory bowel disease in PSC patients, showing promising clinical remission and mucosal healing results.

PUNCH Mission

The Polarimetry to Unify the Corona and Heliosphere (PUNCH) mission consists of four suitcase-sized satellites, each weighing about 64 kg, launched into Low Earth Orbit (LEO). It is the first solar mission designed to use polarized light measurements to capture the solar corona and solar wind in 3D. PUNCH carries three Wide Field Imagers (WFI) and one Narrow Field Imager, capturing polarized images every four minutes and unpolarized images every eight minutes. The mission aims to map the formation and evolution of solar winds and Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) over a two-year lifespan.

Why in news?

PUNCH is set for launch by SpaceX on February 28, 2025, marking a novel approach to studying solar phenomena and improving space weather prediction capabilities.

Qubit

A qubit, or quantum bit, is the fundamental unit of quantum information. Unlike classical bits, which are either 0 or 1, qubits can exist in superposition, representing 0 and 1 simultaneously. They also exhibit quantum entanglement, allowing qubits to be interconnected in ways classical bits cannot. These properties enable quantum computers to perform many calculations at once, exponentially increasing computational power for specific problems. However, qubits are extremely sensitive to environmental noise and errors, requiring advanced error correction and stabilization methods like those in Majorana 1 chips.

Why in news?

Majorana 1 chip uses advanced qubits based on topological superconductors to improve quantum computing performance and error resistance.

rDNA Based Drugs

Recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid (rDNA) based drugs are biopharmaceuticals produced by inserting genes encoding therapeutic proteins into host cells, which then express the desired proteins. These drugs include insulin, monoclonal antibodies, and vaccines. They are characterized by high specificity and are used to treat diseases like diabetes, cancer, and autoimmune disorders. Production involves genetic engineering techniques, fermentation, and purification processes. Regulatory oversight requires rigorous clinical trials due to their complex nature. rDNA drugs revolutionized medicine by enabling mass production of biologics that were previously difficult to isolate or synthesize chemically.

Why in news?

The CDSCO’s October 2025 notification included rDNA based drugs under the online application process for clinical trial site additions and principal investigator changes via the Sugam Portal.

Recognition Memory

Recognition memory is the cognitive process that allows the brain to distinguish between new and familiar objects or experiences. It involves multiple brain regions, primarily the hippocampus and perirhinal cortex. Recognition memory can be subdivided into familiarity (knowing something has been seen before) and recollection (retrieving contextual details). It is essential for daily functioning, survival, and identity formation. Impairments in recognition memory are linked to neurological conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease, epilepsy, and Autism Spectrum Disorder. The process depends on specialized neurons, including the newly discovered ovoid cells, which encode novel object information for long-term storage.

Why in news?

The discovery of ovoid cells sheds new light on the neural mechanisms underlying recognition memory and its dysfunction in brain disorders.

Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV)

ISRO’s Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV) is a spaceplane designed to take off and land on a runway, similar to Boeing’s X-37B and the Soviet Buran. It aims to carry experiments to low Earth orbit and return payloads to Earth, promoting cost-effective space access. The RLV’s payload capacity is estimated around 20 tonnes but is not intended for heavy commercial missions, competing with larger vehicles like SpaceX’s Starship. Development has been slow and overshadowed by the Gaganyaan human spaceflight program. The RLV’s operational timeline remains uncertain, with focus on experimental and reusable technology demonstration.

Why in news?

The RLV is mentioned due to its ongoing development and its potential role in India’s future reusable spaceflight capabilities, currently delayed by prioritization of other missions.

Rhea Puzzle-Solving

Rheas demonstrated unique problem-solving by dismantling a puzzle rather than solving it conventionally. They loosened a nut and bolt to access food chambers directly, showing alternative innovation methods. On later attempts, rheas used the intended solution of spinning a wheel to align holes and retrieve food. This behavior contrasts with ostriches, which failed the task, and emus, which solved it conventionally. Rheas’ flexible approach indicates cognitive adaptability despite their relatively small brain size. Their ability to switch from dismantling to proper puzzle-solving suggests learning and behavioral flexibility in palaeognaths.

Why in news?

Rheas were part of a study testing cognitive abilities of flightless birds, revealing technical innovation and problem-solving skills previously unreported in palaeognaths.

Rotating Wheel Task

The rotating wheel task is a cognitive test designed to assess problem-solving skills in animals. It involves moving a wheel to align a hole with a food reward, requiring spatial reasoning and innovation. In this task, emus and rheas showed the ability to develop new techniques, such as aligning the hole efficiently or rotating a bolt to disrupt the task. The test has been used to evaluate avian cognition and innovation, revealing previously underestimated intelligence in palaeognath birds. It provides a controlled way to measure learning, innovation, and flexibility in animal behavior studies.

Why in news?

Scientists used the rotating wheel task to demonstrate that emus and rheas can innovate and solve complex problems, overturning the myth that these birds are unintelligent.

Sagittarius A*

Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*) is the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way galaxy, with a mass approximately 4 million times that of the Sun. It lies about 26,000 light-years from Earth in the constellation Sagittarius. Sgr A* emits flares of radiation from its accretion disk, caused by hot gas and dust spiraling inward. These flares vary in intensity and duration, often lasting seconds to minutes. Despite its size, it is relatively faint compared to other galactic black holes due to low feeding rates. Its gravitational influence shapes the orbits of nearby stars and gas clouds.

Why in news?

James Webb Space Telescope recently observed dynamic, rapid-fire flares of light from Sagittarius A*, providing the longest, most detailed view of its energetic activity to date.

Sam Purkis

Sam Purkis is a professor and chair of the Department of Marine Geosciences at the University of Miami. He leads research on deep-sea environments, including the Gulf of Aqaba brine pools. Purkis’s work involves using remotely operated submersibles and deep-sea probes to study extreme marine ecosystems. His team investigates how anoxic and hypersaline conditions in these pools resemble early Earth environments. Purkis emphasizes the importance of these ecosystems for understanding life’s origins and climate history. His research also contributes to astrobiology by comparing Earth’s extreme habitats to potential environments on exoplanets.

Why in news?

Sam Purkis led the recent study uncovering lethal brine pools in the Gulf of Aqaba, denoting their significance for evolutionary biology and planetary science.

Samudrayan Project

The Samudrayan Project is India’s flagship initiative under the Deep Ocean Mission aimed at developing manned and unmanned submersibles for deep-sea exploration. It focuses on creating indigenous technology for oceanographic research, resource mapping, and underwater environmental studies. The project involves multidisciplinary research in ocean technology, marine biology, geology, and underwater robotics. It is managed by the National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT) and includes development of submersibles like Matsya-6000, remotely operated vehicles, and scientific payloads. The project supports India’s strategic and scientific interests in the Indian Ocean region.

Why in news?

The Samudrayan Project’s Matsya-6000 submersible recently underwent successful wet tests, advancing India’s capabilities in deep-sea human exploration.

Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC)

The Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) SHAR, located in Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh, is the primary launch center for India’s space missions. Established in 1971, it supports satellite launches and rocket testing. SDSC is named after Satish Dhawan, former ISRO chairman and pioneer of India’s space program. The center handles vehicle assembly, integration, and launch operations. SDSC led the project for the Vertical Planetary Mixer development, overseeing its design requirements and integration into solid motor production processes, denoting its role beyond launch operations in advancing India’s space technology capabilities.

Why in news?

SDSC led the development of the Vertical Planetary Mixer in collaboration with CMTI, strengthening India’s solid propulsion manufacturing for space missions.

Seismogram

A seismogram is a graphical record produced by a seismometer that captures seismic waves generated by earthquakes or other ground vibrations. It displays wave amplitude versus time and helps determine earthquake location, depth, and magnitude. Seismograms can reveal Earth’s internal structure by analyzing how seismic waves travel through different layers. They resemble electroencephalograms in appearance, showing wave patterns with varying frequency and amplitude. Modern seismograms are digitized for detailed analysis, enabling detection of subtle changes in waveforms over time. They are essential tools in geophysics, earthquake monitoring, and studying phenomena like inner core dynamics.

Why in news?

Researchers analyzed seismograms from 121 repeating earthquakes to detect unexpected changes in seismic wave behavior, indicating structural shifts in Earth’s inner core.

Shakti Helicopter Engine

The Shakti engine is a turboshaft engine jointly developed by HAL and Safran Helicopter Engines, designed primarily for Indian helicopters like the HAL Dhruv and Light Combat Helicopter (LCH). It delivers about 1,300-1,400 shaft horsepower and features advanced FADEC (Full Authority Digital Engine Control) systems for optimized performance. The engine’s development marked a milestone in Indo-French aerospace collaboration, enabling India to reduce dependence on foreign suppliers for helicopter powerplants. It also paved the way for the co-development of the Indian Multi-Role Helicopter (IMRH) engine, aiming for future indigenous helicopter propulsion.

Why in news?

The ongoing collaboration between HAL and Safran, including the Shakti engine partnership, is expanding with new contracts for LEAP engine parts and co-development projects, strengthening India’s aerospace manufacturing capabilities.

SHAKTI Microprocessor

The SHAKTI microprocessor family is based on the RISC-V open-source Instruction Set Architecture (ISA). Developed at IIT Madras under Prof. V. Kamakoti, it aims to create indigenous, secure, and customizable processors for various applications. SHAKTI chips have been fabricated at SCL Chandigarh using a 180 nm technology node. The project is part of the Ministry of Electronics and IT’s ‘Digital India RISC-V’ initiative. The SHAKTI processors integrate fault-tolerant memories and custom peripherals like CORDIC and WATCHDOG timers, enhancing reliability for critical systems. It supports multiple boot modes and hybrid memory interfaces for future expandability.

Why in news?

IIT Madras and ISRO successfully booted the SHAKTI-based IRIS chip, marking a milestone in indigenous semiconductor development for space applications under the Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative.

SHAKTI Project

The SHAKTI project is an Indian initiative to develop indigenous microprocessors based on the open-source RISC-V Instruction Set Architecture (ISA). It is backed by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology under the ‘Digital India RISC-V’ (DIRV) initiative. The project aims to reduce dependency on foreign semiconductor technology by designing and fabricating processors entirely within India. Multiple SHAKTI chips like RIMO (2018), MOUSHIK (2020), and IRIS have been developed, fabricated at SCL Chandigarh, and successfully booted at IIT Madras. The project includes design, packaging, and software development, creating a complete domestic semiconductor ecosystem.

Why in news?

SHAKTI-based IRIS chip was developed collaboratively by IIT Madras and ISRO for aerospace use, marking step in India’s indigenous semiconductor capabilities.

Siddha Medicine

Siddha medicine is one of the oldest traditional medical systems originating in South India, particularly Tamil Nadu. It is based on the concept of balancing the three humors – Vata, Pitta, and Kapha, similar to Ayurveda. Siddha uses herbal, mineral, and animal products for treatment and emphasizes spiritual practices and dietary regulations. It has a rich classical literature dating back over 2,000 years. Siddha practitioners undergo formal training and certification. The system is officially recognized and regulated by the Government of India. It is now included as a module in ICD-11 for systematic tracking and research.

Why in news?

The 2025 ICD-11 update includes a new module covering traditional medicine systems like Siddha to enhance global reporting and policymaking.

Silver Nanowires

Silver nanowires are ultra-thin wires of silver, approximately 100,000 times thinner than a human hair. They exhibit exceptional electrical conductivity, enabling efficient electrothermal conversion at low voltages. Their low electrical resistance reduces the risk of electrocution in wearable electronics. Silver nanowires tend to tarnish over time due to oxidation, which can degrade performance. To counter this, protective coatings are applied to maintain conductivity and durability. These nanowires are used in flexible electronics, transparent conductive films, and conductive textiles, offering a balance of flexibility, conductivity, and performance. Their nanoscale size allows integration into soft, wearable materials.

Why in news?

IIT Guwahati researchers used silver nanowires to develop a conductive textile that converts electricity and sunlight into heat, enabling wearable heating solutions for extreme cold environments.

Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV)

The Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) is ISRO’s lightweight rocket designed for rapid manufacturing and launch, capable of placing payloads of up to 500 kg into low Earth orbit and 300 kg into sun-synchronous orbit. It can be built and launched within one week, targeting the growing small satellite market. SSLV manufacturing is being transferred to private industry to create a commercial launch ecosystem. However, demand uncertainty for small satellite launches poses challenges to sustaining the SSLV program. SSLV complements heavier launchers like PSLV and GSLV by freeing them for larger missions.

Why in news?

SSLV is brought into light as a key vehicle to boost commercial satellite launches, with ISRO transferring its production to private companies to meet anticipated market demand.

Smart Grid Index (SGI)

The Smart Grid Index (SGI) is a benchmarking tool developed by Singapore Power Group (SP Group) to evaluate the deployment of smart grid technologies globally. It assesses utilities based on technology adoption, innovation, customer engagement, and sustainability. The SGI covers 92 utilities across 36 countries and provides a quantifiable score reflecting the maturity of smart grid implementation. It helps identify global best practices and encourages utilities to enhance grid reliability, efficiency, and integration of renewable energy. The index is updated annually to track progress and emerging trends in smart grid development worldwide.

Why in news?

Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited was ranked among the top 10 power utilities globally in the Smart Grid Index 2024, denoting its advancements in smart grid deployment.

Soft Matter Physics

Soft matter physics studies materials that can be easily deformed without breaking, including gels, polymers, foams, liquid crystals, and biological tissues. These materials exhibit complex mechanical and thermal behaviors due to their intermediate structural organization between liquids and solids. Soft matter often shows unique phase transitions and self-assembly properties. It is crucial for understanding biological systems and developing new materials like flexible electronics and responsive surfaces. The field intersects with chemistry, biology, and materials science. Soft matter systems are sensitive to external stimuli such as temperature, pressure, and electromagnetic fields, enabling tunable functionalities in applications like drug delivery and soft robotics.

Why in news?

Soft matter physics is brought into light as a key subfield of condensed matter physics, for studying deformable materials like biological tissue and advancing novel flexible technologies.

Solar Flare Mechanism

Solar flares are sudden bursts of energy caused by magnetic field reconnection on the Sun, releasing hot charged particles into space. A similar mechanism operates in the accretion disk of Sgr A*, where strong magnetic fields compress gas blobs, generating high-energy flares. Unlike solar flares, these occur in an extreme gravitational environment near a black hole and at much higher energy levels. This analogy helps explain the intermittent bright flares observed around Sgr A*, linking magnetic turbulence to energetic particle acceleration in different astrophysical contexts.

Why in news?

Researchers compared the bright flares observed by Webb around Sagittarius A* to solar flare processes, denoting the role of magnetic fields in producing energetic bursts near the black hole.

SPHEREx Telescope

The SPHEREx (Spectro-Photometer for the History of the Universe, Epoch of Reionization and Ices Explorer) is a NASA infrared telescope designed to take spectroscopic images across the entire sky. It divides light into 96 spectral bands, far more than the human eye’s three bands, enabling detailed chemical and physical analysis of cosmic objects. SPHEREx will map the 3D positions of about one billion galaxies, 100 million stars, and 10,000 asteroids in a two-year mission. It will generate 8 million new spectroscopic images of life-bearing molecules, vastly exceeding current datasets.

Why in news?

SPHEREx is scheduled for launch on February 27, 2026, with the goal of producing the most colorful and comprehensive spectral map of the cosmos to date, revolutionizing cosmology and astrobiology.

Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA)

Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is a genetic disorder caused by mutations in the SMN1 gene, leading to a deficiency of the survival motor neuron (SMN) protein. This protein is essential for the survival of motor neurons in the spinal cord. The disease causes progressive muscle wasting due to motor neurons failing to send signals to muscles. SMA affects approximately 1 in 10,000 births and is a leading genetic cause of infant mortality. The most severe form, SMA-1, typically results in death within two to three years without treatment. SMA progression varies based on the number of copies of the SMN2 gene.

Why in news?

A two-and-a-half-year-old girl became the first person treated for SMA while still in the womb, showing no signs of the disorder after prenatal administration of the drug risdiplam.

Stargate Project

The Stargate Project is a $500 billion AI infrastructure initiative announced in January 2025, involving OpenAI, Oracle, and Softbank. It aims to build advanced AI systems within the US, representing one of the largest public-private partnerships in AI development. Oracle’s involvement is due to its connection with Larry Ellison, a close ally of Donald Trump. The project includes managing large-scale data centers and AI research facilities. It was announced without prior notice to Elon Musk, despite his close ties to Trump. The Stargate Project marks a strategic government-backed effort to compete globally in AI technology.

Why in news?

The Stargate Project was announced by President Trump in January 2025, surprising Elon Musk and escalating tensions between Musk and OpenAI leadership due to Musk’s exclusion and the project’s scale.

Stellarator

A stellarator is a type of nuclear fusion reactor that confines plasma using a twisted magnetic field generated solely by external magnets, eliminating the need for a plasma-induced poloidal current. Its complex, non-toroidal shape contrasts with the simpler donut-shaped tokamak. The stellarator’s magnetic field geometry allows continuous, steady-state operation without relying on the plasma current that can cause instabilities in tokamaks. This design is harder to build and operate but offers potential advantages in plasma stability and operational duration. Stellarators represent an alternative magnetic confinement method in fusion research.

Why in news?

The stellarator is mentioned as an alternative fusion reactor design to tokamaks, offering a different approach to magnetic confinement without plasma currents.

Subvocalisation in Memory

Subvocalisation is the internal speech process where a person silently pronounces words mentally while reading or memorizing. It aids memory by engaging auditory processing areas of the brain, improving encoding and recall of information. However, it can limit reading speed if relied on excessively. In memory sports, controlled subvocalisation helps competitors maintain clarity and speed when memorizing large data sets. Hydration improves the clarity of subvocalization by keeping the vocal cords and throat moist, enhancing mental articulation. This technique is used by memory athletes to optimize cognitive performance during high-pressure recall tasks.

Why in news?

Vishvaa Rajakumar credited hydration and subvocalisation as key elements of his memorization strategy during his record-setting performance at the Memory League World Championship 2025.

Sugam Portal

The Sugam Portal is an online platform launched by the Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO) to facilitate digital submission of applications related to drug approvals, clinical trials, and licensing. It supports processes like adding clinical trial sites, changing principal investigators, and submitting Periodic Safety Update Reports (PSURs). The portal also handles veterinary drug permissions and post-approval changes for vaccines and antisera. It aims to streamline regulatory workflows by digitizing previously offline procedures. The portal collects comprehensive data on drug formulations and brand names, aiding regulatory oversight and reducing duplication or confusion in drug approvals across India.

Why in news?

The CDSCO expanded the Sugam Portal’s scope in October 2025 to include online applications for clinical trial site additions and principal investigator changes for biological products such as vaccines and rDNA-based drugs.

SuperNi 41

SuperNi 41 is a nickel-chromium based superalloy developed and exhibited by MIDHANI at Aero India 2025. It is engineered to withstand extremely high temperatures typical of aero engine environments. The alloy’s composition ensures exceptional thermal stability and mechanical strength at elevated temperatures, making it suitable for turbine blades and other critical engine components. Its indigenous production reduces reliance on foreign superalloys, enhancing India’s strategic autonomy in aerospace materials.

Why in news?

SuperNi 41 was showcased by MIDHANI during Aero India 2025 as part of India’s push for self-reliance in advanced aerospace materials.

Survival Motor Neuron Gene (SMN1)

The SMN1 gene produces the survival motor neuron protein essential for motor neuron health and muscle control. Mutations or deletions in SMN1 cause spinal muscular atrophy by reducing functional SMN protein, leading to motor neuron degeneration. Humans have a nearly identical gene, SMN2, which produces less functional protein due to alternative splicing. The number of SMN2 copies influences disease severity. SMN1 is located on chromosome 5q13.2. Genetic testing for SMN1 mutations is standard for diagnosing SMA. The gene’s discovery in 1995 was very important for developing targeted SMA therapies.

Why in news?

The unborn child was diagnosed prenatally with a lack of SMN1 gene copies, prompting early intervention with risdiplam to prevent SMA symptoms.

TuTr Hyperloop

TuTr Hyperloop is a deep-tech startup incubated at IIT Madras focused on developing Hyperloop technology. It collaborates with Indian Railways and IIT Madras in creating next-generation high-speed transportation systems. The startup works on designing pods and infrastructure components suitable for Indian terrain and conditions. TuTr Hyperloop aims to commercialize Hyperloop technology by integrating advanced magnetic levitation and vacuum tube systems. It receives funding and grants from government bodies to accelerate development. The startup also participates in international collaborations and competitions, contributing to India’s leadership in Hyperloop innovation. Its projects include pilot corridors and partnerships with metro systems in India.

Why in news?

TuTr Hyperloop was mentioned as a key collaborator with IIT Madras and Indian Railways in the upcoming Hyperloop corridor project and commercialization efforts supported by the third government grant.

Ultra-High-Energy Neutrino

An ultra-high-energy neutrino carries about 120 quadrillion electronvolts, roughly 30 times more energetic than any neutrino detected before. This energy surpasses photons by a quadrillion times and exceeds particles generated by the Large Hadron Collider by 10,000 times. Such neutrinos have almost zero mass, charge, and interactions, allowing them to pass through matter, including Earth, virtually undisturbed. The detected neutrino was a muon type and traveled through 140 km of rock and seawater before detection. These neutrinos provide insight into extreme cosmic events and are essential for studying phenomena invisible to electromagnetic observations.

Why in news?

The ultra-high-energy neutrino detection by KM3NeT’s ARCA represents a breakthrough in understanding cosmic processes beyond the Milky Way.

Ultra-Short Baseline (USBL) System

The Ultra-Short Baseline (USBL) system is an underwater acoustic positioning technology used to track submersibles and remotely operated vehicles. It uses a transponder on the submersible and a transceiver on the mothership to measure distance and direction via acoustic signals. USBL provides real-time positioning with accuracy ranging from 1 to 10 meters in deep water. It is widely used in oceanographic research, offshore drilling, and naval operations. USBL systems are preferred for their compact size and ability to operate in challenging underwater environments without reliance on GPS signals.

Why in news?

The Matsya-6000 submersible employs an advanced USBL system for precise underwater navigation and communication with its surface mothership during deep-sea missions.

Unani Medicine

Unani medicine is a traditional system of healing and health maintenance observed in South Asia, based on the teachings of Hippocrates and Galen and later developed by Arab and Persian scholars. It emphasizes the balance of the four humors – blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile. Treatments include herbal remedies, dietary practices, and alternative therapies. Unani medicine integrates philosophical and clinical approaches and has been officially recognized by the Government of India under the AYUSH ministry. It has educational programs at the MD and PhD levels and increasingly incorporates modern research methods, including artificial intelligence.

Why in news?

The international conference in New Delhi focused on innovation and integrating AI and machine learning with Unani medicine, denoting India’s leadership in this traditional healthcare system.

Undersea Cable Burial Methods

Undersea cable burial involves embedding subsea cables beneath the ocean floor, especially in shallow or high-risk areas like coastal waters. Techniques include plowing, jetting, and trenching, which create protective trenches for the cables. Burial prevents damage from ship anchors, fishing gear, and natural events such as storms or currents. The depth of burial varies, typically from 1 to 3 meters depending on seabed conditions. Advanced burial methods are critical for maintaining cable integrity and reducing repair frequency. These methods are increasingly used in major subsea projects to safeguard critical digital infrastructure.

Why in news?

Project Waterworth will use advanced burial methods in coastal and vulnerable zones to protect its subsea cables, ensuring uninterrupted connectivity across key global regions.

US2QC Program

The US2QC (U.S. Scalable and Stable Quantum Computing) program is a DARPA initiative aimed at developing the first large-scale, error-corrected quantum computer capable of solving real-world problems. It funds cutting-edge research to overcome challenges in qubit stability, error correction, and scalability. Microsoft is one of two finalists in this program, denoting its advancements in topological qubits and Majorana particle-based quantum chips. The program emphasizes the creation of quantum systems with millions of qubits and practical applications in materials science, medicine, and environmental solutions.

Why in news?

Microsoft’s Majorana 1 chip and research have earned it finalist status in DARPA’s US2QC program for scalable quantum computing.

Wave Glider Unmanned Surface Vehicle

The Wave Glider is an unmanned surface vehicle (USV) developed by Boeing’s Liquid Robotics. It harnesses wave energy for propulsion, allowing it to operate autonomously for months at a time without refueling. Equipped with sensors for environmental monitoring, maritime surveillance, and communication relay, it is used in both civilian and military applications. The Wave Glider can be remotely controlled or operate autonomously, collecting data on sea conditions, underwater acoustics, and vessel movements. Its endurance and low operational cost make it valuable for persistent maritime domain awareness missions.

Why in news?

Negotiations are underway for co-production of 60 Wave Glider platforms in India under the U.S.-India Autonomous Systems Industry Alliance (ASIA).

Willow Quantum Chip

The Willow quantum chip was revealed by Google in December 2024 and is designed to reduce quantum computing errors . It demonstrated the ability to perform a complex calculation in minutes that would take a classical supercomputer millions of years. Willow uses advanced error mitigation techniques and novel qubit architectures to enhance computational accuracy. This chip represents a leap forward in demonstrating quantum supremacy and practical quantum computation. Google’s research on Willow has contributed to understanding how to scale quantum processors while controlling error rates in noisy quantum systems.

Why in news?

Google’s Willow chip was mentioned in the context of the ongoing quantum computing race, alongside AWS’s Ocelot and Microsoft’s quantum chip announcements in early 2025.

International Relations & Organizations

Katchatheevu Island

Katchatheevu is a small uninhabited island in the Palk Straits, administered by Sri Lanka but historically used by Tamil Nadu fishermen. The island was ceded to Sri Lanka by India in a 1974 agreement, which has been a source of ongoing dispute. Despite the cession, Indian fishermen have traditionally used the island for fishing and religious purposes, including a church on the island that hosts annual festivals attended by fishermen from both countries. The island’s sovereignty remains a sensitive issue, with repeated arrests of Indian fishermen accused of trespassing in Sri Lankan waters near Katchatheevu.

Why in news?

Fishermen were arrested for fishing near Katchatheevu, denoting the continuing dispute over fishing rights and territorial waters between India and Sri Lanka.

Least Developed Countries (LDCs)

The Least Developed Countries (LDCs) are a group of 46 countries classified by the United Nations based on low income, human assets, and economic vulnerability. These nations face structural challenges, including limited access to education, healthcare, and technology. The LDC category was established in 1971 and is reviewed every three years by the Committee for Development Policy. Most LDCs are in Africa, Asia, and the Pacific. They receive special international support, including preferential trade terms and development assistance. Their vulnerability to climate change is higher due to weak infrastructure and reliance on agriculture, making their participation in global climate talks critical but often limited.

Why in news?

The article focuses on the low participation of women delegates from LDCs in UNFCCC climate negotiations, denoting the gender imbalance and challenges specific to these countries.

SAGAR Initiative

Launched by Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi in 2015, SAGAR stands for Security and Growth for All in the Region. It aims to ensure maritime stability and promote economic growth across the Indian Ocean Region. The initiative supports joint naval exercises, port development, and disaster relief operations. SAGAR also emphasizes sustainable use of ocean resources aligned with India’s Blue Economy goals. It strengthens diplomatic ties through regional organizations like IORA, BIMSTEC, and QUAD. SAGAR plays a strategic role in countering external influences and enhancing maritime security in one of the world’s busiest trade corridors.

Why in news?

SAGAR remains central to India’s maritime policy discussions at the 2025 IOC, denoting India’s leadership in regional security and economic cooperation.

SAGAR Policy

SAGAR stands for Security and Growth for All in the Region and is India’s strategic policy framework focused on the Indian Ocean Region. It emphasizes maritime security, economic development, and the Blue Economy. SAGAR aims to ensure peace, stability, and sustainable growth in the maritime domain by promoting cooperation among Indian Ocean littoral states. The policy supports safeguarding sea lanes, enhancing disaster response, and encouraging sustainable use of marine resources. SAGAR reflects India’s commitment to regional security and economic integration, positioning the Indian Ocean as a zone of peace and prosperity.

Why in news?

India’s Defence Minister reiterated the importance of the SAGAR policy at Aero India 2025, denoting its focus on maritime security and economic development in the Indian Ocean Region.

Second Thomas Shoal

The Second Thomas Shoal is a submerged reef located within the Philippines’ 200 nautical miles Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) in the South China Sea. It is part of the Spratly Islands and is known for its strategic importance due to rich fishing grounds and potential energy resources. The shoal is the site of the grounded Philippine Navy ship BRP Sierra Madre, deliberately beached there in 1999 to assert Philippine sovereignty. China has contested this claim, frequently conducting patrols nearby. The shoal remains a flashpoint in territorial disputes between China and the Philippines, contributing to regional tensions in maritime security.

Why in news?

The China Coast Guard has increased operations around Second Thomas Shoal, intensifying maritime tensions in the Philippines’ EEZ amid shifting US-Philippine security dynamics under Trump 2.0.

Sportswashing

Sportswashing refers to the practice where countries or organizations use high-profile sporting events to improve their international image despite controversial policies or human rights records. Saudi Arabia has been accused of sportswashing due to its heavy investment in global sports like Formula One, boxing, and golf, alongside hosting rights for the 2034 soccer World Cup. Critics argue these events distract from or mask ongoing human rights concerns. The kingdom denies these accusations. Sportswashing is a strategic soft power tool aimed at enhancing national prestige and economic interests through sports diplomacy.

Why in news?

Saudi Arabia’s hosting of the Olympic Esports Games and other major sports events has reignited debate about sportswashing related to its human rights record.

String of Pearls Strategy

The String of Pearls is a Chinese geopolitical strategy involving the development of a network of commercial and military bases along the Indian Ocean’s sea lanes. It includes ports and facilities in countries like Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, and Djibouti. The strategy aims to secure China’s energy imports and trade routes while expanding its naval presence. It challenges regional stability by increasing Chinese influence near India and other Indian Ocean nations. The strategy also involves undersea cable control and surveillance capabilities, raising concerns over data security and maritime dominance.

Why in news?

The 2025 IOC discussions brought into light the String of Pearls as a key challenge to regional security and India’s interests in the Indian Ocean.

Subrahmanyam Jaishankar

Subrahmanyam Jaishankar is the Indian Foreign Secretary and later India’s External Affairs Minister known for his diplomatic career spanning multiple countries. He played important role in India-US strategic dialogues, especially concerning China’s growing assertiveness. Jaishankar was instrumental in reviving the Quad grouping and enhancing cooperation on critical technologies like AI and quantum computing. He has a background in nuclear diplomacy and was a key interlocutor during meetings with US officials like Lt Gen H R McMaster. Jaishankar’s diplomatic strategy emphasizes balancing India’s relations with global powers while addressing regional security challenges.

Why in news?

Referenced regarding strategic alignment discussions between India and the US on China during Modi’s 2025 visit.

UN General Assembly Abstentions

In UN General Assembly votes, abstentions occur when member states choose not to vote either for or against a resolution. Abstentions do not count as votes against but can influence the perception of consensus. The 65 abstentions in the 2025 vote on Ukraine were notably high compared to previous votes, reflecting geopolitical complexities. Countries may abstain due to diplomatic neutrality, pressure from conflicting alliances, or internal political considerations. Abstentions can signal tacit disapproval or reluctance to condemn without causing diplomatic fallout. The practice dates back to the UN’s founding in 1945 and remains a strategic tool in international diplomacy.

Why in news?

The 2025 UN General Assembly vote on Ukraine’s resolution saw 65 abstentions, number that affected the overall support level compared to previous years’ resolutions condemning Russia’s invasion.

UN Watercourses Convention (1997)

The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses (UN Watercourses Convention) adopted in 1997, establishes principles for equitable and reasonable use of shared watercourses, prevention of harm, and cooperation among riparian states. It aims to promote sustainable and peaceful management of international rivers. Despite its global significance, major Asian countries like China and India have not ratified the convention. The treaty emphasizes notification, consultation, and dispute resolution mechanisms but lacks enforcement powers. It remains a key reference in international water law and diplomacy.

Why in news?

The convention’s principles are relevant to the legal debates on China’s hydroelectric dam on the Yarlung Zangbo, affecting downstream countries like India and Bangladesh.

UNESCO Member States

The UNESCO Member States are countries that have ratified the constitution of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Founded in 1945, UNESCO aims to promote peace and security through international collaboration in education, science, and culture. There are currently 193 member states. Each member state has one vote in the General Conference, which meets every two years to set policies and approve programs. Member states contribute financially based on their economic capacity. They play a key role in declaring international observances such as World Radio Day to promote global awareness on important issues.

Why in news?

UNESCO Member States declared February 13 as World Radio Day in 2011, which the UN General Assembly accepted in 2012, commemorating radio’s role in communication and community building.

United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO)

The United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) was the first UN peacekeeping mission, established in May 1948. It was deployed to monitor the Armistice Agreement between Israel and its Arab neighbors after the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. UNTSO’s military observers act as neutral monitors without combat roles. It operates in the Middle East, primarily in Israel, Lebanon, Syria, and Egypt. UNTSO has provided foundational peacekeeping methods and protocols still used by modern missions. It remains active, supporting ceasefire supervision and liaison functions in a volatile region.

Why in news?

UNTSO was mentioned as part of the historical overview of UN peacekeeping missions during India’s diplomatic discussions on peacekeeping contributions in 2025.

Social Development & Government Schemes

Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA)

Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs) are community health workers instituted by the Government of India to serve as a bridge between the community and public health systems. ASHAs are primarily women trained to provide basic health education, promote immunization, maternal and child health, and assist in disease screening at the grassroots level. They play important role in door-to-door outreach programs, including the current NCD screening campaign. ASHAs receive performance-based incentives and are instrumental in improving healthcare access in rural and underserved areas. Their work includes data collection, counseling, and facilitating referrals to healthcare facilities.

Why in news?

ASHAs are key frontline workers conducting door-to-door screening during the nationwide campaign to detect diabetes, hypertension, and common cancers among adults aged 30 years and above.

Atal Tinkering Labs

Atal Tinkering Labs (ATLs) are innovation workspaces established in schools across India to encourage curiosity, creativity, and imagination in young minds. Launched by the Atal Innovation Mission under NITI Aayog, ATLs provide students access to tools like 3D printers, robotics kits, and electronics components. By 2025, over 50,000 ATLs have been set up, encouraging STEM education and hands-on learning. These labs aim to develop problem-solving skills and entrepreneurial mindset among students aged 9-18. ATLs also collaborate with industries and academia to provide mentorship and exposure. The initiative has been credited with increasing student participation in national innovation challenges and science fairs.

Why in news?

The 2025 Budget announced the establishment of 50,000 Atal Tinkering Labs to promote innovation and entrepreneurship among school students as part of the government’s focus on private investment and skill development.

Cold Storage for Potatoes

Cold storage facilities for potatoes maintain temperatures between 4°C and 10°C to prevent sprouting and spoilage. Proper storage extends shelf life up to 8-10 months. Cold storage helps stabilize prices by allowing farmers to withhold supply during low-price periods. Haryana encourages potato growers to use cold storage to protect income during market downturns. The technology reduces losses from fungal infections and moisture loss. Cold storage infrastructure is vital in regions with potato production to ensure year-round availability and reduce post-harvest wastage.

Why in news?

Farmers are advised to store potatoes in cold storage to mitigate financial losses from falling prices amid the Bhavantar Bharpai Yojana expansion.

Cruise Bharat Mission

The Cruise Bharat Mission is an Government of India initiative aimed at developing cruise tourism infrastructure. It plans to establish 10 sea cruise terminals, 100 river cruise terminals, and five marinas over five years. The mission targets doubling cruise calls and passenger numbers by 2029, enhancing regional alliances, and boosting both sea and river cruise tourism. It complements legislative reforms like the National Waterways Act, 2016, and Inland Vessels Act, 2021, to modernize the inland waterways ecosystem. The mission also supports urban water transport projects like water metros in 18 cities.

Why in news?

The mission was brought into light during the inauguration of the Jogighopa IWT terminal as part of India’s broader inland waterway and cruise tourism expansion strategy.

Healthcare Professional Registry (HPR)

The Healthcare Professional Registry (HPR) is a digital platform registering healthcare workers across India, currently listing over 5.64 lakh professionals. It includes doctors, nurses, paramedics, and allied health workers, providing verified credentials and qualifications. The HPR facilitates credential verification, workforce planning, and deployment. It enables patients and health systems to access reliable information about healthcare providers. The registry supports the ABDM’s goal of integrated healthcare delivery and ensures that only qualified professionals participate in the digital health ecosystem.

Why in news?

The registry has crossed 5.64 lakh registered healthcare professionals, enhancing the credibility and reach of the Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission.

Hunar Haats

Hunar Haats are organized craft fairs showcasing traditional arts and handicrafts by minority artisans and culinary experts. Initiated under the USTTAD scheme, these events provide a platform for artisans to market their products directly to consumers, enhancing livelihoods. Over 35 Hunar Haats have been held across major Indian cities including Delhi, Mumbai, and Mysuru. The Ministry of Minority Affairs collaborates with institutions like NIFT and NID for design and branding support. More than 500,000 artisans have benefited, with women constituting over 50% of the beneficiaries, promoting inclusive economic growth and preserving cultural heritage.

Why in news?

Hunar Haats are part of the economic empowerment initiatives under the New 15 Point Programme, facilitating skill development and market access for minority artisans.

Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices (IYCF)

Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices (IYCF) refers to a set of recommendations and behaviours aimed at ensuring optimal nutrition for children under two years of age. It includes exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months, timely introduction of safe and nutritious complementary foods, and continued breastfeeding up to two years or beyond. Proper IYCF practices reduce undernutrition, stunting, and mortality in children. It also emphasizes hygiene during feeding to prevent infections. IYCF is promoted globally by WHO and UNICEF and integrated into various nutrition security programs, especially in tribal and rural communities with high malnutrition rates.

Why in news?

IYCF practices were a key component of a community-based nutrition literacy program in Koraput, Odisha, aimed at combating high child undernutrition and improving dietary diversity in tribal populations.

Karunya Benevolent Fund (KBF)

Karunya Benevolent Fund (KBF) is a state government assurance scheme in Kerala that provides financial aid to poor patients suffering from serious ailments like cancer, haemophilia, kidney, and heart diseases. It is funded through the Kerala lottery system, managed by the State Lotteries Department. The scheme targets families with an annual income below Rs. 3 lakhs, offering cashless treatment at empaneled hospitals. It has expanded its number of healthcare providers and treatment packages over time. IT integration has been introduced to enhance patient-friendly services and streamline claim processes under the scheme.

Why in news?

KBF is part of Kerala’s integrated health protection system, converged under Karunya Arogya Suraksha Padhathi (KASP), with increased funding and expanded healthcare coverage announced in 2025.

Khoya-Paya Initiative

The Khoya-Paya initiative is a digital tracking system implemented during the Maha Kumbh to reunite missing individuals with their families. It successfully helped 28,000 missing persons find their relatives. The system uses technology to track and manage large crowds during religious gatherings. It integrates digital identification, crowd management, and real-time communication to ensure safety and reduce distress. The initiative’s success at the Maha Kumbh has inspired similar efforts at other mass events to improve public safety and family reunification. It is considered a pioneering effort in combining faith and technology for social welfare.

Why in news?

The Khoya-Paya initiative was brought into light by Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath during the Maha Kumbh in Prayagraj as a successful example of technology aiding faith-based mass gatherings.

Kukke Subrahmanya Temple

The Kukke Subrahmanya Temple is located in Sullia, Dakshina Kannada, Karnataka. It is dedicated to Lord Subrahmanya, the serpent god. The temple is renowned for rituals like sarpa samskara and ashlesha bali, believed to appease serpent deities and remove negative effects. It is the highest revenue-generating temple in Karnataka, with ₹146 crore recorded in 2023-24. Revenue sources include hundi donations (money, silver, gold), seva fees, rentals, arecanut plantations, and investments. The temple attracts devotees from across India and is managed by the Hindu Religious Institutions and Charitable Endowments Department.

Why in news?

The Karnataka government has drafted a ₹254 crore master plan for the temple’s redevelopment, including infrastructure upgrades and new facilities for devotees.

Mahila Samman Yojana

The Mahila Samman Yojana is a financial assistance scheme targeted at women in Delhi, initially providing ₹1,000 monthly to beneficiaries. The program was designed with an estimated yearly budget of ₹6,000 crore for around 40 lakh women. Under the newly elected BJP government led by Chief Minister Rekha Gupta, the monthly assistance was increased to ₹2,500 per beneficiary, raising the annual budget requirement to ₹15,000 crore. The scheme aims to empower women financially but faces challenges related to beneficiary eligibility, enrollment efficiency, and securing the necessary increased funding. It was first approved by the previous cabinet.

Why in news?

The scheme is in the spotlight as the new Delhi government commits to increasing the monthly financial assistance from ₹1,000 to ₹2,500, raising questions about funding and implementation ahead of the first installment release on International Women’s Day.

Mass Drug Administration (MDA) Campaign

The Mass Drug Administration (MDA) campaign is a public health strategy aimed at eliminating Lymphatic Filariasis (LF) by providing anti-filarial medication to all eligible individuals in endemic areas, regardless of symptoms. It includes door-to-door distribution of drugs to ensure high coverage and compliance. The campaign uses two drug regimens – the Double Drug Regimen (DEC and Albendazole) and the Triple Drug Regimen (Ivermectin, DEC, Albendazole). MDA is conducted twice a year in 111 districts across 13 state of Indias. It excludes children below 2 years, pregnant women, and seriously ill individuals. Consumption is supervised by trained health workers.

Why in news?

The Union Minister for Health launched the 2025 Annual Nationwide MDA Campaign targeting 111 endemic districts across 13 states to accelerate India’s goal of eliminating Lymphatic Filariasis by 2027.

Mother-Tongue-Based Education

Mother-Tongue-Based Education (MTBE) is an educational approach that uses a child’s first language as the medium of instruction during early schooling. Studies show MTBE improves learning outcomes, literacy rates, and cognitive development. Globally, only 351 out of 7,000 spoken languages are used in education, leaving millions of learners taught in unfamiliar languages. MTBE supports cultural preservation and educational equity, especially in multilingual societies. UNESCO promotes MTBE as a key strategy for sustainable development and linguistic diversity preservation.

Why in news?

The 2025 International Mother Language Day emphasizes mother-tongue-based education to address the challenge of learners being taught in languages they do not understand, promoting inclusive and effective education worldwide.

National Fisheries Digital Platform (NFDP)

The NFDP is a digital platform designed to register fishers, fish farmers, vendors, processors, and microenterprises, integrating them into formal financial and government systems. It includes modules for registration, credit facilitation, cooperative strengthening, aquaculture insurance, performance grants, traceability, and capacity building. Since its launch, over 17 lakh registrations have been made. The platform supports streamlined access to financial services and government programs, aiming to improve productivity, market expansion, and sustainable development of the fisheries sector in India.

Why in news?

The Ministry of Fisheries is conducting a special campaign to accelerate registrations and approvals on the NFDP to maximize benefits under PMMKSSY during February 2025.

NIMHANS

The National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS) is a premier medical institution in Bengaluru, specializing in mental health and neuroscience research and education. Established in 1925, it functions under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. NIMHANS integrates clinical services, research, and training in psychiatry, neurology, and allied disciplines. It has pioneered multidisciplinary approaches in mental health education and community outreach programs. The institute publishes influential studies on substance use, mental disorders, and public health. NIMHANS also develops digital and educational resources, such as Pre-CURB, to address emerging health challenges in India.

Why in news?

NIMHANS researchers developed Pre-CURB and conducted workshops to address cannabis use awareness and prevention among Indian youth in 2025.

PM-DAKSH Scheme

The PM-DAKSH Scheme (Prime Minister’s Development of Aspirational and Knowledge-based Skills for the Handicapped) is a skill development initiative targeting marginalized sections, especially persons with disabilities. It operates from 2021-22 to 2025-26, focusing on short-term training, upskilling, re-skilling, and entrepreneurship. The scheme empanels both government and private training institutes. It mandates On the Job Training (OJT) for certain job roles, linking trainees with private industry. By 2023-24, it benefited 187,305 individuals. The financial allocation for 2024-25 is Rs. 80 crores. Independent third-party evaluations assess its impact before reappraisal for future funding cycles.

Why in news?

The scheme’s progress and evaluation were discussed in Lok Sabha, denoting its implementation and budget allocation for 2024-25.

PM-KISAN Scheme

PM-KISAN (Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi) is a Central Sector Scheme launched in February 2019, providing Rs 6,000 annually to all landholding farmers in India, irrespective of land size. The amount is transferred in three equal installments of Rs 2,000 every four months directly into beneficiaries’ bank accounts. The scheme is fully funded by the Government of India and implemented by the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare. Identification of beneficiaries is managed by State/UT governments. It aims to supplement small and marginal farmers’ financial needs to improve crop health and yields, reducing dependency on moneylenders.

Why in news?

The 19th installment of PM-KISAN, amounting to Rs 22,000 crore, was released to 9.8 crore farmers, marking step in supporting India’s farming community.

PM-Kisan Yojana Industrial Funding

The PM-Kisan Yojana is a central government scheme primarily aimed at providing income support to farmers. However, Andhra Pradesh is attempting to secure ₹2,000 crore from this scheme for industrial development, a novel use of funds. This approach signals a strategic pivot to leverage agricultural welfare schemes for broader economic growth. The scheme usually disburses direct benefit transfers to farmers but has provisions for allied sectors. Andhra Pradesh’s plan to tap into this funding for industrial parks and infrastructure reflects innovative fiscal management and inter-sectoral funding utilization.

Why in news?

The government is working to secure ₹2,000 crore from the PM-Kisan Yojana to support industrial development projects in Andhra Pradesh.

Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY)

PMFBY is a government crop insurance scheme launched in 2016 to provide financial support to farmers against crop loss due to natural calamities. It covers food crops, oilseeds, and annual commercial horticultural crops from pre-sowing to post-harvest stages. From 2019-20 to 2023-24, 23.41 lakh applications were received nationwide, with ₹756.10 crore paid in claims. Maharashtra had the highest participation with 16.41 lakh applications and ₹374.39 crore claims. The scheme operates with minimal premiums for farmers and is complemented by the Restructured Weather Based Crop Insurance Scheme (RWBCIS).

Why in news?

PMFBY claims paid to onion growers and application statistics were discussed in Lok Sabha, denoting government support for crop loss compensation.

Pradhan Mantri Kisan Sampada Yojana (PMKSY)

PMKSY is a central sector umbrella scheme by the Ministry of Food Processing Industries aimed at boosting the food processing sector in India. It includes multiple components such as Integrated Cold Chain, Operation Greens, and Agro Processing Clusters. Financial assistance is provided up to ₹15 crore, with project cost subsidies of 35% in general areas and 50% in difficult areas or for SC/ST, FPOs, and SHGs. The scheme promotes infrastructure development from farm gate to retail, reduces agricultural produce wastage, increases processing levels, enhances exports, and creates rural employment opportunities.

Why in news?

PMKSY is brought into light due to ongoing financial assistance and project approvals under its component schemes, supporting food processing infrastructure development across India.

Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai YojanaWatershed Development Component (PMKSY-WDC)

The Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai YojanaWatershed Development Component (PMKSY-WDC) is a sub-scheme under PMKSY focused on watershed management to improve soil and water conservation in rainfed areas. It promotes sustainable agriculture by enhancing groundwater recharge, reducing soil erosion, and improving moisture retention. The component supports participatory watershed management involving local communities and farmers. PMKSY-WDC integrates with other rural development programs to increase agricultural productivity and livelihood security. It has contributed to reversing land degradation and improving water availability in drought-prone regions, promoting climate resilience in rural farming systems.

Why in news?

PMKSY-WDC is brought into light as a key scheme under the Department of Land Resources, which received a 35% budget increase in 2025-26 to boost rural water and land resource management.

Pradhan Mantri Matsya Kisan Samridhi Sah-Yojana (PMMKSSY)

The PMMKSSY is a Central Sector Sub-scheme under the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana launched in 2023-2024 with an outlay of Rs 6,000 crore. It aims to formalize the fisheries sector by improving access to institutional finance and promoting aquaculture insurance. The scheme focuses on enhancing value chain efficiencies, fish safety, and quality assurance systems. It addresses challenges like sector fragmentation, lack of credit access, and low-value chain efficiency. Key benefits include credit facilitation, aquaculture insurance, and performance grants to fishers, fish farmers, and related stakeholders across India.

Why in news?

The Ministry of Fisheries is promoting PMMKSSY through a nationwide campaign from February 14 to 22, 2025, to increase registrations and expedite benefit approvals for stakeholders under the scheme.

Prime Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana (PMDKY)

The Prime Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana targets 100 districts with low agricultural productivity, moderate cropping intensity, and below-average credit access. It aims to enhance productivity, promote crop diversification, improve irrigation, augment post-harvest storage, and facilitate credit availability. The Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare collects data on productivity, cropping intensity, and credit parameters to select districts. Cropping intensity, a key metric, measures the number of crops grown annually on a piece of land. The scheme is expected to benefit approximately 1.7 crore farmers and will be funded through existing agricultural and allied ministries’ schemes.

Why in news?

PMDKY was introduced in the 2025 Union Budget to boost agricultural productivity and sustainability, following the success of the ADP model in district-level development.

Research-based Assessments

Research-based assessments evaluate academic performance primarily through the quality and impact of research outputs rather than quantity or teaching hours. This approach emphasizes original contributions to knowledge, interdisciplinary studies, and societal relevance. Globally, research assessments influence funding, faculty promotions, and institutional rankings. In India, this model is emerging as a response to the traditional focus on degree completion and publication count. Implementing research-based assessments requires rigorous peer review, ethical standards, and academic freedom. It aims to encourage genuine intellectual inquiry, discourage predatory publishing, and align education with innovation and societal needs.

Why in news?

The UGC is considering adopting research-based assessments as a key reform to improve academic quality and research culture in Indian universities in 2025.

Samagra Shiksha Scheme

The Samagra Shiksha scheme is an integrated program for school education in India, launched in 2018 by the Ministry of Education. It covers education from pre-primary to senior secondary levels, aiming to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education. The scheme subsumes earlier programs like Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan and Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan. It provides funds for infrastructure, teacher salaries, learning materials, and student welfare. The scheme emphasizes digital education and inclusive education for children with special needs. States receive funds based on enrollment, and delays in fund release can disrupt critical educational services.

Why in news?

Tamil Nadu’s Chief Minister requested the Prime Minister to release ₹2,152 crore pending funds under the Samagra Shiksha scheme without linking it to the National Education Policy 2020 implementation.

Saubhagya Scheme

The Saubhagya Scheme was launched to electrify all willing rural and urban households in India. By March 2022, it electrified 2.86 crore households with a budget of Rs 6,330.32 crore. It complements other schemes like the Revamped Distribution Sector Scheme (RDSS), which allocates Rs 4,538 crore for rural grid electrification, targeting one million left-out households, including Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs). The scheme has improved household electrification but supply quality and consistency remain challenges in several states.

Why in news?

The scheme’s progress and rural electrification gaps were brought into light amid ongoing efforts to improve power access and supply quality in underserved regions.

School Soil Health Programme

The School Soil Health Programme is a pilot initiative involving 20 rural schools (10 Kendriya Vidyalayas and 10 Navodaya Vidyalayas) aimed at educating students on soil health and sustainable agriculture. Launched by the Department of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare with ICAR and education departments, it includes soil testing labs in schools where students collect and analyze soil samples. By 2024, the programme expanded to 1020 schools with 1000 labs and 125,972 students enrolled. It integrates practical learning with community outreach, as students educate local farmers on soil health card recommendations and fertilizer use.

Why in news?

The School Soil Health Programme has expanded nationwide, involving over a thousand schools and thousands of students in soil health awareness and practical soil testing activities by 2024.

Seaweed Park, Tamil Nadu

The Seaweed Park project in Tamil Nadu is a government initiative under the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY) to promote seaweed cultivation and processing. Tamil Nadu leads in seaweed production with 5,048 hectares identified for cultivation. The project has a budget of ₹127.71 crore, with ₹75.16 crore funded centrally under PMMSY’s Centrally-sponsored and Central sector components. The park aims to meet rising industrial demand for seaweed, providing infrastructure for processing, research, and commercialization, enhancing the sector’s economic and environmental sustainability.

Why in news?

The government approved funding and project details for the Seaweed Park in Tamil Nadu, emphasizing its role in expanding seaweed cultivation and industry support.

Self-Help Groups (SHGs)

Self-Help Groups (SHGs) are informal associations of 10-20 people, typically women, who come together to address common problems, primarily financial, through collective savings and credit. SHGs promote microfinance and social empowerment, especially in rural India. They often receive government support for skill development and market integration. SHGs play a critical role in poverty alleviation and women’s empowerment by enabling access to credit without collateral. Many SHGs are linked with banks under government schemes like the National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM). They also facilitate entrepreneurship, helping members participate in mainstream markets.

Why in news?

The festival features 40 women-led SHGs showcasing handcrafted artifacts and artisanal products, promoting grassroots entrepreneurship.

Self-Regulatory Organisations (SRO) in Microfinance

Self-Regulatory Organisations (SROs) in India’s microfinance sector impose guardrails like limiting the number of microfinance lenders to three per borrower and restricting incremental exposure to borrowers with loans overdue for more than 60 days. These measures aim to improve borrower discipline and reduce over-indebtedness. SROs operate as industry bodies that enforce guidelines for responsible lending and collection practices, complementing government regulations. Their role is critical in maintaining sector stability, especially in states with large microfinance markets like Karnataka, where geographical concentration risks are .

Why in news?

SRO guidelines were brought into light alongside the Karnataka ordinance as part of efforts to regulate microfinance lending and recovery practices, aiming to reduce defaults and improve credit discipline.

Seva Bhoj Yojana

The Seva Bhoj Yojana is a government scheme launched in August 2018 to reimburse the Central Goods and Services Tax (CGST) and the central government’s share of Integrated Goods and Services Tax (IGST) paid on specific raw food items by charitable and religious institutions providing free food. Eligible institutions must distribute free meals to at least 5,000 people monthly for three years and obtain a certificate from the District Magistrate. Registration on the NGO Darpan Portal and the Ministry of Culture’s CSMS Portal is mandatory. The scheme emphasizes transparency through document verification and issuance of a Unique Identity Number (UIN).

Why in news?

The Ministry of Culture continues promoting the Seva Bhoj Yojana to increase awareness and participation among charitable and religious organizations distributing free meals.

Severe Lived Poverty

Severe lived poverty refers to the frequent inability of individuals to meet basic material needs such as food, clean water, medicine, cooking fuel, and cash income. Measured through surveys, it captures real-life deprivation rather than income alone. In Africa, it has reached its highest average level in 25 years, with 90% of respondents experiencing at least one form of deprivation within a year. The intensity varies regionally, with Central Africa most affected (35%), followed by West and Southern Africa. Factors influencing this include economic stagnation, climate change impacts, reduced grain imports, and geopolitical events like the COVID-19 pandemic and the Ukraine conflict.

Why in news?

The Afrobarometer report warns of a sharp increase in severe lived poverty in Africa, denoting worsening conditions in multiple countries and regions.

Sevottam Scheme

The Sevottam Scheme is a government initiative aimed at improving the quality of public service delivery in India. It emphasizes citizen-centric governance through standards of service, grievance redressal, and service delivery excellence. The scheme includes training for government officers to enhance their skills. Between 2022-23 and 2024-25, 713 training courses were completed under Sevottam, training approximately 23,368 officers. The scheme also involves the release of grants to support these activities. Sevottam promotes transparency, accountability, and continuous improvement in public administration.

Why in news?

The January 2025 CPGRAMS report included the status of grants and training courses completed under the Sevottam Scheme for FY 2022-23 and FY 2023-24.

Shiksha Sanjeevani Bima Yojana

The Shiksha Sanjeevani Bima Yojana is a personal accident insurance scheme launched in Rajasthan, providing ₹1 lakh coverage to students in government schools. It covers accidental death of the student or their parent, aiming to secure children’s education continuity. The scheme promotes financial inclusion through Digital India, prevents misuse of claims, encourages saving habits, and offers scholarships with interest until age 18 if a parent dies accidentally. Initially launched in Udaipur division for 1.3 lakh students, it plans expansion to benefit over one crore students statewide, making it a pioneering model in India’s education insurance sector.

Why in news?

The scheme was revealed by Rajasthan’s Education and Panchayati Raj Minister Madan Dilawar in Udaipur on October 2025, marking the first state-level student personal accident insurance initiative in India.

Silk Samagra

Silk Samagra is an integrated sericulture development scheme launched by the Government of India to promote holistic growth in the silk industry. It combines various ongoing schemes related to mulberry and non-mulberry silk production, including tasar, eri, and muga silks. The program focuses on improving silk quality, increasing production, and enhancing farmer incomes through technology adoption, capacity building, and infrastructure development. Silk Samagra supports research, extension services, and value chain development to make India a global leader in silk production. The initiative emphasizes sustainability and zero waste technologies in sericulture.

Why in news?

The Secretary of the Ministry of Textiles referenced Silk Samagra’s role in transforming sericulture during the SILKTECH 2025 conference.

Sixth Five-Year Plan

The Sixth Five-Year Plan of India (1980-1985) focused on poverty alleviation, employment generation, and self-reliance. It emphasized social justice and targeted support for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. The plan introduced several welfare schemes including free coaching programs for disadvantaged students to improve access to competitive exams. It was the first to explicitly integrate education and skill development for marginalized groups into the planning framework. The plan also expanded rural development and infrastructure projects. The coaching scheme mentioned in the current update traces its origins to this plan, reflecting long-term government commitment to educational equity.

Why in news?

The free coaching scheme for SC and OBC students, recently updated, was originally launched during the Sixth Five-Year Plan and has evolved over decades.

Skill Gap Mapping

Skill gap mapping is a systematic process to identify discrepancies between the skills possessed by the workforce and those demanded by employers. It involves data collection on current labor market needs, emerging sectors, and future job trends. The feasibility study for G20 nations focuses on sectors like IT, green jobs, and care roles. India is funding this study with 810,000 Euros, aiming to submit a draft by June 2026. The study supports international mobility by facilitating mutual recognition of skills and qualifications among G20 countries.

Why in news?

India, ILO, OECD, and Germany discussed the skill gap mapping feasibility study during the first G20 employment working group meeting in South Africa, focusing on planning and timelines.

SNA-Sparsh System

The SNA-Sparsh system is a central payment mechanism introduced in January 2024 to route funds for centrally sponsored schemes directly through the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) instead of state treasuries. It operates under a “just-in-time” release strategy aimed at reducing fund idling and improving spending efficiency. Funds are credited to a Single Nodal Account (SNA) for each state. The system requires matching state shares before fund release, causing delays due to procedural and technical challenges. The portal for SNA-Sparsh is still under development by the treasury directorate, impacting fund disbursement timelines.

Why in news?

The SNA-Sparsh system has caused delays in fund disbursement for centrally sponsored schemes in Uttar Pradesh, affecting projects like the Swachh Bharat Mission (Rural).

Snake Envenomation Zero Mortality Kerala

Snake Envenomation Zero Mortality Kerala is a government initiative launched to eliminate deaths caused by snakebites in the state within five years. It involves enhanced medical response, public awareness campaigns, and improved access to antivenom treatment. The program includes training healthcare workers, expanding snakebite surveillance, and increasing compensation for victims’ families. Kerala has also developed the SARPA App to facilitate rapid snake rescue and public reporting. The initiative targets reducing fatalities by combining traditional knowledge, modern medicine, and community participation, addressing the high incidence of snakebite mortality, particularly in rural and agrarian regions.

Why in news?

The Kerala state budget for 2025-26 announced funding for this program to tackle the high number of snakebite deaths and improve rescue and treatment efforts statewide.

Social Protection Floor

The Social Protection Floor is a global initiative launched by the United Nations in 2009 to provide basic social security guarantees. It aims to ensure access to essential healthcare, income security for children, and support for the unemployed, elderly, and disabled. The concept promotes universal social protection as a fundamental right and a tool to reduce poverty and inequality. It is implemented through national policies tailored to local contexts, often coordinated with international development goals. The Social Protection Floor complements other social safety nets and is a key element of the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Why in news?

The Social Protection Floor is brought into light in the context of the World Day of Social Justice, emphasizing global efforts to guarantee basic social security and combat socio-economic exclusion.

Student-Centric Refund Policies

Student-centric refund policies are frameworks adopted by educational coaching centers to ensure fair and transparent refund processes for students. These policies mandate clear communication of refund terms before enrollment, timely processing of refunds for canceled or incomplete courses, and compensation for service deficiencies. They aim to prevent unfair trade practices and financial exploitation of students. Such policies are increasingly mandated by government directives to protect students’ rights and promote accountability in private education sectors. These policies often include specific timelines for refund processing and provisions for grievance redressal through consumer forums or helplines.

Why in news?

The Department of Consumer Affairs mandated coaching centers to adopt student-centric refund policies following multiple successful refund claims facilitated by the National Consumer Helpline.

Subhadra Yojana

Subhadra Yojana is a government welfare scheme implemented by the state of Odisha. It primarily focuses on providing financial assistance to women and marginalized communities to promote socio-economic development. The scheme facilitates direct benefit transfers (DBT) to beneficiaries, often using digital payment methods. It aims to empower women through financial inclusion, skill development, and entrepreneurship support. The program also emphasizes improving healthcare and education access for targeted groups. The use of central bank digital currency (CBDC) for DBT under Subhadra Yojana marks a notable integration of digital finance in state welfare schemes.

Why in news?

Subhadra Yojana is in the news as the State Bank of India has started using CBDC to transfer money to beneficiaries under this scheme, denoting the adoption of digital currency in government welfare programs.

Super Six Schemes

The Super Six is a set of welfare programs announced by the Andhra Pradesh government aiming to address key social and economic issues. It includes free travel for women in state-run RTC buses, ₹20,000 payments to farmers under ‘Annadata Sukhibhava’, ₹15,000 for women under ‘Thalliki Vandanam’ to support children’s education, and a ₹3,000 unemployment allowance for youth. These schemes were promised before elections but faced delays due to financial constraints. The package is intended to boost welfare while balancing development projects. The government’s ability to implement these schemes influences public perception and financial planning.

Why in news?

The Andhra Pradesh government is under pressure to implement the Super Six schemes amid budget constraints and ongoing development projects like Amaravati and Polavaram.

Swachh Bharat Mission (Rural)

The Swachh Bharat Mission (Rural) is a flagship sanitation program launched by the Government of India to eliminate open defecation and improve rural sanitation infrastructure. It is funded through centrally sponsored schemes and implemented at the state level. The mission relies on timely fund transfers to maintain momentum. In Uttar Pradesh, the mission is currently facing a severe fund crunch due to delays in the new SNA-Sparsh system. Operational difficulties have arisen as only ₹13-14 crore remain in the state’s SNA, insufficient to sustain ongoing sanitation works.

Why in news?

The mission’s implementation is disrupted due to delayed fund releases under the new SNA-Sparsh system, prompting urgent appeals from state officials for early fund disbursement.

SWAYATT Initiative

Launched on 19 February 2019, SWAYATT stands for Startups, Women & Youth Advantage through eTransactions. It is an initiative by Government e Marketplace (GeM) aimed at increasing participation of women-led enterprises, youth, and micro & small enterprises (MSEs) in public procurement. The program focuses on training, onboarding last-mile sellers, and creating direct market linkages without intermediaries. It supports social inclusion by targeting backward sections of society. SWAYATT includes dedicated storefronts like “Startup Runway” and “Womaniya” to enhance visibility and ease of doing business for startups and women entrepreneurs on the GeM platform.

Why in news?

SWAYATT completed six years in February 2025, marking growth in onboarding women-led enterprises and startups on the GeM portal, with ongoing efforts to expand participation in government procurement.

Udyam Verification

Udyam Verification is a government certification process for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in India, introduced in 2020 to replace the earlier Udyog Aadhaar system. It provides a unique identification number to enterprises, enabling easier access to government schemes, subsidies, and procurement opportunities. The verification process is online, reducing bureaucracy and enhancing transparency. As of 2025, over 1.77 lakh women-led MSEs registered on GeM are Udyam-verified, allowing them to participate in government procurement with credibility and trust. The certification supports MSMEs’ formalisation and growth in the Indian economy.

Why in news?

Udyam-verified women micro and small enterprises on GeM have fulfilled government orders valued at ₹46,615 Crore, as announced during the SWAYATT anniversary event.

Unique Identity Number (UIN)

The Unique Identity Number (UIN) is a specific identifier issued by the Nodal Central Tax Officer to institutions registered under government schemes like Seva Bhoj Yojana. It confirms verification of documents and eligibility for tax reimbursements. The UIN streamlines tracking and auditing of claims submitted by charitable and religious organizations, facilitating efficient fund disbursement. It is unique to each institution and required for processing CGST and IGST reimbursement claims. The UIN system reduces duplication and fraud in government subsidy programs by providing a centralized identification mechanism.

Why in news?

Institutions applying for the Seva Bhoj Yojana must obtain a UIN, which is crucial for the verification and approval of their tax reimbursement claims.

United Kingdom-India Young Professionals Scheme (YPS)

The United Kingdom-India Young Professionals Scheme (YPS) was launched in February 2023 as part of the Migration and Mobility Agreement signed in 2021. It allows UK and Indian nationals aged 18 to 30 to live, study, travel, and work in the other country for up to two years. The scheme caps admissions at 3,000 participants annually. Indian applicants require a bachelor’s degree or higher and must show proof of £2,530 savings. Unlike other visas, YPS does not require employer sponsorship or a minimum salary. It is non-extendable beyond two years unless switching to other visa types.

Why in news?

The YPS ballot for Indian nationals to apply to live in the UK will open next week, with a cap of 3,000 places announced for this year.

United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) India Report

The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) India Report provides demographic and social data on India’s population, focusing on vulnerable groups like the elderly. It marks that by 2050, India’s elderly population will rise from 153 million to 347 million, with 40% in the poorest wealth category. The report emphasizes that one-fifth of elderly Indians live without any personal income, relying entirely on others. It advocates for strengthened social protection and pension schemes to reduce poverty and dependency among seniors. The data informs policy planning for aging populations and social welfare programs.

Why in news?

The UNFPA statistics on elderly poverty and dependency underpin the government’s push for a universal pension scheme to improve India’s social security framework.

UP Jal Nigam

The Uttar Pradesh Jal Nigam is a state government agency responsible for water supply and sanitation infrastructure in Uttar Pradesh. It undertakes projects related to water treatment, sewage management, and river rejuvenation. The agency prepares feasibility reports and implements schemes to improve water quality and sanitation. In Ghaziabad, UP Jal Nigam has proposed projects costing approximately ₹450 crore to treat drains flowing into the Hindon River. It also planned a ₹38 crore desludging project to remove sludge deposits. However, project approvals and implementation have faced delays, impacting the river’s pollution control efforts.

Why in news?

UP Jal Nigam has prepared feasibility reports and proposed projects to treat sewage inflows and desludge the Hindon River, aiming to reduce contamination in Ghaziabad’s river stretch.

Van Dhan Yojana

Van Dhan Yojana is a government initiative launched in 2018 to enhance the income of tribal communities by promoting sustainable harvesting and value addition of Minor Forest Produce (MFP). It encourages tribal groups to form self-help groups called Van Dhan Vikas Kendras for collective processing, packaging, and marketing. The scheme provides training, infrastructure, and market linkages to improve tribal livelihoods. It is implemented by TRIFED and aims to reduce exploitation by middlemen. The program has expanded to cover thousands of tribal groups across India, focusing on empowering forest-based tribal economies.

Why in news?

Van Dhan Yojana is integral to the economic empowerment goals brought into light during the Aadi Mahotsav 2025 festival.

Vatsalya Scheme

The Vatsalya scheme is a recently launched pension scheme under the National Pension System (NPS) targeted at the non-government sector in India. It aims to increase pension coverage among private sector employees and self-employed individuals. The scheme offers flexible contribution options and enhanced portability across jobs. It is designed to encourage long-term retirement savings with tax benefits under Indian law. Since its launch, the Vatsalya scheme has driven rise in NPS subscribers in the private sector, contributing to a 22.38% year-on-year growth in non-government sector subscribers. It complements existing NPS models by targeting a broader demographic.

Why in news?

The Vatsalya scheme is noted for its role in the strong growth of private sector NPS subscribers, reaching 64.28 lakh by early 2025.

Vivad se Vishwas Scheme

The Vivad se Vishwas scheme was introduced by the Government of India in 2020 to resolve pending direct tax disputes efficiently by offering a one-time dispute resolution mechanism. Taxpayers can settle disputes by paying the disputed tax amount without interest or penalty before a specified deadline. It covers income tax and corporation tax disputes pending as of 31 January 2020. The scheme aims to reduce litigation and improve tax compliance. It has helped the government recover revenue while providing relief to taxpayers. The scheme excludes disputes related to search and seizure assessments and those involving prosecution.

Why in news?

The 2025 Union Budget continues reforms like Vivad se Vishwas for dispute settlement to reduce tax litigation and provide clarity, denoting ongoing efforts to ease business and tax compliance in India.

Water Metro Service

The Water Metro Service is a public transport system using electric boats and ferries to connect riverine and urban areas. Modeled after the successful Kochi Water Metro, it integrates with existing transport networks to reduce traffic congestion and pollution. Guwahati and Dhubri were selected for Water Metro implementation with an estimated investment of ₹315 crore. The service aims to provide efficient, affordable, and environmentally friendly commuting options, improving connectivity in Assam’s riverine regions. It includes infrastructure like terminals, electric catamarans, and digital ticketing systems, supporting regional economic growth and tourism development.

Why in news?

Announcement of ₹315 crore investment for Water Metro Service in Guwahati and Dhubri at the Advantage Assam 2.0 summit, including deployment of electric catamarans.

Defence

Assam Rifles

The Assam Rifles is India’s oldest paramilitary force, established in 1835, primarily tasked with border security and counter-insurgency operations in Northeast India. It operates under the Ministry of Home Affairs and is responsible for monitoring the India-Myanmar border, including oversight of the Free Movement Regime crossing points. The Assam Rifles also assist in humanitarian efforts, law enforcement, and maintaining peace in the region. Its dual role as a military and law enforcement agency makes it unique among Indian paramilitary forces. The force is predominantly composed of local recruits from northeastern states.

Why in news?

The Assam Rifles has been entrusted with monitoring the movement of people across the 43 crossing points on the India-Myanmar border under the revised Free Movement Regime guidelines.

Kira M1 Artillery Shell

Kira M1 is a 155mm ramjet-propelled extended-range artillery shell under development by Hyprix. It incorporates ramjet propulsion and AI-guided precision, enhancing range and accuracy beyond conventional explosive shells. Current Indian artillery production is 300,000 shells annually, but wartime demand is 1.8 million, denoting the need for increased production. Globally, companies like Boeing, Raytheon, and Nammo develop similar shells, but Kira M1 is the first such project by an Indian private company. It aims to strengthen Indian artillery warfare capabilities and support future defense needs.

Why in news?

Hyprix is developing Kira M1 following the success of Tezz, addressing India’s artillery production gap and advancing indigenous precision artillery technology.

Man-in-Loop Feature

The Man-in-Loop feature in missile technology allows a human operator, typically the pilot, to control or retarget the missile during its flight. This capability is enabled by a high bandwidth, two-way datalink system transmitting live images and telemetry from the missile to the operator. It enhances precision by allowing mid-course corrections and target switching, especially useful in complex or dynamic combat scenarios. The feature is integrated with imaging infra-red seekers and onboard avionics to facilitate real-time decision-making. This technology is rare in naval missiles and represents advancement in missile guidance systems.

Why in news?

The Naval Anti-Ship Missile Short Range (NASM-SR) successfully demonstrated its man-in-loop feature during the 2025 flight trials, scoring a direct hit on a small ship target.

Multistatic Active Sonobuoys (MSA Sonobuoys)

Multistatic Active Sonobuoys (MSA sonobuoys) are advanced underwater sensors used primarily for anti-submarine warfare. Unlike traditional sonobuoys, MSA sonobuoys operate in a networked mode where multiple sonobuoys transmit and receive sonar signals, enabling detection of quieter submarines over larger areas. They use active sonar pings and analyze the echoes to locate underwater targets. The technology is sensitive to deep-sea acoustic conditions and requires sophisticated signal processing. Ultra Maritime produces these sonobuoys, which will be co-produced in India with Bharat Dynamics Limited, marking a first-of-its-kind defense partnership for India in this technology.

Why in news?

India and the U.S. announced a joint partnership to co-produce MSA sonobuoys in India, with production lines expected by 2027.

Navika Sagar Parikrama

Navika Sagar Parikrama is an Indian Navy initiative involving all-women sailing expeditions circumnavigating the globe. The first expedition took place in 2018, crewed by six women officers aboard INSV Tarini. The second phase, Navika Sagar Parikrama II, features a smaller crew of two women officers. The initiative promotes gender empowerment, maritime skills, and self-reliance. It aims to inspire women to join maritime and defense sectors. The expeditions follow challenging routes, crossing multiple oceans and difficult passages like Cape Horn. The program emphasizes India’s maritime heritage and naval diplomacy.

Why in news?

Navika Sagar Parikrama II completed its third phase with INSV Tarini’s arrival at Port Stanley, marking a milestone in the all-women circumnavigation expedition.

P-8I Aircraft

The P-8I is the Indian Navy’s variant of the Boeing P-8 Poseidon maritime patrol aircraft, customized for Indian requirements. It is equipped with advanced radar, sonar, and electronic intelligence systems for anti-submarine warfare, reconnaissance, and surveillance. The P-8I has a range of over 1,200 nautical miles and can carry torpedoes, depth charges, and anti-ship missiles. It is operated by a crew of 9-12 personnel and supports long-duration missions over maritime domains. The aircraft is based on the Boeing 737-800 platform and incorporates indigenous communication systems developed by India.

Why in news?

The P-8I aircraft is deployed alongside INS Shardul at the International Fleet Review 2025 and Exercise Komodo to strengthen maritime security cooperation.

P-8I Maritime Patrol Aircraft

The P-8I Maritime Patrol Aircraft is a variant of the Boeing P-8 Poseidon developed specifically for the Indian Navy. It is equipped with advanced sensors for anti-submarine warfare, anti-surface warfare, and intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) missions. The P-8I features indigenous electronic warfare systems and communication suites tailored for Indian operational requirements. It has a range of over 1,200 nautical miles and can carry torpedoes, depth charges, and anti-ship missiles. India’s acquisition of P-8I aircraft enhances maritime domain awareness in the Indian Ocean Region.

Why in news?

The US and India agreed to finalize procurement of six additional P-8I aircraft to boost India’s maritime surveillance capabilities under their new defense cooperation framework.

P-8I Neptune

The P-8I Neptune is a maritime patrol aircraft developed by Boeing for the Indian Navy, based on the Boeing 737-800 platform. It is equipped with advanced sensors for anti-submarine warfare, anti-surface warfare, and intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) missions. The P-8I has a range of over 1,200 nautical miles on station and can carry torpedoes, depth charges, and Harpoon anti-ship missiles. It features an Indian-specific electronic warfare suite and communication systems. India initially procured 12 P-8Is in two batches and plans to acquire six more to enhance maritime domain awareness in the Indian Ocean Region.

Why in news?

India is reviving the proposal to procure six additional P-8I aircraft from the U.S., ahead of talks between Prime Minister Narendra Modi and U.S. President Donald Trump, to strengthen maritime surveillance capabilities.

Parachute Regiment (Special Forces)

The Parachute Regiment (Special Forces) is a prestigious airborne and special operations unit of the Indian Army, formed in 1945. Known for rapid deployment, the regiment conducts airborne assaults, counter-terrorism, and covert reconnaissance missions. It comprises multiple battalions trained in diverse environments, including mountains, jungles, and deserts. The regiment’s training includes skydiving, survival techniques, and close-quarter combat. It has been involved in major operations such as Operation Cactus and counter-insurgency campaigns. The regiment is recognized for its high physical standards, tactical versatility, and ability to operate independently behind enemy lines.

Why in news?

The Parachute Regiment (Special Forces) represents India in the Cyclone 2025 joint military exercise with Egypt, focusing on interoperability and desert warfare skills.

RS-24 Yars

The RS-24 Yars is a Russian intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) capable of delivering multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles (MIRVs), typically four warheads each with approximately 500 kilotons yield. It has a range of 11,000 to 12,000 kilometers, allowing it to strike distant targets globally. The missile can be deployed both on mobile truck-based launchers (PGRK) and in underground silos. It is considered an evolution of the Topol-M missile and forms important part of Russia’s strategic nuclear forces. The Yars is designed to evade missile defense systems through advanced countermeasures and mobility.

Why in news?

Russia has recently deployed autonomous RS-24 Yars ICBM launchers on combat patrol routes near Novosibirsk, signaling a potential escalation in the Ukraine conflict and affecting global nuclear strategic balance.

Small Arms Simulator

A Small Arms Simulator is a training device used by military forces to simulate the use of small firearms in a controlled, safe environment. It employs virtual reality or computer-generated scenarios to train soldiers in marksmanship, weapon handling, and tactical decision-making without live ammunition. These simulators reduce training costs, improve safety, and allow repeated practice of complex scenarios. The systems often include feedback mechanisms to assess accuracy and response time. They are increasingly used worldwide for infantry and special forces training and can be customized to replicate various weapon types and combat situations.

Why in news?

A Small Arms Simulator was formally handed over to the Royal Cambodian Army during the Indian naval squadron’s visit to Cambodia in February 2025 as part of defense engagement efforts.

Strategic Trade Authorization-1 (STA-1)

The Strategic Trade Authorization-1 (STA-1) is a US export control designation that allows streamlined licensing for the export of sensitive dual-use technologies to trusted partners. Countries with STA-1 status can receive faster approvals for high-technology exports, including aerospace, electronics, and defense-related items. This status reflects a high level of trust and cooperation in strategic trade and technology sharing. It helps facilitate advanced defense procurement and technology transfers, reducing bureaucratic delays. India was granted STA-1 status to enhance bilateral defense trade and cooperation with the US, enabling smoother access to critical defense technologies and components.

Why in news?

India’s designation as an STA-1 partner was brought into light in the new 10-year US-India defence framework discussions to strengthen defense trade and technology sharing between the two nations.

Su-57 Stealth Fighter

The Su-57 is Russia’s fifth-generation stealth fighter jet, featuring advanced avionics, radar, and a more powerful engine than its predecessors Su-35 and MiG-35. It is designed for air superiority and multi-role missions with stealth capabilities to evade radar detection. Russia has offered to manufacture the Su-57 in India using existing Su-30 production lines, reviving a previously abandoned joint project from over a decade ago when it was known as the T-50. The Su-57 incorporates supercruise ability and advanced electronic warfare systems, positioning it as a high-end competitor in India’s fighter acquisition programs.

Why in news?

Russia showcased the Su-57 at Aero India and proposed local production in India as part of ongoing efforts to compete for the MRFA project amid supply chain challenges caused by the Ukraine war.

Su-57E Fighter

The Su-57E is the export variant of Russia’s fifth generation stealth fighter, the Su-57, developed by Sukhoi. It features advanced stealth, supercruise, and integrated avionics, including Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) radar. The Su-57E is designed for export with some technology restrictions compared to the domestic version. It supports a wide range of air-to-air and air-to-ground weapons and has a thrust-vectoring engine for enhanced maneuverability. The aircraft aims to compete globally with Western fifth generation fighters. Its export debut is for Russia’s defense export strategy.

Why in news?

The Su-57E is proposed for joint production in India, with technology transfer and cooperation to boost India’s Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA) program.

Sukhoi Su-30MKI

The Sukhoi Su-30MKI is a twinjet multirole air superiority fighter developed by Russia’s Sukhoi and customized for India by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL). It features thrust vectoring control and canards for enhanced maneuverability. The aircraft is equipped with advanced avionics including a phased array radar and electronic warfare systems. It forms the backbone of the Indian Air Force’s fighter fleet and is capable of carrying a wide range of weapons, including the R-77 air-to-air missile. Its design allows for long-range missions and superior dogfighting performance.

Why in news?

The Su-30MKI currently uses the R-77 missile, which is set to be replaced by the more advanced R-37M missile offered by Russia.

Awards, Honours, Personalities, Books, Sports etc.

Indian Olympic Association (IOA)

The Indian Olympic Association is the governing body responsible for selecting athletes to represent India in the Olympic Games and other international sporting events. Established in 1927, the IOA is a member of the International Olympic Committee (IOC). It organizes the National Games, a multi-sport event held every few years to promote sports across India. The IOA also oversees the development of sports infrastructure and athlete training programs nationwide. The IOA flag is ceremonially handed over to the next host state at the closing of the National Games. PT Usha, a former Olympian, is the current president of IOA.

Why in news?

PT Usha, as IOA President, announced Meghalaya as the host for the 39th National Games and will hand over the IOA flag at the closing ceremony of the 38th Games.