Polity & Governance

Amrit Gyaan Kosh

Amrit Gyaan Kosh is a digital repository launched on the iGOT platform, developed jointly by the Capacity Building Commission and Karmayogi Bharat. It curates best governance practices from across India, aligned with 15 of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The portal includes case studies, teaching notes, and content in Hindi and Braille, enhancing accessibility. It serves as a comprehensive resource for governance training and capacity building, aimed at improving public administration through a “whole of government” approach. It supports educators by providing structured case materials to bridge theory and practice in governance.

Why in news?

Launched in 2024 by Dr. Jitendra Singh to strengthen governance training and capacity building for public administrators in India.

Bharatiya Kranti Dal

The Bharatiya Kranti Dal (BKD) was a political party founded in 1967 by Chaudhary Charan Singh after leaving the Indian National Congress. It primarily represented the interests of farmers and backward castes in Uttar Pradesh. The BKD focused on agrarian reforms and social justice, emphasizing reservation policies for backward classes. It aligned with socialist leaders like Ram Manohar Lohia and played a key role in regional politics during the late 1960s and 1970s. The party’s manifesto in 1973 proposed a 25% reservation for backward classes in government jobs, reflecting early efforts to institutionalize affirmative action in India.

Why in news?

The BKD is mentioned as part of Charan Singh’s political journey and his efforts to promote reservations and social justice for backward classes in India.

Bharatmala Project

The Bharatmala Project is an ambitious road development initiative by the Government of India aimed at improving the efficiency of freight and passenger movement across the country. The first phase targets the construction of 34,800 km of national highways. It focuses on enhancing connectivity to border areas, ports, and economic corridors. The project integrates existing highway networks with new corridors to reduce travel time and logistics costs. It is managed by the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) and is expected to boost trade and regional development by improving road infrastructure .

Why in news?

The Bharatmala Project’s progress was brought into light by the Minister of State for Finance, noting that 18,714 km of highways have already been completed under its first phase.

G20 Roadmap on Crypto Assets

The G20 Roadmap on Crypto Assets is a policy framework adopted during India’s G20 Presidency in 2023. It aims to coordinate international regulatory approaches to crypto assets, addressing risks including those specific to emerging markets and developing economies (EMDEs). The roadmap was developed alongside the IMF and Financial Stability Board’s Synthesis Paper, promoting common taxonomy, standards, and risk evaluation. It encourages jurisdictions to assess country-specific factors and engage with global standard-setting bodies. The roadmap’s implementation may involve publishing discussion papers to gather feedback before finalizing stances on crypto asset regulation.

Why in news?

The G20 Roadmap on Crypto Assets was brought into light by India’s finance ministry as a basis for future coordinated crypto regulation without a fixed timeline.

National Dam Safety Authority (NDSA)

The National Dam Safety Authority (NDSA) is an autonomous body established by the Government of India to ensure the safety of dams across the country. It formulates policies, guidelines, and standards for dam safety management and monitors compliance. The NDSA conducts inspections, reviews structural stability, and investigates dam-related incidents. It collaborates with state governments and other agencies to implement safety measures. The authority also promotes research and development in dam safety technologies. The NDSA was constituted under the Dam Safety Act, 2021, aiming to prevent dam failures and protect downstream populations. It acts as a central regulator for dam safety in India.

Why in news?

NDSA is preparing to submit its final report on the Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Scheme’s structural safety, excluding geo-technical tests, amid concerns about the project’s stability and past incidents.

National Human Rights Commission (NHRC)

The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) of India was established in 1993 under the Protection of Human Rights Act. It investigates complaints of human rights violations and can act suo motu or on petitions. The NHRC can intervene in ongoing court cases related to human rights, recommend policy changes, and promote research. Initially, only former Chief Justices of India were eligible as chairpersons until a 2019 amendment allowed former Supreme Court judges to hold the post. The first NHRC Chairperson was Justice Ranganath Mishra, and the commission has had eight chairpersons before the current appointment.

Why in news?

Justice V Ramasubramanian has been appointed as the 9th Chairperson of the NHRC for a three-year term until 2027, becoming the second chairperson not to have served as Chief Justice of India.

National Investigation Agency Act, 2008

The National Investigation Agency Act, 2008 established the NIA as a central agency to investigate and prosecute offenses affecting India’s sovereignty, security, and integrity. The Act defines Scheduled Offences under various laws like the UAPA and Anti-Hijacking Act. It empowers the NIA to investigate these offenses nationwide, overriding state jurisdiction. Section 8 allows investigation of connected offenses if linked to a Scheduled Offence. The Act also enables the Central Government to direct investigations and take custody of accused persons. The NIA’s jurisdiction extends to terrorism, drug trafficking, and other national security threats.

Why in news?

The Supreme Court expanded the NIA’s powers under this Act, allowing it to investigate offenses connected to Scheduled Offences, even if committed by different persons, broadening the scope of the agency’s investigative reach.

National Register of Citizens (NRC)

The National Register of Citizens (NRC) is an official record of Indian citizens in the state of Assam, created to identify illegal immigrants. It was first prepared in 1951 and updated recently with a draft published in 2018. The NRC requires applicants to prove their citizenship through historical documents, and biometric data is collected during hearings. About 3.3 crore applied for inclusion in the recent update, but nearly 40 lakh names were excluded in the draft. The NRC process involves claims, objections, and multiple verification stages to ensure accuracy and prevent illegal immigration. It is a unique exercise in India focused on citizenship verification.

Why in news?

The Assam government is using the NRC database to cross-verify Aadhaar card applicants amid concerns over illegal immigration from Bangladesh.

National Restaurant Association of India (NRAI)

The National Restaurant Association of India (NRAI) was established in 1982 and represents the Indian food service industry. It advocates for policy reforms and supports restaurants in regulatory and operational matters. NRAI conducts research, training, and events to promote growth in the sector. It has a membership base of over 5,000 restaurants, including chains and independent outlets. NRAI plays a key role in setting industry standards and addressing issues like food safety, labor laws, and digital payments. It has been actively opposing aggressive discounting by online food aggregators to protect restaurant profitability and customer relationships.

Why in news?

NRAI issued an advisory warning restaurants against deep discounting and mandatory payment gateway tools by food delivery platforms like Zomato and Swiggy, cautioning about long-term negative impacts on dine-in business.

Operations Research Group (ORG)

Founded by Vikram Sarabhai, the Operations Research Group in Vadodara was among India’s earliest organizations applying scientific methods to social science and market research. Established in the 1940s, ORG specialized in data analysis, opinion polling, and social research, contributing to policy formulation and business strategies. It played a key role in developing empirical research techniques in India and helped bridge the gap between scientific inquiry and practical applications in governance and industry. ORG remains a respected institution in market research and social analytics.

Why in news?

ORG is cited as part of Sarabhai’s diverse contributions beyond space science, showcasing his entrepreneurial spirit and emphasis on data-driven decision-making.

Reform UK

Reform UK is a British political party founded in 2019 as the Brexit Party’s successor. It advocates for hard-right policies, including strict immigration controls and reform of the UK’s political system. The party won five seats in the 2024 UK general election, capturing 14% of the national vote share. Its leader, Nigel Farage, is a prominent Eurosceptic and former UKIP leader. Reform UK aims to challenge the traditional dominance of the Labour and Conservative parties, which it calls the “uniparty.” The party seeks to increase voter turnout using strategies inspired by Elon Musk’s support during the US elections.

Why in news?

Elon Musk is reportedly negotiating to fund Nigel Farage’s Reform UK party with an initial donation of $100 million, aiming to boost its political influence in the UK.

Samvidhan Sadan

Samvidhan Sadan is the building housing the Indian Parliament, located in New Delhi. It was designed by British architects Edwin Lutyens and Herbert Baker and inaugurated in 1927. The Central Hall, a prominent feature, has been the venue for many historic debates and sessions, including the drafting of the Constitution of India in 1949. The building combines Indo-Saracenic and classical architectural styles. It has three main chambers – the Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, and the Central Hall. Samvidhan Sadan is a symbol of Indian democracy and governance and hosts key parliamentary functions and ceremonies.

Why in news?

A special function commemorating the 75th anniversary of the Constitution’s adoption was held at the Central Hall of Samvidhan Sadan on 26th November 2024.

Sanchar Saathi Portal

The Sanchar Saathi portal (www.sancharsaathi.gov.in) is an initiative by the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) in India to empower citizens against telecom fraud. It features the Chakshu facility that allows users to report suspected fraud communications and Unsolicited Commercial Communications (UCC). The portal enables DoT to act on mobile connections, handsets, bulk SMS senders, and WhatsApp accounts based on reports. It integrates with Telecom Service Providers (TSPs) to enforce Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) rules, particularly the Telecom Commercial Communications Customer’s Preference Regulations (TCCCPR-2018), for curbing spam and fraud calls.

Why in news?

Sanchar Saathi portal’s Chakshu facility is actively used to report and act against telecom fraud and unsolicited commercial communications, as brought into light in a recent Rajya Sabha reply by the Minister of State for Communications.

Shanan Hydel Project

The Shanan Hydel Project is a hydroelectric power station located in Jogindernagar, Mandi district, Himachal Pradesh, originally commissioned in 1932. It was initially designed for 48 MW capacity, later upgraded to 110 MW. The project was leased to Punjab in 1925 for 99 years by Raja Joginder Bahadur of Mandi and British engineer Colonel B C Batty. It draws water from the Uhl River and historically supplied power to undivided Punjab, Lahore, and Delhi. The lease expired in 2024, sparking a legal dispute over control between Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, and now Haryana. It also provides 500 kW free electricity to Himachal Pradesh.

Why in news?

The Shanan Hydel Project lease expired in March 2024, triggering a Supreme Court dispute between Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, and Haryana over control and management rights.

SPARSH Model

The SPARSH model stands for Single Nodal Account fund flow mechanism introduced by the Indian Ministry of Finance. It integrates with the Public Finance Management System (PFMS) to streamline fund disbursement and utilization. The model aims to reduce delays in fund transfers and create a digital trail of expenditure for transparency and accountability. It also facilitates earmarking funds for targeted schemes like Scheduled Castes Sub Plan, Tribal Sub Plan, and North Eastern Region components. SPARSH enhances real-time tracking and reporting, enabling efficient budget management and analysis by government agencies and the public.

Why in news?

SPARSH was brought into light in a December 2024 report on unspent funds by the Union Ministry of Agriculture, emphasizing its role in reducing delays in fund utilization.

Stamps and Registrations Department (Telangana)

The Stamps and Registrations Department in Telangana manages property registration, stamp duty collection, and maintenance of land records. It plays a critical role in state revenue generation through fees on property transactions. The department has adopted digital platforms for online property registration and e-stamping to improve transparency and efficiency. It also maintains the Record of Rights (RoR) and land mutation services. Telangana’s department is noted for integrating blockchain technology in pilot projects to secure land records against tampering. It reported ₹9,524 crore revenue till November 2024, exceeding previous months’ collections by ₹1,200 crore.

Why in news?

The department’s revenue collection has remained robust despite concerns related to demolition activities by HYDRAA affecting urban properties.

Standalone AI Ministry

A standalone AI ministry is a government department exclusively dedicated to artificial intelligence policy, regulation, and development. Countries like the UAE, France, and the UK have established such ministries or authorities to centralize AI governance. These bodies coordinate R&D, ethical standards, capacity-building, and stakeholder engagement. Unlike units within broader ministries, standalone AI ministries have dedicated budgets and policymaking power, enhancing accountability and focus. They address AI’s dual-use nature by managing strategic and commercial applications separately. This model supports comprehensive oversight, including computing infrastructure control and public service integration, setting a precedent for emerging AI governance frameworks worldwide.

Why in news?

India is considering creating a standalone AI ministry to better regulate and promote AI development and deployment.

Standing Committee on Corporate Affairs

The Standing Committee on Corporate Affairs advises Parliament on corporate governance, company laws, and related policies. It reviewed PMIS and recommended expanding engagement beyond top 500 corporates to include SMEs and startups. The committee emphasized the importance of monitoring post-internship outcomes and suggested involving industry bodies for better stakeholder benefits. It cautioned against coercive employment practices under the scheme to avoid reviving regulatory burdens reminiscent of the inspector raj. The committee’s role includes scrutinizing government schemes and ensuring they align with economic reforms and business-friendly policies.

Why in news?

The Standing Committee provided key recommendations to improve the PM Internship Scheme’s implementation and ensure it supports economic reforms without imposing excessive regulatory controls.

State Funeral Protocols in India

State funerals in India are reserved for Presidents, Prime Ministers, Governors, and occasionally other dignitaries by government order. The Ministry of Defence organizes the ceremonies on instructions from the Ministry of Home Affairs. Service personnel wear formal dress, and all government gazetted officers in the area attend. The body is carried in a ceremonial procession, often on a flower-decorated vehicle or army truck. National mourning may accompany the funeral, with flags flown at half-mast and suspension of official entertainment, except on specific national holidays. The rules ensure dignified public mourning and honor for the deceased.

Why in news?

Manmohan Singh was accorded a state funeral with full protocol, including a seven-day national mourning period.

SWAGAT 2.0

SWAGAT 2.0 is an upgraded grievance redressal system implemented in Gujarat, introducing Auto Escalation Metrics and a mobile app for citizens. Complaints are categorized into GREEN, YELLOW, and RED channels based on severity, with fixed resolution deadlines. If an officer fails to act within the timeframe, the complaint escalates automatically to higher authorities. The system allows complainants to submit grievances online, track status, and provide feedback, which can trigger further escalation. This mechanism enhances accountability and responsiveness in governance by ensuring timely resolution and continuous monitoring of citizen representations.

Why in news?

SWAGAT 2.0 was launched as part of Gujarat’s Good Governance Day initiatives to streamline complaint handling and improve government-citizen interaction through technology.

Tantri

The Tantri is the chief priest and spiritual authority responsible for rituals and religious management in many Kerala temples, including Guruvayur. The role is hereditary in certain families and involves overseeing temple ceremonies, sanctity, and ritual correctness. The Tantri has autonomy in deciding temple rituals and practices, often holding the final say in disputes related to worship or temple customs. The position combines religious, administrative, and sometimes legal responsibilities within temple governance. The Tantri traditionally ensures that rituals align with scriptural injunctions and local customs, maintaining continuity over generations.

Why in news?

The Kerala High Court upheld the Tantri’s authority to decide on discontinuing the Udayasthamana Pooja at Guruvayur, a decision now challenged in the Supreme Court.

Tripartite Meetings on Nagaland Autonomy

The tripartite meetings refer to negotiations involving three parties – the Indian Central government, the Nagaland state government, and the ENPO. These talks aim to resolve the demand for autonomy or statehood for eastern Nagaland. Notable meetings occurred on August 13 in Guwahati and December 13 in New Delhi, with a planned follow-up in January. The Central government team was led by Home Secretary Govin Mohan. These meetings focus on drafting and finalizing the Frontier Nagaland Territory arrangement, addressing unresolved issues, and ensuring cooperation among stakeholders. The process reflects India’s approach to managing regional autonomy demands peacefully.

Why in news?

Recent tripartite meetings culminated in ENPO’s acceptance of the FNT offer, marking a breakthrough in the long-pending autonomy issue for eastern Nagaland.

UIDAI Portal

The UIDAI Portal is the official digital platform managed by the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) for Aadhaar enrollment and verification. It facilitates online submission of Aadhaar applications, biometric data capture, and authentication services. The portal integrates with state government systems for physical verification of applicants in sensitive regions. It supports multi-layered security protocols and data privacy standards. The UIDAI Portal also allows government departments to track application status and coordinate with local authorities for field verification. It is a critical tool in India’s digital identity infrastructure, enabling seamless Aadhaar issuance and management nationwide.

Why in news?

Assam’s Aadhaar issuance process now involves uploading applications on the UIDAI Portal, which then links to the state government for physical verification to curb illegal immigration.

Uniform Connector Standards

Uniform connector standards refer to the adoption of standardized charging plugs and protocols across different electric vehicle types in India. This standardization enables interoperability between vehicles and charging stations, improving user convenience and reducing range anxiety. It facilitates higher utilization of existing infrastructure by allowing any EV to use any compatible charger. The government and industry bodies emphasize this as a critical measure for strengthening the EV charging ecosystem. Uniform standards also simplify maintenance, reduce costs, and accelerate EV adoption by creating a seamless charging experience nationwide.

Why in news?

Uniform connector standards are part of recent policy recommendations aimed at improving the efficiency and accessibility of India’s rapidly growing EV charging network.

Union Territories Laws Amendment Bill, 2024

The Union Territories Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2024 proposes changes to laws governing Union Territories (UTs) in India, including the Government of Union Territories Act, 1963, the Government of the National Capital Territory of Delhi Act, 1991, and the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019. These amendments are necessary to extend the One Nation, One Election policy to UTs, which have distinct administrative and electoral frameworks separate from states. The Bill aims to synchronize elections in UTs with the Lok Sabha and state Assembly elections, accommodating the unique governance structures of UTs like Delhi and Jammu & Kashmir.

Why in news?

This Bill was introduced alongside the Constitution Amendment Bill to enable simultaneous elections in Union Territories, aligning their electoral cycles with national and state polls.

Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI)

UIDAI is the statutory authority responsible for issuing Aadhaar, the world’s largest biometric ID system, launched in 2009. Aadhaar provides a 12-digit unique identity number based on biometric and demographic data. UIDAI manages data security and authentication services but cannot cancel Aadhaar without a court order. Aadhaar is widely used for government subsidies, banking, and welfare schemes. UIDAI faces challenges in curbing misuse, especially by illegal immigrants using forged documents. The agency’s data access is restricted for security and privacy reasons, complicating law enforcement efforts. UIDAI operates under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology and is headquartered in New Delhi.

Why in news?

UIDAI’s inability to cancel Aadhaar cards without court orders is being exploited by illegal Bangladeshi immigrants, complicating efforts by Indian agencies to curb fraudulent access to services.

Unique Identification Mark on Tobacco Products

A unique identification mark on tobacco products is a government-mandated code printed on cigarette and gutkha packaging to prevent tax evasion and illicit trade. It enables tracking and tracing of products through the supply chain, ensuring compliance with Goods and Services Tax (GST) regulations. This system helps authorities identify counterfeit or smuggled goods, reducing revenue loss from sin tax evasion. The mark also aids in consumer awareness and enforcement of tobacco control laws. Such measures have been adopted in several countries to curb illegal tobacco sales and improve public health outcomes.

Why in news?

The GST Council approved the introduction of a unique identification mark on tobacco products to check indirect tax evasion and curb illicit trade in India.

United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child

The United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) monitors implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child by its member states. It issues recommendations and general comments to guide child rights policies globally. In August 2023, the UNCRC reaffirmed children’s right to a clean, healthy, and sustainable environment, emphasizing environmental protection as integral to child rights. The committee holds periodic reviews of countries’ progress and addresses violations affecting children’s welfare. It is composed of independent experts elected by the UN General Assembly and operates under the UN Human Rights Council framework.

Why in news?

The UNCRC’s 2023 statement on children’s environmental rights puts stress on the urgent need for action against biodiversity loss and climate change to protect children’s health and futures.

Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Tribunal

The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Tribunal is constituted under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 to adjudicate whether an organization should be declared unlawful. It is headed by a sitting or retired High Court judge, appointed by the Ministry of Home Affairs. The tribunal examines evidence and hears parties before recommending the declaration of an organization as unlawful. Its decisions are subject to judicial review. The tribunal’s role is crucial in balancing national security and civil liberties. It operates under Section 5 of the UAPA, providing a legal framework to curb activities threatening India’s sovereignty and integrity.

Why in news?

The Ministry of Home Affairs constituted this tribunal to determine if the United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA) and its factions should be declared unlawful again, following the extension of ULFA’s ban for five years.

Unlawful Activity Definition (MSPC Bill)

The MSPC Bill defines unlawful activity broadly to include acts that threaten public order, interfere with law enforcement, intimidate public servants by criminal force, propagate violence, disrupt communications, or encourage disobedience to established laws. This definition is broader and less judicially benchmarked than that under the Unlawful Activities Prevention Act (UAPA). It includes written or spoken acts that generate fear or obstruct lawful governance. The Bill allows quicker prosecution by permitting sanction from district magistrates or police commissioners, bypassing the central government’s higher-level approval required under UAPA.

Why in news?

This expanded definition is a core part of the Maharashtra Bill presented in December 2024, drawing criticism for potentially criminalizing legitimate protest and dissent.

Vaahan Dashboard

The Vaahan dashboard is an online portal managed by the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, providing real-time data on vehicle registrations, transfers, and other transport-related statistics. It integrates data from Regional Transport Offices (RTOs) across the country, supporting transparency and policy-making. The dashboard tracks various vehicle categories, including two-wheelers, passenger vehicles, and commercial vehicles. It is used by industry bodies like SIAM for market analysis. The platform also helps monitor trends during specific periods such as festivals or economic changes, offering granular vital information about vehicle sales and registration patterns nationwide.

Why in news?

Vaahan dashboard data was cited to analyze vehicle registration trends during India’s festival season and the second quarter of FY25, denoting shifts in demand across vehicle categories amid economic slowdown.

Vertical Fiscal Imbalance (VFI)

Vertical Fiscal Imbalance refers to the mismatch between the revenue-raising powers and expenditure responsibilities of different levels of government, typically between the union and state governments. In India, States bear about 63% of total general government expenditures but collect only 37% of general government taxes. This imbalance arises because the union government controls most major tax sources, while States have expenditure obligations. VFI pressures State finances and limits their fiscal autonomy. It is a key reason for demands to increase vertical tax devolution and reform fiscal federal relations in India.

Why in news?

Indian States have urged the Sixteenth Finance Commission to raise vertical tax devolution from 41% to 50% to address growing VFI and improve fiscal balance between the Union and States.

Vikasit Bharat

Vikasit Bharat translates to “Developed India,” a strategic vision targeting India’s emergence as a fully developed nation by 2047. The concept focuses on holistic development including infrastructure, education, health, and innovation. It prioritizes equitable growth, reducing regional disparities, and enhancing human capital. Vikasit Bharat involves structural reforms in governance, economic policy, and social welfare to encourage prosperity and global competitiveness. The term is increasingly used in policymaking to symbolize India’s ambition to transition from a developing to a developed economy within a generation. It aligns with the Sustainable Development Goals and India’s demographic dividend.

Why in news?

The RBI Governor referenced Vikasit Bharat as a key goal aligned with the country’s economic growth and policy framework during his first speech.

Viksit Bharat

“Viksit Bharat” translates to “Developed India” and represents a vision for India to become a developed nation by 2047, coinciding with the centenary of Indian independence. The concept emphasizes a fundamental change in mindset, faster growth in southern states, sustainable rural employment, and enhanced agricultural productivity. It integrates economic growth with social equity, focusing on infrastructure, innovation, education, and financial inclusion. The vision encourages private investment alongside public funding and aims to align education with evolving job market needs. It is a guiding framework for policymaking and economic reforms in India’s medium to long-term planning.

Why in news?

PM Modi emphasized the goal of achieving Viksit Bharat by 2047 during his interaction with economists, denoting the need for mindset change and faster growth in the southern region.

Viksit Bharat 2047

is India’s strategic vision to become a developed nation by the year 2047, marking 100 years of independence. The plan focuses on economic growth, technological advancement, infrastructure development, and social equity. It involves multiple sectors, including industry, agriculture, education, and finance, aiming to raise living standards and global competitiveness. The initiative encourages collaboration between government, private sector, and civil society. Specific roadmaps and targets are being developed for key industries, including the gold sector, to contribute to the overall goal of a prosperous, self-reliant India by 2047.

Why in news?

WGC announced plans to develop a strategic roadmap for the gold sector aligned with India’s Viksit Bharat 2047 vision.

Virtual Hearings

Virtual hearings refer to legal proceedings conducted via digital platforms, allowing parties to participate remotely using video conferencing tools. This method reduces delays, costs, and logistical barriers in accessing justice. Virtual hearings became prominent during the COVID-19 pandemic and have since become integrated into many judicial systems worldwide. In India, the Consumer Protection Act, 2019, institutionalized virtual hearings for consumer disputes, enabling faster and more accessible justice. These hearings maintain procedural fairness while leveraging technology for convenience. Virtual hearings also support e-filing and digital documentation, encouraging transparency and efficiency in legal processes.

Why in news?

The theme of the 2024 National Consumer Day is Virtual Hearings & Digital Access to Consumer Justice, denoting the shift to digital dispute resolution.

Vishwa Hindu Parishad

The Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP) is an Indian right-wing Hindu nationalist organisation founded in 1964. It is part of the Sangh Parivar, linked to the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS). The VHP promotes Hindu values, culture, and social reform and has been involved in campaigns related to cow protection, temple restorations, and the Ram Janmabhoomi movement. It operates various affiliates including youth, women, and legal cells. The VHP has faced criticism for communal activities and has played role in Hindu mobilization politics. Its legal cell often organizes events to influence judicial and legal opinion on cultural issues.

Why in news?

Justice Shekhar Kumar Yadav made controversial remarks at a legal cell event of the VHP held on Allahabad High Court premises in December 2024, sparking public criticism.

Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP) Legal Cell

The Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP) is a right-wing Hindu nationalist organization founded in 1964. Its legal cell operates to provide legal support and advocacy aligned with VHP’s ideological goals. It often engages in issues like the Uniform Civil Code and Hindu law reforms. The legal cell organizes regional conventions and workshops to mobilize legal professionals. It has been influential in several high-profile cases related to Hindu interests. The VHP is part of the Sangh Parivar, a family of Hindu nationalist organizations, and maintains close ties with the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP).

Why in news?

Justice Shekhar Kumar Yadav spoke at the VHP legal cell’s regional convention in Prayagraj, sparking controversy over his remarks on the Uniform Civil Code and minority communities.

Economy & Banking/Finance

8th Pay Commission

The 8th Pay Commission is a proposed government panel in India tasked with reviewing and recommending revisions to the pay structure of central government employees. Pay commissions are typically constituted every 10 years, but employee unions have demanded revisions every 5 years to adjust for inflation and cost of living. Previous pay commissions have impacted salaries, pensions, and allowances of millions of government workers. The 8th Pay Commission is expected to consider factors like economic conditions, fiscal constraints, and employee welfare. Its recommendations, once accepted, influence government expenditure and public sector wage policies.

Why in news?

Central government employee unions in December 2024 demanded that the pay structure be revised every five years, urging the formation of the 8th Pay Commission to address salary revisions.

Bipartite Settlements

Bipartite settlements are agreements between employee unions and management in public sector banks in India. They regulate service conditions, wages, and dispute resolution for bank employees. These settlements are periodically negotiated and play important role in maintaining industrial peace. They include provisions for performance management, grievance redressal, and disciplinary actions. Bipartite settlements also outline guidelines for premature retirement and employee welfare measures. Their implementation affects thousands of bank employees across the country. These agreements are legally binding and form the basis for employee service regulations in public sector banks, balancing administrative efficiency and employee rights.

Why in news?

The government cited bipartite settlements while addressing queries about performance review criteria and handling underperformance in nationalised banks.

Eastern Maritime Corridor

The Eastern Maritime Corridor is a newly operational sea route connecting Chennai, India, to Vladivostok, Russia. Covering approximately 5,600 nautical miles, it reduces shipping time between the two countries by up to 16 days, cutting transit from over 40 days via the traditional western route to about 24 days. This corridor facilitates the transport of commodities such as crude oil, coal, LNG, fertilisers, and containerised cargo. It leverages multiple Indian eastern ports including Paradip, Visakhapatnam, Tuticorin, Ennore, and Kolkata. The corridor supports faster, cost-efficient trade boosting bilateral commodity exchanges between India and Russia.

Why in news?

The Eastern Maritime Corridor has become in 2024 as India surpassed China to become the largest buyer of Russian oil, with this route enhancing crude oil shipments and other trade between the two countries.

Glide Path of Fiscal Consolidation

The glide path of fiscal consolidation refers to a planned, gradual reduction of the fiscal deficit and public debt to sustainable levels over a set period. India announced this approach in the 2021-22 budget to reduce the fiscal deficit below 4.5% of GDP by FY 2025-26. The glide path aims to balance fiscal prudence with growth needs, improving macroeconomic stability without abrupt spending cuts. It involves a phased approach to fiscal correction, focusing on improving revenue collection and optimizing public expenditure quality. This path supports long-term economic health and investor confidence.

Why in news?

The Union Finance Ministry reaffirmed its commitment to this glide path in the FY 2025-26 budget preparations, aiming for a fiscal deficit below 4.5% despite global headwinds.

Gold Studded with Diamonds Export

Exports of gold studded with diamonds have emerged as a new product line under the Ind-Aus ECTA, illustrating diversification in bilateral trade. This category includes jewelry and ornaments where gold is embedded or adorned with diamonds, combining precious metals and gemstones. The inclusion of such luxury goods in trade agreements demonstrates increased market access for India’s jewelry sector. This product category benefits from tariff reductions and preferential treatment under the ECTA, contributing to growth in India’s export portfolio to Australia. It reflects evolving trade dynamics beyond traditional commodities into high-value manufactured goods.

Why in news?

Gold studded with diamonds was brought into light in December 2024 trade data as a growing export category from India to Australia, signifying diversification enabled by the Ind-Aus ECTA.

Hashed Emergent

Hashed Emergent is a blockchain-focused investment and research firm specializing in the Web3 ecosystem. It publishes detailed reports on global and regional blockchain trends, including funding, developer activity, and startup growth. The firm provides vital information about emerging sectors such as infrastructure, gaming, and decentralized finance. Hashed Emergent is known for tracking seed-stage investments and ecosystem accelerators. It supports blockchain innovation by connecting startups with global funds and partners. The company plays a key role in shaping blockchain adoption strategies, particularly in markets like India, where it marks the rapid expansion of Web3 founders and developer communities.

Why in news?

Hashed Emergent released the India’s Web3 Landscape 2024 report, denoting India’s growth in Web3 startups, investments, and developer base during India Blockchain Week 2024.

Infrastructure Goods

Infrastructure Goods comprise materials and equipment used for construction, transportation, and utilities, including cement, steel, machinery, and electrical components. This sector is a key driver of economic growth, reflecting government spending and private investment in infrastructure projects. It is sensitive to policy changes and capital expenditure trends. In India, infrastructure goods production is monitored as an indicator of future economic activity and industrial demand. The segment saw a three-month high growth of 4% in October 2024, reflecting increased activity in construction and related sectors, despite overall muted industrial growth.

Why in news?

Infrastructure goods output rose 4% in October 2024, marking a three-month high amid ongoing infrastructure development efforts in India.

Infrastructure Investment Trusts (InvITs)

Infrastructure Investment Trusts (InvITs) are investment vehicles that pool money from investors to invest specifically in infrastructure projects like roads, power plants, and ports. InvITs provide regular income through dividends and capital appreciation. They typically have long-term assets with stable cash flows, making them suitable for risk-averse investors. InvITs often require extensive financing due to the long gestation periods of infrastructure projects. They are regulated by SEBI in India and must comply with specific norms regarding asset types and investor protection. InvITs can now invest in interest rate derivatives for hedging, managing interest rate risks linked to financing costs.

Why in news?

SEBI has allowed InvITs to invest in unlisted shares and permitted the use of interest rate derivatives for hedging, enhancing their operational flexibility and risk management capabilities.

Intermediate Treasury Bills (ITBs)

Intermediate Treasury Bills (ITBs) are short-term, non-marketable government securities with a maturity of 14 days. They are issued primarily to state governments and the central bank to manage temporary cash flow mismatches. ITBs do not trade on secondary markets and are used as a tool for liquidity adjustment. Unlike regular Treasury Bills, ITBs serve as an internal debt instrument and are often used to finance short-term liabilities of states. Their issuance helps states meet immediate financial needs without resorting to market borrowing. ITBs are recorded as part of the government’s internal debt and contribute to overall fiscal management.

Why in news?

ITBs were mentioned as part of the internal debt instruments in the recent discussion on India’s government borrowing and debt structure for 2024-25.

International Monetary Fund (IMF) Bailout

The International Monetary Fund bailout is a financial assistance program provided to countries facing economic crises. Ghana secured a $3-billion IMF bailout in 2023 to address its spiraling debt and economic instability. Such bailouts typically come with conditions requiring fiscal reforms, austerity measures, and structural adjustments to stabilize the economy. Ghana’s bailout aimed to reduce inflation, stabilize the cedi currency, and restore investor confidence. IMF programs often involve close monitoring and quarterly reviews. The bailout is part of Ghana’s efforts to manage its external debt and improve economic governance amid challenges in commodity prices and fiscal deficits.

Why in news?

Mahama has promised to renegotiate the terms of Ghana’s $3-billion IMF bailout secured last year as part of his economic recovery plan.

Kochi-Bengaluru Industrial Corridor

The Kochi-Bengaluru Industrial Corridor is a proposed infrastructure and industrial development project aimed at boosting economic growth by connecting Kochi in Kerala with Bengaluru in Karnataka through a network of roads, railways, and industrial zones. It is part of India’s broader industrial corridor initiative to enhance manufacturing and logistics capabilities. The corridor is expected to facilitate trade, attract investments, and create employment opportunities along its route. The Kerala segment involves land allocation and infrastructure development in districts like Palakkad, linking Kerala’s economy more closely with Karnataka’s technology and industrial hubs.

Why in news?

Kerala Cabinet allocated 105.26 acres of land in Puthussery taluk for the Kochi-Bengaluru Industrial Corridor project development.

Market Infrastructure Institutions

Market Infrastructure Institutions (MIIs) include entities like stock exchanges, clearing corporations, and depositories that facilitate the smooth functioning of securities markets. MIIs are responsible for maintaining trading platforms, settlement systems, and risk management frameworks. In the context of the Optional T+0 settlement cycle, MIIs must upgrade technology and processes to handle faster settlement timelines, ensuring seamless participation and reducing operational risks. Their role is crucial in implementing new trading mechanisms and maintaining market integrity, especially as settlement cycles shorten from T+1 to T+0 and potentially to instant settlement in the future.

Why in news?

MIIs are tasked with enabling systems and processes for the Optional T+0 settlement cycle, ensuring smooth execution and settlement of trades as mandated by SEBI from January 31, 2025.

National Infrastructure Pipeline

The National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP) is a government initiative launched in 2019 to invest approximately ₹111 lakh crore (about $1.5 trillion) in infrastructure projects by 2025. It covers sectors like roads, railways, power, renewable energy, and smart cities to boost economic growth and employment. The NIP aims to improve India’s infrastructure quality and capacity to support a $5 trillion economy. The 2024 report suggests recasting the NIP targets to extend to 2030, revising investment goals based on performance, and ensuring minimum capital expenditure of 6% of GDP annually by central and state governments combined.

Why in news?

The EY report calls for updating the NIP with revised targets to sustain infrastructure investment and meet long-term growth and development goals.

National Statistics Office (NSO)

The National Statistics Office (NSO) is a government agency under India’s Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation. It is responsible for collecting, compiling, and disseminating official statistical data related to the economy, population, and social sectors. The NSO conducts surveys like the HCES, Economic Census, and Consumer Price Index (CPI) calculation. It was formed by merging the Central Statistical Office (CSO) and the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) in 2019. The NSO plays a key role in providing reliable data for policymaking, economic analysis, and monitoring development indicators.

Why in news?

The NSO published the latest data on household consumption expenditure for 2023–24, indicating shifts in food and non-food spending patterns in India.

National Stock Exchange (NSE)

The National Stock Exchange of India, established in 1992, was the first dematerialized electronic exchange in India. It introduced a nationwide electronic trading system that replaced open outcry trading, enhancing transparency and efficiency. NSE’s trading platform, NEAT (National Exchange for Automated Trading), was a pioneering system that allowed for automated order matching and real-time reporting. NSE played important role in democratizing stock trading in India by allowing retail investors easier access to markets. It is now one of the world’s largest stock exchanges by market capitalization and trading volume.

Why in news?

The NSE was brought into light as a key financial sector reform during Manmohan Singh’s economic reforms in the early 1990s, recognized after his death in December 2024.

Non-Banking Finance Companies (NBFCs)

NBFCs are financial institutions in India providing banking services without holding a banking license. They play important role in credit delivery, especially in sectors underserved by traditional banks. In 2023-24, NBFC loan growth accelerated to 18.5%, driven by upper-layer NBFCs. Their Gross NPA ratio declined from 4.5% in March 2023 to 3.5% in March 2024, with net NPA steady at 1.1%. NBFCs’ Return on Assets (RoA) rose to 2.9%, and Net Interest Margin (NIM) improved to 5.2%. Despite growth, NBFCs face concentration and climate-related financial risks and rely heavily on bank funding.

Why in news?

NBFCs exhibited strong loan growth and improved asset quality in 2023-24, but RBI warned of risks including cybersecurity threats and concentration risks, urging stronger risk management and diversification.

Rabi Crops

Rabi crops are sown in winter and harvested in spring in South Asia, mainly India and Pakistan. Common rabi crops include wheat, barley, mustard, peas, and chickpeas. They rely on residual soil moisture from the monsoon and require cooler temperatures for growth. The rabi season typically starts in October-November and ends in April-May. These crops contribute to food security and the agricultural economy in the region. Good soil moisture and reservoir levels are critical for rabi crop yield. Rabi crops contrast with kharif crops, which are sown during the monsoon season.

Why in news?

Better sowing of rabi crops is cited as a factor for expected easing of retail inflation in November 2024 due to anticipated improvement in food supply.

RBI Consumer Confidence Survey

The Reserve Bank of India’s Consumer Confidence Survey is a bi-monthly survey conducted across 19 major cities to gauge urban consumer sentiment on economic parameters such as prices, spending, income, and employment. It tracks perceptions on essential and non-essential spending, inflation, income changes, and job opportunities. The survey’s data helps assess consumer confidence trends and economic outlooks. It has been conducted regularly for over a decade, with historical lows during the COVID-19 pandemic and recent shifts reflecting inflationary pressures and income stagnation in urban India.

Why in news?

The November 2024 survey showed the highest increase in essential spending in nine years and a rise in non-essential spending, despite declining income growth, signaling inflation-driven expenditure.

Recovery Mechanisms

Recovery mechanisms are legal and procedural tools banks use to recover dues from defaulters. In India, these include the SARFAESI Act, Debt Recovery Tribunals (DRTs), Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), Lok Adalats, and one-time settlement schemes. These methods allow banks to seize assets, restructure loans, or negotiate settlements. Recovery is crucial after loan write-offs since borrowers remain liable. Efficient recovery mechanisms help banks reduce non-performing assets and improve financial health. The government periodically updates laws to streamline recovery and protect creditor rights while balancing borrower protections.

Why in news?

Despite Rs 42,000 crore loans being written off, banks continue recovery actions through various legal mechanisms to reclaim dues from borrowers in fiscal 2024.

Safari Retreats Judgement

The Supreme Court ruling in the Safari Retreats case differentiated between the terms plant or machinery’ and plant and machinery’ under the CGST Act. It held that input tax credit (ITC) eligibility depends on whether a building qualifies as a plant’ based on its function, especially when leased. The GST Council’s retrospective amendment replaced plant or machinery’ with plant and machinery’ to exclude immovable property from ITC eligibility. This reversal affects taxpayers who had relied on the court’s interpretation to claim ITC on building construction costs. A Group of Ministers (GoM) is tasked to review these blocked credits.

Why in news?

The GST Council proposed a retrospective amendment reversing the Supreme Court’s Safari Retreats judgement, impacting ITC claims on building construction and stirring industry concerns.

Safeguard Duties

Safeguard duties are temporary import tariffs imposed to protect domestic industries from sudden surges in imports causing serious injury or threat. These measures are authorized under the World Trade Organization (WTO) rules and usually last up to four years, with possible extensions. They differ from anti-dumping and countervailing duties as they address overall import increases rather than unfair trade practices. Safeguard duties aim to give domestic producers time to adjust to competition. Investigations for safeguard duties in India are conducted by the Directorate General of Trade Remedies (DGTR), which assesses injury and import surges before recommendations.

Why in news?

India is considering imposing safeguard duties on hot rolled (HR) and cold rolled (CR) steel coil imports to protect domestic producers, pending an investigation by the DGTR.

Safeguard Duty on Steel

India is considering imposing a 20-25% safeguard duty on flat-steel imports for two years to protect domestic producers from cheap imports, mainly from China and some FTA countries like Vietnam. Allegations exist that Chinese steel is being rerouted through Vietnam to exploit FTA loopholes. The steel ministry aims to curb unfair competition and protect the sector struggling with rising imports. The safeguard duty is a temporary tax intended to stabilize the domestic market and encourage local production. Discussions and processes for the duty imposition are underway.

Why in news?

The Government of India is exploring safeguard duty options to counter cheap steel imports harming the domestic steel industry’s competitiveness.

SARFAESI Act

The Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest (SARFAESI) Act, 2002, allows banks and financial institutions in India to auction residential or commercial properties to recover loans without court intervention. It applies to secured creditors and covers securitization, asset reconstruction, and enforcement of security interest. The Act enables quicker recovery of non-performing assets (NPAs), reducing the burden on courts. It also established Asset Reconstruction Companies (ARCs) to buy NPAs from banks. Borrowers can challenge actions under SARFAESI in Debt Recovery Tribunals but not in regular civil courts.

Why in news?

SEBI noted that AIF investments may be circumventing regulations related to SARFAESI, denoting concerns about asset quality and regulatory compliance in alternative fund management.

Scheduled Commercial Banks (SCBs)

Scheduled Commercial Banks (SCBs) in India are banks included in the Second Schedule of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934. They must maintain a minimum paid-up capital and reserves, and follow RBI regulations. SCBs include Public Sector Banks, Private Sector Banks, and Foreign Banks operating in India. Their consolidated balance sheet grew by double digits in 2023-24, driven by a 20.2% year-on-year credit growth as of March 2024. SCBs’ asset quality improved with a gross non-performing assets (GNPA) ratio at a 13-year low of 2.7% by March 2024. Return on Assets (RoA) rose to 1.4% in H1 2024-25.

Why in news?

SCBs showed resilience and strong credit growth in 2023-24 and early 2024-25, with improved asset quality and profitability, as reported by the Reserve Bank of India’s latest banking sector report.

Secondary Funds

Secondary funds specialize in purchasing existing equity stakes from early investors, founders, or employees in private companies, rather than investing in primary rounds. These funds provide liquidity to minority shareholders, such as angels and ESOP holders, before a company goes public. Secondary transactions help redistribute ownership stakes without diluting the company’s capital. In India, secondary funds are emerging alongside tech-enabled secondary platforms that facilitate smaller transactions, enabling bite-sized liquidity options. These funds typically handle large-ticket deals, buying sizeable stakes from venture capitalists or private equity firms.

Why in news?

Secondary funds and platforms are gaining traction in India’s startup ecosystem, offering new liquidity options for investors and stakeholders before IPOs or exits.

Small Rolling Mills

Small rolling mills in India are medium to small-scale units that process steel coils into finished products like sheets and strips. They rely heavily on affordable imported HR and CR steel coils due to limited local production capacity and cost constraints. These mills support regional manufacturing hubs and supply chains, especially for local automotive and appliance industries. Unlike large integrated steel firms, small rolling mills have limited capital and technology, making them vulnerable to price fluctuations. They contribute to employment and regional economic development but face challenges from policy changes favoring large producers.

Why in news?

The proposed safeguard duties on steel imports threaten the viability of over 10,000 small rolling mills in India, potentially shifting business to larger steel firms.

Soft Landing

A soft landing in economics refers to a scenario where a central bank successfully slows economic growth to reduce inflation without triggering a recession. It involves maintaining moderate unemployment and steady GDP growth while avoiding a sharp downturn. The concept gained prominence during the 1960s and 1970s when policymakers sought to control inflation without causing mass layoffs. Achieving a soft landing is challenging due to lagging effects of monetary policy and unpredictable external shocks. Central banks use interest rate adjustments and other tools to manage demand and inflation, aiming to keep the economy stable and avoid the boom-bust cycle.

Why in news?

The Federal Reserve is attempting a soft landing in 2025 by slowing rate cuts to manage inflation without causing a recession amid persistent economic growth and sticky inflation.

South India Tea Exporters Association

The South India Tea Exporters Association (SITEA) is a trade body representing tea exporters primarily from Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Karnataka. SITEA works to protect exporters’ interests, advocate for favorable policies, and promote South Indian teas internationally. It monitors market trends and provides exporters with information on demand and pricing. SITEA also collaborates with government bodies like the Tea Board to address export challenges. The association organizes seminars and trade fairs to boost visibility of South Indian teas, especially orthodox and specialty varieties. Dipak Shah is a notable chairman of SITEA.

Why in news?

Dipak Shah, Chairman of SITEA, commented on export trends, noting growth in markets like UAE, Iraq, and the US during the first half of FY25.

Sovereign Gold Bonds (SGBs)

Sovereign Gold Bonds are debt securities issued by the Reserve Bank of India on behalf of the government, each unit representing one gram of gold. They offer a fixed interest of 2.5% per annum on the initial investment, credited semi-annually. Redemption is in Indian rupees, based on the average closing price of gold of 999 purity from the India Bullion and Jewellers Association Ltd (IBJA). The tenor is eight years with premature redemption allowed after five years. SGBs provide a safer alternative to physical gold by eliminating storage risks and offering market-linked returns plus interest.

Why in news?

The government is considering discontinuing the Sovereign Gold Bond scheme due to the high cost of financing the fiscal deficit and increased gold demand following a cut in import duty.

Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs)

Sovereign Wealth Funds are state-owned investment funds or entities that manage national savings for long-term purposes. They typically invest in a mix of assets including stocks, bonds, real estate, and private equity. The largest SWFs hold assets exceeding $1 trillion each, with the Norway Government Pension Fund Global being the biggest. SWFs often aim to stabilize the economy, save for future generations, or fund social and economic projects. Less known is that some SWFs operate with a mandate to support domestic industries or strategic sectors. They frequently collaborate internationally to co-invest in large infrastructure and technology projects.

Why in news?

SWFs managed $36 trillion in assets in 2024, showing growth and increased allocation to private markets, infrastructure, and emerging markets, according to BCG’s Global Principal Investors Report 2024.

Special Economic Zone (SEZ)

A Special Economic Zone (SEZ) is a designated area in a country that operates under different economic regulations than the rest of the country, aimed at attracting foreign investment and promoting exports. SEZs in India were introduced in 2000 under the SEZ Act and offer benefits such as tax holidays, duty-free imports, and simplified customs procedures. SEZs are typically located near ports or airports to facilitate trade. The concept originated from China’s success in using SEZs for rapid industrialization. India has over 200 SEZs, with sectors ranging from IT to manufacturing. Warehousing in SEZs is exempt from GST, as per recent GST Council decisions.

Why in news?

The GST Council clarified that supply of goods warehoused in SEZs is not taxable under GST, impacting trade facilitation and compliance for businesses operating in these zones.

Special Economic Zones (SEZ) for Data Centres

Special Economic Zones (SEZs) are designated areas in India offering tax incentives, infrastructure benefits, and relaxed regulations to promote industrial growth. For data centres, SEZ status provides benefits like exemption from certain taxes and duties, simplified compliance, and enhanced infrastructure support. These zones attract foreign direct investment (FDI) by offering a conducive environment for large-scale data centre operations. Currently, the Government of India encourages data centre localisation through SEZ benefits to reduce dependence on foreign data storage and boost local digital infrastructure.

Why in news?

The government’s initiative to promote data centre localisation includes offering SEZ benefits to attract investment and accelerate the development of domestic data storage facilities.

Special Economic Zones (SEZs)

Special Economic Zones in India are designated areas with economic laws more liberal than the rest of the country to attract foreign investment and boost exports. SEZs offer tax incentives, simplified customs procedures, and relaxed labor laws. Goods imported into SEZs are considered as not entering the domestic tariff area unless cleared for domestic consumption. This can lead to double counting in import data if goods enter and exit SEZs but are recorded multiple times as imports. SEZs are governed by the SEZ Act, 2005, and monitored by the Development Commissioner of the zone.

Why in news?

Concerns about double counting gold imports through SEZs have emerged amid a reported record spike in gold imports in November 2024.

Special Economic Zones (SEZs) Gold Accounting

Special Economic Zones (SEZs) in India are designated areas with relaxed customs and tax regulations to promote exports. Gold imported into SEZs is sometimes double-counted in official import statistics, although only gold entering through a bill of entry at customs qualifies as an import. Movements of gold within the country, including transfers to SEZs, Export Oriented Units (EOUs), or Gift City, should not be recorded as imports. This misclassification may cause discrepancies in reported gold import data, complicating trade deficit analysis and economic policy decisions.

Why in news?

Potential data errors involving gold imports through SEZs may have inflated India’s reported gold import figures, contributing to concerns about trade deficit accuracy and currency depreciation.

Special Mention Accounts (SMA)

Special Mention Accounts (SMA) are categories used by Indian lenders to classify loans showing early signs of stress before becoming non-performing assets (NPAs). SMA-0 indicates loans overdue for up to 30 days, SMA-1 for 31-60 days, and SMA-2 for 61-90 days. These classifications help banks and NBFCs monitor and manage credit risk proactively. Loans overdue beyond 90 days are classified as NPAs. The SMA framework was introduced by the Reserve Bank of India to improve early identification of stressed assets. SMA data influences the provisioning norms and risk management practices of financial institutions.

Why in news?

RBI’s FY24 report marks a decline in SMA-2 accounts but an increase in SMA-0 and SMA-1 among NBFCs, signaling early stress in loan repayments requiring vigilance.

Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) for Commuter Aircraft

A Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) in India is a legal entity created for a specific project or objective. The government often uses SPVs to facilitate focused development, financing, and management of infrastructure or industrial projects. The SPV structure isolates financial risk and operational responsibilities. India’s SPV for commuter aircraft aims to develop regional aircraft with a range of 600-700 km, supporting regional connectivity under schemes like UDAN. This initiative involves collaboration between public and private sectors to boost domestic aerospace manufacturing, reduce import dependency, and enhance regional air mobility in India.

Why in news?

India has initiated an SPV to locally produce commuter aircraft with a 600-700 km range, marking a step toward boosting regional connectivity and domestic aerospace manufacturing.

Special Rate on Sin Items

The GST Council’s Group of Ministers has proposed a special GST rate of 35% on sin goods such as tobacco, tobacco products, and aerated beverages, with some sources suggesting a possible hike to 40%, the highest permissible under GST law. Sin items generally attract the highest tax slabs due to their negative health and social impacts. The current rate on many such products is 28%. Increasing the rate aims to curb consumption and generate additional revenue. Sin taxes are a common fiscal tool worldwide to discourage harmful habits while boosting public funds.

Why in news?

The GoM panel recommended raising GST on sin items to 35% or 40% during the latest rate rationalization exercise to increase revenue and disincentivize consumption.

Stagflation

Stagflation is an economic condition characterized by simultaneous stagnation in economic growth and high inflation. It challenges traditional economic theory because inflation typically rises during growth periods, not stagnation. The term gained prominence during the 1970s oil crisis. It causes high unemployment and reduced consumer spending power. Policymakers face difficulties as measures to curb inflation can worsen unemployment and vice versa. Stagflation is rare and difficult to manage, often requiring a balance of monetary tightening and fiscal stimulus. It impacts investment, wages, and overall economic confidence, complicating recovery efforts in affected economies.

Why in news?

Stagflation is brought into light as a major economic disappointment in India’s 2024 recovery, affecting consumption and growth prospects discussed by Sonal Varma on the State of Economy Podcast.

Standing Committee on Finance

The Standing Committee on Finance is a parliamentary committee in India constituted to examine matters related to the Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Corporate Affairs, and other allied departments. It scrutinizes bills, budget proposals, and policies affecting economic and financial governance. The committee comprises members from both houses of Parliament and is chaired by a senior member, currently BJP lawmaker Bhartruhari Mahtab. It plays a key role in recommending reforms and oversight for financial institutions and regulatory bodies. Reports tabled by the committee often influence government policy decisions and legislative amendments.

Why in news?

The committee tabled a report recommending performance tracking for NCLT, addressing staffing shortages, infrastructure needs, and budget utilisation to improve corporate dispute resolution efficiency.

Swiss Finance Department

The Swiss Finance Department is responsible for Switzerland’s fiscal policies, international tax agreements, and financial regulations. It manages Switzerland’s stance on tax treaties and international cooperation on taxation standards. The department’s decision to withdraw the MFN status for India under the India-Switzerland DTAA reflects Switzerland’s response to India’s non-reciprocal tax benefits. This move affects withholding taxes on dividends and may influence other countries’ tax treaty negotiations with India. The Swiss Finance Department plays a key role in maintaining Switzerland’s reputation as a global financial hub while balancing international tax compliance.

Why in news?

The Swiss Finance Department’s withdrawal of MFN status for India has increased dividend withholding tax rates, influencing cross-border investment costs and treaty relations.

Targeted Long-Term Repo Operations (TLTROs)

Targeted Long-Term Repo Operations (TLTROs) are liquidity infusion tools used by the Reserve Bank of India to provide long-term funding to banks and financial institutions. Introduced during the IL&FS crisis, TLTROs specifically channel funds to non-banking financial companies (NBFCs) and critical sectors to prevent liquidity crunches. These operations typically involve the RBI lending funds to banks at repo rates for extended periods, which banks then lend to specified sectors. TLTROs differ from regular repo operations by their targeted nature and longer tenure, helping stabilize financial markets during stress periods without broadly expanding liquidity.

Why in news?

TLTROs were very important in addressing the NBFC liquidity crisis during Shaktikanta Das’s tenure as RBI Governor, helping avert systemic financial instability in 2018-2019.

Tax-GDP Ratio

The Tax-GDP ratio measures the proportion of a country’s tax revenue relative to its Gross Domestic Product (GDP). It is an indicator of a government’s ability to mobilize revenue through taxation. A higher ratio generally reflects a more effective tax system and greater fiscal space for public spending. India’s tax-GDP ratio has historically been lower than many developed and emerging economies, hovering around 10-12%. Factors influencing the ratio include tax policy, compliance, informal economy size, and administrative efficiency. Improving this ratio is a key focus for enhancing fiscal health and funding development programs.

Why in news?

The Budget Estimate for 2024-25 projects India’s tax-GDP ratio at 11.8%, reflecting ongoing efforts to improve tax collection amid fiscal consolidation targets.

Textile & Leather Policy 2022

The Textile & Leather Policy 2022 is a state-level framework designed to enhance the competitiveness of the textile and leather industries. It includes incentives like subsidies on power tariffs, capital investment, and skill development programs. The policy emphasizes sustainable production methods and improving export capabilities. It also promotes cluster development and infrastructure support to attract investments. The policy aligns with India’s broader goals of increasing textile exports and employment generation. Bihar’s implementation focuses on leveraging its skilled labor and low costs to boost production and exports in these sectors.

Why in news?

Bihar’s Textile & Leather Policy 2022 is cited as a key enabler for attracting textile investments, supported by infrastructure and export-focused incentives.

Third-Party UPI Applications

Third-party UPI applications are mobile payment apps developed by non-bank entities that utilize the Unified Payments Interface (UPI) platform. Examples include Google Pay, PhonePe, and Paytm. These apps allow users to link multiple bank accounts and digital wallets for seamless peer-to-peer and merchant transactions. Third-party UPI apps integrate with the National Payments Corporation of India’s (NPCI) infrastructure, enabling real-time payments. They provide additional features like bill payments, recharges, and financial services. Their interoperability with full-KYC PPIs represents step in unifying India’s fragmented digital payment ecosystem, improving accessibility and transaction efficiency for users.

Why in news?

RBI’s approval to enable UPI payments from/to full-KYC PPIs through third-party UPI apps allows PPI holders to use popular payment apps beyond issuer-specific platforms.

TiE Global Summit

The TiE Global Summit is an annual event organized by The Indus Entrepreneurs (TiE), a global nonprofit that encourages entrepreneurship through mentoring, networking, education, and funding. Founded in 1992 in Silicon Valley, TiE has chapters worldwide, including India, and hosts summits that bring together startup founders, investors, and industry experts. The summit features panel discussions, pitch sessions, and workshops aimed at accelerating startup growth. It is notable for promoting cross-border entrepreneurship and innovation, particularly among South Asian founders. TiE also runs accelerator programs and angel investor networks to support early-stage ventures.

Why in news?

The TiE Global Summit 2024 in India brought into light the potential for women-led startups to drive economic growth and emphasized the need for increased venture capital funding.

Town of Export Excellence

The Town of Export Excellence is an Government of India initiative that identifies and develops specific towns as export hubs based on their industrial strengths. These towns receive targeted infrastructure support, streamlined customs procedures, and export promotion measures to boost competitiveness. The initiative encourages cluster-based development, facilitating easier access to trade-related services and finance for exporters. It aims to create localized ecosystems that can efficiently handle export activities, reduce transaction costs, and increase export volumes. The program helps MSMEs integrate into global value chains by focusing on export-oriented infrastructure and capacity building in these towns.

Why in news?

The Towns of Export Excellence Initiative was mentioned at the National Exports Competitiveness Summit 2024 as part of government efforts to strengthen export infrastructure and encourage enabling ecosystems in India.

Tracxn

Tracxn is a market intelligence platform that tracks startups, investors, and emerging sectors globally. Founded in 2013, it provides detailed data on venture capital activities, including fund sizes, investment rounds, and company performance. Tracxn uses artificial intelligence and manual research to maintain an extensive database, covering over 2 million startups worldwide. It is widely used by investors, accelerators, and corporate innovation teams for deal sourcing and market analysis. In India, Tracxn’s data was cited for identifying 228 micro VC firms active in 2024, denoting its role in monitoring the evolving investment landscape.

Why in news?

Tracxn’s data was referenced to quantify the number of micro VC funds operating in India in 2024, underscoring its influence in startup ecosystem analytics.

Trade Receivables and Payables

Trade receivables represent amounts owed to a company by its customers for goods or services delivered but not yet paid for. Trade payables are amounts a company owes to suppliers or vendors. Bharat Global Developers reported huge trade receivables and payables in Q4 FY24 despite negligible fixed assets and negative operating cash flows, indicating possible financial irregularities or aggressive revenue recognition. Large trade receivables with negative cash flow can signal collection problems or inflated sales. These figures are critical in assessing a company’s liquidity and operational efficiency.

Why in news?

The unusual spike in trade receivables and payables in Bharat Global Developers’ financials raised red flags, contributing to SEBI’s intervention and suspension of trading.

Triple-Shift Work System

A triple-shift work system divides the workday into three eight-hour shifts, allowing operations to run 24 hours a day. This system increases productivity by maximizing the use of facilities and equipment. It is commonly used in manufacturing, healthcare, and service industries to meet high demand or improve efficiency. Implementing a 24-hour triple-shift work system requires adjustments in labor laws, worker health policies, and operational management. It can reduce unemployment by creating more job opportunities but also poses challenges related to worker fatigue and shift scheduling. Ghana’s consideration of this system aims to boost industrial output and economic growth.

Why in news?

Mahama has proposed introducing a 24-hour triple-shift work system as part of his plan to modernize Ghana’s economy and increase productivity.

U.S. Strategic Petroleum Reserve

The U.S. Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) is the world’s largest emergency crude oil stockpile, established in 1975 following the 1973-74 Arab oil embargo. It stores approximately 600 million barrels of oil in underground salt caverns along the Gulf of Mexico. The SPR can be tapped during crises such as wars or natural disasters to stabilize oil markets. It is managed by the U.S. Department of Energy. The reserve has been used multiple times, including during Hurricanes Katrina and Rita in 2005. Its capacity and strategic importance make it a critical component of U.S. energy security.

Why in news?

The SPR is referenced as the model for the proposed U.S. bitcoin strategic reserve, denoting the concept of holding critical resources for economic stability.

U.S. Tariff Threats

In late 2024, U.S. President-elect Donald Trump threatened to impose tariffs of 60% or more on Chinese imports. Such tariffs would target a wide range of Chinese goods, aiming to reduce the U.S. trade deficit and protect domestic industries. High tariffs can increase costs for U.S. consumers and disrupt supply chains. They also risk retaliatory measures from China, potentially escalating trade tensions. Tariffs of this magnitude are historically rare and could alter global trade patterns. The threat complicates China’s economic recovery by putting pressure on its export sector, which has been a relative bright spot amid broader economic challenges.

Why in news?

U.S. President-elect Trump threatened steep tariffs on Chinese imports in December 2024, increasing uncertainty for China’s export-driven economy amid slowing trade growth.

UDGAM Portal

The UDGAM (Unclaimed Deposits – Gateway to Access InforMation) portal, launched by the RBI in August 2023, is a centralized platform enabling the public to search for unclaimed deposits across multiple banks. By March 2024, 30 banks covering 90% of unclaimed deposits in the DEA Fund had joined the portal. Users can search using account-holder names and bank names but must claim funds directly with banks. The portal improves transparency and accessibility, helping depositors, nominees, and heirs identify unclaimed funds efficiently. Sensitive data is protected, and the portal complements banks’ public listings of unclaimed deposits.

Why in news?

The UDGAM portal’s adoption by major banks marks a key step in the RBI’s campaign to accelerate the return of unclaimed deposits to rightful owners.

Ultra-High-Net-Worth Individuals (UHNWI)

Ultra-high-net-worth individuals (UHNWI) are persons with investable assets exceeding $30 million, a subset of high-net-worth individuals (HNWI), who have assets over $1 million. UHNWIs typically include entrepreneurs, inheritors, and professionals with wealth concentrated in diversified portfolios, real estate, and private equity. Their spending habits heavily influence luxury markets, including travel, art, and exclusive experiences. India is witnessing rapid growth in UHNWI numbers due to economic expansion and entrepreneurship. UHNWI credit card spending in India grew 87% year-on-year in 2023, with notable increases in overseas travel and experience-related expenditures.

Why in news?

The launch of HSBC Privé targets UHNWI clients in India, reflecting the segment’s rapid growth and increased luxury spending, particularly on international travel and experiences.

UnboxingBLR Foundation

The UnboxingBLR Foundation is a Bengaluru-based organization focused on urban research and development. It produces reports analyzing the city’s economic growth, infrastructure, and lifestyle trends. Their “Bengaluru Rising” report brought into light the city’s ranking as third in company formations nationally, with over 27,000 new companies registered from 2012 to 2023. The foundation emphasizes Bengaluru’s role as a startup hub, noting an average of 1,400 startups annually. It also studies office space growth and employment generation, providing data-driven insights to policymakers and stakeholders for sustainable urban planning and economic development.

Why in news?

The UnboxingBLR Foundation released the “Bengaluru Rising” report at the Bengaluru Tech Summit, emphasizing the city’s economic growth and startup ecosystem status.

UnearthInsight

UnearthInsight is a research and analytics firm specializing in the IT services and outsourcing sector. Founded by Gaurav Vasu, it offers data-driven insights, market forecasts, and competitive analysis for IT service providers and investors. The firm emphasizes emerging trends, vendor performance, and financial metrics within the global IT industry. UnearthInsight provides quarterly reports and predictive analytics that help stakeholders understand market dynamics and profitability factors. It is recognized for its focus on Indian IT firms and their global revenue composition, especially regarding currency impacts and operational cost pressures.

Why in news?

Gaurav Vasu, CEO of UnearthInsight, commented on the limited immediate impact of rupee depreciation on Indian IT firms’ margins and predicted future margin benefits starting CY25.

Unified Lending Interface

The Unified Lending Interface (ULI) is a fintech innovation initiated by the Reserve Bank of India to streamline and standardize loan application processes across banks and financial institutions. Launched as part of RBI’s efforts to digitize credit delivery, ULI allows borrowers to submit one digital application that multiple lenders can access, reducing paperwork and processing time. It enhances transparency, reduces duplication, and facilitates faster credit decisions. ULI integrates with existing banking systems and credit bureaus, enabling real-time sharing of borrower information. The interface aims to improve credit accessibility, especially for small businesses and individuals.

Why in news?

Governor Das brought into light the Unified Lending Interface as an example of technological innovation RBI is focusing on to modernize financial services during his final address.

Unified Lending Interface (ULI)

The Unified Lending Interface (ULI) is a digital platform designed to streamline credit delivery, especially targeting the bottom of the economic pyramid. It integrates various lenders and credit bureaus, enabling faster, simpler, and more accessible loan processing. ULI reduces paperwork and turnaround time by offering a single-window interface for loan applications and approvals. It supports financial inclusion by facilitating credit access to underserved populations. The system’s architecture promotes transparency and efficiency in lending, enhancing trust between borrowers and lenders. ULI is expected to see a nationwide rollout soon, transforming how credit is delivered across India’s diverse financial ecosystem.

Why in news?

RBI Governor Shaktikanta Das brought into light ULI as a “true game changer” in credit delivery during his farewell presser, emphasizing its upcoming nationwide rollout and transformational potential.

Unincorporated Non-Agricultural Sector

This sector includes small manufacturing, trade, and service establishments not registered as formal companies, often family-owned or proprietary businesses. It excludes agricultural and construction activities. It is a major employer in India, with over 120 million workers as of 2023-24. The sector contributed a 12.84% increase in establishments and a 16.52% rise in Gross Value Added (GVA) in 2023-24. It supports the formal economy by supplying goods and services and is characterized by low wages, digital adoption growth, and an increasing share of female-owned businesses, rising from 22.9% to 26.2% proprietorship.

Why in news?

The sector’s employment grew by over 10% in 2023-24, with wage growth limited by inflation, denoting its critical role and challenges in India’s economic landscape.

Union Excise Duty

Union Excise Duty is a tax levied by the central government of India on the manufacture or production of goods within the country. It excludes goods exported or meant for export and is source of revenue. The duty is governed by the Central Excise Act, 1944, and administered by the Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs (CBIC). It is different from customs duty, which applies to imports and exports. Union excise duty rates vary by product category and are periodically revised during the Union Budget. It also includes additional duties like the Special Additional Excise Duty and the Road and Infrastructure Cess.

Why in news?

The report noted weaker collections in union excise duties for FY25, impacting the overall tax revenue despite gains in GST and income tax collections.

Unique Customer Identification Code (UCIC)

The Unique Customer Identification Code (UCIC) is a system implemented by the Reserve Bank of India to assign a single identification code to each customer across all products and branches of a bank. This code helps in maintaining a consolidated view of a customer’s relationship with the bank, improving regulatory compliance and risk management. UCIC implementation reduces duplication of customer data and enhances the accuracy of customer identification in banking operations. It is mandatory for banks to allot UCICs to all customers to prevent fraud and streamline KYC (Know Your Customer) processes.

Why in news?

Manappuram Finance was penalized for allotting multiple identification codes to some customers instead of a single UCIC, violating RBI regulatory norms.

Unit Linked Insurance Plan (ULIP)

Unit Linked Insurance Plans (ULIPs) combine insurance and investment, with premiums partly allocated to equity or debt funds. Returns depend on market performance, offering potential for higher gains but with increased risk. ULIPs have a savings component linked to fund units, which fluctuate with market conditions. They became popular in India during the last decade due to strong equity market growth. ULIPs typically have lock-in periods of five years and offer tax benefits under Section 80C. However, recent market volatility has led to a customer shift toward non-linked products with guaranteed returns.

Why in news?

SBI Life Insurance observed reduced traction for ULIPs recently due to equity market corrections, prompting a strategic focus on non-linked insurance products.

Unit Linked Insurance Plans (ULIPs)

Unit Linked Insurance Plans combine investment and life insurance in a single product. ULIPs invest premiums in a portfolio of assets like stocks and bonds while providing life cover. They have a mandatory five-year lock-in period. ULIPs charge multiple fees including premium allocation, policy administration, fund management, surrender, and mortality charges. The Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDA) regulates ULIPs but does not enforce strict categorization or labeling rules, unlike mutual funds. ULIPs’ cost caps are defined as reduction in yield, capped at 3% for policies under 10 years and 2.25% for longer terms, excluding mortality charges.

Why in news?

ULIPs have recently adopted mutual fund terminology for new fund offers (NFOs), causing investor confusion due to differences in categorization, costs, and disclosures between ULIPs and mutual funds.

Universal Account Number (UAN)

The Universal Account Number (UAN) is a unique 12-digit identifier assigned to each EPF member in India, introduced in 2014 to consolidate multiple EPF accounts held by an individual across different employers. UAN acts as an umbrella under which all member accounts are linked, simplifying management and portability of PF savings. Activation of UAN requires Aadhaar-based eKYC and mobile number verification. It enables online services such as balance inquiry, claim submission, and transfer requests. Linking UAN with bank accounts and PAN is mandatory for tax compliance and to facilitate seamless withdrawals, including the newly introduced ATM withdrawal facility.

Why in news?

Activation and proper linkage of UAN are prerequisites for EPF members to avail themselves of the new ATM withdrawal option for PF savings and insurance claims.

Unpublished Price Sensitive Information (UPSI)

Unpublished Price Sensitive Information (UPSI) refers to confidential information that can materially affect a company’s stock price if made public. SEBI expanded the definition to include more material events beyond those explicitly listed in the PIT Regulations. Companies were previously found categorizing only explicitly mentioned items as UPSI, leading to incomplete disclosure. The broadened definition now mandates timely disclosure of all events that could influence investor decisions. This aims to enhance market transparency and investor protection. SEBI also introduced timelines for mutual funds to deploy funds collected in new fund offers according to their specified asset allocation.

Why in news?

SEBI tightened the definition of UPSI to include more material events, addressing gaps in compliance and improving market transparency as part of new regulatory reforms announced in December 2024.

Unpublished Price-Sensitive Information (UPSI)

UPSI refers to information that is not publicly available and could materially affect the price of a company’s securities if disclosed. It includes data about mergers, acquisitions, financial results, or any major corporate actions. Insider trading regulations prohibit trading based on UPSI to ensure market fairness. SEBI mandates companies to establish a mechanism to identify and handle UPSI, often appointing a Chief Investor Relations Officer to oversee compliance. Leakage of UPSI can lead to penalties and legal action. UPSI management is critical for maintaining investor confidence and market integrity, especially in segments like SMEs where information asymmetry is higher.

Why in news?

SEBI is reviewing the framework related to UPSI as part of tightening regulations on SME IPOs to prevent misuse of unpublished price-sensitive information and protect investors from unfair trading practices.

Unregulated Banking Activities

Unregulated banking activities refer to financial transactions and lending practices that occur outside the oversight of official regulatory bodies like central banks or financial authorities. These activities often involve informal lenders or shadow banking systems, which can lead to imprudent lending, increasing the risk of bad debts and financial instability. In India, informal credit markets serve many rural and underserved populations but lack transparency and consumer protection. Regulators aim to curb these through stricter guidelines, but enforcement remains challenging due to the sector’s fragmented nature and the socio-economic dependence on informal credit sources.

Why in news?

Concerns about imprudent lending and the rise of bad financial assets prompted calls for stricter regulation of lenders in both formal and informal sectors during discussions on economic slowdown and financial stability.

UPI-Fast Payment System Integration

Unified Payments Interface (UPI) is an India-based instant real-time payment system facilitating inter-bank transactions via mobile devices. The Reserve Bank of India has linked UPI with foreign Fast Payment Systems (FPSs) to enable cross-border payments. The first live integration was with Singapore’s FPS in February 2023, allowing direct money transfers between India and Singapore. This reduces remittance costs, offers 24×7 real-time payment accessibility, and enhances transparency. The integration supports India’s remittance economy by providing a cost-effective alternative to traditional payment methods, encouraging digital financial inclusion and international payment interoperability.

Why in news?

RBI announced ongoing efforts to expand UPI-FPS linkages to facilitate seamless, low-cost cross-border payments, improving India’s remittance infrastructure.

Urban Co-operative Banks (UCBs)

Urban Co-operative Banks (UCBs) are financial institutions serving urban and semi-urban areas, primarily catering to small borrowers and businesses. In 2023-24, their combined balance sheet expanded, asset quality improved for the third consecutive year, and capital buffers strengthened. UCBs operate under dual regulation by the RBI and state governments. They play a vital role in financial inclusion but face challenges like limited capital and governance issues. Recent improvements in profitability and asset quality indicate resilience, contributing to the stability of the cooperative banking sector in India.

Why in news?

The RBI report noted the expansion and improved financial health of UCBs during 2023-24, reflecting their growing role in the banking sector.

Urban Essential Spending

Urban essential spending refers to household expenditure on necessary goods and services such as food, housing, utilities, healthcare, and transportation in cities. It is a key indicator of inflation impact on consumers. In November 2024, 88.6% of urban households reported increased spending on essentials compared to the previous year, the highest in nine years. Changes in essential spending directly reflect cost-of-living variations and affect consumer purchasing power, especially when income growth does not keep pace with inflation.

Why in news?

November 2024 data revealed a record rise in urban essential item spending, denoting inflationary pressures on urban households in India.

US 10-Year Bond Yield

The US 10-year Treasury bond yield is the interest rate paid by the US government on debt maturing in 10 years. It is a benchmark for long-term interest rates and influences mortgage rates, loans, and other financial instruments worldwide. Movements in the yield reflect investor confidence in the US economy and inflation expectations. When the yield rises, bond prices fall, and vice versa. It is closely watched by global investors as a gauge of economic health and monetary policy direction. The yield reached 4.5% in December 2024, affecting global investment flows.

Why in news?

The steady rise of the US 10-year bond yield to 4.5% in December 2024 contributed to foreign investors selling Indian equities, impacting market dynamics.

Usurious Interest Rates

Usurious interest rates refer to interest charges that exceed the maximum rate allowed by law or considered fair by regulatory bodies. In many jurisdictions, including India, laws restrict charging excessively high-interest rates to protect consumers from exploitation. The term “usury” originally meant charging any interest but now implies predatory or exorbitant rates. The concept is often applied in financial services like credit cards, payday loans, and mortgage lending. Interest rates above 30% per annum, especially compounded monthly, are frequently scrutinized under consumer protection laws for being usurious. Legal frameworks vary globally on defining and regulating usury.

Why in news?

The Supreme Court case involved whether credit card interest rates above 30% per annum constituted usurious and unfair trade practice under the Consumer Protection Act.

Utilisation Certificates

Utilisation Certificates (UCs) are official documents submitted by implementing agencies to government departments confirming that funds released for a specific purpose have been spent appropriately. Delays or non-submission of UCs can cause budgetary funds to remain unspent or be surrendered back to the treasury. UCs are critical for financial accountability and audit processes in public fund management. They typically include details of the amount spent, purpose, and supporting evidence. Timely submission ensures smooth fund flow and prevents delays in future allocations.

Why in news?

Delays in submission of Utilisation Certificates were cited as a major reason for ₹49,449.05 crore unspent by the Ministry of Agriculture between 2018-19 and 2022-23.

Vadhavan Port

The Vadhavan Port is a planned deep-sea port on the western coast of Maharashtra, designed to be three times larger than the Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust (JNPT). It aims to accommodate the world’s largest container ships and boost maritime trade capacity. The port will support the increasing demand for cargo handling and is expected to reduce congestion at existing ports. It is strategically located to enhance connectivity with industrial corridors and hinterland areas. The project includes state-of-the-art infrastructure and aims to promote economic growth through increased exports and imports facilitation.

Why in news?

Maharashtra Chief Minister Devendra Fadnavis announced plans for the Vadhavan Port during the World Hindu Economic Forum 2024 as part of the state’s ambition to become India’s first $1 trillion economy by 2028-2030.

Vegetable Price Inflation

Vegetable price inflation refers to the rate at which the prices of vegetables increase over time, influencing overall food inflation in India. In October 2024, vegetable prices surged by 42% monthly, with an average increase of 25% during the fiscal year, making it the largest contributor to food inflation. Factors include seasonal variations, supply chain disruptions, and weather conditions affecting harvests. Vegetable inflation can cause volatility in the Consumer Price Index (CPI) as vegetables form a substantial part of the food basket. Excluding vegetable prices, CPI inflation has remained much lower, denoting their disproportionate effect.

Why in news?

Vegetable price inflation sharply increased in October 2024, driving food inflation to 7.8%, which contributed to the RBI’s cautious monetary policy stance.

Viability Gap Fund (VGF)

The Viability Gap Fund (VGF) is a financial support mechanism launched by the Government of India to promote Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) in infrastructure projects that are economically justified but lack financial viability. It provides grants typically covering up to 20% of the project cost to bridge funding gaps. VGF is disbursed as a grant, not a loan, and repayment is generally not required. The scheme is administered by the Department of Economic Affairs under the Ministry of Finance. It aims to encourage private sector participation, accelerate infrastructure development, and reduce government financial burden. VGF is used in sectors like transport, energy, and urban infrastructure.

Why in news?

The Kerala government is contesting a Centre decision requiring repayment of VGF for the Vizhinjam Seaport project, arguing this contradicts the scheme’s guidelines which state VGF should be a grant without repayment conditions.

Viability Gap Funding (VGF)

Viability Gap Funding is a government financial support mechanism that provides up to 30%-40% of project capital costs to make infrastructure and housing projects financially viable. In the S.A.F.E. accommodation context, 20% of VGF comes from the Department of Economic Affairs, 10% from sponsoring nodal ministries, and additional contributions from state governments. VGF is awarded through competitive bidding to ensure cost-effectiveness and transparency. It also includes retrofitting brownfield accommodations to improve safety and capacity. The scheme was amended to include affordable rental housing as an eligible sector, encouraging private sector participation in worker housing development.

Why in news?

The Union Budget 2024-25 and NITI Aayog’s report show VGF as a key financial tool to support the development of affordable worker housing under the S.A.F.E. accommodation initiative.

Virtual Digital Assets (VDA)

Virtual Digital Assets (VDAs) are digital representations of value that are borderless and operate on decentralized networks. They include cryptocurrencies, tokens, and other blockchain-based assets. VDAs require international regulatory collaboration due to their cross-border nature and potential for regulatory arbitrage. They pose risks such as investor protection challenges, financial instability, and economic impact. Comprehensive regulation involves evaluation of risks, benefits, common taxonomy, and standards. India currently has no fixed timeline for VDA regulatory guidelines. The sector’s innovation and risks must be balanced to protect the economy while encouraging growth.

Why in news?

India’s Ministry of Finance announced no timeline for comprehensive VDA regulatory guidelines, citing the need for international collaboration and balancing innovation with economic stability.

Vision for Viksit Bharat @ 2047

The Vision for Viksit Bharat @ 2047 is a strategic document by NITI Aayog outlining India’s development goals to be achieved by the 100th anniversary of independence. It aims for India to become a high-income country with a $30 trillion economy and a per capita income of $18,000 annually by 2047. The vision focuses on infrastructure development, technological advancement, human capital, and sustainability. It aligns with government initiatives to boost capital expenditure and economic reforms, setting long-term targets for economic growth, social equity, and environmental sustainability. The document guides policy formulation and budget planning.

Why in news?

The Vision for Viksit Bharat @ 2047 was cited in the context of increased capital expenditure and economic goals discussed during December 2024 budget consultations.

Vizhinjam International Cargo Hub

Vizhinjam International Cargo Hub is a deep-water port under construction near Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. It is designed to handle large container ships and reduce dependency on other Indian ports. The port has natural advantages like deep draft and proximity to international shipping routes. It aims to boost Kerala’s economy by increasing trade efficiency and attracting foreign investment. The project is managed by the Adani Group and is expected to create thousands of jobs. The port is strategically important for India’s maritime infrastructure and is planned to operate with modern technology for cargo handling and environmental sustainability.

Why in news?

Kerala MSMEs requested special fund allocation for Vizhinjam during a Finance Commission meeting to support its development as an international cargo hub.

VLRT Framework

The VLRT framework stands for Valuation, Liquidity, and Risk appetite, a proprietary quantitative model used for portfolio construction. It integrates valuation metrics to identify under/overpriced stocks, liquidity considerations to ensure ease of trading, and risk appetite alignment to match investor tolerance. This framework enables dynamic stock selection within large-cap equities, balancing return potential and volatility. It is applied in funds like the Quant Absolute Fund to optimize portfolio performance by quantitatively assessing multiple financial dimensions simultaneously, rather than relying solely on traditional fundamental or technical analysis.

Why in news?

The Quant Absolute Fund’s shift to a large-cap focus using the VLRT framework has contributed to its top performance among aggressive hybrid funds in 2024.

Volume-Weighted Average Price (VWAP)

Volume-Weighted Average Price (VWAP) is a trading benchmark that calculates the average price of a security weighted by total trading volume over a specific time period. VWAP is used by traders to assess the quality of trade executions and to execute large orders without impacting the market price . It helps in minimizing market impact by spreading trades evenly throughout the day. VWAP is often incorporated into algorithmic trading strategies to optimize order execution. It differs from simple average price by factoring in volume, giving a more accurate reflection of price trends during active trading hours.

Why in news?

VWAP is cited as one of the key market data inputs for algorithmic trading models discussed in SEBI’s proposal to expand algo trading access to retail investors.

Welspun Living

Welspun Living is a division of Welspun India Ltd, specializing in home textiles including towels, bed linens, and rugs. It exports to over 50 countries and is known for its sustainable manufacturing practices, including water and energy conservation. The company holds several certifications such as OEKO-TEX and GOTS for organic textiles. Welspun Living operates one of the world’s largest integrated textile manufacturing facilities in India. It has collaborations with global brands and invests heavily in research and development to innovate with eco-friendly fibers and smart textiles. The brand focuses on premium quality and design to cater to international markets.

Why in news?

Welspun Living’s stock rose six percent in December 2024 due to increased export prospects amid unrest in Bangladesh, which shifted apparel and home textile orders to India.

Wholesale Price Index (WPI)

The Wholesale Price Index (WPI) measures the average change in prices of goods at the wholesale stage before reaching consumers. It covers commodities across primary articles, fuel, and manufactured products. WPI is distinct from the Consumer Price Index (CPI), which tracks retail prices. India uses WPI as a key inflation indicator influencing monetary policy decisions. The base year for India’s WPI is 2011-12. WPI data is released monthly by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry. It affects economic planning and trade policies. Unlike CPI, WPI excludes services and is more sensitive to commodity price fluctuations.

Why in news?

WPI inflation in India fell to a three-month low of 1.89% in November 2024, driven by a sharp decline in primary food inflation, influencing RBI’s potential rate cut decisions.

Geography (Indian & Physical)

Baba Kudi Mandir

Baba Kudi Mandir is a temple located near the interstate boundary between Himachal Pradesh and Punjab, close to the Chakki River. It serves as a landmark for police posts established to prevent illegal transportation of mining materials across state borders. The temple is often referenced in local administrative reports related to law enforcement and boundary disputes. Its proximity to mining zones makes it a strategic point for monitoring unauthorized activities. The temple itself is part of the regional cultural landscape but is primarily known in recent times for its role in controlling illegal mining transport.

Why in news?

Baba Kudi Mandir is mentioned as a location where police posts have been set up to curb illegal mining material transportation along the Himachal Pradesh-Punjab border near the Chakki River.

Bandwan Area

Bandwan is a community development block in Purulia district, West Bengal, characterized by hilly terrain and fragmented forest patches. The region has a predominantly tribal population, including Santhal and Kurukh communities. Bandwan is part of the Chota Nagpur Plateau and has a history of left-wing extremism, impacting development and forest management. It lacks a natural tiger population due to insufficient prey and fragmented habitat. The area is known for traditional tribal festivals and handicrafts. Bandwan’s forests are primarily dry deciduous, supporting species like deer and wild boars but not apex predators like tigers.

Why in news?

The tigress that strayed from Odisha was found in the Bandwan area, which lacks a sustainable tiger habitat.

Brahmaputra River

The Brahmaputra River originates from the Angsi Glacier in Tibet, where it is known as the Yarlung Zangbo. It flows through Tibet, and Bangladesh, covering approximately 2,900 kilometers. The river is one of the few transboundary rivers in Asia that exhibits a unique U-turn at the eastern Himalayas. It is crucial for irrigation, drinking water, and hydropower in the region. The Brahmaputra basin supports over 30 million people. The river is prone to flooding during monsoons and has a highly dynamic sediment load. It is a key part of the larger Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna river system, one of the world’s largest delta systems.

Why in news?

The Brahmaputra River is central to the controversy over China’s $137 billion dam project in Tibet, which has raised concerns in India and Bangladesh about potential impacts on water flow and regional security.

Burma Microplate

The Burma microplate is a small tectonic plate located between the larger Indo-Australian and Eurasian plates. It includes parts of Myanmar and the Andaman Sea region. The microplate is involved in complex subduction and strike-slip faulting, contributing to seismic activity in Southeast Asia. It moves northeastward relative to the Indo-Australian plate at a rate of a few centimeters per year. The interaction of the Burma microplate with surrounding plates causes earthquakes and tsunamis, such as the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. Its boundaries include the Sunda trench and the Sagaing fault, a major strike-slip fault in Myanmar.

Why in news?

The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake occurred where the Indo-Australian plate subducts beneath the Burma microplate, causing a massive tsunami impacting 17 countries.

Kankar

Kankar is a nodular or concretionary form of impure calcium carbonate found in alluvial soils and semi-arid regions. It forms as a secondary deposit through the precipitation of calcium carbonate from groundwater. Kankar layers often appear as hardpan or calcrete and can impede water infiltration in soils. It is used locally as a construction material and soil conditioner. Kankar deposits are common in parts of India, Pakistan, and the Middle East. Its presence affects agricultural practices due to soil hardness and water retention properties.

Why in news?

Kankar is categorized as a minor mineral in the Tamil Nadu mineral-bearing land tax legislation, indicating its significance in local construction and agriculture.

Mount Abu

Mount Abu is a hill station in the Aravalli Range in Rajasthan. It is the only hill station in Rajasthan, known for its cooler climate compared to the surrounding desert. The area hosts diverse flora and fauna, including forested zones and wetlands, providing habitats for many bird species. Mount Abu is a popular destination for birdwatchers due to its unique ecosystem. Its elevation is approximately 1,220 meters (4,000 feet) above sea level. The region’s biodiversity is sensitive to environmental changes and is important for conservation efforts in the largely arid state of Rajasthan.

Why in news?

Mount Abu is brought into light as the location where the little bunting bird was unexpectedly sighted, marking a new avian record for the region.

Nhava Sheva Port

Nhava Sheva Port, officially known as Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust (JNPT), is the largest container port in India, located in Maharashtra near Mumbai. It handles over 55% of India’s containerized cargo and is a critical gateway for international trade. The port was commissioned in 1989 and has modern container handling facilities with a capacity exceeding 5 million TEUs (twenty-foot equivalent units). It is strategically important for India’s maritime trade and connects to major shipping routes. Nhava Sheva is also equipped with advanced logistics and customs facilities, facilitating efficient export and import operations.

Why in news?

The rice consignment for Lesotho departed from Nhava Sheva Port, denoting its role in India’s international humanitarian shipments.

Pangong Lake (Pangong Tso)

Pangong Lake, also known as Pangong Tso, is a high-altitude lake situated at 14,300 feet in eastern Ladakh, spanning the India-China border. It is about 134 km long and extends from India to Tibet. The lake is saline and freezes in winter despite its altitude. Pangong Lake gained strategic importance after the 2020 border clash between Indian and Chinese troops. The lake’s unique geography, with narrow fingers of land and water, has made it a frequent site of military standoffs. It lies near the contentious Line of Actual Control, making it a flashpoint in India-China relations.

Why in news?

Pangong Lake was the site of a violent border clash in 2020, and the recent unveiling of Shivaji’s statue on its bank marks India’s symbolic assertion of presence in the sensitive border area.

Razdan Pass

Razdan Pass is a mountain pass located in the Kupwara district of Jammu and Kashmir. It connects the Kashmir Valley with the Karnah and Machhal regions near the Line of Control (LoC). The pass sits at an altitude of approximately 11,500 feet (3,500 meters) and experiences heavy snowfall in winter, often making it inaccessible for months. It is strategically important due to its proximity to the LoC and serves as a critical route for military logistics. The pass is also part of the Vibrant Village Programme aimed at improving infrastructure and connectivity in border areas.

Why in news?

Bharti Airtel launched mobile services in Razdan Pass and other villages under the Vibrant Village Programme, enhancing connectivity in border areas of Jammu and Kashmir.

Saurashtra Peninsula

The Saurashtra Peninsula is a region in Gujarat, western India, bordered by the Arabian Sea. It is geologically and archaeologically , with evidence of human habitation dating back to the Middle Palaeolithic period (56,000–48,000 years ago). Important archaeological sites include the Bhadar and Aji river basins, where stone tools made from chert, jasper, chalcedony, bloodstone, and agate have been found. These artefacts show advanced flaking techniques. During the Middle Palaeolithic, Saurashtra was a vast landmass connected to nearby regions like Kutch and Makran due to lower sea levels. The peninsula provides insight into inland human dispersal in prehistoric India.

Why in news?

A 2024 archaeological study of the Saurashtra Peninsula challenged the coastal migration model by uncovering Middle Palaeolithic artefacts indicating inland human settlement and tool use.

Shambu and Khanauri Borders

The Shambu and Khanauri borders are protest sites located on the Punjab-Haryana border in India. These borders became focal points during the farmers’ protests against the 2020 farm laws, serving as major gathering and blockade points. The areas are strategically important for traffic and agricultural trade routes between the two states. Farmers continue to use these borders to stage demonstrations, demanding improvements to the Minimum Support Price (MSP) mechanism and other agricultural reforms. The protests at these sites have drawn national and international attention to farmers’ issues in India.

Why in news?

Farmers are protesting at the Shambu and Khanauri borders demanding improvements to MSP, coinciding with the release of the draft National Policy Framework on Agricultural Marketing.

South-West Monsoon

The South-West Monsoon is the primary monsoon season in India, occurring from June to September, bringing about 75% of the country’s annual rainfall. It originates over the Indian Ocean and moves northeastward, influenced by the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone and the Tibetan Plateau heating. The monsoon is critical for agriculture, replenishing water reservoirs and supporting rural economies. Variability in monsoon rainfall can cause droughts or floods, impacting food production and inflation. India Meteorological Department (IMD) closely monitors monsoon onset, withdrawal, and intensity to forecast agricultural output and water availability.

Why in news?

Fitch Ratings cited above-normal South-West Monsoon rains supporting robust summer crop sowing, which is expected to boost rural consumption and limit food inflation risks in India.

Triveni Sangam

The Triveni Sangam is the confluence of three rivers – the Ganga, Yamuna, and the mythical Saraswati, located in Prayagraj. It is considered one of the holiest pilgrimage sites in Hinduism. The Saraswati is believed to be a hidden or underground river. The site is central to the Kumbh Mela, where millions gather to take a holy dip. The confluence is also associated with various Hindu legends and spiritual significance, symbolizing the unity of different energies. Archaeological studies suggest the area has been a sacred site for over 2,000 years.

Why in news?

The Maha Kumbh 2025 in Prayagraj will witness millions of devotees bathing at the Triveni Sangam, with advanced AI technology used to count attendees accurately.

Tsunami Geology

Tsunami geology is a scientific field studying geological evidence of past tsunamis through sediment deposits, land elevation changes, and biological markers. It was pioneered by Brian Atwater in the U.S., who used tree death patterns and land subsidence to date prehistoric earthquakes and tsunamis. In India, tsunami geology uncovered evidence of a tsunami around 1000 years ago near Port Blair and Mahabalipuram. It helps distinguish tsunami deposits from storm deposits and uses GPS and seismic data to understand earthquake impacts on coastal landforms. This field grew after the 2004 tsunami, advancing research into ancient tsunami events and hazard preparedness.

Why in news?

Post-2004 tsunami research in India used tsunami geology to identify ancient tsunamis and improve understanding of seismic risks in the region.

Umaria District

Umaria district is located in the eastern part of Madhya Pradesh, known for its rich biodiversity and cultural heritage. It houses the famous Bandhavgarh National Park, a tiger reserve with ecological importance. The district is home to several tribal communities, including the Baiga tribe, who maintain traditional lifestyles and customs. Umaria’s economy is primarily based on agriculture, forestry, and tourism. The district headquarters is the town of Umaria. It has witnessed efforts to preserve tribal culture and art, partly through local government initiatives and support for artists like Jodhaiya Bai.

Why in news?

Jodhaiya Bai died in her native Lodha village in Umaria district in December 2024.

Union Territory of Ladakh

Ladakh became a Union Territory of India in October 2019, after the reorganization of Jammu and Kashmir. It is known for its high-altitude desert climate and rugged mountainous terrain, making it ideal for winter sports like ice skating and hockey. Leh, the capital, has hosted ice events of the Khelo India Winter Games since 2024. Ladakh’s altitude ranges from 2,500 to over 7,000 meters, and it has a sparse population mainly consisting of Buddhists and Shia Muslims. The region is strategically important and features unique flora and fauna adapted to extreme cold.

Why in news?

Ladakh will host the ice events of the 2025 Khelo India Winter Games from January 23 to 27, marking the second consecutive year it hosts part of the Games.

United Nations Framework for Classification of Resources

The United Nations Framework for Classification of Resources standardizes mineral resource classification into four stages – G4 (reconnaissance), G3 (prospecting), G2 (general exploration), and G1 (detailed exploration). Each stage reflects increasing data quality and certainty about mineral deposits. G4 involves preliminary surveys; G3 includes sampling and initial drilling; G2 provides sufficient data for resource estimation and mining planning; G1 offers detailed resource quantification for mine design. This framework facilitates international consistency in reporting mineral resources and reserves, aiding investors and governments in decision-making. India follows this system for classifying critical mineral blocks in auctions.

Why in news?

The auction process for critical mineral blocks in India references this UN classification to define exploration levels and bidding eligibility criteria.

Volcanic Tuffs of Mount Ashibetsu

Volcanic tuffs are consolidated volcanic ash layers formed when ash falls and solidifies after an eruption. The tuffs on Mount Ashibetsu in Hokkaido, Japan, were uplifted by tectonic activity, exposing them above sea level. These tuffs contain crystals that form closed systems trapping radioactive isotopes like uranium, allowing precise radiometric dating of volcanic eruptions. The tuffs provide a detailed geological record used to date the timing of the volcanic eruptions linked to OAE 1a. Their accessibility in a temperate rainforest stream valley makes them ideal for high-resolution geochronological studies.

Why in news?

Researchers analyzed the tuffs at Mount Ashibetsu to obtain the most precise dates for volcanic eruptions and the onset of Ocean Anoxic Event 1a.

Western Disturbance

Western Disturbances are extratropical storms originating in the Mediterranean region that travel eastwards, bringing winter rainfall and snowfall to northern India. They cause drop in temperatures in affected areas by ushering in cold northerly winds. These disturbances influence the Indian subcontinent’s winter climate and are crucial for the winter cropping season. Western Disturbances often lead to snowfall in the Himalayas and cold spells in the plains. Their frequency and intensity can vary, impacting temperature and precipitation patterns across northern and central India, including indirect effects on Mumbai’s winter weather through wind shifts.

Why in news?

Western Disturbances caused the coldest December day in Mumbai since 2015 by bringing northerly winds and a temperature drop during early December 2024.

Environment & Ecology

4R Concept

The 4R concept stands for Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, and Restore, a comprehensive waste management strategy. It emphasizes minimizing waste generation (Reduce), finding new uses for materials (Reuse), processing materials into new products (Recycle), and restoring ecosystems affected by waste (Restore). This approach goes beyond traditional 3R methods by including environmental restoration. It is applied in various sustainability projects worldwide but is rarely implemented comprehensively in Indian airports. Indore Airport’s adoption of the 4R concept integrates all these elements to achieve zero waste, including converting wet waste into fertilizer, which supports ecological restoration.

Why in news?

The zero-waste status of Indore Airport is based on the 4R concept, marking a pioneering step in Indian airport sustainability practices.

Adaptive Reuse

Adaptive reuse is a conservation practice involving repurposing old buildings for new uses while retaining their historic features. This approach preserves architectural heritage, reduces demolition waste, and promotes sustainability. It requires detailed feasibility studies, structural assessments, and sensitive design to balance modern needs with historic integrity. France pioneered this method through projects like the Grand Palais and Hotel de la Marine, transforming government buildings into cultural landmarks. Adaptive reuse enhances urban regeneration and cultural identity by maintaining continuity with the past while serving contemporary functions.

Why in news?

The Yuga Yugeen Bharat museum will be developed using adaptive reuse of India’s North and South Blocks, with France providing technical expertise under the new India-France MoU.

Adi Kekir Ginger

Adi Kekir ginger is cultivated by the Adi tribe in the Dibang Valley of Arunachal Pradesh. It is known for its distinct aroma and medicinal properties, used to treat digestive issues and menstrual pain. The ginger is grown using traditional organic farming methods passed down through generations, ensuring sustainability and quality. It has received the Geographical Indication (GI) tag, which protects its unique identity and supports local livelihoods. The ginger plays a vital role in both culinary and medicinal applications, making it a prized agricultural product of the region. Its cultivation reflects the Adi tribe’s deep connection to their land and heritage.

Why in news?

Adi Kekir ginger was brought into light during Ashtalakshmi 2024 as a key GI-tagged product from Arunachal Pradesh, showcasing the region’s cultural heritage and organic farming traditions.

African Swine Fever

African Swine Fever (ASF) is a highly contagious viral disease affecting domestic and wild pigs, caused by the African Swine Fever virus (ASFV). It leads to severe hemorrhagic fever with high mortality rates, often approaching 100%. ASF does not infect humans or other animals. The virus is resilient, surviving in pork products and the environment for long periods. There are no vaccines or treatments available, making control reliant on culling infected animals and biosecurity measures. ASF spreads via direct contact, contaminated feed, or ticks of the genus Ornithodoros. It has caused economic losses in the global swine industry since its discovery in Africa in the early 20th century.

Why in news?

An outbreak of African Swine Fever was detected in pig farms in Kottayam district, Kerala, leading to culling and strict movement restrictions to contain the virus.

Albedo Effect

The Albedo effect refers to the measure of how much sunlight a surface reflects back into space. Surfaces with high albedo, like sea ice, reflect most sunlight, helping to keep polar regions cool. When sea ice melts, the darker ocean water absorbs more solar energy, accelerating warming. This feedback loop intensifies climate change, particularly in the Arctic. Albedo values range from 0 (no reflection) to 1 (total reflection). Fresh snow has an albedo of about 0.8-0.9, while open ocean water is around 0.06. This effect influences global weather patterns and is a critical factor in climate models.

Why in news?

The Albedo effect is in the context of the Arctic Ocean possibly experiencing its first ice-free day by 2030, which would reduce surface reflectivity and increase regional warming.

Aluminium Recycling in India

Aluminium recycling in India is an emerging focus area within the base metal industry. Recycling aluminium saves up to 95% of the energy required for primary production. India has developed several recycling units that process scrap aluminium from manufacturing waste and used products. Recycling reduces dependency on imported raw materials and lowers environmental impact. The industry is adopting advanced technologies for efficient sorting and melting processes. Government incentives and collaborations with research institutions promote sustainable mining and recycling practices. Aluminium recycling contributes to waste reduction and aligns with global sustainability goals, supporting India’s vision for a circular economy in metals.

Why in news?

Aluminium recycling is noted as a critical R&D area supporting sustainable mining practices and strengthening India’s domestic base metal production capabilities.

Aravali Biodiversity Park

Aravali Biodiversity Park, located in Delhi, is a restored forest area managed by the Delhi Development Authority (DDA). Over two decades of ecological restoration have created specialized niches supporting wildlife rewilding. It is the only known roosting site for Blyth’s horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus lepidus) in Delhi. The park’s restoration has facilitated the return of several species to their historical ranges, demonstrating successful urban biodiversity conservation. The park’s habitat includes native flora and supports various faunal species, contributing to the ecological health of the region.

Why in news?

The park’s restoration is credited with providing habitat for rare bat species, including Blyth’s horseshoe bat, illustrating the success of Delhi’s biodiversity conservation programs.

Arittapatti Biodiversity Heritage Site

The Arittapatti Biodiversity Heritage Site, notified by Tamil Nadu in November 2022, covers ecologically sensitive and culturally areas in Madurai district. It includes historical monuments such as cave temples, Jain symbols, Tamil Brahmi scripts, and Panchapandavar beds. The site is home to rare species and rich biodiversity. Only 1.93 sq km of the Nayakkarpatti tungsten block overlaps with this heritage site. The site’s protection is critical due to its archaeological and ecological value, and concerns exist about contamination from mining waste containing heavy metals like arsenic, cadmium, and lead.

Why in news?

The proposed tungsten mining threatens the Arittapatti Biodiversity Heritage Site, prompting protests from environmentalists, archaeologists, and the Tamil Nadu government.

Ashtamudi Lake

Ashtamudi Lake is a large, shallow estuarine system in Kerala, covering about 61 square kilometers. It is known for its unique ecosystem, supporting diverse flora and fauna, including commercially important species like the short neck clam. The lake’s name means “eight braids,” referring to its multiple interconnected channels. It is a Ramsar site, recognized for its wetland biodiversity and ecological significance. The lake supports local livelihoods through fishing, tourism, and aquaculture. Environmental threats include pollution, habitat degradation, invasive species, and climate change, all impacting its aquatic life and water quality.

Why in news?

Ashtamudi Lake is the site for releasing three million short neck clam seeds by CMFRI to revive the clam population and support sustainable fisheries under a government restoration project.

Baku Climate Finance Deal

The Baku climate finance deal was agreed upon in 2024 during a UNFCCC conference in Baku, Azerbaijan. Developed countries committed to increasing climate finance from $100 billion annually starting in 2020 to $300 billion annually by 2035. This sum falls far short of the trillions of dollars estimated as needed yearly by developing countries for effective climate action. The deal delays financial support for over a decade and reflects ongoing tensions between developed and developing nations over climate responsibility and funding. It marks weakening of financial commitments under the Paris Agreement framework.

Why in news?

The Baku deal set new, delayed climate finance targets that have been criticized for insufficient funding to developing countries, affecting global climate mitigation efforts.

Bamboo Bearing Area

Bamboo bearing area refers to the land covered by natural or cultivated bamboo forests. India’s bamboo bearing area is estimated at 1,54,670 sq km, making it one of the largest bamboo-growing countries globally. Bamboo grows rapidly and is a vital resource for timber, handicrafts, and ecological balance. The 2023 report noted an increase of 5,227 sq km in bamboo area since 2021. Bamboo contributes to carbon sequestration and supports rural livelihoods. It is classified as grass but can grow as tall as trees, and India’s northeastern states have the highest bamboo diversity.

Why in news?

The 2023 forest report brought into light a notable increase in India’s bamboo bearing area, contributing to forest cover expansion and carbon stock enhancement.

Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve

Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve in Madhya Pradesh covers about 1,448 square kilometers and is famous for having one of the highest densities of Bengal tigers in India. The reserve includes a core area and a buffer zone, featuring mixed deciduous forests and rocky terrain. Historically, Bandhavgarh was a hunting ground for Maharajas before becoming a protected area. It is also known for the ancient Bandhavgarh Fort ruins within its limits. The reserve supports a wide range of wildlife including leopards, sloth bears, and various deer species, making it a biodiversity hotspot.

Why in news?

Bandhavgarh is one of the tiger reserves from which tigers are being translocated to Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh, and Odisha as part of a conservation initiative.

Barren Island Volcano

Barren Island is the only confirmed active volcano in the Indian subcontinent, located in the Andaman Sea. It rises about 354 meters above sea level and has erupted multiple times since the late 18th century. The island’s volcanic activity creates extreme environments with hot sulfuric pools that host extremophiles like _Sulfolobus acidocaldarius_. Its remote location and harsh conditions make it a natural laboratory for studying microbial life in extreme heat and acidity. The island’s ecosystem is sparse due to volcanic activity, but it supports unique microbial communities adapted to high temperatures and acidic conditions.

Why in news?

Barren Island’s volcanic pools serve as the habitat for _Sulfolobus acidocaldarius_, the subject of research on archaeal survival mechanisms under heat stress.

Beta-glucan

Beta-glucan is a soluble dietary fiber found in barley, oats, and some fungi. It constitutes 5-10% of barley’s composition, higher than in wheat or rice. Beta-glucan forms a gel-like substance in the intestine, slowing digestion and promoting satiety. It enhances insulin effectiveness and stimulates glucagon-like peptide-1 production, aiding glucose metabolism. Beta-glucan also supports gut microbiota by providing a substrate for beneficial bacteria, leading to the formation of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). SCFAs contribute to lowering cholesterol synthesis in the liver and intestines. This compound is linked to improved blood sugar control and reduced obesity risk.

Why in news?

Beta-glucan is brought into light as a key nutritional component in barley, which scientists are promoting in Punjab to reduce water use and improve health outcomes compared to wheat and paddy.

Bharthapuzha River

The Bharthapuzha River is the longest river in Kerala, flowing through Palakkad, Thrissur, and Malappuram districts. It is also called Nila locally. The river has faced ecological stress from deforestation, illegal sand mining, and land-use changes, leading to a drastic reduction in water flow over the past two decades. Historically perennial, it supported diverse flora and fauna and local agriculture. Sand mining has severely damaged its riverbed, turning strong currents into a trickle. The river holds cultural significance, inspiring literature and environmental activism in Kerala. It is crucial for the region’s ecology and traditional livelihoods.

Why in news?

The Bharthapuzha River’s decline is linked to environmental degradation brought into light by the late writer MT Vasudevan Nair, who centered much of his work on the river and advocated for its conservation.

Bhindawas Wetland

Bhindawas Wetland is a Ramsar site and one of the largest man-made freshwater wetlands in Haryana. It covers around 400 hectares and supports a rich diversity of waterbirds, including migratory species from Central Asia and Siberia. The wetland was created by damming a seasonal rivulet and is managed for conservation and eco-tourism. It provides breeding grounds for several bird species and is a key site for migratory ducks such as the marbled duck. The wetland also helps in groundwater recharge and flood control in the region.

Why in news?

Bhindawas Wetland was mentioned as the previous location of the marbled duck sighted in Delhi-NCR before it appeared at Sultanpur National Park.

Biligiri Ranganathaswamy Temple Tiger Reserve

The Biligiri Ranganathaswamy Temple Tiger Reserve (BRTTR) is located in Karnataka, covering about 540 square kilometers. It is named after the Biligiri Ranganatha Swamy Temple within its boundaries. The reserve is a unique transition zone between the Western and Eastern Ghats, harboring diverse ecosystems and species such as tigers, elephants, and the King Cobra. It is an important site for conservation and research, with efforts focusing on habitat preservation and mitigating human-wildlife conflict.

Why in news?

Microleptes gowrishankari was discovered in BRTTR and named after Dr. P. Gowri Shankar for his work on King Cobra conservation in Karnataka.

Bio-bitumen

Bio-bitumen is a sustainable alternative to traditional bitumen, produced from lignin, a complex organic polymer found in plant cell walls. It serves as a binder in flexible pavement technology, reducing reliance on fossil-based bitumen. Bio-bitumen can cut greenhouse gas emissions by at least 70% compared to conventional bitumen. It utilizes lignocellulosic biomass, an abundant renewable resource, and supports bio-refinery revenue generation. The technology addresses bitumen scarcity and reduces imports, which account for 50% of India’s supply. Developed collaboratively by Praj Industries, CSIR-CRRI, NHAI, and Oriental, it enables sustainable industrial growth and pollution mitigation.

Why in news?

India inaugurated its first bio-bitumen-based National Highway stretch on NH-44, Nagpur, marking a milestone in sustainable road construction using lignin-based bio-bitumen technology.

Bio-methanol

Bio-methanol is a renewable liquid fuel produced biologically from methane and carbon dioxide using methanotrophic bacteria. It serves as a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels and can be blended with diesel in ratios from 5% to 20%. Bio-methanol reduces emissions of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, hydrogen sulfide, and smoke by up to 87% when used in diesel engines. It also improves fuel consumption and energy efficiency. Besides fuel, bio-methanol is an industrial precursor for chemicals like formaldehyde and acetic acid. Its production avoids food crop competition, addressing the food versus fuel dilemma.

Why in news?

IIT Guwahati developed bio-methanol through a biological conversion process, demonstrating its potential to reduce emissions and improve engine performance in diesel blends.

Bioactive Lipids

Bioactive lipids are a diverse group of lipid molecules that play crucial roles in cellular signaling and inflammation. They include eicosanoids, sphingolipids, and platelet-activating factors. These lipids influence immune responses, cell growth, and apoptosis. In cancer, bioactive lipids can promote tumor growth by enhancing inflammation and suppressing anti-tumor immunity. They are derived from dietary fats and metabolic processes. Elevated levels of certain bioactive lipids have been linked to chronic diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic syndrome. Their accumulation in colon tumors suggests a direct role in tumor proliferation and inflammation in the gut environment.

Why in news?

Bioactive lipids were found in high concentrations in colon tumors of patients consuming seed oils, linking these compounds to increased colon cancer risk in a recent US government-backed study.

Biodegradable Food Wrapping

During Maha Kumbh 2025, traditional plastic food packaging is replaced with biodegradable and compostable materials like banana leaves, jute, and paper containers. Banana leaves have been used historically in Indian cuisine for their antibacterial properties and natural compostability. Jute, a natural fiber, is biodegradable and widely cultivated in India and Bangladesh. These materials reduce landfill waste and pollution. This shift supports local economies by promoting indigenous materials and sustainable agriculture. Biodegradable packaging decomposes within months, unlike plastics that persist for centuries, thus contributing to environmental conservation during mass gatherings.

Why in news?

The festival’s food vendors adopt biodegradable wrapping to support the plastic-free mandate and reduce environmental harm at Maha Kumbh 2025.

Biodiversity Financing Gap

The biodiversity financing gap refers to the difference between the funds currently allocated for biodiversity conservation and the estimated amount needed to sustainably manage ecosystems. In 2023, spending was about $135-$156 billion annually, while the gap was estimated between $598 billion and $824 billion. This gap arises from underfunded restoration efforts, insufficient subsidies for sustainable practices, and lack of global coordination. Filling this gap is crucial to prevent ecosystem collapse, support economic activities dependent on nature, and meet global biodiversity targets. The gap also reflects structural inequalities in wealth distribution affecting conservation investments.

Why in news?

The IPBES 2024 report brought into light the biodiversity financing gap as a critical barrier to halting global biodiversity loss, emphasizing the need for increased and better-targeted financial flows.

Bioenergy Capacity

Bioenergy capacity in India increased from 10.84 GW in 2023 to 11.34 GW in 2024, marking a 4.6% growth. Bioenergy uses organic materials like agricultural waste, wood, and animal manure to generate electricity and heat. It is important for rural energy access and waste management. India’s bioenergy sector includes biogas plants, biomass power plants, and bio-CNG projects. Despite its smaller share compared to solar and wind, bioenergy provides steady, dispatchable power and supports circular economy principles by converting waste into energy, reducing methane emissions from decomposing organic matter.

Why in news?

Bioenergy is brought into light as part of India’s diversified renewable energy portfolio contributing to steady capacity growth in the 2023-2024 period.

Biomining

Biomining is a waste management technique that involves the excavation and treatment of legacy waste dumps to recover valuable materials and reclaim land. It accelerates natural decomposition processes using microbial activity and mechanical sorting to reduce environmental hazards. The process improves soil quality, facilitates land reclamation, and mitigates flooding risks by restoring natural water absorption. Biomining is cost-intensive, with expenses varying by location and waste composition; at Perungudi, costs reached ₹1,064.93 per cubic meter. It also reduces methane emissions from decomposing waste and supports urban resilience by transforming dump yards into usable land.

Why in news?

Biomining was brought into light at the South Asia Summit 2024 for its role in reclaiming 96 acres of the Perungudi dump yard and flood mitigation near Velachery.

Bordoibam-Bilmukh Bird Sanctuary

The Bordoibam-Bilmukh Bird Sanctuary (BBBS) covers 11.25 sq. km in northeastern Assam, located at an elevation of 90-95 meters above sea level. It straddles the Dhemaji and Lakhimpur districts. The sanctuary was home to 167 avian species in 1997, but recent studies indicate a sharp decline to 47 species by 2024. BBBS is crucial for both resident and migratory birds. The sanctuary’s ecosystem includes aquatic plants, fish, and ferns, which are integral to its biodiversity. Anthropogenic pressures like overfishing and habitat disturbance have impacted the bird population .

Why in news?

A recent study revealed a 72% decline in avian species at Bordoibam-Bilmukh Bird Sanctuary over 27 years, raising conservation concerns.

Bukkapatna Chinkara Sanctuary

The Bukkapatna Chinkara Sanctuary is a protected area in Tumakuru district, Karnataka, established to conserve the chinkara (Indian gazelle) and other wildlife. It falls under the administrative control of the Tumakuru Territorial Forest Division. The sanctuary is surrounded by an eco-sensitive zone extending up to 10 km, aimed at minimizing human impact. It hosts species like leopard, sloth bear, wolf, and four-horned antelope, all listed in Schedule-I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. Despite being a sanctuary, it is not classified as a National Park or Tiger Reserve. The sanctuary also supports diverse avifauna and reptilian species.

Why in news?

The sanctuary’s eco-sensitive zone is threatened by a proposed mining project in nearby villages, raising concerns about habitat loss and biodiversity impact.

Bulbul Fights

Bulbul fights involve pitting songbirds, specifically bulbuls, against each other in contests of strength and aggression. These fights are traditionally held at the Hayagriv Madhab Mandir in Hajo, Assam, a practice reportedly dating back to the Ahom dynasty (13th-19th century). Birds are reared for about two weeks before the event and then made to fight until one bird dominates. Bulbuls are protected under Schedule II of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, which prohibits capturing or baiting wild or captive animals for fighting. The fights have been banned due to concerns over cruelty and illegal capture of the birds.

Why in news?

Bulbul fights were reintroduced during Magh Bihu 2024 in Assam after the government issued SOPs, but the Gauhati High Court reinstated the ban citing violations of the Wildlife Protection Act and animal cruelty laws.

Buransh Flowers

Buransh (Rhododendron arboreum) flowers are native to the Himalayan region and are used in Uttarakhand for making wine. These bright red flowers have a tart flavor and are rich in antioxidants. Buransh wine production taps into local biodiversity, offering a unique taste distinct from grape wines. The flowers bloom during spring and are traditionally used in local cuisine and medicine. Their use in wine production is rare globally, making it a specialty of Himalayan wine tourism. The harvesting of buransh flowers also supports local communities by providing seasonal employment and preserving traditional botanical knowledge.

Why in news?

Buransh flowers are among the local fruits and flowers promoted for wine production in Uttarakhand’s new wine tourism initiative.

Burhachapori Wildlife Sanctuary

Burhachapori Wildlife Sanctuary, situated on the southern bank of the Brahmaputra River in Assam, covers about 44 square kilometers. It features riverine forests and wetlands that support diverse wildlife, including the greater one-horned rhinoceros and many bird species. The sanctuary was heavily affected by poaching in the 1980s, leading to the local extinction of rhinos. Recent expansions and connectivity with Kaziranga and Orang National Parks have facilitated the natural dispersal of rhinos back into Burhachapori. It plays important role in the regional ecosystem as a corridor and buffer zone for larger protected areas.

Why in news?

Burhachapori is regaining its ecological importance as rhinos from neighboring parks resettle there due to improved habitat and protection efforts.

Eaglenest Bird Festival

The Eaglenest Bird Festival is an annual event held in Arunachal Pradesh, celebrating the region’s rich avian biodiversity. It takes place near the Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary, a biodiversity hotspot known for over 500 bird species, including the rare Bugun liocichla discovered in 1995. The festival promotes eco-tourism and community-based conservation efforts. Activities include birdwatching, trekking, and cultural events. It has grown in prominence since its inception, attracting ornithologists and eco-tourists globally. The festival also emphasizes sustainable tourism practices to protect the fragile Himalayan ecosystem. The 4th edition is set for January 2025 in West Kameng District.

Why in news?

Arunachal Pradesh Chief Minister Pema Khandu revealed the new logo and announced the 4th edition of the Eaglenest Bird Festival to be held in January 2025 at Khellong and Thongre villages.

Eco Bio-Diversity Park (Arunachal Pradesh)

The Eco Bio-Diversity Park in Arunachal Pradesh is a protected area designed to preserve native flora and fauna while promoting environmental education and eco-tourism. It features tree planted by His Holiness the Dalai Lama during his 1959 exile journey, symbolizing peace and spiritual heritage. The park serves as a habitat for various endemic species and a site for community-led conservation initiatives. It integrates cultural history with ecological preservation, offering trekking trails and educational programs. The park is part of broader efforts to encourage sustainable tourism and biodiversity conservation in the Eastern Himalayan region.

Why in news?

The Eco Bio-Diversity Park was inaugurated as part of the 4th Eaglenest Bird Festival celebrations, denoting its role in conservation and cultural heritage linked to the Dalai Lama’s historic journey.

Indigenous Protected Areas (IPAs)

Indigenous Protected Areas (IPAs) are lands and waters managed by Indigenous communities to conserve biodiversity and cultural values using traditional knowledge. Originating in Australia in 1998, IPAs now cover over 8.8 million square kilometers globally, representing about 6% of terrestrial protected areas. Australia leads with 78 IPAs covering 74 million hectares, nearly half its National Reserve System. IPAs protect 25% of biodiversity hotspots, 40% of tropical forests, and 50% of freshwater resources worldwide. They support language preservation, cultural practices like controlled burning, and community well-being through employment in conservation and eco-tourism.

Why in news?

Recent updates show the growing global recognition and expansion of IPAs as crucial tools for biodiversity conservation and Indigenous cultural preservation, with new government policies and funding initiatives announced in 2024.

Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework

Adopted in 2022 under the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework aims to mobilize $200 billion annually by 2030 through innovative financing mechanisms like biodiversity credits, green bonds, and payment for ecosystem services. It emphasizes environmental and social safeguards and benefit-sharing mechanisms to support global biodiversity conservation and restoration efforts. This framework is a key international agreement guiding biodiversity finance and policy, promoting public-private partnerships and market-based approaches to halt biodiversity loss.

Why in news?

The framework’s call for biodiversity credit markets and innovative financing is central to recent discussions on biodiversity conservation funding, as brought into light in the new review questioning market effectiveness.

Macrophytes

Macrophytes are aquatic plants visible to the naked eye, including submerged, floating, and emergent species. They play a vital role in freshwater ecosystems by stabilizing sediments, producing oxygen, and providing habitat and food for fish and birds. At Bordoibam-Bilmukh Bird Sanctuary, 133 species of macrophytes were recorded during a 2017-2018 survey. Macrophyte diversity influences water quality and nutrient cycling, supporting the wetland’s overall biodiversity. Excessive harvesting of macrophytes can disrupt these functions, contributing to habitat degradation and impacting dependent fauna, including avian species.

Why in news?

A 2017-2018 survey at Bordoibam-Bilmukh Bird Sanctuary documented 133 macrophyte species, denoting the wetland’s ecological importance amid declining bird populations.

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) is a continuous program started in the early 1960s by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). It combines interviews and physical examinations to assess the health and nutritional status of adults and children in the United States. NHANES collects dietary data through detailed 24-hour recall interviews, conducted twice per participant, providing comprehensive information on food intake. It uses a complex, multistage probability sampling design to ensure national representativeness. The survey informs public health policies and nutrition guidelines. Data from NHANES have been very important in tracking trends in obesity, diabetes, and dietary patterns over decades.

Why in news?

NHANES data from 2003–2018 were analyzed to study trends in consumption of ultra-processed versus minimally processed foods in American adults, distinguishing between foods eaten at home and away from home.

National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG)

The National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) was established in 2014 as an implementation wing of the National Ganga River Basin Authority. It focuses on pollution abatement and sustainable management of the Ganga River. NMCG coordinates with multiple states to improve sewage treatment infrastructure and promote river rejuvenation. It also supports innovative technologies for wastewater treatment and promotes public awareness campaigns. The mission operates under the Union Ministry of Jal Shakti and aligns with national water policies. NMCG has been instrumental in integrating wastewater reuse as part of its efforts to reduce river pollution and enhance water security in the Ganga basin.

Why in news?

The NMCG co-released a report with the Centre for Science and Environment on managing India’s urban water crisis through wastewater reuse, denoting its role in sustainable water management.

National Regulatory Authorities (NRAs)

National Regulatory Authorities are government agencies responsible for regulating medicines, vaccines, and health products within countries. Their duties include approving new drugs, monitoring supply chains, ensuring quality control, and enforcing regulations. In many LMICs, NRAs lack official mandates or resources to manage antibiotic shortages effectively. NRAs in high-income countries often have more advanced systems for predicting demand, managing stock, and facilitating emergency measures like temporary imports or expiry extensions. Strengthening NRAs is critical to preventing shortages, improving drug quality, and combating antimicrobial resistance worldwide.

Why in news?

The WHO-GARDP report reviews how NRAs in different income-level countries address antibiotic shortages and recommends empowering LMIC NRAs to improve access and regulation.

National Regulatory Authorities (NRAs) in LMICs

NRAs in low- and middle-income countries are responsible for regulating medicines but often lack official mandates to address antibiotic shortages. Many have limited capacity for monitoring supply and demand, weak enforcement against substandard or falsified antibiotics, and insufficient infrastructure for distribution. These challenges contribute to frequent stock-outs and poor antibiotic availability. Strengthening NRAs includes improving regulatory approval processes, quality control, and collaboration mechanisms. Flexible policies like temporary imports and extended expiry dates are often underutilized. Enhancing NRA capacity is critical to preventing shortages and mitigating antimicrobial resistance in LMICs.

Why in news?

The WHO-GARDP report marks the need to empower LMIC NRAs with mandates and tools to manage antibiotic shortages effectively and reduce AMR risks.

National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA)

The NTCA is a statutory body under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, established in 2005. It oversees tiger conservation efforts across the country, including monitoring tiger populations and managing tiger reserves. The NTCA releases periodic reports such as the “Status of Tigers – Co-predators & Prey in India”, which provides data on tiger numbers and habitat health. It also approves new tiger reserves and sets guidelines for tiger translocation. The authority works closely with state governments and wildlife organizations to implement conservation policies.

Why in news?

The NTCA released the 2022 tiger status report denoting Madhya Pradesh’s tiger population and approved translocation plans for tigers to other states.

Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)

Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is a condition where fat accumulates in the liver of non-drinkers, causing inflammation and scarring. It affects about 25-33% of Indians, with prevalence varying by age, gender, and socio-economic status. NAFLD is linked to metabolic syndrome components such as high blood pressure, triglycerides, cholesterol, and blood sugar. It is increasingly common among younger adults, especially IT professionals. Advanced NAFLD raises risks for gall bladder stones, cirrhosis, liver cancer, and major adverse cardiac events (MACE). Lifestyle changes like diet, exercise, and adequate sleep are critical for management and prevention.

Why in news?

NAFLD is becoming a major public health concern in India, with new government guidelines introduced for early detection and prevention due to its rising prevalence and serious health impacts.

Northern Giant Hornet

The northern giant hornet (Vespa mandarinia) is the world’s largest hornet, reaching up to 2 inches in length. Native to Asia, it is known for its potent venom, which is about seven times stronger than that of a honeybee and allows multiple stings. It kills honeybee colonies rapidly by decapitating bees in a “slaughter phase” and then occupies the hive to raise its young. It was first spotted in the US in Washington state near the Canadian border in 2019. The species is a major threat to native pollinators and agriculture.

Why in news?

The US Department of Agriculture announced the successful eradication of the invasive northern giant hornet in Washington state, the only US state with confirmed sightings.

PLI Initiative for Solar

The PLI (Production Linked Incentive) initiative for solar is a government program designed to boost domestic manufacturing of solar photovoltaic (PV) panels and components in India. It offers financial incentives linked to production volumes to encourage local manufacturing and reduce import dependency. The initiative aims to position India as a global solar manufacturing hub, supporting the country’s renewable energy targets. It also promotes technological innovation, job creation, and supply chain resilience. The PLI scheme complements India’s broader energy transition goals by facilitating large-scale deployment of solar power through enhanced domestic capacity.

Why in news?

The PLI initiative was discussed as a key trend for 2025 in India’s energy sector, focusing on scaling up domestic solar manufacturing to meet growing renewable energy demand.

Ratapani Tiger Reserve

Ratapani forest was declared the eighth tiger reserve in Madhya Pradesh, adding to the state’s network of protected areas for tiger conservation. It covers an area of approximately 824 square kilometers and features dry deciduous forests. Ratapani is known for its diverse flora and fauna, including several endangered species besides tigers. The reserve plays a critical role in connecting wildlife corridors between other tiger habitats in the region. It was previously a wildlife sanctuary before its upgrade to tiger reserve status, which enhances protections and funding for conservation efforts.

Why in news?

Ratapani was recently notified as Madhya Pradesh’s eighth tiger reserve, expanding the state’s tiger conservation efforts amid the translocation of tigers to other states.

REDD+

REDD+ stands for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation and is a UN-backed climate initiative aimed at incentivizing forest conservation in developing countries. It includes sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks. REDD+ projects often involve local communities, especially women, in sustainable forest product markets. However, its implementation has been criticized for perpetuating gender inequalities by shifting environmental labor burdens onto women without addressing power imbalances in decision-making. The program’s success depends on integrating social equity with environmental goals, which remains a challenge in many participating countries.

Why in news?

REDD+ is brought into light for its gendered impacts in climate projects, showing how it unintentionally increases care burdens on women while promoting forest conservation in the global south.

Reef Programme

The Sustainable Agricultural Rural Development Program (Reef) is a Saudi Arabian government initiative under the Ministry of Environment, Water, and Agriculture. It focuses on rural development and sustainable agriculture, with women comprising 63% of the beneficiaries. The program aims to increase women’s participation in rural activities and combat desertification by supporting sustainable land use practices. Reef contributes to empowering rural women through access to resources, skills training, and inclusion in environmental programs. It is part of Saudi Arabia’s broader efforts to integrate women into climate resilience and land restoration initiatives.

Why in news?

Reef is mentioned at COP16 Riyadh as a successful government program increasing women’s involvement in rural and environmental sectors, showcasing Saudi Arabia’s progress on gender and desertification issues.

Refining Copper Scrap

Refining copper scrap involves purifying used copper materials to recover high-quality copper metal, rather than simply melting scrap for reuse. This process removes impurities and restores copper’s electrical and thermal conductivity properties. Recycling copper scrap through refining conserves natural resources, reduces energy consumption by up to 85% compared to primary production, and lowers environmental pollution. India is exploring increased refining capacity to reduce its reliance on copper imports. Scrap copper refining supports circular economy principles and helps meet the growing demand driven by sectors such as electric vehicles and infrastructure development.

Why in news?

The podcast brought into light refining copper scrap as a key opportunity for India to boost domestic copper supply amid rising demand.

Orans (Sacred Groves In Rajasthan)

Sacred groves, locally known as orans in Rajasthan, are patches of forest preserved by communities due to their religious and ecological significance. These groves maintain a natural or near-natural state of vegetation and serve as refuges for rare and endangered species. India hosts over 50,000 sacred groves, with names like dev-vans, rundhs, sarpa kavu, and mawphalang across various regions. Protection is enforced through social taboos and community sanctions. The Supreme Court of India mandated their mapping, classification as forests, and recognition as community reserves under the Wildlife Protection Act 1972 to ensure legal protection and conservation.

Why in news?

The Supreme Court of India issued a landmark judgement on December 18, 2024, directing Rajasthan and the Government of India to protect sacred groves by mapping and notifying them as forests and community reserves, reinforcing community rights and ecological conservation.

SAFAR Early Warning System

The System of Air Quality and Weather Forecasting and Research (SAFAR) is an Government of India initiative designed to monitor and forecast air quality and weather conditions in real-time. It uses a network of stations distributed across different microenvironments such as traffic junctions, industrial areas, and residential zones. SAFAR provides early warnings about pollution spikes and helps authorities take preventive measures. The system also supports an app for public access, though the SAFAR-mobile app has faced functionality issues recently. SAFAR was first implemented in select cities including Mumbai, Delhi, Pune, and Ahmedabad.

Why in news?

Mumbai’s SAFAR-mobile app is currently non-functional, raising concerns about the accuracy and availability of real-time air quality data during recent smog episodes.

Sagar Island

Sagar Island is the largest inhabited estuarine island in the Sundarbans delta, located in the Bay of Bengal, West Bengal. It is famous for the annual Gangasagar Mela, attracting millions of pilgrims for holy dips. The island faces severe coastal erosion, frequent cyclones, flooding, and storm surges due to climate change. Studies show 19.5% of its administrative units (mouzas) and 15.33% of its population are at high risk from these hazards. Embankments offer limited protection but disrupt natural sediment flow and tidal dynamics, worsening environmental conditions and impacting livelihoods. The island has witnessed repeated temple relocations due to erosion.

Why in news?

Sagar Island’s coastal erosion has intensified, threatening the Kapil Muni Temple and affecting the Gangasagar Mela, which draws nearly 10 million devotees annually. Rising sea levels and climate impacts have brought the Bay of Bengal dangerously close to the temple.

Shoreline Management Plan

A Shoreline Management Plan (SMP) is a strategic framework designed to manage coastal risks and resources sustainably. It assesses coastal erosion, flooding, habitat preservation, and human activity impacts, proposing adaptive management measures. SMPs incorporate climate change projections like sea-level rise and extreme weather to guide infrastructure development and conservation efforts. They involve stakeholder engagement, including local communities and government bodies, to balance environmental, social, and economic objectives. Maharashtra’s SMP outlines priorities for coastal protection and resilience, forming the basis for projects like the ADB-supported climate-resilient coastal protection initiative.

Why in news?

The Maharashtra Sustainable Climate-Resilient Coastal Protection and Management Project aligns with the state’s Shoreline Management Plan to address climate adaptation and shoreline stabilization.

Siang Upper Multipurpose Project (SUMP)

The Siang Upper Multipurpose Project is a proposed 11,000-MW hydropower dam planned on the Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh. It aims to create a reservoir of 9 billion cubic meters, making it one of the largest hydropower projects in India. The project targets three sites – Parong, Dite Dime, and Ugeng. It has faced continuous opposition from the Adi tribe, fearing submersion of villages and farmland. The government argues it is essential to counter upstream Chinese dam projects. The project requires detailed feasibility surveys, environmental impact assessments, and public hearings before final approval.

Why in news?

The Arunachal Pradesh government is pushing to begin surveys despite local protests, deploying Central Armed Police Forces to manage resistance against the project.

Solar Agriculture Feeder Project

The Solar Agriculture Feeder Project in Maharashtra aims to provide solar-powered electricity to farmers during daytime, reducing dependence on conventional power sources. Initiated two years ago, it plans to convert all agricultural feeders to solar energy in phases. The project supports up to 16,000 MW of electricity supply to farmers, enhancing sustainable farming practices. It targets rural electrification by installing solar panels and infrastructure in villages, ensuring uninterrupted power for irrigation pumps and other agricultural needs. This initiative aligns with Maharashtra’s goal to encourage a second green revolution through renewable energy adoption in agriculture.

Why in news?

Maharashtra Chief Minister Devendra Fadnavis launched the second phase of the Solar Agriculture Feeder Project in Umbratha and Narangwadi villages to expand solar-powered electricity supply to farmers.

Solar-powered Cold Storage in Seychelles

The solar-powered cold storage facility in Seychelles is a renewable energy project supported by the International Solar Alliance under India’s presidency. It integrates photovoltaic solar panels to power refrigeration systems, reducing reliance on fossil fuels. This facility helps preserve perishable goods, supporting local fisheries and agriculture by minimizing post-harvest losses. Seychelles, an island nation with high energy costs, benefits from decreased carbon emissions and enhanced energy security through this initiative. The project also serves as a model for sustainable infrastructure in small island developing states vulnerable to climate change.

Why in news?

The ISA brought into light this project as part of its impactful solar energy solutions during Moldova’s accession announcement.

Southern Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris nereis)

The southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis) is a subspecies found along the California coast. Hunted nearly to extinction for its dense fur, protections began in 1913 and federal listing as threatened occurred in 1977. Unlike most marine mammals, southern sea otters lack blubber and rely on rapid metabolism, requiring them to consume about 25% of their body weight daily. They prey on sea urchins and invasive green crabs, playing a key role in maintaining kelp forest ecosystems. Populations have gradually rebounded, with ongoing conservation efforts supporting their ecological role.

Why in news?

The southern sea otter population at Elkhorn Slough has increased, leading to predation on invasive green crabs and aiding ecosystem recovery.

Southwest Monsoon

The Southwest Monsoon is a major seasonal wind system that brings rainfall to the Indian subcontinent from June to September. It originates over the Indian Ocean and is driven by differential heating between land and ocean. This monsoon accounts for about 70-90% of India’s annual rainfall and is crucial for agriculture, especially in states like Karnataka. Its onset and intensity directly affect crop yields, water resources, and economic activity. Variability in the monsoon can lead to droughts or floods. The Southwest Monsoon also influences the socio-economic patterns and agricultural planning across peninsular India.

Why in news?

The good Southwest Monsoon in 2024 boosted Karnataka’s agricultural sector, contributing to the state’s positive economic growth outlook as reported in the Mid-Year Review.

Sovereign Green Bonds (SGrB)

Sovereign Green Bonds are government-issued debt securities specifically earmarked to fund environmentally sustainable projects. The ₹5,000 crore auction mentioned is for a 30-year tenure SGrB, a longer maturity than previous 10-year issues. These bonds are part of India’s strategy to raise capital for climate-related initiatives. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) manages their issuance, with bids from competitive and non-competitive investors. Despite government backing, SGrBs face low liquidity and limited investor demand, especially from retail investors. Recently, the RBI included 10-year SGrBs under the Fully Accessible Route (FAR) to attract foreign investments.

Why in news?

The RBI successfully auctioned ₹5,000 crore of 30-year Sovereign Green Bonds after previous 10-year issuances saw weak investor interest and cancellations, denoting ongoing challenges in market acceptance.

Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation

The Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) is Switzerland’s international cooperation agency, focusing on poverty reduction, sustainable development, and humanitarian aid. It operates in over 70 countries and collaborates with governments, NGOs, and multilateral organizations. SDC emphasizes climate change adaptation, disaster risk reduction, and promoting resilient infrastructure. It supports South Asia with regional offices, including in India, to encourage sustainable development. SDC also partners with scientific institutions for research and capacity building. It is part of the Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs and manages Switzerland’s official development assistance budget, which is approximately 0.5% of Swiss GDP.

Why in news?

SDC collaborated with Indian institutions and the Department of Science and Technology to support the release of a district-level climate risk assessment report for India in December 2024.

Target Responsibility System

The Target Responsibility System was a key innovation in China’s air pollution control strategy. Introduced after 2013, it linked the career advancement of local officials and enterprise managers directly to the achievement of pollution reduction and energy-saving targets. This system created strong incentives for local authorities to meet environmental goals, ensuring accountability within their jurisdictions. It operated under the coordination of the central government but delegated responsibility to local levels, creating a blend of centralized policy and decentralized enforcement. This approach contributed to air quality improvements in Chinese cities like Beijing between 2013 and 2018.

Why in news?

The system is brought into light as a factor in Beijing’s successful air pollution reduction, contrasting with Delhi’s ongoing challenges in managing air quality despite similar policy efforts.

Third Pole

The Third Pole refers to the Hindu Kush Himalaya region, encompassing the largest mountain ranges outside the polar regions. It contains the world’s largest concentration of glaciers outside the Arctic and Antarctic, storing vast amounts of freshwater. This region feeds major Asian rivers like the Ganges, Indus, Brahmaputra, and Yangtze, supporting nearly a billion people downstream. The Third Pole’s glaciers act as natural reservoirs, releasing water seasonally to sustain agriculture, hydropower, and daily needs. Its rapid glacier melt due to climate change threatens water security, increasing risks of drought, conflict, and migration in densely populated basins.

Why in news?

The UN declared 2025 as the International Year of Glaciers’ Preservation, denoting the Third Pole’s critical role in global water supplies and the urgent need to address glacier melt caused by climate change.

TRAFFIC-India Seizure Data

TRAFFIC-India, a wildlife trade monitoring network, reported 342 pangolin seizure incidents between 2018 and 2022, involving over 1,200 pangolins and 880 kilograms of pangolin derivatives. Of these, 199 live pangolins were seized across India, averaging about 40 live animals per year. The seizures were concentrated in states like Odisha, Karnataka, and Maharashtra, with Odisha reporting the highest number. The data reflects ongoing illegal trafficking despite legal protections under India’s Wildlife Protection Act and international CITES Appendix I listings. TRAFFIC-India collaborates with WWF-India to analyze trends and support enforcement actions against wildlife smuggling networks.

Why in news?

TRAFFIC-India’s recent analysis marks a resurgence in pangolin smuggling in Telangana and neighboring states, prompting intensified anti-poaching measures and enforcement.

Trichloroethylene (TCE)

Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a volatile organic compound primarily used as an industrial solvent for degreasing metal parts. It has been linked to serious health issues including kidney cancer, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, cardiac defects, and bladder cancer. TCE is a chlorinated hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C2HCl3 and was widely used in adhesives, paints, and cleaning products before stricter regulations. It is persistent in the environment, contaminating soil and groundwater. The EPA has identified 52 of 54 conditions of use as posing an unreasonable risk to human health. TCE exposure can occur through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact.

Why in news?

The EPA introduced new risk management rules banning all uses of TCE to reduce cancer risks under the Toxic Substances Control Act in December 2024.

Triple Dip La Niña

A Triple Dip La Niña is a rare event where La Niña conditions persist for three consecutive years, as occurred from 2020 to 2022. This phenomenon is unusual because ENSO phases typically last 9-12 months. The Triple Dip La Niña influenced global weather patterns, leading to above-normal rainfall in India, droughts in parts of Africa, and intensified Atlantic hurricanes. Such prolonged cooling episodes affect ocean-atmosphere interactions and are linked to shifts in Pacific trade winds. The event is for its duration and impacts on climate variability, complicating seasonal weather forecasting and disaster preparedness.

Why in news?

The early 2020s featured a rare Triple Dip La Niña, affecting global weather patterns and denoting ENSO variability amid climate change concerns.

Trophic Cascades

A trophic cascade is an ecological phenomenon triggered when changes at the top of a food chain cause ripple effects through lower levels, altering ecosystem structure and nutrient cycling. For example, the loss of a top predator can increase prey species, which then overconsume primary producers like kelp or phytoplankton. Marine heatwaves can initiate trophic cascades by killing key habitat-forming species, leading to food shortages and altered species distributions. These cascades can reduce biodiversity and ecosystem resilience, sometimes causing long-term shifts in community composition.

Why in news?

The marine heatwave triggered trophic cascades in Alaskan waters, contributing to the collapse of seabird populations like the common murre.

Tubbataha Reefs

The Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park is a UNESCO World Heritage Site located in the Sulu Sea, Philippines. It covers approximately 97,030 hectares and consists of two atolls and a reef platform. The area hosts over 600 fish species, 360 coral species, and numerous endangered species like sea turtles and sharks. It serves as a critical breeding ground for marine life and supports local fisheries. The reefs are recognized for their pristine condition and high biodiversity. However, they face threats from climate change, illegal fishing, and coral bleaching due to rising ocean temperatures.

Why in news?

The Tubbataha Reefs are brought into light in the UNESCO report as a marine site near or past heat tolerance limits, signaling urgent conservation concerns amid warming oceans.

Turtle Excluder Devices

Turtle Excluder Devices (TEDs) are specialized grid-like attachments fitted inside fishing trawl nets. They allow captured turtles to escape while retaining fish, reducing accidental turtle bycatch. TEDs have been promoted globally as a conservation tool to protect endangered sea turtles from drowning during trawling. Their use is often mandated in fisheries operating in turtle habitats. The design varies but generally includes a metal grid and an escape opening. Compliance and awareness among fishing communities are critical to TED effectiveness in reducing turtle mortality.

Why in news?

Authorities in Visakhapatnam are educating fishermen on the use of turtle excluder devices to reduce accidental deaths of Olive Ridley turtles during the breeding season.

Two-stage biological conversion

The two-stage biological conversion process involves first capturing methane to generate bacterial biomass using methanotrophic bacteria, then utilizing this biomass to convert carbon dioxide into bio-methanol. This method operates under mild conditions without expensive catalysts or toxic by-products. It enhances gas solubility through advanced engineering, increasing methanol yield. The process is energy-efficient and scalable, offering a sustainable approach to transforming greenhouse gases into valuable fuels. It addresses environmental concerns by reducing methane and carbon dioxide while providing renewable energy resources.

Why in news?

IIT Guwahati researchers optimized this two-stage biological process to convert methane and carbon dioxide into bio-methanol, advancing cleaner biofuel technology.

Uige Province Outbreak

The Uige Province outbreak of Marburg Virus Disease in Angola (2004-2005) was one of the largest recorded, with 374 confirmed cases and 329 deaths, resulting in an 88% fatality rate. This outbreak demonstrated the virus’s high lethality and rapid spread in densely populated areas with limited healthcare infrastructure. It prompted increased international focus on filovirus surveillance and response capacity in Africa. The outbreak’s severe impact brought into light the need for improved infection control and accelerated vaccine development, influencing global health policies on hemorrhagic fever preparedness.

Why in news?

The Uige outbreak is referenced as a historical comparison to Rwanda’s 2024 outbreak, which showed a much lower fatality rate and improved response effectiveness.

Ultra-Processed Foods (UPFs)

Ultra-Processed Foods are industrial formulations typically containing five or more ingredients, including additives like artificial sweeteners, colorings, flavor enhancers, and emulsifiers. The concept was formalized in the NOVA food classification system, developed by Brazilian researchers. UPFs often undergo multiple stages of processing and are designed to be hyper-palatable and convenient. Examples include soft drinks, packaged snacks, and ready-to-eat meals. High consumption of UPFs is linked to increased risks of obesity, cardiovascular disease, and other metabolic disorders. Their widespread availability and marketing contribute to their rising intake globally, impacting dietary quality and public health.

Why in news?

The study found that UPFs now constitute over 50% of calorie intake in the U.S., both at home and away from home, denoting their dominance in the American diet.

UltraTech Phosphogypsum Transport

In 2023, UltraTech Cement transported 57,000 metric tonnes of phosphogypsum via inland and coastal waterways from Paradeep port (Odisha) to its Gujarat Cement Works in Amreli. This was India’s first major cargo movement of phosphogypsum by waterways, a by-product of fertilizer production often stockpiled due to disposal challenges. Using waterways reduced road congestion and emissions, aligning with UltraTech’s sustainable supply chain framework. This initiative demonstrated the potential of inland waterways for hazardous or bulky industrial by-products, supporting circular economy goals and risk mitigation in supply chains.

Why in news?

UltraTech’s pioneering inland waterway transport of phosphogypsum was brought into light as a sustainability milestone coinciding with the launch of the Jalvahak scheme incentivizing waterway cargo movement.

Umbratha Village

Umbratha is a village located in the Washim district of Maharashtra. It is part of a rural region known for agriculture, particularly cotton and soybean farming. The village has recently gained attention due to its inclusion in Maharashtra’s solar agriculture electrification projects. Umbratha benefits from government initiatives aimed at improving agricultural infrastructure and sustainable energy use. The village is connected digitally, as evidenced by its participation in video conferencing programs involving state officials. It represents a model for rural solar energy adoption in the region, contributing to Maharashtra’s green energy goals.

Why in news?

Umbratha village was one of the locations where Maharashtra’s Chief Minister inaugurated the Solar Agriculture Feeder Project 2.0, denoting the village’s role in the state’s renewable energy push.

Urban Zika Suitability Index

The Urban Zika Suitability Index is a model assessing the risk of Zika virus outbreaks in urban centers based on mosquito population genetics, climate, and urbanization factors. Developed using data from 59 African cities with populations over one million, it estimates the proportion of human-specialist Aedes aegypti aegypti mosquitoes and environmental suitability for virus transmission. The index integrates temperature thresholds affecting mosquito development and virus replication. It indicates that 39% of these cities are currently suitable for Zika outbreaks, with climate change and rapid urban growth potentially increasing future risk. This tool aids public health planning and vector control strategies.

Why in news?

The index was used in a 2024 study predicting which African urban areas are vulnerable to future Zika outbreaks based on mosquito genetics and environmental conditions.

Vector-Borne Diseases

Vector-borne diseases are illnesses transmitted by vectors such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Common diseases include malaria, dengue, Zika, and Lyme disease. Climate change has expanded the geographic range of these vectors, increasing infection risks. Children are especially vulnerable due to immature immune systems. Malaria caused 597,000 deaths globally in 2023, with 76% among children under five in Africa. Vector control methods include insecticide-treated nets, environmental management, and vaccines. Biodiversity loss can disrupt predator populations that naturally control vectors, potentially increasing disease transmission. About vector ecology is essential for disease prevention and public health strategies.

Why in news?

The warming world has increased exposure of 600 million children to vector-borne diseases, a major concern brought into light in the study linking biodiversity loss and climate change to child health risks.

Vertical Beds

Vertical beds are a hydroponic farming technique where plants are grown in vertically stacked layers, optimizing space and increasing crop yield per unit area. These beds can use nutrient film technique (NFT) or aeroponic systems to deliver nutrients efficiently. Vertical beds are particularly useful in urban and land-scarce regions, allowing farmers to cultivate more produce on smaller footprints. The design improves airflow and light exposure to plants, reducing disease incidence. Vertical farming with these beds can reduce water use by up to 90% compared to traditional farming. This method supports year-round cultivation and can integrate with controlled environment agriculture (CEA) systems.

Why in news?

Tripura’s hydroponic initiative incorporates vertical farming techniques like vertical beds to maximize productivity despite limited land resources.

Vertical Wind Speed (Eddy Diffusion)

Vertical wind speed, also known as eddy diffusion, refers to the upward or downward movement of air parcels in the atmosphere. It plays important role in dispersion of pollutants by transporting particulate matter vertically. When high, it can push pollution layers higher into the atmosphere until they reach an inversion layer, which traps pollutants and prevents further ascent. This phenomenon often results in a visible haze or smog. Vertical wind speed varies with weather conditions and topography, influencing air quality and visibility in urban areas. It is less commonly discussed than horizontal wind speed in pollution studies.

Why in news?

Mumbai experienced high vertical wind speed, causing pollution to be pushed upwards and trapped under an inversion layer, contributing to persistent smog and hazy skies despite moderate ground-level AQI readings.

Voluntary Biodiversity Credit Market

The voluntary biodiversity credit market allows private companies to fund projects that conserve or restore biodiversity, issuing credits representing positive biodiversity outcomes beyond a baseline scenario. Credits are mostly measured by area (hectares), unlike carbon credits measured in tonnes of CO₂. Credit durations vary from one month to several years. Challenges include fungibility due to biodiversity’s complexity, quantification difficulties reducing biodiversity to numeric values, and uncertainties in detecting conservation outcomes. Leakage, where harmful activities shift locations, complicates impact assessments. Despite growth, the market lacks standardized methodologies and robust regulation, limiting its current effectiveness in biodiversity conservation.

Why in news?

A recent review in *Proceedings of the Royal Society B* brought into light methodological and regulatory gaps in the voluntary biodiversity credit market, questioning its effectiveness and raising concerns over its rapid expansion and impact claims.

Waste-to-Energy Plants (WtE)

Waste-to-energy (WtE) plants burn municipal solid waste to generate electricity through steam turbines. These plants reduce landfill volume by 70-80%, producing bottom ash (20-30% of original waste) and fly ash, which contain toxic heavy metals like cadmium and dioxins. Modern WtE plants use technologies such as stoker combustion, oxygen enrichment, and dual burn chambers to minimize emissions. However, improper handling of fly ash leads to air and water pollution. Globally, advanced filtration systems are used to capture pollutants, but many plants in India lack these controls, posing environmental and health risks, especially to nearby marginalized populations.

Why in news?

Delhi’s WtE plants, including Timarpur-Okhla, are major pollution sources with toxic emissions exceeding legal limits, drawing criticism for inadequate environmental safeguards.

Wastewater Reuse in Nagpur

Nagpur city in Maharashtra is a notable example of wastewater reuse in India, supplying treated wastewater to power plants. This reduces the city’s freshwater consumption and supports sustainable industrial operations. The treated wastewater is used for cooling and other processes, helping conserve potable water resources. Nagpur’s approach integrates urban wastewater treatment with industrial water demand, demonstrating a circular water economy model. The city’s policies mandate treated wastewater use by industries, contributing to reduced pollution and enhanced water efficiency. Nagpur’s model is often cited as a practical solution for water-stressed urban centers in India.

Why in news?

Nagpur is brought into light as a regional success story for wastewater reuse, showcasing practical applications in industrial water conservation within Maharashtra.

Wastewater Surveillance

Wastewater surveillance involves testing sewage for biological markers like viruses, bacteria, and chemical compounds to monitor public health. It was widely expanded during the COVID-19 pandemic and has since been applied to detect poliovirus circulation. This method can identify virus presence even when no clinical cases are reported, revealing asymptomatic infections and early outbreak warnings. Poliovirus detection in wastewater has been instrumental in tracking silent transmission, especially in highly vaccinated populations. It provides real-time, community-level data, enabling timely public health responses such as vaccination campaigns and enhanced disease surveillance.

Why in news?

Wastewater surveillance detected poliovirus in Germany, Spain, and Poland in 2024, serving as an early warning system to prevent potential polio outbreaks in Europe.

Water Hyacinth

Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is a free-floating aquatic plant native to the Amazon basin. It is known for rapid growth, doubling its population in two weeks under optimal conditions. It clogs waterways, reduces oxygen levels, and disrupts aquatic ecosystems. Water hyacinth infestations affect fisheries, irrigation, and hydropower generation. It has been introduced worldwide as an ornamental plant but became invasive in many regions. Control methods include mechanical removal, biological agents like weevils, and chemical herbicides. Despite its invasiveness, it is used in wastewater treatment, bioenergy production, and handicrafts in some communities.

Why in news?

The solar-powered harvester patented by ICRISAT targets water hyacinth infestations, providing an affordable and efficient removal solution for rural ponds and waterways.

Western Ghats

The Western Ghats is a mountain range running parallel to the western coast of India, recognized as one of the world’s eight “hottest hotspots” of biological diversity. It spans six states and hosts over 7,400 species of plants and animals, many of which are endemic. The region influences the monsoon weather pattern and contains numerous rivers. It was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2012. The Western Ghats are crucial for water security and have ancient forests dating back over 150 million years. Conservation efforts here balance biodiversity protection with the needs of millions of local people.

Why in news?

Madhav Gadgil’s environmental work in the Western Ghats earned him the UNEP Champions of the Earth Lifetime Achievement award in 2024.

Western Ghats Ecologically Sensitive Zones

The Western Ghats Ecologically Sensitive Zones (ESZ) classification divides the region into ESZ 1, ESZ 2, and ESZ 3, based on environmental sensitivity. ESZ 1 is the most sensitive, where activities like mining, quarrying, thermal power plants, hydropower, and large-scale wind energy projects are banned. This zoning aims to balance conservation with sustainable development. The classification was introduced in the 2011 WGEEP report and refined by subsequent government notifications. It covers about 37% of the Western Ghats, an area of approximately 59,940 square kilometers, recognized for its rich biodiversity and ecological importance.

Why in news?

Recent draft notifications, including one in July 2024, propose formal declaration of these zones, but state-level objections have delayed final approval.

Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel

The Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel (WGEEP), chaired by Madhav Gadgil in 2011, was constituted by the Government of India to assess environmental impacts on the Western Ghats. It recommended declaring the entire Western Ghats an Ecologically Sensitive Area (ESA) and dividing it into three Ecologically Sensitive Zones (ESZ 1, 2, and 3) based on sensitivity. The panel proposed bans on mining, quarrying, new thermal power plants, hydropower, and large-scale wind energy projects in ESZ 1. The report faced opposition from state governments and industries but remains a key document in environmental policy debates in India.

Why in news?

The panel’s recommendations remain central to ongoing efforts to protect the Western Ghats, with new expert groups working to resolve objections and finalize ecological sensitivity notifications.

World Meteorological Organization (WMO)

The World Meteorological Organization is a specialized UN agency established in 1950 to promote international cooperation in meteorology, climatology, hydrology, and related fields. It coordinates global data collection, weather forecasting, and climate monitoring to support disaster risk reduction and sustainable development. The WMO sets standards for weather observations and facilitates early warning systems for extreme weather events. It publishes authoritative climate reports and temperature records. The WMO’s membership includes 193 countries and territories. Recently, the WMO will celebrate its 75th anniversary and intensify efforts to improve climate services and early warnings.

Why in news?

The WMO announced 2024 as the warmest year on record and is planning enhanced climate action and early warning initiatives for its 75th anniversary in 2025.

Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD)

Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) is an industrial wastewater management process aimed at eliminating liquid waste discharge by recycling and reusing all wastewater within the plant. ZLD systems use advanced treatment technologies like reverse osmosis, evaporation, and crystallization to recover clean water and solid waste. Despite being mandated for many industries, especially in sensitive zones like the Hindon basin, compliance is often lacking. Violations of ZLD norms contribute to untreated effluent entering rivers. Effective ZLD implementation reduces environmental pollution but requires high capital investment and operational costs, leading some industries to circumvent regulations.

Why in news?

ZLD is mentioned as industries along the Hindon River claim compliance, yet persistent pollution indicates ongoing violations of these wastewater treatment norms.

History (India / World) & Culture

Aadhi Sarabeshwarar

Aadhi Sarabeshwarar is a form of Lord Shiva believed to have been first installed by King Kulothunga Chola. The deity represents a fierce manifestation, often depicted to pacify Lord Vishnu’s Narasimha avatar. The name “Aadhi” means primordial or original, emphasizing the deity’s ancient and foundational significance in Shaivism. This form is rare and specific to certain temples in Tamil Nadu, symbolizing Shiva’s role as the cosmic protector. The Sarabeshwarar iconography typically combines features of a lion and bird, embodying strength and agility.

Why in news?

The temple’s restoration brought into light the unique presence of Aadhi Sarabeshwarar, reinforcing its historical and religious importance in Tamil Nadu’s temple heritage.

Abathsahayeshwarar Temple

The Abathsahayeshwarar Temple in Thukkatchi, Thanjavur district, is over 1,300 years old and was constructed by Kings Vikrama Chola and Kulothunga Chola. It originally had five prakarams (enclosures). The temple houses shrines for multiple deities including Soundaryanayaki Ambal, Ashtabhuja Durga Parameshwari, Aadhi Sarabeshwarar, and two Bhairavars. The deity Aadhi Sarabeshwarar was first established by Kulothunga Chola. The temple was restored in 2023, including the removal of vegetation and strengthening of structures, with the kumbhabhishekam (consecration) performed after a long gap.

Why in news?

The temple received the UNESCO Award of Distinction2023 for cultural heritage conservation after extensive restoration efforts preserving its original features.

Baiga Tribal Art

Baiga tribal art originates from the Baiga tribe, predominantly found in Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. It features intricate motifs inspired by nature, mythology, and daily life, often painted on walls, floors, and fabrics. The art form uses natural colors derived from plants and minerals. Baiga paintings are characterized by their symbolic representation of tribal beliefs, including fertility, protection, and ancestral spirits. Traditionally, the art was practiced by Baiga women as part of ritualistic ceremonies. The style gained international recognition mainly in the 21st century due to efforts by artists like Jodhaiya Bai, who introduced it to global art platforms.

Why in news?

Jodhaiya Bai, a prominent Baiga tribal artist, passed away in December 2024, bringing attention to this indigenous art form.

Bawan Buti

Bawan Buti is a traditional handloom weaving style from Odisha, characterized by 52 distinct motifs symbolizing various cultural and religious themes. These motifs include animals, flowers, geometric patterns, and mythological figures, each carrying symbolic meanings. The weaving is done on pit looms using cotton or silk yarns, often dyed with natural colors. Bawan Buti saris are known for their intricate designs and fine craftsmanship, requiring high skill levels and patience. The art form is linked to the weaver communities of Odisha and has been preserved through generations, reflecting the region’s rich textile heritage.

Why in news?

Highlighted during the Viraasat Sari Festival 2024 to promote traditional weaving techniques and support handloom artisans from various state of Indias.

Bharatiya Gyan Parampara

Bharatiya Gyan Parampara refers to the traditional Indian knowledge systems encompassing ancient sciences, arts, philosophy, and cultural practices passed down through generations. It includes disciplines like Ayurveda, Yoga, classical music, Sanskrit literature, and Vedic mathematics. These knowledge systems emphasize holistic understanding and sustainable living. The concept integrates spiritual and empirical knowledge, influencing education, health, and environmental practices in India. Efforts have been made to revive and integrate these traditional systems into modern education and governance, denoting their relevance in contemporary challenges such as sustainability and wellness.

Why in news?

Bharatiya Gyan Parampara is a discussion topic at the National Conference, focusing on leveraging traditional knowledge for India’s growth and development.

Kagyed Dance Festival

The Kagyed Dance Festival is an annual Buddhist ritual performed mainly in Sikkim during the 28th and 29th day of the 10th Tibetan lunar month, corresponding to December. It involves masked monks performing ritual dances called Chaam, honoring eight tantric gods and goddesses. The festival symbolizes the victory over negativity and evil spirits. The dancers wear elaborate traditional costumes, including masks representing deities, humans, and animals. The event concludes with the burning of effigies made from flour, wood, and paper. It is believed that witnessing the festival brings good health and fortune.

Why in news?

The Sikkim Chief Minister extended greetings on the occasion of the Kagyed Dance Festival celebrated statewide in December 2024, denoting its cultural and spiritual significance.

National Maritime Heritage Complex

The National Maritime Heritage Complex at Lothal is an ambitious project aimed at preserving and showcasing India’s maritime history. Lothal, located in Gujarat, is home to the world’s oldest manmade dockyard, dating back to the Indus Valley Civilization around 2400 BCE. The complex will feature replicas of ancient ships, maritime artifacts, and interactive exhibits to educate visitors on India’s seafaring legacy. It integrates cultural tourism with heritage conservation and aims to inspire future generations by connecting them with India’s historical role in global maritime trade and navigation. It is supported by multiple ministries including Culture and Tourism.

Why in news?

The National Maritime Heritage Complex at Lothal was brought into light during the India Maritime Heritage Conclave 2024 as a key initiative to preserve and promote India’s maritime legacy and support cultural tourism and education.

National Mission for Manuscripts (NMM)

The National Mission for Manuscripts (NMM) was established in 2003 under India’s 10th Five Year Plan to document, conserve, and promote access to Indian manuscripts. It functions under the Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA) and receives funding from the Ministry of Culture. NMM uses advanced technology for digitization and preservation, including lamination, restoration, and deacidification. It operates through Manuscript Resource Centres (MRCs) and Manuscript Conservation Centres (MCCs) to cover regional and thematic manuscript collections. Digitized manuscripts are accessible online at the pandulipipatala.nic.in portal.

Why in news?

The Union Minister for Culture and Tourism, Shri Gajendra Singh Shekhawat, provided an update on the NMM’s activities and future plans in a Lok Sabha written reply.

National Mission on Cultural Mapping (NMCM)

The NMCM is a government initiative launched by India’s Ministry of Culture to document and catalog the country’s cultural heritage, especially rural traditions. It aims to map the cultures of 6.5 lakh villages, recording geographical, demographic, and cultural data including customs, festivals, and art forms. The mission supports three key programs – Sanskritik Pratibha Khoj, National Cultural Awareness Campaign, and Mera Gaon Meri Dharohar. Its goal is to raise awareness about cultural heritage’s role in development and identity. The NMCM platform connects culture service providers and promotes economic growth through cultural recognition.

Why in news?

The NMCM is brought into light due to its role in preserving and promoting cultural practices like Thongjao’s pottery, with MGMD mapping over 4.5 lakh villages and showcasing rural heritage nationally and globally.

Sanand Nyas Sanstha

Sanand Nyas Sanstha is a cultural organization based in Indore, Madhya Pradesh, focused on promoting Indian classical music and arts. It organizes events, workshops, and festivals to support young and established musicians. The Sanstha was awarded the Raja Mansingh Tomar Samman in 2023, an honor named after the 16th-century Rajput king and patron of the arts, Raja Mansingh Tomar, who was instrumental in developing the Gwalior Gharana style of Indian classical music. The Sanstha plays a key role in preserving and propagating traditional music forms in central India.

Why in news?

Sanand Nyas Sanstha was honored with the Raja Mansingh Tomar Samman during the Tansen Sangeet Samaroh 2024.

Satavahana Dynasty

The Satavahana dynasty ruled parts of central and southern India from approximately the 2nd century BCE to the 3rd century CE. Known for promoting trade and Buddhist art, they issued some of the earliest Indian copper coinage. The Satavahanas were instrumental in bridging northern and southern Indian cultures and played a key role in spreading Prakrit language inscriptions. Their administration included issuing copper plate grants, which recorded land gifts to Brahmins and temples. The dynasty’s involvement in temple construction, including early phases of the Srisailam Temple, marks them as important patrons of religious architecture in the Deccan region.

Why in news?

The recently discovered inscriptions at Srisailam Temple date back to the Satavahana period, providing new evidence of their rule and contributions to temple history.

Shani Shingnapur

Shani Shingnapur is a village in Maharashtra famous for its unique cultural belief that Lord Shani protects the village from theft. Due to this faith, houses traditionally have no doors. The village is a rare example of a community organized around religious trust in divine protection, leading to very low crime rates. Shani Shingnapur attracts tourists and researchers interested in cultural anthropology and religious practices. Its name derives from the Hindu deity Shani, associated with Saturn and justice.

Why in news?

Shani Shingnapur is mentioned as part of the National Mission on Cultural Mapping’s efforts to document and promote unique cultural stories from Indian villages.

Swarnim Bharat Theme

“Swarnim Bharat – Virasat aur Vikas” translates to “Golden India – Heritage and Development.” It is the official theme for the Republic Day 2025 tableaux, symbolizing the blend of India’s rich cultural heritage and its progress in various fields. The theme encourages creative representations that balance tradition with modernization. It was chosen through a transparent selection process involving an expert committee from diverse disciplines such as art, culture, and choreography. This theme reflects India’s vision of a prosperous future while honoring its past, aiming to present a unified narrative to a global audience during the Republic Day parade.

Why in news?

The Ministry of Defence announced “Swarnim Bharat – Virasat aur Vikas” as the theme for the 2025 Republic Day tableaux, denoting heritage and development.

Tanot Mata Temple

The Tanot Mata Temple is located near the India-Pakistan border in Jaisalmer district, Rajasthan. Built in the 18th century, it is dedicated to Tanot Mata, a local deity believed to protect soldiers. The temple gained fame during the 1965 Indo-Pak war when it reportedly survived heavy shelling without damage. It is situated close to the Longewala post, a key battlefield. The temple is a site of annual fairs attracting pilgrims and tourists. The architecture blends Rajasthani and desert styles, and the temple is surrounded by the harsh Thar Desert environment, adding to its unique spiritual and strategic significance.

Why in news?

Rajasthan’s Chief Minister announced a master plan for the phased development and modernization of Tanot Mata Temple to enhance its status as a world-class religious and tourist destination.

Tansen Music Festival

The Tansen Music Festival, also known as Tansen Samaroh, is an annual classical music event held in Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, commemorating the legendary 16th-century musician Tansen, one of the nine jewels in Emperor Akbar’s court. Established in the mid-20th century, it showcases performances of classical ragas, especially those attributed to Tansen like Malhar, Miyan ki Todi, and Darbari Kanhra. The festival attracts eminent artists from across India and promotes Hindustani classical music. It is organized by the Madhya Pradesh Culture Department and is held at the historic Gwalior Fort, emphasizing the city’s rich musical heritage.

Why in news?

The festival marked its 100th celebration with a Guinness World Record for playing 9 musical instruments simultaneously for 9 minutes, involving 536 artists in Gwalior.

Tharangampadi

Tharangampadi, formerly known as Tranquebar, is a small town on the Tamil Nadu coast with historical Danish colonial heritage. It was a Danish settlement from 1620 to 1845 and features the Danish Fort Dansborg, one of India’s oldest European forts. The town is known for its unique blend of Danish and Tamil culture, colonial architecture, and a historic church built in 1718. Tharangampadi’s coastal location makes it vulnerable to erosion and sea-level rise. It is part of the shoreline stretches identified for reformation due to damaged seawalls, reflecting ongoing challenges in preserving its heritage and protecting the local community.

Why in news?

Tharangampadi’s coastal stretch in Mayiladuthurai district was flagged for erosion and requires shoreline reformation in the recent NCCR analysis.

Thongjao Pottery

Thongjao is a village in Manipur renowned as the “Land of Pottery.” It preserves an ancient tradition of pottery-making led by artisans like Neelamani Devi, a Padma Shri awardee. The craft includes utilitarian pots and intricate art pieces, passed down through generations. This pottery tradition is part of India’s cultural heritage and is promoted under the Mera Gaon Meri Dharohar (MGMD) initiative, which supports rural artisans by mapping and showcasing cultural practices. The pottery reflects local customs and techniques unique to the region, contributing to the village’s identity and economy.

Why in news?

Thongjao’s pottery tradition and Neelamani Devi’s contributions are brought into light under the MGMD platform, part of the National Mission on Cultural Mapping to preserve and promote rural cultural heritage.

Thripoonithura Sree Poornathrayeesa Temple

The Thripoonithura Sree Poornathrayeesa Temple is a prominent Hindu temple located in Kochi, Kerala. It is dedicated to Lord Vishnu in the form of Poornathrayeesa. The temple is known for its elaborate annual festival featuring 15 caparisoned elephants, traditional percussion ensembles, and fireworks. The festival is a key cultural event attracting thousands of devotees. The temple architecture blends traditional Kerala style with intricate woodwork and murals. The temple administration is managed by the Cochin Devaswom Board. The temple’s rituals and festivals have historically influenced the religious and cultural fabric of central Kerala.

Why in news?

The temple is central to the controversy over judicial restrictions on the use of elephants during its annual festival, which involves parading 15 elephants in close proximity.

Udayasthamana Pooja

Udayasthamana Pooja is a Hindu ritual involving continuous worship from sunrise (udaya) to sunset (asthamana). It is performed in several temples, especially in Kerala, and is considered a highly devotional practice dedicated to the deity, often involving multiple offerings and ceremonies throughout the day. The ritual is traditionally conducted on auspicious days like Ekadasi and is believed to enhance spiritual sanctity. It was reportedly established by Adi Shankaracharya, a key figure in Hindu philosophy. The pooja requires priestly involvement and is considered essential to temple traditions in certain regions.

Why in news?

The Kerala High Court allowed discontinuation of the Udayasthamana Pooja at Guruvayur temple on Ekadasi due to crowd management, but the Supreme Court is now reviewing this decision after a petition by hereditary priests.

Varmakalai

Varmakalai is a traditional Tamil martial art closely linked to Siddha medicine, emphasizing the knowledge of vital points (Varmam) on the human body. Unlike typical combat arts, Varmakalai integrates healing and therapeutic applications by targeting these points to treat injuries and diseases. Practitioners use precise strikes or pressure to influence the body’s energy flow, aiding recovery from trauma, neurological issues, and musculoskeletal disorders. The art combines physical training with medical knowledge, making it unique among martial arts. It has been preserved through generations in Tamil Nadu and is gaining renewed interest due to its dual combat and healing aspects.

Why in news?

Varmakalai was brought into light during the Guinness World Record mass Varmam therapy event, emphasizing its therapeutic rather than combative role in Siddha medicine.

Science & Technology

Oumuamua

Oumuamua is the first confirmed interstellar object detected passing through our Solar System, discovered by NASA in 2017. Its name means scout in Hawaiian. Unlike typical asteroids or comets, it showed no cometary tail or icy nucleus yet exhibited erratic acceleration, likely due to gas escaping its surface. Its shape and motion defied easy classification, sparking debates about its nature. Oumuamua’s speed and trajectory indicated an origin outside our Solar System. It is estimated to be several hundred meters long and very thin, resembling a cigar or pancake shape. Its discovery opened a new field of interstellar object studies.

Why in news?

Oumuamua is referenced as the first known interstellar visitor, with recent discoveries of similar dark comet objects expanding knowledge of such celestial bodies.

AgriSense and Agri-cone

AgriSense is an IoT system from IIIT-B that uses Agri-cone, a mushroom-shaped soil monitoring device powered by a coin battery, to measure soil moisture, temperature, and gases like CO₂ and ammonia. It helps optimize irrigation and fertilizer use by assessing soil health, detecting excessive fertilizer application through ammonia levels, and advising farmers accordingly. The device currently uses Wi-Fi but plans to incorporate LoRA technology for better range and power efficiency. Future developments include adding a solar surface to make the device self-sustainable. Humidity sensors also track air moisture to prevent plant diseases.

Why in news?

AgriSense is part of IIIT-B’s suite of AgriTech innovations aimed at improving water and fertilizer efficiency and soil health monitoring for Indian farmers.

BharatGen Consortium

The BharatGen Consortium is a collaborative network of premier Indian academic institutions including IIT Bombay, IIIT Hyderabad, IIT Mandi, IIT Kanpur, IIT Hyderabad, IIM Indore, and IIT Madras. This consortium works collectively to develop advanced generative AI models tailored to India’s diverse linguistic and cultural context. It enables resource sharing, joint research, and development of AI tools that support regional languages and dialects. The consortium also partners with government, industry, and startups to apply AI in public administration and social inclusion. It aims to democratize AI access across socio-economic groups, ensuring equitable technological development.

Why in news?

The consortium was mentioned in the context of BharatGen’s collaborative approach to AI development, denoting the integration of top research institutions for inclusive AI in India.

Bilateral Science and Technology Agreements

Bilateral science and technology agreements are formal pacts between two countries to promote cooperation in research, technology exchange, and mobility of scientists. India, for example, has such agreements with 83 countries. These agreements often include joint research centers, student exchanges, and institutional partnerships. They typically do not specify investment amounts but create frameworks for collaboration beyond government institutions. Their success depends on the commitment and capacity of the participating countries. The US-China Agreement, first signed in 1979 and renewed every five years, is considered one of the most successful and comprehensive examples globally.

Why in news?

The US-China Agreement’s extension and amendment in December 2024 exemplify the ongoing importance and challenges of bilateral science and technology agreements in global diplomacy.

BioE3 Biomanufacturing Initiative

The BioE3 biomanufacturing initiative is a government-led program in India aimed at boosting biotechnological manufacturing capabilities. It focuses on integrating bioengineering, bioeconomy, and biomanufacturing to develop sustainable industrial processes. The initiative supports startups, research institutions, and industries to scale bio-based products and technologies. It contributes to India’s goal of achieving a $300 billion bioeconomy by encouraging innovations in agriculture, healthcare, and environment. BioE3 emphasizes climate resilience and sustainable development through biotechnology.

Why in news?

Mentioned by Dr. Jitendra Singh during the Kisan Kavach launch, BioE3 represents India’s broader strategy to advance biotech-driven sustainable agricultural solutions.

Bioequivalence Trials

Bioequivalence trials test whether generic drugs match the safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetic properties of branded drugs. They compare absorption rates, peak concentrations, and overall exposure to ensure therapeutic equivalence. These trials are critical for regulatory approval of generics, allowing cost-effective alternatives without compromising quality. In India, bioequivalence studies have begun for generic semaglutide to prepare for post-patent market entry. The trials involve healthy volunteers or patients and use crossover designs to minimize variability. Successful bioequivalence trials enable wider drug access and affordability, especially for high-demand medications like GLP-1 receptor agonists.

Why in news?

Indian manufacturers are conducting bioequivalence trials for generic semaglutide ahead of patent expiry, aiming to introduce affordable obesity treatments.

Face Adaptive Exposure Control Technology

Face Adaptive Exposure Control Technology is a proprietary imaging innovation designed to optimize camera exposure dynamically for facial recognition applications. It adjusts exposure settings in real-time to handle varying lighting conditions, such as low light or high contrast environments, enhancing image clarity. This technology improves accuracy in facial recognition systems, especially in moving or aerial platforms like drones. It integrates with high-sensitivity CMOS sensors and IR laser illumination to deliver superior image quality. The technology is crucial for maintaining consistent recognition performance across diverse operational scenarios, including night vision and long-range imaging over 500 meters.

Why in news?

This technology is a key component of the drone-based face recognition system developed by C-DOT and Trois Infotech, enabling high-accuracy real-time surveillance.

Hab-1 Analog Habitat

The Hab-1 (Habitat-1) is India’s first analog space habitat developed by ISRO and designed by Aastha Kacha-Jhala of AAKA Space Studio. It simulates confined space conditions for astronaut training in a high-altitude environment in Ladakh. Made with space-grade Teflon and insulated with industrial foam, it includes a dry toilet, kitchenette, workstation, storage, and waste disposal system. The habitat mimics limited space and water availability expected on Moon or Mars missions. It was tested for three weeks at 3,500 meters altitude, with an astronaut monitored for health and psychological effects. Ladakh’s terrain resembles lunar and Martian surfaces.

Why in news?

Hab-1 was recently tested in Ladakh as part of India’s preparation for its first manned space mission, Gaganyaan, and future Moon and Mars missions.

High-Altitude Test (HAT) Facility

The High-Altitude Test (HAT) facility is a specialized ISRO infrastructure used for testing cryogenic engines like the CE20 under conditions simulating high altitudes. It helps avoid flow separation issues that occur at sea level due to low exit pressure in high area ratio nozzles. Flow separation can cause severe vibrations and thermal damage to the nozzle. Testing at HAT involves complex procedures but ensures engine reliability for vacuum ignition and restart capabilities. The facility plays a critical role in flight acceptance testing of upper stage engines for Indian launch vehicles.

Why in news?

The CE20 engine’s sea level test was aimed at reducing dependence on the HAT facility, simplifying acceptance testing of cryogenic engines.

LIDAR Speed Guns

LIDAR speed guns use laser light to measure the speed of moving objects by timing the reflection of laser pulses. The term LIDAR stands for “light detection and ranging.” Unlike radar, LIDAR beams have very low divergence, typically less than 1 degree, allowing precise targeting of individual vehicles. This reduces errors from multiple targets in the beam path, improving accuracy. LIDAR speed guns operate similarly to radar but use light waves instead of radio waves, enabling finer resolution and better performance in dense traffic. They are increasingly favored by law enforcement due to their compact size and precision.

Why in news?

LIDAR speed guns are brought into light as the modern replacement for radar guns in traffic speed enforcement due to their superior accuracy and reduced interference.

Lithium Clay Deposits in Jammu & Kashmir

India’s lithium deposits in Jammu and Kashmir are primarily found in clay formations, totaling an estimated 5.9 million tonnes of lithium resources. Unlike conventional spodumene or brine lithium sources, clay lithium extraction requires advanced and specialized technology for economically viable recovery. Globally, lithium clay extraction is less developed, with only a few pilot projects underway. India currently lacks the necessary technological capabilities and processing infrastructure to exploit these deposits efficiently. These lithium resources are crucial for India’s ambitions in electric vehicle battery manufacturing and energy storage but remain untapped due to technical and investment challenges.

Why in news?

Despite the lithium resources in Jammu and Kashmir, India faces technological and processing challenges, increasing its reliance on Chinese lithium imports.

MASLD (Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease)

MASLD (Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease) is the updated term replacing NAFLD (Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease) to emphasize metabolic dysfunction as the primary cause of fatty liver disease. It is strongly linked to metabolic issues like obesity, type 2 diabetes, and abnormal cholesterol. MASLD affects about 25% of the global population, rising to 50-70% in people with obesity or type 2 diabetes. This name change removes stigma related to alcohol use and shifts focus to metabolic roots, aiding diagnosis and treatment. Early intervention targets weight loss and metabolic control to reduce risks of heart disease, liver failure, and cirrhosis.

Why in news?

The term NAFLD was renamed MASLD to better reflect metabolic causes and improve patient care and diagnosis of fatty liver disease.

National Institute of Indian Medical Heritage (NIIMH)

National Institute of Indian Medical Heritage (NIIMH) is a research institution based in Hyderabad, dedicated to preserving and promoting the historical and scientific study of Indian medical traditions. It functions as a WHO collaborating center for traditional medicine and plays a key role in integrating ancient medical knowledge with modern health systems. NIIMH conducts research, archives manuscripts, and develops educational material on Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha, and other indigenous practices. It also collaborates internationally to support capacity building and standardization of traditional health interventions, contributing to global recognition and scientific validation of Indian medical heritage.

Why in news?

NIIMH will partner with CCRAS to develop a strategic plan for implementing global classifications and capacity building in traditional medicine, as part of the new Ayush Medical Coding initiative.

National Mission on Interdisciplinary Cyber-Physical Systems (NM-ICPS)

NM-ICPS is a government-funded program by India’s Department of Science and Technology promoting research and development in cyber-physical systems that integrate computation, networking, and physical processes. It supports interdisciplinary projects combining hardware, software, and communication technologies for applications in agriculture, healthcare, manufacturing, and smart infrastructure. The mission aims to create indigenous technology solutions to boost innovation and economic growth. It provides funding, infrastructure, and collaboration opportunities to academic institutions and startups. NM-ICPS emphasizes scalable, secure, and sustainable cyber-physical systems addressing real-world challenges with advanced analytics and IoT integration.

Why in news?

NM-ICPS is the funding agency behind IIT Ropar’s AWaDH project, which launched the BLE Gateway system for environmental monitoring and IoT applications.

PSLV Orbital Experimental Module-3 (POEM)

The PSLV Orbital Experimental Module-3 (POEM) is an experimental platform attached to the fourth stage of the PSLV rocket. After primary satellite deployment, the fourth stage was reignited twice to lower its orbit from 650 km to 350 km to conduct scientific experiments. POEM hosts 10 payloads from various ISRO centers and private entities, enabling in-orbit technology demonstrations and experiments in Low Earth Orbit. This approach extends the utility of the spent rocket stage, turning it into an orbital lab for radiation, communication, and technology validation experiments.

Why in news?

ISRO’s PSLV-C58 mission included the POEM experiment, firing the fourth stage twice to carry out multiple payload operations in low Earth orbit.

PSLV-C60

The PSLV-C60 is a variant of the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV), India’s reliable workhorse rocket. It is configured to launch the SpaDeX mission’s two spacecraft simultaneously into low Earth orbit. The vehicle was integrated up to the fourth stage (PS4) at the Propellant Integration Facility before being moved to the launch pad. PSLV-C60 continues the series of PSLV launches that support scientific, commercial, and technology demonstration missions, maintaining a high success rate since its inception in 1993.

Why in news?

PSLV-C60 is the launch vehicle selected for the SpaDeX mission, which is set to launch on December 30, 2024, from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre.

Quantum Satellite

Quantum satellites use principles of quantum mechanics, such as entanglement and quantum key distribution (QKD), to enable ultra-secure communication. They transmit encryption keys that are theoretically immune to hacking because any interception alters the quantum state, revealing eavesdropping attempts. China launched the first quantum satellite, Micius, in 2016, pioneering global quantum communication experiments. India is joining the quantum satellite race to develop a hack-proof communication network, aiming to enhance cybersecurity for governmental and strategic communications. Quantum satellites require precise orbital control and advanced photon detectors to maintain quantum states over long distances.

Why in news?

India is set to join the global quantum satellite race to establish a hack-proof communication network, enhancing national security and technological capability.

Regional Ocean Modelling System (ROMS)

The Regional Ocean Modelling System (ROMS) is a numerical ocean model used globally for simulating ocean currents, temperature, salinity, and waves at high spatial and temporal resolutions. It employs finite difference methods to solve primitive equations of ocean dynamics. ROMS supports data assimilation, allowing integration of satellite and in-situ observations for accurate forecasting. It is widely used in coastal and regional oceanography for applications like search and rescue, fisheries management, and environmental monitoring. ROMS is open-source, developed by an international scientific community, and optimized for high-performance computing platforms.

Why in news?

INCOIS uses ROMS to generate the ocean current models that power the drift simulations in SARAT for enhanced search and rescue accuracy.

Satish Dhawan Space Centre

The Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) is India’s primary space launch facility located in Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh. It operates multiple launch pads and supports PSLV, GSLV, and SSLV rocket launches. SDSC is named after Satish Dhawan, a pioneer of India’s space program. The center features integration and testing facilities, mission control, and telemetry tracking. It is one of the world’s busiest launch sites, supporting both domestic and commercial satellite missions. SDSC’s coastal location allows safe launches over the Bay of Bengal. It plays important role in India’s growing space ambitions and international collaborations.

Why in news?

The Proba-3 mission launched from SDSC on December 5, 2024, using ISRO’s PSLV-C59 rocket to deploy two satellites for artificial solar eclipse experiments.

Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) SHAR

The Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) SHAR is ISRO’s primary rocket launch center located in Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh. It was originally known as Sriharikota Range (SHAR) and renamed in 2002 after Dr. Satish Dhawan, a pioneering Indian space scientist. SDSC SHAR hosts facilities for vehicle assembly, integration, testing, and launching of satellites. It supports launches of PSLV, GSLV, and other launch vehicles. The center is situated on an island between the Bay of Bengal and Pulicat Lake, providing a safe downrange area for launches. It is equipped with multiple launch pads and mission control facilities.

Why in news?

The launch of ISRO’s SpaDeX mission is scheduled from SDSC SHAR, denoting its ongoing role as the hub of India’s space launch operations.

Scandium Nitride (ScN)

Scandium nitride is a semiconductor compound formed by scandium and nitrogen atoms. It crystallizes in a rock-salt structure and exhibits a wide bandgap of about 2.1 eV. ScN is known for its high thermal stability, mechanical hardness, and electrical conductivity. It is less expensive compared to noble metals like gold or silver used in plasmonics. ScN can support plasmonic resonances in the near-infrared region, making it suitable for optoelectronic applications. Its compatibility with flexible substrates and stability under mechanical strain distinguishes it from traditional plasmonic materials. ScN is also explored for thermoelectric and high-power electronic devices.

Why in news?

Scandium nitride films have been developed into flexible plasmonic devices, enabling new scalable and cost-effective near-infrared optoelectronics and sensors.

Science and Heritage Research Initiative (SHRI)

The Science and Heritage Research Initiative (SHRI) is a government program launched by India’s Department of Science and Technology to integrate traditional knowledge with modern science. It focuses on preserving ancient manuscripts, monuments, and cultural heritage using advanced technologies such as non-invasive preservation methods and digitalization. SHRI has undertaken projects like digitizing the Ajanta caves and developing AI-powered tools for heritage conservation. It promotes collaboration between scientific institutions, startups, and artisans to create sustainable livelihood opportunities while preserving cultural heritage. SHRI also supports innovations like herbal healthcare products based on ethnobotanical knowledge and advanced electronic jacquard machines for handloom weaving.

Why in news?

SHRI celebrated its five-year anniversary with the launch of new heritage-tech products and digital initiatives, emphasizing the fusion of traditional knowledge with modern science to support India’s vision for 2047.

Sea Level Test Facility

The Sea Level Test Facility is a unique testing setup developed by ISRO to test cryogenic engines under earth-like atmospheric conditions instead of vacuum. Cryogenic engines typically require high-altitude or vacuum testing to simulate space conditions, but ISRO’s facility uses a Nozzle Protection System to allow full-duration firing at sea level. Traditional high-altitude tests are limited to about 25 seconds, while this method enables testing for the engine’s full 200-300 second burn time. This innovation reduces complexity and cost in engine acceptance testing. It was recently used to test the restart capability of the CE-20 engine.

Why in news?

ISRO successfully tested the CE-20 cryogenic engine restart using its Sea Level Test Facility, which allows full-duration firing at normal atmospheric pressure, overcoming limitations of the high-altitude vacuum test facility.

Short-Wavelength Sunlight

Short-wavelength sunlight refers to the portion of the solar spectrum with wavelengths typically below 500 nanometers, including ultraviolet (UV) and blue light. It carries higher energy photons capable of exciting electrons in photocatalytic materials more effectively than longer wavelengths. Regions closer to the equator or at higher altitudes receive more intense short-wavelength sunlight. This type of light enhances photocatalytic reactions, improving hydrogen production efficiency. However, excessive UV exposure can degrade materials over time. Photocatalysts are often engineered to optimize absorption of short-wavelength light while maintaining durability.

Why in news?

The efficiency of the Japanese photocatalytic hydrogen reactor improves in areas with more short-wavelength sunlight, as explained by researcher Takashi Hisatomi.

Small Modular Reactors (SMRs)

Small Modular Reactors are compact nuclear reactors with capacities typically under 300 MW, designed for modular construction and scalability. SMRs offer enhanced safety features, lower upfront costs, and flexibility in deployment compared to traditional large reactors. They can be manufactured in factories and shipped to sites, reducing construction time. SMRs are promising for remote locations and smaller grids. Despite their potential, SMRs are not yet commercially widespread, with most projects in pilot or early development stages. Their commercial viability is expected to take over a decade, making them a medium- to long-term solution for clean energy expansion.

Why in news?

India and other nations consider SMRs for future clean energy, but COP29 brought into light their current unavailability for near-term emission peaking goals, emphasizing reliance on existing technologies.

Sodium-ion Battery Technology

Sodium-ion batteries use sodium ions as charge carriers instead of lithium, offering a potentially cheaper and more abundant alternative for energy storage. They typically provide lower energy density than lithium-ion but excel in low-temperature performance and safety. Indian Oil Corporation Ltd is leading research on sodium-ion batteries, targeting a driving range of 450 km for electric vehicles. These batteries use materials that are more environmentally friendly and less reliant on scarce resources. Sodium-ion technology could reduce costs and dependence on lithium imports, making it a strategic asset for India’s EV ecosystem.

Why in news?

Sodium-ion batteries are in focus as India explores alternative battery chemistries to complement lithium-ion technology and enhance EV affordability and sustainability.

Solar Corona

The solar corona is the Sun’s outermost atmospheric layer, extending millions of kilometers into space. It is characterized by temperatures exceeding one million degrees Celsius, far hotter than the Sun’s visible surface (photosphere). The corona is the source of the solar wind, a stream of charged particles that influences space weather near Earth. Despite its high temperature, the corona is faint and visible only during solar eclipses or with specialized instruments called coronagraphs. The heating mechanism of the corona remains a subject of scientific research, involving magnetic reconnection and wave heating theories.

Why in news?

Aditya-L1 will carry payloads to study the solar corona’s heating, solar wind acceleration, and coronal mass ejections to better understand solar phenomena affecting space weather.

South India Textile Research Association (SITRA)

SITRA, based in Coimbatore, is a premier textile research institute founded in 1956. It focuses on research, consultancy, and training in textile technology. SITRA conducts extensive testing of fibers, yarns, and fabrics, including physical, chemical, and biological properties. It has been approved as a Medical Device Testing Laboratory by the Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO) for 28 medical textile products and two test methods. SITRA undertakes both in-house and sponsored projects and collaborates with various organizations to advance textile technology, particularly in technical and medical textiles.

Why in news?

SITRA’s recent projects include studies on dyeing and sizing of yarn for handloom sectors and expanding medical textile testing capabilities, discussed at their 2024 technology conference.

Space Docking Experiment (SpaDeX)

SpaDeX is an Indian mission aimed at demonstrating autonomous rendezvous and docking technology between two small satellites, SDX01 (Chaser) and SDX02 (Target), in low-Earth orbit. The mission involves precise maneuvers for docking and undocking, which are more challenging due to the smaller size and mass of the spacecraft. The technology is crucial for future autonomous lunar missions like Chandrayaan-4, where GNSS signals from Earth will be unavailable. SpaDeX uses differential GNSS-based Satellite Positioning System for accurate Position, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) solutions. It is launched aboard the PSLV-C60 rocket from Satish Dhawan Space Centre.

Why in news?

ISRO is launching the SpaDeX mission to test autonomous docking technology in orbit, a critical step for future lunar missions without Earth-based GNSS support.

Space Marathon

The space marathon refers to a full 42.195-kilometer run completed by astronauts aboard the ISS using a treadmill. This activity helps mitigate muscle and bone loss caused by microgravity. Astronaut Sunita Williams ran a space marathon during a previous mission, demonstrating the possibility of endurance exercise in space. The treadmill is equipped with harnesses to keep astronauts grounded while running. Running in space requires special adaptations to counteract the lack of gravity and to monitor physiological responses. Space marathons are rare and symbolize human endurance and adaptation in space environments.

Why in news?

Sunita Williams reportedly continues extensive weight training aboard the ISS and has previously run a space marathon, underscoring her fitness during the extended mission.

SpaceX Crew Dragon

The SpaceX Crew Dragon is a reusable spacecraft developed by SpaceX to ferry astronauts to and from the ISS. It can carry up to seven crew members and features touchscreen controls and an emergency abort system. Crew Dragon launches atop a Falcon 9 rocket and docks autonomously with the ISS. It was the first commercially-built spacecraft to carry astronauts to orbit, debuting in 2020. The spacecraft supports extended missions and includes life support, environmental controls, and advanced safety systems. NASA has used Crew Dragon for multiple missions, including the ongoing Crew-9 and upcoming Crew-10 flights.

Why in news?

NASA announced the SpaceX Crew Dragon spacecraft will launch no earlier than late March 2025 to bring Sunita Williams and other astronauts back to Earth.

SpaDeX Mission

The SpaDeX mission by ISRO aims to develop and demonstrate in-space docking technology using two small spacecraft, SDX01 (Chaser) and SDX02 (Target), each weighing about 220 kg. These spacecraft will be launched simultaneously into a 470 km circular orbit at 55° inclination. The mission is a critical step for India to join the select group of countries with docking capabilities, enabling complex missions such as lunar sample returns and the construction of the Bharatiya Antariksh Station (BAS). The mission utilizes the PSLV-C60 launch vehicle from Satish Dhawan Space Centre.

Why in news?

The SpaDeX mission is scheduled for launch on December 30, 2024, marking milestone for India’s space technology advancement in in-orbit docking and undocking.

SWE-Bench Verified

SWE-Bench Verified is an evaluation benchmark used by OpenAI to measure the reasoning and problem-solving capabilities of AI models. It focuses on software engineering tasks requiring logical reasoning, coding, and debugging skills. The benchmark assigns a percentage score reflecting the model’s proficiency in these areas. OpenAI reported that its o3 model outperformed the o1 model by approximately 23 percentage points on this benchmark. SWE-Bench Verified is notable for providing a standardized, rigorous test environment to compare AI model performance on complex technical challenges.

Why in news?

OpenAI cited SWE-Bench Verified scores to demonstrate the superior reasoning and coding abilities of its new o3 model compared to previous iterations.

Sweep SAR Technique

The Sweep Synthetic Aperture Radar (Sweep SAR) is an advanced radar imaging method used in the Nisar satellite to capture high-resolution Earth surface data. Unlike traditional SAR, Sweep SAR uses a wider bandwidth sweep to improve spatial resolution and reduce noise. It allows for detailed imaging of surface deformations and topographic features by collecting radar echoes over a range of frequencies in a single pass. This technique enhances the ability to detect minute changes in Earth’s surface, even under cloud cover or darkness, making it ideal for continuous environmental monitoring and disaster management.

Why in news?

Sweep SAR is the key technology enabling Nisar’s high-resolution Earth observation capabilities, critical for monitoring natural hazards and climate change effects.

Swift J1727.8-1613

Swift J1727.8-1613 is an X-ray binary system discovered through X-ray observations. It consists of a black hole and a companion star, where the black hole accretes matter from the companion, forming an accretion disk. The system exhibits relativistic polar jets, streams of matter ejected near the speed of light. The black hole formed from the collapse of a massive star after a supernova explosion. The system’s X-ray emissions arise from the corona, a hot plasma around the black hole’s event horizon, heated by friction in the infalling material. It is a key target for studying black hole accretion physics.

Why in news?

Swift J1727.8-1613 was studied by NASA’s IXPE, revealing detailed structures of its accretion disk and corona, improving understanding of black hole environments.

T1 Time in Qubits

T1 time, or relaxation time, measures how long a qubit maintains its quantum state before decaying to its ground state. It is a key indicator of qubit quality and coherence. Longer T1 times allow qubits to perform more operations before losing information. Google’s Willow chip improved T1 times by about five times compared to previous generations, enhancing qubit stability. This improvement contributes to better quantum computation fidelity and error correction performance, making quantum processors more viable for complex tasks.

Why in news?

Willow chip’s engineering advances led to a fivefold increase in qubit T1 times, improving quantum computation reliability.

Technosignatures

Technosignatures are indicators of intelligent extraterrestrial life, including artificial lights, industrial pollutants like nitrogen dioxide, or radio signals. Unlike biosignatures, which signal biological activity, technosignatures suggest advanced civilizations capable of altering their environments or emitting detectable signals. The search for technosignatures complements traditional astrobiology by targeting signs of technology rather than just life. Detection methods include atmospheric analysis for unnatural chemicals and radio astronomy. The concept is central to SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence) efforts and expands the scope of life detection to include civilizations beyond microbial or simple organisms.

Why in news?

Technosignatures were mentioned as part of strategies to find alien civilizations, emphasizing the search for artificial markers in exoplanet atmospheres or signals in late 2024 discussions on extraterrestrial life detection.

Thin-Film Solar Technology

Thin-film solar technology uses layers of photovoltaic material only a few micrometers thick, offering flexibility and lightweight modules compared to traditional crystalline silicon solar cells. It includes materials like cadmium telluride (CdTe) and copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS). Thin-film modules generally have lower efficiency but perform better in low-light conditions and high temperatures. Under the new amendment, thin-film solar modules manufactured in integrated units qualify as compliant with ALMM List-II requirements, encouraging innovation and diversification in India’s solar sector. This technology supports expanding solar applications, including building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV).

Why in news?

The amendment recognizes thin-film solar modules from integrated manufacturing units as compliant with the new ALMM List-II solar cell sourcing requirements starting June 2026.

Tidal Flexing

Tidal flexing is a geological phenomenon where gravitational forces from a large body cause periodic deformation of a smaller orbiting body. On Io, Jupiter’s immense gravity creates strong tidal forces that flex its interior, generating heat through friction. This heat melts parts of Io’s mantle, fueling volcanic activity. Tidal flexing varies with Io’s elliptical orbit, causing continuous internal stress. It is a key process driving geological activity on other moons like Europa and Enceladus. This energy source is distinct from radioactive decay and solar heating, playing important role in shaping the geology of tidally locked moons.

Why in news?

The new study confirms tidal flexing as the primary heat source for Io’s volcanism, explaining the localized magma chambers feeding individual volcanoes.

Toxic Lipids

Toxic lipids in the brain are abnormal lipid molecules produced under pathological conditions, such as cellular stress or inflammation. These lipids can disrupt neuronal membranes, interfere with cell signaling, and induce oxidative stress, contributing to neurodegeneration. In Alzheimer’s disease, microglia produce these toxic lipids, which promote the accumulation of tau protein, exacerbating neuronal damage. Toxic lipid synthesis is linked to stress response pathways activated by misfolded proteins. Blocking these pathways has been shown to reduce toxic lipid levels and protect neurons in experimental models. Toxic lipids differ from normal brain lipids by their structure and harmful biochemical effects on brain cells.

Why in news?

The research discovered that blocking synthesis of toxic lipids in microglia prevents tau accumulation and reverses Alzheimer’s symptoms in mice.

Toxin-Antitoxin (TA) Systems

Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems consist of two components – a toxin that can inhibit cellular processes and an antitoxin that neutralizes the toxin. Found in bacteria and archaea, these systems regulate stress responses, persistence, and survival. In archaea like _Sulfolobus acidocaldarius_, TA systems control protein production during heat stress by releasing toxins that halt translation, enabling cells to enter a dormant state. This dormancy conserves energy and prevents damage from misfolded proteins. TA systems also influence biofilm formation and cellular resilience. The VapBC4 system is a specific TA pair where VapC4 toxin activity is regulated by VapB4 antitoxin degradation under stress.

Why in news?

Researchers uncovered new functions of the VapBC4 TA system in archaea, revealing its role in heat stress survival and biofilm formation.

Trois Infotech

Trois Infotech, founded in 2018 and incubated by Kerala Startup Mission (KSUM), is a deep-tech startup headquartered in Technopark, Trivandrum. It specializes in AI/ML, embedded systems, IoT, smart surveillance, and telecommunications. The company integrates hardware and software to deliver scalable video management and intelligent surveillance solutions. Trois Infotech employs over 150 people and serves markets in India, the Middle East, Africa, and South Asia. Its focus on R&D drives the continuous improvement of smart technologies. The startup is notable for developing drone-based surveillance systems with advanced imaging and real-time AI processing capabilities.

Why in news?

Trois Infotech is partnering with C-DOT to develop state-of-the-art face recognition drone technology, supported by the TTDF program.

Type A H5N Virus

The Type A H5N virus is a subtype of the influenza A virus primarily affecting birds but capable of infecting mammals. It is highly pathogenic and causes severe disease in poultry and wild birds. The virus has been detected in multiple mammal species, including dairy cattle, which is unusual. It spreads through direct contact with infected animals, contaminated environments, and raw animal products like milk. Pasteurization kills the virus in milk. The strain can mutate, potentially increasing its ability to infect humans, but no sustained human-to-human transmission has been documented. It is monitored globally due to pandemic potential.

Why in news?

Type A H5N virus was detected in US dairy cattle for the first time in March 2024, causing a widespread outbreak in California and sporadic human infections, prompting a state of emergency declaration.

U R Rao Satellite Centre (URSC)

The U R Rao Satellite Centre is the primary satellite design, development, and integration center of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), located in Bengaluru. Named after Dr. Udupi Ramachandra Rao, a former ISRO chairman, it was earlier known as the ISRO Satellite Centre (ISAC). Established in 1972, URSC has been responsible for developing communication, remote sensing, and scientific satellites. It played important role in India’s satellite-based missions including INSAT, IRS, and NavIC. The center also develops payloads and satellite bus systems. It collaborates with international space agencies for joint missions and technology sharing.

Why in news?

The Aditya-L1 solar observatory satellite, developed at URSC, has arrived at SDSC-SHAR, Sriharikota, for its upcoming launch in September 2024.

UR Rao Satellite Centre

The UR Rao Satellite Centre (formerly ISRO Satellite Centre) is ISRO’s primary satellite design and development facility located in Bengaluru. It was renamed in honor of Dr. Udupi Ramachandra Rao, a pioneer of India’s space program. The centre is responsible for designing, realizing, and testing satellites across various missions, including communication, remote sensing, and scientific exploration. It played a major role in the SpaDeX mission development. The centre collaborates with other ISRO centers and private partners like Ananth Technologies for satellite integration and testing.

Why in news?

The UR Rao Satellite Centre led the design and realization of the SpaDeX spacecraft, which are set to demonstrate India’s first in-space docking technology.

Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus

Vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs) originate from the weakened live poliovirus used in oral polio vaccines (OPV). When OPV virus circulates in under-immunised populations or immunocompromised individuals for extended periods, it can genetically mutate to regain neurovirulence and cause paralysis. VDPVs are distinct from wild polioviruses but can cause outbreaks similar to natural infections. The inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) cannot cause VDPVs because it contains killed virus particles. VDPVs have been detected in wastewater in countries like Germany, Spain, and Poland, signaling potential silent circulation without reported paralytic cases. Monitoring VDPVs is crucial for polio eradication efforts.

Why in news?

VDPVs were detected in wastewater in Germany, Spain, and Poland in 2024, raising concerns about polio virus circulation in regions declared polio-free and emphasizing the need for vigilance in vaccination programs.

Varmam Therapy

Varmam therapy is a traditional healing technique from the Siddha medical system, focusing on stimulating specific body points called Varmam points. These points regulate the flow of vital energy and are linked to muscles, nerves, and bones. The therapy is non-invasive and drug-free, used to treat neurological disorders, musculoskeletal pain, arthritis, stroke, autism spectrum disorders, and cerebral palsy. It involves gentle pressure or manipulation to restore balance and promote healing. Varmam therapy is closely related to the martial art form Varmakalai, which shares knowledge of vital points but is applied therapeutically rather than combatively.

Why in news?

The National Institute of Siddha set a Guinness World Record by simultaneously providing Varmam therapy to 567 individuals, denoting its therapeutic potential and global recognition.

VERITAS Mission

VERITAS (Venus Emissivity, Radio Science, InSAR, Topography, and Spectroscopy) is a NASA mission planned to launch in the late 2020s to study Venus’s surface and geological history. It will use synthetic aperture radar to generate detailed topographic maps and measure surface deformation, revealing active tectonics and volcanism. VERITAS will analyze surface composition and emissivity to understand Venus’s volcanic and tectonic processes. Its data will complement ESA’s EnVision and NASA’s DAVINCI+ missions, providing a multi-faceted approach to Venus exploration.

Why in news?

VERITAS is mentioned as a partner mission to ESA’s EnVision, collectively aiming to deliver the most detailed study of Venus’s geology and atmosphere to date.

Vertical Hospital Expansion

Vertical expansion in hospitals refers to increasing hospital capacity by constructing taller buildings, exceeding the current 45-metre height limit set by India’s building codes. The proposal suggests raising this limit to 60 metres nationwide to accommodate more beds and advanced medical infrastructure in urban areas with limited land. This allows for high-rise hospitals with multiple floors dedicated to specialized care. Fire safety upgrades and compliance are critical for such expansions. Vertical expansion supports urban healthcare demands and optimizes land use, especially in Tier II and III cities where horizontal expansion is limited.

Why in news?

Healthcare bodies are pushing for regulatory changes to permit hospital buildings up to 60 metres to increase infrastructure and bed capacity.

VERVE-101 Gene Editing

VERVE-101 is an experimental CRISPR-based gene-editing therapy developed by Verve Therapeutics to treat heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HeFH). It targets the PCSK9 gene in the liver to reduce LDL cholesterol by permanently deactivating PCSK9, which regulates LDL receptor production. This one-time infusion aims to lower bad cholesterol levels and reduce cardiovascular disease risk. VERVE-101 represents a pioneering approach to gene editing for chronic disease management beyond rare genetic disorders. Its success could extend to broader atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease populations in the future.

Why in news?

VERVE-101 gained attention in 2024 as a novel gene-editing treatment for familial hypercholesterolemia, illustrating advances in CRISPR therapies for cardiovascular disease.

Volcano Observatory Notice for Aviation (VONA)

The Volcano Observatory Notice for Aviation (VONA) is an official alert system used globally to inform aviation authorities and pilots about volcanic ash emissions. VONA alerts are color-coded (Green, Yellow, Orange, Red) based on eruption severity and ash cloud impact. The system helps prevent ash ingestion by aircraft engines, which can cause engine failure. VONA notices are issued by volcano observatories and coordinated with international aviation organizations. The “Orange” level indicates heightened unrest with potential or ongoing ash emissions that may affect air traffic within a specified radius. It is a critical tool in aviation safety near active volcanoes.

Why in news?

An orange VONA was issued for Mount Semeru’s December 2024 eruption, restricting flights within 5 km of the volcano due to ash plume hazards.

Weakest Rules Concept

The concept of weakest rules in AI refers to identifying the simplest and least specific rules that still achieve the desired outcome. These rules maximize adaptability by avoiding unnecessary assumptions, allowing AI systems to generalize better to new situations. Weakest rules are often expressed in plain language and involve minimal constraints, enabling broader application. This approach contrasts with overly complex or rigid rules, which limit flexibility. The principle is used in pattern recognition tasks like the ARC-AGI test, where AI must deduce the minimal rule set that explains observed examples and predicts new cases.

Why in news?

The o3 AI model’s success on ARC-AGI suggests it effectively finds and applies weakest rules, improving its ability to generalize from limited data and adapt to novel problems.

XPoSat Satellite

XPoSat (X-ray Polarimeter Satellite) is an Indian satellite launched on January 1, 2024, by ISRO’s PSLV-C58 mission. It operates in a 650 km orbit with a 6-degree inclination. XPoSat studies celestial X-ray sources to understand their polarization properties, which helps reveal the geometry and magnetic fields of cosmic objects like neutron stars and black holes. The satellite marks ISRO’s 60th PSLV mission. It has begun generating power and is reported to be in normal health. The mission aims to advance knowledge of high-energy astrophysical phenomena.

Why in news?

ISRO successfully launched XPoSat to expand India’s capabilities in space-based X-ray astronomy and to study the universe’s high-energy sources in 2024.

International Relations & Organizations

Alma Research and Education Center

The Alma Research and Education Center is an Israeli think tank specializing in national security, demographics, and social research related to Israel’s northern border and broader geopolitical issues. It provides in-depth analysis on threats from neighboring countries, including Syria and Lebanon, and focuses on security challenges posed by militant groups. The center is known for its detailed demographic studies, including minority populations like the Druze in the Golan Heights. It frequently advises Israeli policymakers and contributes to public discourse on defense and settlement policies. Alma was founded in the early 2000s and operates independently from the government.

Why in news?

Analyst Avraham Levine from Alma Research provided population figures and security assessments regarding Israel’s plans to expand settlements on the Golan Heights.

Bab-el-Mandeb Strait

The Bab-el-Mandeb Strait is a strategic maritime chokepoint between Yemen on the Arabian Peninsula and the Horn of Africa. It connects the Red Sea to the Gulf of Aden and the Arabian Sea, serving as a critical route for international shipping, especially oil and goods traveling between Asia and Europe via the Suez Canal. The strait is about 20 miles wide at its narrowest point. Houthi control and attacks in the region have raised insurance premiums and forced many vessels to bypass this route, opting for the longer Cape of Good Hope passage. The strait is vital for global energy security and maritime trade.

Why in news?

The Bab-el-Mandeb Strait has become a focal point due to Houthi attacks disrupting shipping lanes amid heightened conflict involving Israel and the Houthis in late 2024.

International Advisory Body for Submarine Cable Resilience (IABSR)

The International Advisory Body for Submarine Cable Resilience (IABSR) is an organization established by the International Telecommunication Union to address the security and resilience of submarine cable networks globally. It includes telecom officials like India’s Neeraj Mittal and focuses on safeguarding cables from physical damage, cyberattacks, and geopolitical risks. IABSR promotes collaboration between nations to ensure stable internet connectivity despite conflicts or disruptions. The body also explores military and policy measures to protect critical undersea infrastructure, which carries over 95% of international data traffic.

Why in news?

India’s Telecom Secretary Neeraj Mittal is part of IABSR, denoting India’s active role in submarine cable security discussions amid recent cable disruptions and growing geopolitical risks.

International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families

The International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1990 and came into force in 2003. It is the only international treaty specifically dedicated to protecting the rights of migrant workers and their families. The convention covers civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights, regardless of migrants’ legal status. It obliges states to respect migrants’ human rights and provides a framework for fair treatment, including protection from exploitation, access to justice, and family reunification rights.

Why in news?

The convention is brought into light during International Migrants Day 2024 to emphasize the protection of migrant workers’ rights and to promote fair migration policies worldwide.

International Migrants Day

International Migrants Day is observed annually on 18 December, established by the United Nations General Assembly in 2000. It coincides with the anniversary of the adoption of the International Convention on Migrant Workers’ Rights. The day aims to raise awareness about migrant issues, including rights, integration challenges, and contributions to host countries. It serves as a platform for governments, civil society, and international organizations to promote inclusive and equitable migration policies. The observance marks the diversity and resilience of migrants worldwide and encourages respect for their dignity and human rights.

Why in news?

International Migrants Day 2024 is being observed with a focus on migrant contributions and rights, reflecting global efforts to improve migration policies and awareness.

QUAD (Quadrilateral Security Dialogue)

The QUAD is a strategic forum comprising Australia, Japan, and the United States, initiated in 2007. It focuses on security and economic cooperation in the Indo-Pacific region. The dialogue was initially dormant but revived in 2017 as a response to China’s increasing assertiveness. QUAD conducts joint military exercises, such as the Malabar naval drills, and coordinates on issues like cybersecurity, infrastructure development, and disaster response. The group is not a formal military alliance but aims to promote a free and open Indo-Pacific. Its members share democratic values and seek to balance China’s influence without direct confrontation.

Why in news?

India is leveraging QUAD to counter China’s growing presence in the Indian Ocean Region and strengthen regional security partnerships in 2024.

Red Sea Crisis

The Red Sea crisis refers to escalating geopolitical tensions and conflicts affecting the Red Sea region, a vital global maritime trade route connecting Europe, Asia, and Africa. It involves military conflicts, piracy threats, and blockades that disrupt shipping lanes and oil transportation. The crisis impacts global supply chains, especially energy and goods exports. Countries bordering the Red Sea, including Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Egypt, and Sudan, are involved in or affected by the instability. The crisis intensified after the outbreak of the Yemen conflict and increased naval confrontations in the region.

Why in news?

The Red Sea crisis is cited as one of the geopolitical disruptions affecting India’s export resilience and global trade in 2024.

Red Sea Maritime Security

The Red Sea is a vital maritime corridor linking the Mediterranean Sea via the Suez Canal to the Indian Ocean, crucial for international trade. It is bordered by countries including Egypt, Sudan, Eritrea, Djibouti, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen. The region has seen increased maritime security challenges, including piracy, armed attacks on commercial vessels, and geopolitical conflicts. International navies, including India’s, conduct operations to protect shipping lanes. The Red Sea’s security is essential for uninterrupted global trade, especially for energy shipments and container traffic passing through the Suez Canal.

Why in news?

Recent attacks on commercial vessels in the Red Sea threaten freedom of navigation, prompting India to enhance maritime security and diplomatic efforts to protect its trade routes.

Sagarmatha Dialogue

The Sagarmatha Dialogue was a proposed Nepalese initiative intended to emulate India’s Raisina Dialogue, aiming to establish Nepal as a regional think tank hub for diplomacy and economic discussions. Named after Sagarmatha (Mount Everest), the dialogue was planned by the K P Sharma Oli government around 2020 but was postponed indefinitely due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It was envisioned to strengthen Nepal’s diplomatic profile and regional cooperation, but the initiative never formally launched, leaving a gap later filled by the Phewa Dialogue.

Why in news?

The Phewa Dialogue was launched partly as a successor to the unrealized Sagarmatha Dialogue, reviving Nepal’s ambition to host a major regional forum.

Sahyog — Hop Tac

Sahyog — Hop Tac is a bilateral maritime cooperation exercise between India and Vietnam, focusing on enhancing interoperability between their naval and coast guard forces. It includes joint drills, search and rescue operations, and information sharing to address maritime security challenges. The exercise aims to strengthen coordination to counter piracy, illegal fishing, and maritime pollution. It also promotes environmental sustainability and regional stability in the Indo-Pacific. The name combines Hindi and Vietnamese words meaning cooperation, reflecting the collaborative spirit. The exercise began in the late 2010s and has grown in scope and complexity over the years.

Why in news?

India and Vietnam are conducting the Sahyog — Hop Tac exercise to improve joint maritime operational capabilities and reinforce bilateral ties amid increasing regional maritime challenges.

South-South Cooperation

South-South cooperation refers to the exchange of resources, technology, and knowledge between developing countries, primarily in the Global South. It aims to promote self-reliance, sustainable development, and mutual benefit without heavy dependence on developed nations. This cooperation covers various sectors including agriculture, health, education, and trade. It was institutionalized by the United Nations in the 1970s and has grown as an alternative development framework. Countries like India and African nations actively engage in South-South cooperation to share expertise and strengthen economic ties. It often involves technical assistance, capacity building, and joint ventures.

Why in news?

India’s aid to Lesotho and broader Africa is guided by South-South cooperation principles, emphasizing development partnership and shared growth.

Southern African Development Community (SADC)

The Southern African Development Community (SADC) is a regional intergovernmental organization established in 1992 to promote economic integration, peace, and security among 16 Southern African countries. SADC coordinates policies on trade, infrastructure, social development, and governance. It also addresses cross-border challenges like human trafficking, organized crime, and migration. SADC operates through a secretariat based in Gaborone, Botswana, and collaborates with international partners to strengthen regional cooperation. The organization supports member states in implementing protocols against trafficking in persons and works on victim protection and law enforcement capacity building.

Why in news?

SADC partnered with UNODC and other agencies to provide data and insights on human trafficking trends in Southern Africa for the 2024 Global Report on Trafficking in Persons.

UN Declaration on Minorities

The UN Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious, and Linguistic Minorities was adopted by the UN General Assembly on 18 December 1992. It is a non-binding resolution that outlines the rights of minorities to enjoy their culture, practice their religion, and use their language freely. The Declaration emphasizes the importance of protecting minorities from discrimination and promoting their participation in public life. It serves as a guiding framework for member states to respect minority rights but lacks enforcement mechanisms. The Declaration is a key document in international human rights law concerning minority protections.

Why in news?

Minorities Rights Day on 18th December 2024 commemorates the adoption of this UN Declaration, with events held in New Delhi denoting minority rights and protection in India.

UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)

The UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) was established in 1997 to assist Member States in combating illicit drugs, crime, and terrorism. It operates in over 150 countries and focuses on issues such as human trafficking, corruption, and cybercrime. UNODC provides legal and technical assistance, policy advice, and capacity-building programs. It manages the Global Report on Trafficking in Persons and runs the World Drug Report. UNODC also supports the implementation of international conventions like the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. Its Executive Director is appointed by the UN Secretary-General for a four-year term.

Why in news?

UNODC served as the secretariat for the negotiations and will continue to support the implementation of the newly adopted UN Convention against Cybercrime.

UN Security Council Abstention

The United States abstained from voting on the UN Security Council resolution authorizing AUSSOM, citing concerns about the long-term financing and sustainability of the mission. Abstention means the US neither supported nor opposed the resolution, which passed with 14 votes in favor. This rare stance marks the complexities of international funding commitments for peacekeeping operations. The US has been a major funder of African Union missions in Somalia but remains cautious about the financial burden and effectiveness of continued troop deployments without solid funding guarantees.

Why in news?

The US abstained from the UN vote authorizing the new AU mission in Somalia, reflecting concerns over the mission’s financial sustainability despite its prior support for AU peacekeepers.

UNDOF (United Nations Disengagement Observer Force)

The United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) was established in 1974 following the Yom Kippur War to monitor the ceasefire and disengagement agreement between Israel and Syria on the Golan Heights. It operates in a buffer zone between the two countries, ensuring compliance with the ceasefire. UNDOF’s mandate is renewed every six months by the UN Security Council. The force comprises military observers and peacekeepers from various countries. Despite the volatile regional situation, UNDOF has maintained relative stability in the area. Its headquarters are in Camp Faouar, Syria.

Why in news?

UNDOF is in the news due to the recent leadership and service of Brigadier General Amitabh Jha, who served as Deputy and acting Force Commander amid complex regional developments post-Assad government fall.

US-PRC Joint Commission

The US-PRC Joint Commission on Scientific and Technological Cooperation governs the Agreement between China and the U.S. on science and technology collaboration. It has co-chairs from both nations and appoints an executive agency from each country to oversee implementation. The Commission manages over 40 sub-agreements covering diverse fields such as agriculture, nuclear fusion, and health. It facilitates researcher mobility, joint research, and institutional cooperation. Established alongside the original 1979 Agreement, it evolved to address emerging challenges like intellectual property rights and researcher safety, ensuring continued collaboration despite geopolitical tensions. It restricts cooperation to basic research and mutual benefit themes.

Why in news?

The Commission’s role was central to the recent five-year renewal and amendment of the US-China science and technology cooperation Agreement in December 2024.

Vaccine Maitri Initiative

Vaccine Maitri is an Government of India initiative launched in early 2021 to provide COVID-19 vaccines to developing countries. It involved the export and donation of millions of vaccine doses to over 90 countries, mainly in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. The initiative aimed to enhance global vaccine equity and strengthen diplomatic ties. India supplied vaccines such as Covishield (AstraZeneca) and Covaxin. Vaccine Maitri also included medical aid and support for pandemic response infrastructure. It played a critical role during the early phases of global vaccine scarcity, especially for low-income nations.

Why in news?

India’s prior medical aid to African countries during the COVID-19 pandemic was part of the Vaccine Maitri initiative, demonstrating ongoing support to the continent.

Social Development & Government Schemes

Agriculture Stack

The Agriculture Stack is a digital public infrastructure initiative in India aimed at transforming the agricultural sector through technology. It integrates data from farmers, markets, weather, and supply chains to provide real-time insights and improve decision-making. The stack supports innovations like precision farming, crop insurance, and financial services tailored to farmers. It builds on the success of India’s digital public goods framework, promoting transparency and efficiency. The Agriculture Stack is expected to enhance farmer livelihoods, increase productivity, and contribute to sustainable agriculture, becoming a key part of India’s strategy to address climate change and water management challenges.

Why in news?

Finance Minister Sitharaman mentioned the Agriculture Stack as important innovation for improving farmers’ livelihoods and addressing climate change during the 2024 Global Economic Policy Forum.

AMRUT Bharat Abhiyan

AMRUT Bharat Abhiyan is a government program focused on the redevelopment and modernization of railway stations across India. It aims to upgrade 1,337 stations to world-class standards by improving amenities, passenger facilities, and infrastructure. The program emphasizes sustainability, accessibility, and enhanced user experience. It includes better waiting areas, digital information systems, clean and green initiatives, and improved last-mile connectivity. The project is part of the broader Amrit Bharat Mission, which seeks to improve urban infrastructure and public services in India’s transport sectors.

Why in news?

The Minister of State for Finance brought into light that 1,337 stations are being redeveloped under the AMRUT Bharat Abhiyan as part of India’s transport infrastructure growth.

Bahishkrit Hitkarini Sabha

Founded by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar in 1924, the Bahishkrit Hitkarini Sabha aimed to promote the welfare of the “Bahishkrit” or ostracized communities, primarily those considered untouchables in India’s caste system. It organized educational programs, social reform activities, and public protests against caste discrimination. The Sabha played a very important role in mobilizing Dalits politically and socially before India’s independence. It also published literature to raise awareness about caste oppression. The organization laid the groundwork for Ambedkar’s later efforts in drafting the Constitution of India and advocating for social justice and equality for marginalized groups.

Why in news?

The Sabha is mentioned as part of Ambedkar’s legacy during debates triggered by Amit Shah’s remarks on Ambedkar in the Indian Parliament in December 2024.

Bru Reang Community

The Bru Reang are a tribal community primarily residing in Tripura, Mizoram, and Assam. Displaced since 1997-1998 due to ethnic violence, over 38,000 members were resettled by the Government of India in Tripura. Their settlements now include 11 villages with infrastructure such as electricity, roads, solar street lights, anganwadi schools, and health centers. Each family was allotted 1200 square feet plots and provided government housing. They receive monthly financial assistance of ₹5000 for 24 months. The community has been integrated with voter lists, ration cards, health cards, and cooperatives to improve employment and social inclusion.

Why in news?

Union Home Minister Amit Shah inaugurated development projects and interacted with the Bru Reang community in Tripura, denoting their resettlement and welfare under the Modi government.

Farmers’ Producer Organizations (FPOs)

Farmers’ Producer Organizations (FPOs) are collective groups of farmers formed to improve production, processing, and marketing of agricultural products. They help small and marginal farmers access inputs, credit, and markets, enhancing bargaining power. FPOs promote the cultivation and marketing of traditional varieties by enabling cluster-based production and value addition. Supported by government schemes, FPOs facilitate formal seed systems and help link farmers to better price realization through collective marketing.

Why in news?

The Ministry of Agriculture brought into light FPOs as a key mechanism to promote traditional agricultural and horticultural varieties at the Multi-Stakeholder Convention.

International Labour Organization Collaboration

The International Labour Organization (ILO) is collaborating with India’s Labour Ministry on a comprehensive study of platform workers. This study assesses worker numbers, business models, financial implications, and social security needs. It aims to inform policy for implementing social security schemes for gig economy workers, a rapidly growing workforce segment worldwide. The ILO has a history of promoting labour standards globally and supports countries in adapting to new labour market realities, including digital platform work, which often lacks formal protections.

Why in news?

A collaborative study with the ILO is underway to assess factors related to platform workers in India, aiding the development of a social security roadmap for this workforce.

National Agriculture Infrastructure Financing Facility (AIF)

The National Agriculture Infrastructure Financing Facility (AIF) is a government-backed loan programme designed to provide affordable financing for agricultural infrastructure and technology adoption. It offers loans with benefits such as a 3% interest subsidy to support farmers and self-help groups in acquiring modern tools like drones. The AIF aims to improve agricultural productivity and sustainability by enabling access to capital for equipment, storage, and processing infrastructure. It plays a critical role in bridging the financial gap for rural entrepreneurs and encourages innovation in farming practices.

Why in news?

AIF is instrumental in the Namo Drone Didi Scheme, providing subsidized loans to rural women’s SHGs to purchase drones and equipment, facilitating technology adoption in Indian agriculture.

National Initiative for Developing and Harnessing Innovations (NIDHI)

NIDHI is a flagship program by the Government of India to nurture innovation and entrepreneurship at the grassroots level. It provides financial support, incubation facilities, and mentorship to startups and innovators. The program encourages technology-driven startups by facilitating seed funding, prototyping support, and market linkage. NIDHI collaborates with academic institutions, incubators, and industry partners to create a robust innovation pipeline. The initiative emphasizes inclusive growth by supporting startups from tier-2 and tier-3 cities. It has played role in promoting sustainable and scalable innovations across sectors like healthcare, agriculture, and energy.

Why in news?

NIDHI was brought into light in the December 2024 Ministry of Commerce & Industry statement as one of the key government initiatives driving India’s startup ecosystem growth.

National Mission on Edible Oils – Oilseeds (NMEO-Oilseeds)

The National Mission on Edible Oils – Oilseeds (NMEO-Oilseeds) was launched on October 3, 2024, with a budget of ₹10,103 crore to increase domestic oilseed production and reduce import dependency. The mission runs from 2024 to 2031 and promotes high-yielding varieties, improved agronomic practices, and better post-harvest infrastructure. It supports farmers with subsidies, training, and market linkages. Major oilseed crops targeted include mustard, groundnut, soybean, and sunflower. The mission also encourages crop diversification and sustainable farming to enhance oilseed productivity and self-sufficiency in edible oils.

Why in news?

The NMEO-Oilseeds was recently launched by the Government of India as part of its agricultural reforms to boost edible oil production and reduce imports.

National Rainfed Area Authority (NRAA)

The National Rainfed Area Authority (NRAA) was established under the Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare to focus on the development of rainfed agricultural areas in India. It analyzes investment patterns of states in rainfed zones, which cover nearly 50% of India’s land and support about 61% of farmers. NRAA promotes increased state investments to address the vulnerability and underfunding of these areas. It collaborates with networks like RRAN and WASSAN to support sustainable rainfed agriculture through policy advocacy, capacity building, and stakeholder consultations.

Why in news?

NRAA organized a Multi-Stakeholder Convention in New Delhi to promote traditional varieties and discuss investment needs for rainfed agriculture in India.

PM POSHAN Scheme

The PM POSHAN (Pradhan Mantri Poshan Shakti Nirman) Scheme is a flagship Government of India program aimed at providing one hot cooked meal daily to students in government and government-aided schools from Balvatika to Class VIII. It covers over 11.70 crore students across approximately 10.24 lakh schools. The scheme includes provision of pulses, vegetables, and oil in fixed quantities per student. Foodgrains are supplied by the Food Corporation of India (FCI), with the Centre bearing 100% of the foodgrain and transportation costs. Nutritional standards and costs are periodically revised based on inflation indices.

Why in news?

The Centre announced it will bear an additional ₹425.62 crore cost in FY 2024-25 due to inflation in food material costs under PM POSHAN, revising per meal material costs effective December 1, 2024.

PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana

The PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana was launched on February 15, 2024, aiming to provide rooftop solar power to one crore households by March 2027. The scheme targets installing 40 lakh rooftop solar systems by March 2026. It offers a subsidy of up to 40% and collateral-free loans at approximately 7% interest for residential rooftop solar systems up to 3 kW capacity. The program aims to add 30 GW of solar capacity and save the government ₹75,000 crore annually in electricity costs. It is expected to reduce CO2 emissions by 720 million tonnes over 25 years.

Why in news?

The scheme has completed over 6.79 lakh rooftop solar installations by December 2024, making it the world’s largest domestic rooftop solar program, with Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Uttar Pradesh leading installations.

Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana

Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana (PMJJBY) is a government-backed life insurance scheme launched in 2015. It offers a life cover of ₹2 lakh at an annual premium of ₹330, automatically debited from the subscriber’s bank account. The scheme targets people aged 18-50 years with bank accounts and aims at increasing life insurance penetration among low-income groups. PMJJBY is linked to Aadhaar and bank accounts for seamless enrollment and claim processing. It operates on a one-year renewable basis and is administered by the Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) and other private insurers.

Why in news?

The scheme is integrated into the TCS Financial Inclusion Gateway Solution for streamlined enrollment and servicing of customers via Bank of Baroda’s network.

Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samriddhi Kendra (PMKSK)

PMKSK is a government initiative aimed at providing farmers access to affordable agricultural inputs, including fertilisers. It functions through cooperative societies and local distribution centers to ensure timely availability. However, stock shortages and supply chain disruptions have led to frequent unavailability of key fertilisers like DAP. Farmers often face long queues and pay premiums above fixed prices due to limited stocks. PMKSK also promotes awareness of alternative fertilisers and modern farming techniques. The scheme is part of broader efforts to reduce farmers’ input costs and improve productivity by streamlining input distribution.

Why in news?

Farmers in Punjab and Haryana reported PMKSK centers running out of DAP stock amid the ongoing fertiliser shortage and price inflation, causing distress during the rabi crop season.

Pradhan Mantri Laghu Vyapari Maan-Dhan Yojana

This pension scheme targets small traders and retail workers in the unorganised sector, providing old age protection through monthly contributions. It offers a fixed pension after retirement, similar in structure to PM-SMY. The scheme was launched to cover self-employed micro-entrepreneurs who lack formal social security. It is proposed to be merged with PM-SMY and the Atal Pension Yojana to streamline benefits and administration. Entry age and contribution norms differ slightly to suit the trader community’s income patterns.

Why in news?

The scheme is under consideration for merger with PM-SMY and APY to improve efficiency and coverage of pension benefits for informal sector workers, as suggested by the Indian Institute of Public Administration.

PRASAD Scheme

The PRASAD (Pilgrimage Rejuvenation and Spiritual, Heritage Augmentation Drive) Scheme was launched by the Government of India in 2015 to develop and beautify pilgrimage sites sustainably. It aims to improve infrastructure, sanitation, and accessibility at religious destinations while preserving their cultural and spiritual significance. PRASAD focuses on eco-friendly development, promoting local economies by involving communities and enhancing tourist experiences. The scheme integrates modern amenities with heritage conservation, ensuring minimal environmental impact. It also encourages the use of renewable energy and waste management practices at pilgrimage centers. PRASAD has supported projects across major pilgrimage sites like Varanasi, Ajmer, and Dwarka.

Why in news?

PRASAD is cited as a government effort to promote sustainable development of pilgrimage tourism in India, addressing environmental and cultural concerns in 2024.

Prime Minister Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY)

Prime Minister Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) is an Government of India crop insurance scheme launched in 2016 to provide financial support to farmers in case of crop failure due to natural calamities, pests, or diseases. It offers uniform premium rates of 2% for Kharif crops, 1.5% for Rabi crops, and 5% for commercial and horticultural crops. The scheme covers pre-sowing and post-harvest losses. PMFBY uses technology like remote sensing and drones for crop damage assessment. It aims to stabilize farmers’ income and encourage investment in agriculture. The scheme is implemented by insurance companies regulated by the Agriculture Insurance Company of India.

Why in news?

DCB Bank promotes PMFBY among farmers by sending awareness SMS and facilitating insurance claim settlements.

Prime Minister’s Internship Scheme

The Prime Minister’s Internship Scheme was launched in 2024 to provide internship opportunities to one crore youth over five years in the top 500 companies in India. Interns receive a financial assistance of ₹5,000 per month, with ₹4,500 funded by the Union government and ₹500 by companies from their CSR funds. A one-time grant of ₹6,000 is given for incidentals. The pilot project started on October 3, 2024, aiming to offer 1.25 lakh internships in 2024-25. Registration and KYC processing is done through an official online portal.

Why in news?

The pilot phase received 6.21 lakh applications against 1.27 lakh vacancies, with the selection process ongoing as of December 2024.

Samagra Vedika

Samagra Vedika is a comprehensive digital platform used by the Telangana government to integrate data from various social welfare schemes. It consolidates beneficiary information across sectors like health, education, and social security to enable efficient delivery of services. The platform supports data-driven governance but has raised privacy concerns due to its extensive database accessible by law enforcement agencies. Samagra Vedika’s data integration includes biometric and demographic details, which can be cross-referenced with police databases. It operates under the Telangana government’s Digital Telangana initiative, aiming to enhance transparency and reduce fraud in welfare distribution.

Why in news?

The Telangana Police data breach exposed access to Samagra Vedika databases, denoting concerns about police use of welfare data for surveillance without adequate safeguards.

SAMRIDH Scheme

The Startup Accelerator of MeitY for Product Innovation, Development, and Growth (SAMRIDH) is a government scheme launched in 2021 to support software product startups in India. It has an allocated budget of Rs 99 crore, aiming to assist 300 startups over four years. SAMRIDH provides funding of up to ₹40 lakh per startup through accredited accelerators, enabling them to scale operations and improve product-market fit. The scheme also offers mentoring, market access, and networking opportunities. SAMRIDH focuses on promoting innovation in software products and strengthening India’s position in the global tech landscape by encouraging early-stage product development.

Why in news?

SAMRIDH was mentioned in the Ministry of Commerce & Industry’s December 2024 report on government initiatives supporting the startup ecosystem.

Samyukta Kisan Morcha

The Samyukta Kisan Morcha (SKM) is a non-political coalition of various farmers’ unions in India, formed in 2020 to coordinate protests against agricultural reforms. It played a very important role in the 2020-2021 farmers’ protests, advocating for the legal guarantee of Minimum Support Price (MSP) and repeal of farm laws. SKM operates through consensus among member unions, representing diverse regional and crop-specific interests. It emphasizes peaceful protests and dialogue with the government. Unlike individual unions, SKM’s strength lies in its collective bargaining power across multiple states, particularly Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh. It continues to influence agricultural policy debates.

Why in news?

SKM is mentioned due to ongoing farmers’ protests at Punjab-Haryana borders demanding a legal guarantee of MSP, which the parliamentary committee report addresses.

Samyukta Kisan Morcha (SKM)

The Samyukta Kisan Morcha (SKM) is a coalition of over 100 farmers’ unions across India, coordinating collective action and protests. It played a key role in the 2020-2021 farmers’ protests against agricultural laws. Jagjit Singh Dallewal, a 70-year-old farmer leader and prostate cancer patient, is the SKM coordinator. SKM demands include making the Minimum Support Price (MSP) a legal guarantee and implementing the Swaminathan Commission’s recommendations on crop pricing. The SKM organizes hunger strikes, rallies, and negotiations with governments to advocate farmers’ rights and agricultural reforms.

Why in news?

Jagjit Singh Dallewal, SKM coordinator, is on a hunger strike in 2024 demanding MSP legal guarantees and implementation of the Swaminathan Commission report.

Sanjeevani Yojana

The Sanjeevani Yojana is a Delhi government health scheme providing free medical care to citizens aged 60 and above, without income restrictions. It extends the existing surgery referral scheme, allowing patients direct access to private hospitals empanelled by the government without prior referral from government hospital doctors. Over 12,000 people benefited from the surgery referral scheme between 2022-24. Currently, 81 hospitals are empanelled, excluding major chains like Max Healthcare, Fortis, and Apollo. The scheme aims to cover all treatment costs for elderly patients in both government and private hospitals, removing financial barriers for senior citizens.

Why in news?

The Sanjeevani Yojana was announced by AAP chief Arvind Kejriwal in December 2024 as a free healthcare initiative for Delhi’s elderly population, countering BJP’s criticism over neglecting senior citizens and the Centre’s Ayushman Bharat scheme.

Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers Act, 2006

The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006, recognizes the rights of forest-dwelling communities over land and resources traditionally used by them. It empowers these communities to manage and conserve forest areas, including sacred groves. The Act aims to correct historical injustices by giving legal authority to indigenous people to protect their habitats. It promotes sustainable forest management by involving local custodians in decision-making and regulation of harmful activities. The Act is a key legal instrument for community-based conservation in India.

Why in news?

The Supreme Court recommended empowering traditional communities under this Act to act as custodians of sacred groves, ensuring their legal protection and sustainable conservation.

Snakebite Notifiable Disease

A notifiable disease is one that must be reported to government authorities to enable public health monitoring and response. Snakebites are being proposed as notifiable in India to improve surveillance and data collection. This classification is usually reserved for diseases causing outbreaks or mortality. Making snakebites notifiable will help identify high-risk areas, allocate antivenom supplies, and train healthcare workers. Notifiable diseases vary by state but commonly include tuberculosis, malaria, and cholera. Snakebite notification aims to reduce the estimated 58,000 annual deaths by enabling better prevention and management strategies.

Why in news?

The Union Health Ministry has urged states to declare snakebites a notifiable disease to strengthen surveillance and reduce mortality through the National Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Snakebite Envenoming (NAPSE).

South Indian Education Society (SIES)

The South Indian Education Society (SIES) was established in 1932 in Mumbai to promote education among South Indian communities. It operates numerous educational institutions including schools, colleges, and professional institutes. SIES is known for blending traditional values with modern education. It has played important role in nurturing cultural identity and academic excellence among South Indians in Maharashtra. The society organizes cultural events and awards recognizing contributions in education, arts, and public leadership. Its long-standing presence marks it as one of India’s oldest educational societies dedicated to community upliftment through education.

Why in news?

SIES awarded the Sri Chandrasekarendra Saraswathi National Eminence Award for Public Leadership to External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar in 2024.

Special Accelerated Road Development Programme for the North-East (SARDP-NE)

The Special Accelerated Road Development Programme for the North-East (SARDP-NE) is a government initiative focused on improving road connectivity in India’s North-Eastern states. Launched in the early 2000s, it aims to develop over 5,468 km of roads with an allocated budget exceeding ₹63,542 crore. The program targets strategic and economic integration of this geographically challenging region. By December 2024, about 67% of the road projects under SARDP-NE have been completed. The initiative also supports national security by improving access to border areas and facilitating socio-economic development in remote locations.

Why in news?

SARDP-NE has recently been brought into light due to the completion of 67% of its road projects and an allocation of ₹63,542 crore for 5,468 km of roads in 2024, emphasizing infrastructure growth in India’s North-East.

Special Assistance to States for Capital Investment (SASCI)

The Special Assistance to States for Capital Investment (SASCI) scheme provides long-term, interest-free loans to state of Indias to fund capital-intensive tourism infrastructure projects. It supports large-scale investments to improve facilities and connectivity, encouraging tourism growth. By 2024, 40 projects across 23 states were approved with INR 3,295.76 crore allocated. SASCI aims to complement other schemes by addressing funding gaps at the state level, facilitating sustainable tourism development and economic growth through enhanced infrastructure.

Why in news?

The Union government approved 40 SASCI projects with budget allocation to boost tourism infrastructure across multiple states.

Standing Committee on Agriculture

The Standing Committee on Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Food Processing is a parliamentary panel in India tasked with examining policies, programs, and issues related to agriculture and allied sectors. It reviews government reports, budgets, and legislation to suggest improvements. The committee consists of members from both houses of Parliament and operates under the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha. It plays a key role in shaping agricultural policies by providing recommendations to the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare. The committee meets regularly to assess the impact of schemes and identify challenges faced by farmers and farm laborers.

Why in news?

The committee released a report denoting rising farmer expenses outpacing income growth, recommending renaming the agriculture department and establishing a commission for minimum living wages for farm laborers.

Swasthya Sathi Scheme

The Swasthya Sathi scheme is a government health insurance program launched by West Bengal to provide secondary and tertiary healthcare coverage to its residents. It allows beneficiaries to access private hospitals using government funds to reduce the burden on public hospitals. The scheme targets families below the poverty line and aims to cover over 8 crore people. Despite its intent, the scheme faces criticism due to the high number of C-sections in public hospitals, suggesting adequate public healthcare supply and questioning the necessity of private hospital coverage. It is funded through state budget allocations and aims to reduce out-of-pocket expenses.

Why in news?

West Bengal’s high C-section rates in public hospitals question the relevance of the Swasthya Sathi scheme, which was designed to compensate for insufficient government hospital supply.

Thrust Scheme

The Thrust Scheme is a Tamil Nadu government initiative providing financial assistance to MSMEs involved in sustainable manufacturing. It offers a capital subsidy of 25% or up to ₹1.5 crore to eligible enterprises producing any of 26 identified sustainable products. The scheme includes subsidies for expansion or diversion of activities into thrust sectors. It covers products like recycled polyester fabrics, biodegradable packing, and wooden toys. MSMEs in all areas can avail benefits, unlike other schemes limited to backward regions. The scheme aims to boost investments in garment and technical textile sectors by encouraging sustainable manufacturing practices.

Why in news?

The Tamil Nadu government extended the Thrust Scheme benefits to include new sustainable products and expanded eligibility for MSMEs across all locations.

Tribal Natural Harvests

Tribal Natural Harvests refers to the collection and use of forest and natural products by tribal communities for livelihood and craft. These include medicinal plants, honey, bamboo, fruits, and resins, often used in artisanal products. Sustainable harvesting techniques are traditionally practiced to preserve biodiversity. Tribal natural harvests support economic independence and cultural heritage. Government schemes promote value addition and market access for these products. The integration of tribal natural harvests into formal schemes like Kalaignar Kaivinai Thittam aims to enhance income and preserve traditional knowledge among tribal artisans.

Why in news?

Tribal natural harvests have been included as one of the 25 trades under the Kalaignar Kaivinai Thittam, denoting government focus on tribal livelihoods and traditional crafts.

Triple Burden of Malnutrition

The triple burden of malnutrition refers to the coexistence of undernutrition, micronutrient deficiencies, and overweight/obesity within populations. It marks the complexity of malnutrition challenges, especially in middle-income countries. Undernutrition includes wasting, stunting, and underweight; micronutrient deficiencies involve lack of vitamins and minerals like iron causing anemia; overweight and obesity increase risks of chronic diseases. The triple burden often affects different groups simultaneously, such as children suffering from stunting while adults face obesity. Addressing it requires integrated policies targeting food security, dietary quality, and health systems. The concept has gained prominence in global nutrition discourse since the 2010s.

Why in news?

The 2024 UN report on the Arab region emphasized the triple burden of malnutrition as a major ongoing challenge affecting food security and health outcomes.

UDAN Scheme

UDAN (Ude Desh ka Aam Naagrik) is India’s regional air connectivity scheme launched in 2016 to make air travel affordable and widespread. It subsidizes flights to underserved and unserved airports to boost regional connectivity. The scheme has facilitated the operation of over 500 routes and connected more than 70 airports. UDAN uses a market-based mechanism to select airlines and routes, with a focus on enhancing economic development in remote regions. It also promotes the use of smaller aircraft and supports infrastructure development at regional airports. The scheme is very important in increasing domestic air travel accessibility across India.

Why in news?

UDAN is marking its 8th anniversary alongside the airport’s centenary, with new initiatives like the Udaan Yatri Cafe targeting passengers traveling via this scheme.

UDAY Scheme

The UDAY (Ujwal DISCOM Assurance Yojana) scheme was launched in 2015 to improve the financial health of India’s power distribution companies (DISCOMs). It aims to reduce their debt burden by facilitating state governments to take over 75% of DISCOM debt. The program encourages operational efficiency, loss reduction, and improved billing and collection practices. UDAY also promotes renewable energy integration and smart grid technologies. By improving DISCOMs’ financial viability, UDAY supports reliable power supply, which indirectly benefits energy-intensive sectors like base metal manufacturing. The scheme has helped states reduce interest costs and improve power sector sustainability.

Why in news?

UDAY is mentioned as part of supportive government policies that provide cost-effective energy tariffs, giving India’s base metal industry a competitive edge.

Ude Desh Ka Aam Nagrik (UDAN)

UDAN is an Government of India regional connectivity scheme launched in 2017 to make air travel affordable and widespread, especially in underserved and remote areas. It subsidizes airline operations on regional routes through a bidding process, aiming to enhance economic development and improve accessibility. The scheme promotes the use of smaller airports and supports the growth of regional aviation infrastructure. UDAN has helped increase the number of operational airports in India from 70 in 2014 to over 140 by 2024. It emphasizes connecting rural and tier-2 cities to major metropolitan hubs, reducing travel time and boosting local economies.

Why in news?

UDAN was mentioned as part of India’s efforts to expand airport capacity and improve connectivity, which impacts aviation emissions and infrastructure development.

Udyan Registration

Udyan Registration is a mandatory certification for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Tamil Nadu to avail government subsidies and benefits. It verifies the legitimacy and operational status of the enterprise. The registration process involves submitting business details to the local District Industries Centre (DIC). It is essential for MSMEs to be recognized under this system to qualify for capital subsidies under schemes like the Thrust Scheme. Udyan Registration also helps in maintaining a database of MSMEs, facilitating targeted policy implementation and financial aid distribution. It is not to be confused with national-level MSME registration.

Why in news?

Udyan Registration is crucial for MSMEs to qualify for the 25% capital subsidy under Tamil Nadu’s Thrust Scheme for sustainable product manufacturers.

UHC Service Coverage Index (SCI)

The UHC Service Coverage Index (SCI) is a composite metric developed by WHO to evaluate access to essential health services globally. It ranges from 0 to 100, reflecting coverage of reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health, infectious diseases, non-communicable diseases, and service capacity. The SCI increased from 45 in 2000 to 68 in 2021, but progress has plateaued since 2015. It is used by policymakers to identify gaps and prioritize health system strengthening. The index integrates multiple indicators, making it a comprehensive tool for monitoring UHC progress.

Why in news?

Recent WHO data released on UHC progress shows stagnation in SCI improvement, signaling challenges in expanding health service coverage globally.

Universal Health Coverage (UHC)

Universal Health Coverage (UHC) ensures all individuals receive necessary health services without financial hardship. It encompasses preventive, promotive, curative, rehabilitative, and palliative care. The UHC service coverage index (SCI) measures access to essential health services, rising globally from 45 in 2000 to 68 in 2021. Despite progress, about 4.5 billion people lack full coverage as of 2021. Financial hardship due to healthcare costs affected 2 billion people in 2019, with 1 billion facing catastrophic expenses. UHC is key to achieving Sustainable Development Goal 3 on health and well-being.

Why in news?

International Universal Health Coverage Day on 12 December 2024 marks ongoing efforts and challenges in achieving equitable access to quality healthcare worldwide.

Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP)

The Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP) is one of the largest public health initiatives in India, launched in 1985. It provides free vaccines against 12 vaccine-preventable diseases including tuberculosis, diphtheria, pertussis, hepatitis B, haemophilus influenzae type b, tetanus, poliomyelitis, measles, rubella, rotavirus, pneumococcal disease, and Japanese encephalitis (in 14 endemic districts). UIP covers approximately 2 crore children annually and around 2 crore pregnant women across India. The program is implemented by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and follows the World Health Organization’s immunization schedule guidelines. Vaccine supply, cold chain management, and monitoring are key components of UIP.

Why in news?

Tamil Nadu has requested the Government of India to add the mumps vaccine to the UIP due to rising mumps cases, aiming for routine immunization coverage of Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) vaccine in the state.

Universal Services Obligation Fund (USOF)

The Universal Services Obligation Fund (USOF) was established by the Government of India in 2002 to provide widespread telecom services in rural and remote areas. Funded primarily through a levy on telecom operators’ revenues, USOF aims to bridge the digital divide. As of 2024, it holds an unused corpus of approximately ₹83,468 crore. The fund supports infrastructure development, including rural telephony and internet access projects. It is managed by the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) and has been very important in expanding connectivity in underserved regions. USOF’s corpus has grown but remains underutilized for emerging technology investments.

Why in news?

USOF’s large unused corpus is being considered as a potential source of initial funding to drive 6G research and development in India, addressing the country’s current funding shortfall in telecom R&D.

Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LEDs for All (UJALA)

UJALA is a government program launched on January 5, 2015, to promote energy-efficient LED lighting in India. It distributes LED bulbs, tube lights, and fans at affordable prices to replace conventional lighting. By March 2024, EESL had distributed 36.87 crore LED bulbs and 72 lakh LED tube lights under UJALA. Private industry sales added approximately 382 crore LED bulbs and 151 crore tube lights. The program has resulted in annual energy savings of about 176.2 billion kWh and a reduction of 125 million tons of CO2 emissions, saving consumers an estimated INR 70,477 crore yearly on electricity bills.

Why in news?

UJALA’s achievements were brought into light in the 2023-24 Ministry of Power report and during National Energy Conservation Day 2024 as a major contributor to India’s energy efficiency goals.

Unspent Balances in MGNREGA

Unspent balances in MGNREGA refer to allocated funds that remain unused at the end of a financial year. These can result from delayed fund transfers, administrative bottlenecks, or lower-than-anticipated demand for work. Unspent funds affect the effective implementation of rural employment schemes. For example, ₹6,545.87 crore remained unspent in 2021-22, reducing to ₹1,110.02 crore in 2023-24. The Ministry attributes some delays to fund release timing, especially in the terminal month, and technical issues in fund transfer orders. States are urged to utilize allocated funds promptly to avoid accumulation of unspent balances.

Why in news?

The December 2024 report brought into light large unspent balances in Bihar, Karnataka, Assam, and Kerala under MGNREGA, raising concerns about fund utilization and implementation efficiency.

Vaishno Devi Trek Mazdoor Union

The Vaishno Devi Trek Mazdoor Union represents laborers involved in the traditional pilgrimage route to the shrine, including pony operators, porters (pithus), and other manual workers. It advocates for the rights and livelihoods of over 60,000 families dependent on pilgrimage-related activities. The union opposes modernization efforts like the ropeway, fearing displacement and loss of income. It organizes protests and shutdowns to pressurize authorities. The union is led by Bhupinder Singh Jamwal, who actively voices concerns about the socio-economic impact on local communities reliant on the yatra economy.

Why in news?

The union led protests against the ropeway project, claiming it threatens the livelihood of thousands dependent on the pilgrimage route.

Velip Tribe

The Velip are an indigenous tribe residing mainly in Goa’s coastal and forested regions. Recognized as a Scheduled Tribe since 2003, they have a population of around 20,000 in Goa. The Velip speak Konkani and have traditional livelihoods based on fishing, farming, and forest produce gathering. Their social structure includes clan-based units and unique rituals related to nature worship. The tribe has faced challenges due to urbanization and loss of forest lands but retains distinct cultural practices such as the annual Velip festival. Their ST status grants them political reservations and access to welfare programs.

Why in news?

Velip was added to the ST list in Goa in 2003, contributing to the rise in ST population figures cited in the 2024 Bill for Assembly representation.

Vibrant Village Programme

The Vibrant Village Programme is an initiative by the Government of India aimed at developing infrastructure and connectivity in border villages along the Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir. Launched in 2023, the program focuses on improving road connectivity, telecommunications, health, and education facilities in remote and strategic locations. It seeks to enhance the quality of life for residents and strengthen security by ensuring better communication and access. The program includes deploying mobile towers, building roads, and providing essential services in villages such as Kachhal, Balbir, and Taya Top.

Why in news?

Bharti Airtel’s launch of mobile services in seven border villages under this program marks step in improving connectivity along the LoC in Jammu and Kashmir.

Viksit Panchayat Karmayogi

The Viksit Panchayat Karmayogi initiative is a capacity-building program aimed at strengthening Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) in India. It uses AI-powered chatbots, mobile apps, and e-learning platforms to enhance governance skills of elected representatives and officials. Piloted in Odisha, Assam, Gujarat, and Andhra Pradesh, it is part of the broader Prashasan Gaon Ki Aur campaign. The initiative encourages participatory planning and citizen-centric governance to promote equitable rural development. It aligns with the government’s decentralization goals and aims to create scalable models for effective grassroots administration.

Why in news?

Launched by Dr. Jitendra Singh on Good Governance Day 2024, it marks step in empowering local governance through technology and capacity building.

Village Abadi Area

The Village Abadi Area refers to the inhabited or residential portions within rural villages in India. Historically, these areas were often not surveyed or mapped during land settlement operations, leaving residents without formal property rights documentation. This lack of formal records limited access to credit and legal protection. The SVAMITVA Scheme specifically targets these abadi areas for drone-based mapping and issuance of property cards. The term abadi is derived from Urdu/Hindi, meaning populated or inhabited. Proper documentation of abadi lands is essential for rural development and land governance reforms.

Why in news?

The SVAMITVA Scheme focuses on mapping and providing property rights specifically for the village abadi areas, which were previously unmapped, to formalize rural land ownership.

Warehousing Development and Regulatory Authority (WDRA)

The Warehousing Development and Regulatory Authority (WDRA) is a statutory body under India’s Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution, established in 2010. It regulates warehouses that issue electronic warehouse receipts, ensuring standardized storage and quality of agricultural commodities. WDRA registration is mandatory for warehouses to participate in e-NWR issuance. The authority maintains the National e-Repository, a digital platform for tracking stored commodities. As of 2024, around 5,800 warehouses are registered with WDRA, but efforts are ongoing to increase this number to improve farmers’ access to credit.

Why in news?

WDRA-registered warehouses issue e-NWRs under the new credit guarantee scheme aimed at increasing post-harvest loan availability for small farmers.

Defence

11th Gorkha Rifles

The 11th Gorkha Rifles is an infantry regiment of the Indian Army, primarily composed of soldiers of Nepalese origin. Raised in 1948, it has a distinguished history of participation in various conflicts including the Indo-Pak wars and counterinsurgency operations. The regiment is known for its expertise in mountain warfare and jungle combat. It recruits mainly from the hill regions of Nepal and India. The 11th Gorkha Rifles wears a distinctive green and red regimental insignia featuring crossed khukris, traditional Nepalese knives. Its soldiers are renowned for their bravery, discipline, and loyalty, maintaining strong cultural ties to Nepal.

Why in news?

The 11th Gorkha Rifles is leading the Indian Army contingent participating in the 18th Battalion Level Joint Military Exercise SURYA KIRAN in Nepal.

BrahMos Cruise Missile

The BrahMos cruise missile is a supersonic missile developed jointly by India and Russia, with a range of about 400 kilometers. It is known for its speed, precision, and ability to be launched from land, sea, and air platforms. Delivery to the Philippine military took approximately five years from contract to deployment. The missile is designed for both anti-ship and land-attack roles, and its acquisition by the Philippines marks enhancement in the country’s strike capabilities, particularly in contested maritime areas.

Why in news?

The Philippine military recently took delivery of the BrahMos missile, denoting a trend of modernizing its arsenal alongside plans to acquire the U.S. Typhon missile system.

BrahMos Shore-Based Anti-Ship Missile System (SBASM)

The BrahMos Shore-Based Anti-Ship Missile System (SBASM) is a coastal defense variant of the BrahMos missile designed to target enemy ships from land-based platforms. It includes mobile autonomous launchers and integrated command-and-control systems. The system is capable of supersonic speeds (Mach 2.8-3.0) and carries a 300 kg warhead. The first export contract for SBASM was signed with the Philippines in 2022, valued at $375 million. The missiles were delivered in April 2024 via Indian Air Force C-17 Globemaster aircraft. SBASM enhances maritime security by providing credible deterrence against naval threats.

Why in news?

The SBASM system is in the news because the Philippines received its first batch under a landmark $375 million deal, marking India’s largest-ever defence export contract.

Exercise SURYA KIRAN

Exercise SURYA KIRAN is an annual bilateral military training event conducted alternately by India and Nepal since 2003. It focuses on enhancing joint operational capabilities in jungle warfare, counterterrorism, and humanitarian assistance under the UN Charter. The exercise includes training in aviation, medical support, and environmental conservation. It aims to improve interoperability between the two armies and strengthen bilateral defense ties. The name “Surya Kiran” means “Sunbeam” in Sanskrit, symbolizing hope and cooperation. The exercise encourages mutual understanding and exchange of best practices, contributing to regional security and disaster preparedness.

Why in news?

The 18th edition of Exercise SURYA KIRAN is scheduled from December 31, 2024, to January 13, 2025, in Saljhandi, Nepal, involving 334 Indian Army personnel and the Nepal Army’s Srijung Battalion.

Operation Sankalp

Operation Sankalp is an ongoing Indian Navy deployment initiated in May 2019 to safeguard Indian commercial vessels and seafarers in the volatile maritime zones of the Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, and Arabian Sea. It involves escort missions, air surveillance, and helicopter deployments on merchant ships. The operation has responded to over 24 incidents, rescuing more than 350 lives, including 120 crew members of various nationalities. It represents a proactive maritime security strategy aimed at countering piracy, terrorism, and regional conflicts affecting Indian trade routes, especially near the Strait of Hormuz and Suez Canal.

Why in news?

Operation Sankalp was brought into light due to increased attacks on commercial vessels in the Red Sea amid the Israel-Iran conflict, threatening India’s maritime trade and energy security.

Type 076 Amphibious Assault Ship

The Type 076 is China’s newest class of amphibious assault ship, displacing 40,000 tons, making it the largest of its kind in China. It features an electromagnetic catapult for launching fighter jets, a technology previously used only on China’s aircraft carrier Fujian. The ship includes an arrestor system to enable jet landings on deck. It is designed for launching ground troops via landing crafts supported by onboard air power. This ship marks step in China’s naval modernization, aiming for global operational reach beyond regional waters.

Why in news?

China launched the Sichuan, the first Type 076 amphibious assault ship, enhancing its naval power projection with electromagnetic catapult technology and troop deployment capabilities.

UAV-122 Missile

The UAV-122 is a supersonic missile developed for deployment on unmanned aerial vehicles, specifically the Bayraktar Akinci drone. It features a TV-seeker guidance system that enables precise target acquisition and penetration. The missile has a range of approximately 55 kilometers. Designed for rapid, accurate strikes, it enhances the drone’s capability to engage targets without risking human pilots. The UAV-122 represents an evolution in missile technology tailored for UAV platforms, combining speed and precision in a compact form suitable for aerial drone warfare. It complements earlier models like the TRG-230 missile.

Why in news?

Turkey successfully tested the UAV-122 missile on December 26, 2024, marking advancement in drone warfare and expanding the operational capabilities of the Bayraktar Akinci drone.

Visit Board Search and Seizure (VBSS)

VBSS refers to maritime security operations where personnel board vessels to conduct inspections aimed at detecting illegal activities such as smuggling, piracy, or trafficking. These operations require specialized training in close-quarters combat, maritime law enforcement, and ship handling. VBSS teams use tactical boarding methods to ensure safety and compliance with international maritime law. The operation is critical for counter-narcotics, counter-piracy, and preventing illegal fishing. VBSS is often integrated into multinational exercises to enhance coordination between maritime forces.

Why in news?

VBSS operations were a key component of the Sahayog Hop Tac exercise between the Vietnam and Indian Coast Guards during the CSB 8005’s visit to Kochi.

Awards, Honours, Personalities, Books, Sports etc.

Indira Gandhi Arena

The Indira Gandhi Arena, located in New Delhi, is the largest indoor sports arena in the country, with a seating capacity of around 14,000. Originally built for the 1982 Asian Games, it has hosted numerous international sporting events including badminton, wrestling, and basketball. The arena is named after Indira Gandhi, India’s first and only female Prime Minister. It underwent renovations to modernize facilities and improve spectator experience. The venue is equipped with state-of-the-art lighting, flooring, and seating arrangements suitable for various indoor sports, making it a preferred location for major national and international tournaments.

Why in news?

The 2024 Asian Women’s Handball Championship was hosted for the first time at the Indira Gandhi Arena, marking event for Indian handball.

Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Bal Puraskar

The Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Bal Puraskar (PMRBP) is India’s highest civilian honor for children, awarded annually since 2018. It recognizes exceptional achievements in seven categories including innovation, scholastic, sports, arts, social service, bravery, and overall excellence. Each awardee receives a medal, certificate, and a citation booklet. The award aims to encourage children’s talents and contributions to society, encouraging a spirit of excellence and patriotism. It is presented by the President or Prime Minister of India on National Child Day or special occasions.

Why in news?

Seventeen children will receive the Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Bal Puraskar at the Veer Bal Diwas 2024 event, recognizing their outstanding achievements across diverse fields.

Sword of Honour

The Sword of Honour is an award presented by the British Safety Council for excellence in safety management. It is granted only to organizations that achieve a five-star assessment in safety audits, including process evaluation and on-site activity checks. The award recognizes adherence to rigorous safety standards across industries worldwide. The British Safety Council, founded in 1957, promotes health, safety, and environmental management globally. The Sword of Honour is considered one of the most prestigious accolades in occupational safety and is awarded annually to a select group of companies demonstrating outstanding safety performance.

Why in news?

The Ram temple project in Ayodhya received the Sword of Honour from the British Safety Council for its exemplary safety management during construction.

The Hindu Sangita Kalanidhi M.S. Subbulakshmi Award

The award is named after M.S. Subbulakshmi, a Bharat Ratna-honoured Carnatic vocalist who passed away in December 2004. It is conferred by The Hindu Group at the Music Academy during its annual Conference and Concerts in Chennai. The award recognizes outstanding contributions to Carnatic music, maintaining a legacy linked to the Music Academy’s 98-year history. The selection is made by the executive committee of the Music Academy. The award ceremony is a prestigious cultural event in South India, symbolizing excellence in classical music. It is distinct from other Carnatic music honors, emphasizing the legacy of M.S. Subbulakshmi.

Why in news?

The Supreme Court issued an interim order restraining Carnatic vocalist T.M. Krishna from being recognized as a recipient of this award due to a legal petition alleging disrespectful comments about M.S. Subbulakshmi.