Chhattisgarh

Chhattisgarh is a landlocked state situated in the heart of India, known for its rich cultural heritage, mineral wealth, and dense forest cover. Established on 1 November 2000, after its separation from Madhya Pradesh, the state has emerged as a major contributor to India’s mineral production and energy generation. With its capital at Raipur, Chhattisgarh is characterised by diverse topography, ranging from fertile plains to forested hills, and is home to numerous tribal communities that have preserved ancient traditions and languages.

Geographical and Administrative Overview

Chhattisgarh covers an area of approximately 135,194 square kilometres, making it the ninth-largest state in India by area. It shares borders with seven states: Madhya Pradesh to the northwest, Maharashtra to the west, Telangana to the south, Odisha to the east, Jharkhand to the northeast, and Uttar Pradesh to the north. The state’s terrain is dominated by plateaus, hills, and plains, with about 44% of its land area covered by forests. Major rivers such as the Mahanadi, Indravati, Hasdeo, and Shivnath flow through its territory, providing vital water resources for agriculture and hydroelectric power generation.
Administratively, Chhattisgarh is divided into 33 districts, each governed by a district collector. Raipur serves as both the administrative and commercial capital, while other significant urban centres include Bilaspur, Durg, Bhilai, Korba, and Jagdalpur. The official language is Hindi, though regional dialects such as Chhattisgarhi, Gondi, and Halbi are widely spoken.

Historical Background

The history of Chhattisgarh can be traced to ancient times when it formed part of the Dakshina Kosala kingdom, mentioned in epic literature such as the Ramayana. The region later came under the rule of several dynasties including the Mauryas, Satavahanas, Kalachuris, and Marathas. During the medieval period, it was known as the “Land of 36 Forts” (Chhattis + Garh), a term that gave the state its modern name.
Under British colonial rule, Chhattisgarh was incorporated into the Central Provinces and Berar. The demand for separate statehood arose post-independence, primarily due to the region’s distinct cultural identity and underrepresentation in development policies. This culminated in the Chhattisgarh State Reorganisation Act, 2000, leading to the formal creation of the state on 1 November 2000, with Ajit Jogi as its first Chief Minister.

Economy and Industrial Development

Chhattisgarh is one of India’s most resource-rich states, often referred to as the “Powerhouse of India”. The state possesses vast reserves of coal, iron ore, bauxite, dolomite, and limestone, contributing significantly to India’s steel and power sectors. The Bhilai Steel Plant, one of the largest integrated steel plants in India, is located in Durg district and plays a crucial role in the country’s industrial output.
The state’s economy is primarily driven by mining, energy, agriculture, and manufacturing. Agriculture remains the mainstay for a large section of the population, with paddy as the principal crop. The government has promoted industrial corridors and special economic zones to attract investment in information technology, cement production, and heavy industries. Additionally, Chhattisgarh has made notable progress in the renewable energy sector, focusing on solar and bioenergy projects.

Demography and Culture

According to the 2011 Census, Chhattisgarh had a population of approximately 25.5 million, with a significant proportion belonging to Scheduled Tribes (about 30%). Prominent tribal groups include the Gond, Baiga, Oraon, and Halba communities, each with distinct customs, festivals, and folklore. The state celebrates numerous traditional festivals such as Bastar Dussehra, Goncha, Pola, and Teeja, which reflect the agrarian lifestyle and deep connection to nature.
Chhattisgarhi art forms such as Pandwani, a folk narrative style, and Raut Nacha, a traditional dance, are integral to its cultural identity. The region is also known for bell metal and terracotta handicrafts, which are popular both domestically and internationally. The cuisine of Chhattisgarh is simple and wholesome, featuring rice-based dishes like Chusela, Faraa, and Bafauri.

Natural Resources and Environment

Chhattisgarh’s abundant natural resources have positioned it as a leading contributor to India’s energy and mineral sectors. It is estimated to hold 18% of India’s coal reserves and significant deposits of iron ore and bauxite. The state also has extensive forest resources rich in sal, teak, tendu leaves, and bamboo, supporting forest-based industries and livelihoods for tribal communities.
The government has undertaken various measures to ensure sustainable forest management, including afforestation programmes and wildlife conservation projects. Major protected areas include Kanger Valley National Park, Barnawapara Wildlife Sanctuary, and Indravati National Park, which is home to endangered species such as the wild buffalo and tiger.

Governance and Infrastructure

Chhattisgarh operates under a unicameral legislative system with 90 assembly constituencies. The state government emphasises policies promoting inclusive growth, rural development, and digital governance. Infrastructure development has been a key priority, particularly in road connectivity, rural electrification, and water resource management.
The Smart City Mission has accelerated urban development in Raipur, Bilaspur, and Durg. The Swami Vivekananda Airport at Raipur serves as the main aviation hub, connecting the state to major Indian cities. Additionally, the expansion of the South East Central Railway Zone has enhanced freight and passenger connectivity, supporting trade and tourism.

Education and Health

Chhattisgarh has made steady progress in the fields of education and health. Prominent educational institutions include Guru Ghasidas Central University (Bilaspur), National Institute of Technology (Raipur), and several agricultural and medical colleges. The state has implemented initiatives such as the Saksham Yojana to promote digital literacy and Mukhyamantri Swasthya Bima Yojana to provide accessible healthcare services in rural areas.
Despite improvements, challenges persist in achieving equitable education and healthcare in remote tribal regions. Government and non-governmental organisations continue to work towards bridging this developmental gap through mobile health units, residential schools, and nutrition programmes.

Tourism and Heritage

Chhattisgarh is an emerging destination for eco-tourism and heritage tourism. Attractions include the Chitrakote Waterfalls, often called the “Niagara of India,” the Bhoramdeo Temple known for its exquisite stone carvings, and the Kailash and Kutumsar Caves in Bastar district. The state’s tribal culture and handicraft markets draw considerable interest from domestic and international tourists.
The government promotes tourism through initiatives like the Chhattisgarh Tourism Board, focusing on sustainable practices and community participation. Cultural festivals and fairs serve as important avenues for showcasing the state’s artistic diversity and promoting economic opportunities in rural regions.