Cancer Incidence and Trends in India 2025 Report
Recent data from 43 cancer registries in India show a lifetime cancer risk of 11%. In 2024, an estimated 15.6 lakh new cancer cases and 8.74 lakh deaths were recorded. These registries cover 10% to 18% of the population across 23 states and Union Territories. The findings reveal important trends in cancer types, regional variations, and risk factors that inform policy and healthcare strategies.
Cancer Burden in India
Cancer cases in India show gender difference. Women account for 51.1% of cases but only 45% of deaths. This is largely due to the types of cancers common in women, such as breast and cervical cancer, which are easier to detect early and treat effectively. Men face more deadly cancers like lung and gastric cancer, which are harder to diagnose early.
Shift in Common Cancer Types
Oral cancer has become the most common cancer in Indian men, surpassing lung cancer. This rise occurs despite a decline in tobacco use from 34.6% to 28.6% between 2009-10 and 2016-17. The long latency period of cancer and other risk factors such as alcohol consumption contribute to this trend. Alcohol increases the risk of several cancers and combined use with tobacco further compounds this risk.
Regional Variations and Risk Factors
The Northeast region shows the highest cancer incidence, including cervical, lung (in women), and oral cancers. High tobacco use, unique dietary habits like fermented pork fat and smoked meats, and consumption of very spicy foods and hot beverages contribute to this pattern. Additionally, infections such as Helicobacter pylori, hepatitis, salmonella typhi, and Human papillomavirus (HPV) are prevalent and linked to certain cancers.
State-wise Cancer Risk
Mizoram has the highest lifetime cancer risk in India, with 21.1% in men and 18.9% in women, far above the national average. Other regions also show varying incidences of specific cancers such as breast, cervical, lung, oral, and prostate cancers, reflecting diverse environmental and lifestyle factors.
Policy and Healthcare Implications
These findings guide the planning of cancer care under programmes like Ayushman Bharat. Emphasis is on strengthening screening at primary health centres, improving tertiary care, and organising targeted camps. In the Northeast, a comprehensive approach is needed, including healthcare infrastructure, community engagement, lifestyle changes, and awareness campaigns.
Importance of Early Detection and Prevention
Screening and early diagnosis are crucial. Breast cancer, which accounts for 30% of cases, can be detected early through screening. Cervical cancer rates remain high, underscoring the need for HPV vaccination and enhanced screening. According to the World Health Organization, 30% to 50% of cancers are preventable by managing risk factors and applying evidence-based strategies.
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