Uruguay First Latin American Country to Legalize Euthanasia

Uruguay’s Senate passed a law on 15 October 2025 decriminalising euthanasia. This makes Uruguay the first predominantly Catholic Latin American country to legalise euthanasia by legislation. The law allows seriously ill patients to seek medical help to end their lives under strict conditions. This move follows similar judicial decisions in Colombia and Ecuador and ongoing debates in Chile.

Recent Legislative Developments

The euthanasia bill cleared Uruguay’s Senate with 20 out of 31 votes. The lower house had approved it earlier with a large majority. The government is now tasked with implementing detailed regulations. The law’s passage marks the culmination of five years of political effort and public debate.

Key Provisions of the Law

Euthanasia must be performed by healthcare professionals. Assisted suicide, where patients self-administer lethal medication, remains illegal. Unlike other countries, Uruguay sets no fixed life expectancy limit or waiting period. Patients with incurable illnesses causing unbearable suffering may request euthanasia regardless of terminal prognosis. Mental competence is mandatory, confirmed by two doctors. Euthanasia is prohibited for minors.

Social and Political Context

The law reflects Uruguay’s progressive social stance. It follows earlier reforms legalising recreational marijuana, same-sex marriage, and abortion. Opposition mainly came from the Catholic Church, which emphasised the sanctity of life and care for the terminally ill. However, secularisation and public opinion favouring personal autonomy influenced lawmakers.

Regional Impact and Comparisons

Uruguay joins Colombia and Ecuador in legalising euthanasia in Latin America. Colombia and Ecuador’s courts decriminalised euthanasia, while Uruguay’s law is the first legislative act. Chile is actively debating similar legislation. Globally, Uruguay’s approach contrasts with countries like Belgium and the Netherlands, which allow euthanasia for minors, and with Australia and New Zealand, which impose strict time limits.

Ethical and Legal Considerations

The law balances patient autonomy with safeguards against misuse. It requires psychological evaluation to ensure informed consent. The absence of time limits broadens access but raises ethical debates on defining unbearable suffering. Uruguay’s legislation is legal precedent in Latin America’s predominantly Catholic societies.