Supreme Court Issues Uniform DNA Evidence Guidelines
The Supreme Court of India recently issued comprehensive guidelines to ensure the integrity of DNA samples in criminal investigations. This move aims to standardise procedures across all states to prevent contamination and delays in forensic analysis. The guidelines were prompted by a case involving serious crimes where lapses in sample handling compromised the investigation.
Need for Uniform DNA Sample Procedures
The court found delays and unexplained gaps in sending vaginal swab samples to forensic laboratories. The chain of custody was not maintained, raising the risk of contamination. Although states manage police and public order, the Supreme Court intervened to create uniform protocols for DNA evidence handling across India.
Key Guidelines Issued by the Supreme Court
Four main directives were laid down.
- First, DNA sample collection must be carefully documented, including details such as FIR number, statutes involved, and signatures of medical personnel, investigating officers, and witnesses.
- Second, the investigating officer must transport samples to the police station or hospital and ensure delivery to the forensic lab within 48 hours. Any delay must be recorded with reasons.
- Third, once stored, samples cannot be opened or altered without court permission.
- Fourth, a Chain of Custody Register must be maintained from collection to trial conclusion and appended to court records.
Judicial Observations
The court has emphasised that DNA profiles are reliable only if proper procedures are followed both in the laboratory and during collection and transport. Past rulings have rejected DNA evidence due to contamination risks or improper storage. Courts have also noted that DNA evidence is opinion evidence under the Indian Evidence Act and its probative value depends on scientific and procedural rigour.
DNA Evidence in Criminal Cases
DNA carries genetic information and can be extracted from blood, saliva, hair, and other biological materials. Matching DNA profiles link suspects to crime scenes but are not conclusive proof alone. The Supreme Court has clarified that DNA evidence must be scientifically and legally established to be credible in court.
Role of Investigating Agencies and Forensic Experts
Investigating officers must ensure DNA samples are collected without contamination and sent promptly to forensic labs. Forensic experts must maintain strict quality control during analysis. Both parties share responsibility for preserving the integrity and reliability of DNA evidence throughout the judicial process.
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