Lead dioxide, also known as plumbic oxide, is an important inorganic compound of lead with the chemical formula PbO₂. It exists as a dark brown or black crystalline...
Graphite is a naturally occurring crystalline form of carbon known for its remarkable physical and chemical properties. It is one of the three well-known allotropes of carbon, the...
Uranium dioxide (chemical formula UO₂) is a dense, black, crystalline oxide of uranium that serves as the principal nuclear fuel in most of the world’s commercial nuclear reactors....
Hematite, scientifically designated as Fe₂O₃ (iron(III) oxide), is one of the most abundant and economically significant iron minerals on Earth. It is a principal source of iron for...
Magnetite, chemically known as iron(II,III) oxide (Fe₃O₄), is one of the most abundant and significant iron minerals found in the Earth’s crust. It is renowned for its magnetic...
Limonite is an amorphous, hydrous iron oxide mineral group that occupies a distinctive place in the study of mineralogy, economic geology, and earth surface processes. Unlike crystalline iron...
Siderite is a carbonate mineral composed primarily of iron(II) carbonate (FeCO₃). It is an important iron ore mineral and occurs in a variety of geological settings, ranging from...
Pyrite, commonly known as fool’s gold, is a widespread iron sulphide mineral (chemical formula FeS₂) that occurs in various geological environments. Recognised for its metallic lustre and pale...
Bauxite is the principal ore of aluminium, one of the most important metals in modern civilisation. It represents a group of aluminium-rich, lateritic minerals formed primarily through the...
Cryolite is a rare mineral composed of sodium aluminium fluoride (Na₃AlF₆), also known as sodium hexafluoroaluminate. It is best recognised for its essential role in aluminium production and...
