Apatite refers to a group of phosphate minerals sharing similar crystal structures and related chemical compositions. It is one of the most widespread mineral groups in the Earth’s...
Monazite is a significant rare-earth phosphate mineral group that serves as an essential source of rare-earth elements (REEs) and thorium. It is also widely used in radiometric dating,...
Vivianite is a hydrated iron(II) phosphate mineral with the chemical formula Fe₃(PO₄)₂·8H₂O, known for its striking colour transformation and occurrence in a variety of geological and archaeological environments....
Turquoise is a hydrated phosphate of copper and aluminium, admired for its distinctive blue-green hue and deep historical and cultural significance. It has been treasured as one of...
Variscite is a hydrated aluminium phosphate mineral distinguished by its vivid green to bluish-green hues, silky lustre, and ornamental appeal. It is valued both as a gemstone and...
Chalcopyrite is a copper iron sulphide mineral with the chemical formula CuFeS₂, and it is recognised as the most abundant and economically significant source of copper in the...
Galena is a naturally occurring mineral composed of lead(II) sulphide (PbS) and is the most important ore of lead. It has been valued throughout human history for its...
Sphalerite is the chief ore mineral of zinc, possessing wide industrial and geological importance. Found in diverse geological settings, it plays a critical role in metallurgy, material science,...
Diamond, the crystalline form of pure carbon, is one of the most celebrated and studied minerals in the world. Revered for its unmatched hardness, brilliant optical qualities, and...
Beryl is a silicate mineral composed of beryllium aluminium cyclosilicate, with the chemical formula Be₃Al₂(Si₆O₁₈). It is one of the most significant minerals in the gemstone and industrial...
