Sarcoidosis
Sarcoidosis remains a complex inflammatory disease affecting multiple organs. Recent research marks its variable course and the critical role of early diagnosis. This knowledge base page summarises key facts and insights for better understanding of sarcoidosis.
What Is Sarcoidosis?
Sarcoidosis is an immune disorder where clusters of inflammatory cells called granulomas form in organs. The lungs are most commonly affected. The exact cause is unknown but involves genetic factors, immune overactivity, and environmental triggers. Granulomas disrupt normal organ function and may lead to complications.
Common Symptoms of Sarcoidosis
Symptoms depend on the organs involved. Lung sarcoidosis causes cough, breathlessness, and chest discomfort. Skin symptoms include rashes and nodules. Eye involvement can lead to redness and blurred vision. Some patients show no symptoms and are diagnosed incidentally. Fatigue and weight loss are also common signs.
Organ-Specific Effects
Lung involvement may progress to pulmonary fibrosis, reducing lung capacity. Cardiac sarcoidosis can cause irregular heartbeats or heart failure. Neurological sarcoidosis may result in seizures or nerve damage. Skin and eye symptoms require prompt treatment to avoid lasting damage.
Diagnosis Methods
Diagnosis combines clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Chest X-rays or CT scans detect granulomas in the lungs. Biopsy confirms non-caseating granulomas, distinguishing sarcoidosis from other diseases. Blood tests and lung function tests monitor disease activity and guide therapy.
Treatment Approaches
Mild cases often need no medication but require regular monitoring. Moderate to severe cases use corticosteroids to reduce inflammation. Immunosuppressants like methotrexate help steroid-resistant patients. New biologic therapies target severe or refractory sarcoidosis. Treatment aims to control symptoms and prevent organ damage.
Long-Term Outlook
Prognosis varies widely. Many patients improve spontaneously or maintain stable disease. Some develop chronic symptoms or permanent organ damage. Early diagnosis and treatment improve outcomes. Continuous follow-up is essential to detect complications early and manage disease progression.
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