SAGAR Initiative

The SAGAR Initiative, an acronym for Security and Growth for All in the Region, is a strategic vision introduced by India in 2015 aimed at promoting peace, stability, and prosperity across the Indian Ocean Region (IOR). The initiative underscores India’s role as a net security provider in the maritime domain, highlighting its commitment to cooperative engagement with neighbouring countries and regional organisations. It places emphasis on maritime security, sustainable development, blue economy growth, and mutual collaboration among nations dependent on the Indian Ocean for trade and resources.

Background and Context

The Indian Ocean Region is of immense geopolitical and economic significance. It carries nearly half of the world’s container ships, one-third of bulk cargo traffic, and two-thirds of oil shipments. The littoral states of the Indian Ocean are home to around 2.6 billion people and collectively possess vital energy resources, strategic sea lanes, and growing economies.
India’s geographic position, with a 7,500-kilometre-long coastline and extensive exclusive economic zone (EEZ), makes it a pivotal player in this maritime space. In March 2015, during a visit to Mauritius, the Indian Prime Minister announced the SAGAR Initiative as a guiding framework for India’s maritime cooperation. It was later expanded into a multi-dimensional maritime strategy, linking India’s foreign policy, security concerns, and developmental goals with regional partnerships.

Objectives of SAGAR

The SAGAR Initiative rests on the principle of collective action and responsibility in ensuring that the Indian Ocean remains a zone of peace and sustainable development. The major objectives include:

• Enhancing maritime security: Combating piracy, terrorism, smuggling, and other non-traditional threats.
• Capacity building and resource sharing: Strengthening the capabilities of smaller littoral nations through training, technology transfer, and financial assistance.
• Promoting sustainable development: Advancing the blue economy, fisheries, and maritime infrastructure in a way that safeguards environmental concerns.
• Humanitarian assistance and disaster relief (HADR): Building cooperative mechanisms for timely response to natural disasters and humanitarian crises in the region.
• Deepening regional cooperation: Strengthening ties with regional organisations such as the Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) and the Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS).

Strategic Significance

The Indian Ocean has emerged as a critical geopolitical space owing to the rise of major powers and their strategic interests. India’s SAGAR vision reflects an attempt to ensure that regional dynamics are shaped by inclusivity, mutual respect, and non-hegemonic cooperation.
From a security standpoint, SAGAR is viewed as a counterbalance to China’s increasing presence in the Indian Ocean through its Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and port development projects under the so-called “String of Pearls” strategy. By promoting SAGAR, India seeks to project itself as a stabilising force that prioritises collective growth over unilateral dominance.
Economically, SAGAR underscores India’s intention to strengthen maritime trade, port-led development, and energy cooperation. This aligns with India’s domestic programmes such as Sagarmala, which focuses on modernising port infrastructure and improving connectivity to drive economic growth.

Implementation and Partnerships

The implementation of SAGAR involves multi-layered initiatives spanning diplomacy, defence cooperation, and developmental support. India has engaged in the following activities under this vision:

• Naval cooperation: Regular joint naval exercises with countries such as Sri Lanka, Maldives, Mauritius, Seychelles, and Indonesia.
• Capacity building: Establishing radar networks, coastal surveillance systems, and hydrographic surveys for partner nations.
• Developmental aid: Infrastructure projects, grants, and lines of credit to Indian Ocean island states for promoting economic growth.
• Disaster response: India has consistently deployed naval assets for humanitarian missions, such as during the 2015 water crisis in Maldives and the 2004 tsunami relief operations.

SAGAR has also been integrated with wider frameworks such as SAGAR 2.0, which extends the vision beyond the Indian Ocean towards broader Indo-Pacific cooperation.

Criticism and Challenges

Despite its positive vision, the SAGAR Initiative faces several challenges:

• Resource constraints: India’s financial and naval capacities are limited in comparison to other major powers like China and the United States.
• Geopolitical competition: The growing militarisation of the Indian Ocean poses risks of rivalry and conflict that could undermine the cooperative ethos of SAGAR.
• Coordination difficulties: With numerous regional organisations and overlapping initiatives, harmonising efforts remains complex.
• Perception gap: Some smaller nations may perceive India’s leadership under SAGAR as an attempt to expand its influence rather than a genuine collective approach.

Significance

The SAGAR Initiative holds far-reaching significance for both India and the Indian Ocean Region. It projects India’s maritime diplomacy as one rooted in inclusivity and security cooperation. It enhances India’s global standing as a responsible power committed to safeguarding common goods such as freedom of navigation and disaster response readiness.