Punganur Cow

Punganur cows are a rare dwarf cattle breed indigenous to Andhra Pradesh, India. They are among the smallest humped cattle in the world and are highly valued for their adaptability to drought-prone regions, docile temperament and multipurpose utility. Historically associated with royal patronage, particularly in the Vijayanagara Empire and local zamindari households, Punganur cows are today regarded as both a cultural symbol and an important genetic resource in Indian cattle diversity.

Physical Characteristics

Punganur cows are characterised by their extremely small stature and distinctive morphology.

• Size: Adult cows generally stand about 70 to 90 centimetres at the withers and weigh 115 to 200 kilograms, while bulls weigh slightly more, around 200 to 300 kilograms.
• Body: Compact and muscular with a short stature and broad forehead.
• Horns: Short, crescent-shaped horns that curve backward.
• Coat: Colours vary from white and grey to light brown, with occasional patches or speckled patterns.
• Tail: Comparatively long, often reaching below the hock.
• Udder: Well-developed and proportionate to their body size, producing milk of notable quality.

Their small build and strong legs make them well-suited to hilly terrain and marginal grazing lands.

Distribution and Habitat

The breed originated in the Punganur region of Chittoor district in Andhra Pradesh, which lies in the rain-shadow area of the Eastern Ghats. This region is characterised by low rainfall, hot summers and poor-quality grazing land. Over centuries, selective breeding under these conditions produced cattle that are hardy, drought-resistant and able to thrive on minimal fodder.
While once widespread in southern Andhra Pradesh, the breed has declined sharply in numbers due to crossbreeding, urbanisation and reduced interest in indigenous breeds. Today, Punganur cattle are largely confined to conservation farms, temple trusts, and small numbers maintained by traditional cattle-rearing families.

Milk and Utility

Punganur cows are renowned for their milk, which, though produced in modest quantities, is rich in nutrients.

• Milk yield: On average, 1 to 3 litres per day, depending on feeding conditions.
• Fat content: Approximately 8% or higher, considerably richer than most commercial cattle breeds.
• Quality: The milk is easily digestible and has traditionally been valued for feeding infants, elderly people and convalescents.

Apart from milk, Punganur cattle have historically been used for light draught work, including cart pulling and irrigation in small agricultural holdings. Their calm disposition makes them easy to manage, even by children and elderly handlers.

Cultural and Historical Importance

The Punganur breed has a long-standing association with South Indian culture and spirituality. Kings and landlords of the Vijayanagara Empire and later dynasties patronised these cattle for their symbolic and economic value. The cows were also maintained in temple herds, where their milk was used in ritual offerings.
In folklore and tradition, Punganur cattle are celebrated for their gentleness, endurance and contribution to subsistence farming communities. Their small size and appealing appearance have made them a symbol of prosperity and simplicity.

Conservation and Challenges

The population of Punganur cows has dwindled considerably, with the breed at risk of extinction. Key challenges include:

• Crossbreeding: Replacement by higher-yield exotic breeds such as Jersey and Holstein-Friesian.
• Economic pressure: Declining interest in indigenous breeds due to low milk yield compared to commercial varieties.
• Habitat change: Reduction in traditional grazing lands in Andhra Pradesh.

Efforts to conserve the breed have been undertaken by government institutions, animal husbandry departments and research centres. Programmes include maintaining purebred herds, artificial insemination with Punganur bull semen, and creating awareness among farmers about the breed’s value.

Significance in Modern Times

Despite their low productivity compared to commercial dairy breeds, Punganur cows possess qualities of increasing relevance today. Their ability to survive on scarce fodder, resistance to disease, high-quality milk and low maintenance cost make them suitable for small-scale, sustainable farming systems. In an era of climate change and water scarcity, such indigenous breeds highlight the importance of conserving genetic diversity in livestock.
Punganur cows therefore stand as a living heritage of Indian cattle rearing, embodying resilience, cultural tradition and sustainable resource use in challenging environments.