GPS Interference
Recent incidents show the rising threat of GPS interference. A Delhi-Jammu flight had to turn back due to navigation issues. Similarly, two tankers collided near the Strait of Hormuz. A container ship ran aground off Jeddah. All these incidents stemmed from GPS interference, which has become challenge for maritime and aerial navigation.
What Is GPS Interference?
GPS interference involves two main types – jamming and spoofing. Jamming occurs when a device emits strong radio signals to overpower GPS signals. This prevents GPS receivers from determining accurate location or time. Spoofing, on the other hand, involves sending false GPS signals to mislead receivers. While jamming disrupts signals, spoofing deceives devices into trusting incorrect data.
Why Is GPS Interference Dangerous?
GPS interference poses severe risks to both military and civilian operations. Spoofing can mislead pilots about their aircraft’s position, increasing the likelihood of collisions. For ships, loss of situational awareness can lead to groundings or collisions. The consequences can disrupt entire transport systems and critical infrastructure, such as air traffic control.
The Scale of the Threat
In 2024, there were reports of up to 700 GPS spoofing incidents daily worldwide. This alarming trend indicates the potential for broader systemic failures in critical sectors. GPS interference is not limited to air and sea. It also threatens road transport, causing traffic jams and immobilising systems during crucial times.
Common Locations for GPS Interference
GPS interference can arise from various sources. These include electromagnetic radiation, adverse weather, and intentional jamming or spoofing. Countries with advanced electronic warfare capabilities often lead in these incidents. Regions like the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea have seen disruptions amid ongoing conflicts.
Historical Context of GPS Spoofing
Russia experienced a large-scale GPS spoofing attack in 2017. More than 20 ships near Novorossiysk Port reported sudden navigation errors. Investigations revealed that the ships were misled into believing they were miles inland. This incident puts stress on the potential for deliberate GPS spoofing attacks.
Mitigation Strategies for Aircraft and Ships
Aircraft facing GPS spoofing must rely on alternative navigation systems. Inertial Navigation Systems (INS) and ground-based navigation aids are crucial backups. Pilots are trained to be vigilant and listen for signs of interference. Ships typically use auto-pilot but revert to manual control during suspected spoofing. They employ terrestrial navigation methods for situational awareness.
Advanced Navigation Systems
To counter GPS interference, shipping companies are adopting multi-constellation Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). These systems integrate multiple countries’ satellites to enhance reliability. The Indian military has developed its own system, NavIC, to provide precise positioning services across India and beyond.
Diversification
Diversification is key to mitigating GPS interference risks. By using multiple navigation systems, operators can reduce reliance on a single source. This strategy enhances resilience against potential disruptions in GPS signals.
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