Giant African Snail Invasion
The Giant African Snail (Lissachatina fulica), one of the world’s most invasive species, has recently been detected in Chennai and its outskirts. Its presence raises serious public health and ecological concerns. The snail is a known carrier of parasites that cause brain inflammation and other diseases in humans. Flooding during monsoon seasons worsens its spread and impact on the city.
Spread in Chennai
Between September and November 2024, field surveys confirmed populations of Lissachatina fulica at St Thomas Mount, Tirusulam, and Perungalathur Hills. The snail thrives in urban and semi-urban habitats. Floodwaters during monsoon help disperse the snails widely, increasing the risk of parasitic infections among residents.
Health Risks and Disease Transmission
The snail is a vector for parasitic nematodes like Angiostrongylus cantonensis and Angiostrongylus costaricensis. These parasites cause eosinophilic meningoencephalitis and abdominal angiostrongyliasis in humans. Infections occur mainly through ingestion of contaminated snails or their residues. These diseases pose public health threats where the snail is established.
Ecological and Agricultural Impact
Lissachatina fulica feeds on over 500 plant species, including crops. It competes with native snails and spreads plant pathogens. Its voracious appetite causes severe damage to agriculture and native ecosystems. The snail’s adaptability to various habitats makes control difficult.
Historical Spread and Global Distribution
Native to East Africa, the snail was introduced to India in 1847. It spread across several state of Indias including Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Karnataka. Globally, it has invaded many countries in Asia, Africa, the Americas, and the Pacific. The species is listed among the world’s 100 worst invasive species due to its ecological and economic damage.
Control and Management Challenges
The snail’s ability to survive in diverse environments and reproduce rapidly complicates eradication efforts. Flooding accelerates its spread. Public awareness and monitoring are crucial to managing its impact. Strict regulations exist in some countries to prevent its sale and possession.
Significance
The snail’s invasion marks the need for integrated pest management in urban areas. It exemplifies the risks invasive species pose to biodiversity, agriculture, and human health. Chennai’s experience puts stress on the importance of early detection and coordinated response to biological invasions.
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