Eyjafjallajökull

Eyjafjallajökull is an ice-capped stratovolcano located in southern Iceland, noted for its eruptions that have significantly influenced both local environments and global activities. The volcano, whose name translates to “Island Mountain Glacier” in Icelandic, is covered by an ice cap of approximately 100 square kilometres and stands about 1,651 metres above sea level. It is part of the East Volcanic Zone of Iceland, lying west of the larger Katla volcano and beneath one of the country’s extensive glacial systems.

Geological Background

Eyjafjallajökull is a stratovolcano, meaning it is composed of successive layers of hardened lava, tephra, pumice, and volcanic ash. It has developed over thousands of years due to the divergent tectonic boundary of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, where the North American and Eurasian plates move apart, allowing magma to rise.
The volcano is capped by the Eyjafjallajökull glacier, which feeds several outlet glaciers, including Gigjökull that drains northward into the Markarfljót River. Subglacial eruptions from Eyjafjallajökull can lead to glacial outburst floods, known in Icelandic as jökulhlaups, caused by sudden melting of ice.

Historical Eruptions

Eyjafjallajökull has erupted several times during historical records, with notable events occurring in the following years:

• 920 AD: An early eruption recorded in Icelandic sagas, though details remain limited.
• 1612: Produced significant lava flows, but relatively small-scale compared to later eruptions.
• 1821–1823: A prolonged eruption that lasted for over a year, leading to floods caused by glacial meltwater and affecting local settlements.
• 2010 eruption: The most famous eruption, beginning in March 2010 and peaking in April, when explosive activity beneath the ice cap produced vast amounts of volcanic ash.

The 2010 Eruption and Global Impact

The 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajökull was globally significant because of its effect on international aviation. The eruption began on 20 March with a fissure eruption at Fimmvörðuháls, a pass between Eyjafjallajökull and Mýrdalsjökull. In mid-April, subglacial eruptions under the ice cap generated large ash plumes.
The ash cloud, driven by prevailing winds, spread across much of Europe. Between 14 and 20 April 2010, airspace closures disrupted flights across the continent, grounding millions of passengers. It was one of the largest air travel disruptions since the Second World War, affecting more than 100,000 flights.
The event highlighted the vulnerability of modern aviation to volcanic hazards, as fine volcanic ash can damage aircraft engines and pose severe safety risks.

Environmental and Local Effects

Locally, the 2010 eruption caused:

• Glacial floods (jökulhlaups) due to rapid melting of ice.
• Ash fallout that damaged crops, contaminated water supplies, and posed respiratory risks to people and livestock.
• Soil enrichment in some areas, as volcanic ash contributed to fertile agricultural land.

Despite the hazards, no fatalities occurred due to effective evacuation measures and Iceland’s established volcanic monitoring systems.

Scientific and Societal Significance

Eyjafjallajökull’s 2010 eruption brought volcanic hazards to global attention and underscored the interconnectedness of natural disasters and human activity. It led to:

• Advances in volcanic monitoring: Improved use of satellite data, seismic monitoring, and atmospheric modelling for ash dispersion.
• Policy reforms in aviation: Development of new guidelines for flying in low-ash concentration zones, reducing the likelihood of similar large-scale closures.
• Scientific research: Greater understanding of subglacial volcanic activity and ash dispersal in the atmosphere.

Eyjafjallajökull also became widely known due to the challenges its name posed for non-Icelandic speakers, drawing media attention and cultural interest.

Cultural and Tourism Value

The volcano has since become a popular destination for geotourism. Visitors are drawn to its glacier, hiking routes around Fimmvörðuháls, and the volcano’s association with the dramatic 2010 eruption. Local farms and museums also showcase the impact of the eruption, contributing to Iceland’s reputation as a country shaped by powerful natural forces.