Polity & Governance

12th Schedule

The 12th Schedule, added by the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992, lists eighteen functions devolved to urban local bodies, including urban planning, water supply, sanitation, and public health. These functions are meant to empower municipalities with administrative and financial autonomy. However, in practice, many of these functions are managed by multiple agencies, causing overlapping authority and reducing the independent power of city governments. The Schedule aims to promote decentralization and improve urban governance by clearly defining municipal responsibilities.

Why in news?

The report on urban governance notes that despite the 12th Schedule, multiple agencies managing devolved functions weaken city governments authority, impacting governance effectiveness.

6th Schedule Areas

The 6th Schedule of the Constitution of India provides autonomous administrative councils to tribal regions in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram. These councils have legislative, judicial, and executive powers to govern tribal affairs and protect indigenous cultures. In Assam, the 6th Schedule areas include districts like Karbi Anglong and Dima Hasao. The councils can make laws on land, forest management, and social customs. The autonomy limits the direct application of state laws, including Assam Accord implementations, without local approval. This arrangement preserves tribal identity and self-governance within the Indian federal framework.

Why in news?

The Assam government will implement Clause 6 recommendations statewide except in 6th Schedule areas, where implementation requires concurrence from local authorities and people.

Arbitration Council of India

The Arbitration Council of India (ACI) was established by the 2019 amendment to the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, to promote arbitration and improve the arbitration ecosystem in India. The ACI is tasked with accrediting arbitrators, maintaining a roster of qualified arbitrators, and developing institutional arbitration facilities. Despite being legislated, the council has not yet been constituted as of 2024. The ACI aims to standardize arbitration practices and enhance the quality of arbitral awards. It is expected to play a key role in reducing arbitration delays and costs once operational. The council is also designed to promote India as a global arbitration hub.

Why in news?

The 2019 amendment created the Arbitration Council of India, but it remains unconstituted as the government reviews arbitration laws to reduce pendency and costs.

Article 163 of the Constitution of India

Article 163 mandates that the Governor of a state acts on the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers, except in situations where the Constitution requires the Governor to act at their discretion. It establishes the Governors role as largely ceremonial but allows discretionary powers in exceptional circumstances. This article is fundamental in defining the balance of power between the Governor and the elected government. The Supreme Court has interpreted it to permit independent action by Governors when there is a real likelihood of bias or conflict of interest in the Councils advice. This provision is often invoked in political and constitutional disputes.

Why in news?

Siddaramaiah challenged the Governors sanction for investigation, citing Article 163, arguing the Governor should have followed the Council of Ministers advice, which was ignored.

Article 172 of the Constitution of India

Article 172 of the Constitution of India prescribes that the term of a state legislative assembly is five years from the date appointed for its first meeting unless dissolved sooner. This article allows the Parliament to extend the term during a national emergency, but such extension must be ratified by the legislatures of at least half of the states. The article ensures a fixed tenure for state governments, maintaining federal balance. It was part of the original constitutional framework adopted in 1950 and has been invoked rarely. Amendments to this article without state ratification challenge the federal structure and are constitutionally contentious.

Why in news?

The High-Level Committees proposal for One Nation, One Election suggests amending Article 172 to synchronize state assembly terms with Lok Sabha elections without requiring state ratification, raising constitutional and federal concerns.

Article 174(2)(b) of the Constitution of India

Article 174(2)(b) empowers the Governor of a state to dissolve the Legislative Assembly “from time to time.” This dissolution can occur on the recommendation of the Council of Ministers, effectively ending the current Assembly’s term prematurely. Once dissolved, the Election Commission of India (ECI) is mandated to conduct fresh elections within six months. This provision allows flexibility in state governance and election timing, enabling early elections if political circumstances demand. It is a critical constitutional mechanism for managing state assemblies and ensuring democratic continuity under exceptional or strategic political situations.

Why in news?

The article discusses the possibility of early Delhi Assembly elections, referencing Article 174(2)(b) as a legal basis for dissolving the Assembly before its term ends.

Article 19(1)(g) of the Constitution of India

Article 19(1)(g) guarantees all citizens the right to practice any profession, or to carry on any occupation, trade, or business. This right is subject to reasonable restrictions under Article 19(6). It has been invoked in cases involving digital intermediaries and content regulation, arguing that excessive government control can infringe on professionals ability to operate freely. The Bombay High Court found that the amended IT Rules violated Article 19(1)(g) by imposing vague and overbroad restrictions, affecting social media intermediaries’ right to conduct business without undue state interference.

Why in news?

Justice Chandurkar ruled that the amended IT Rules infringed upon Article 19(1)(g), affecting the right of intermediaries to conduct their business, contributing to the strike down of the FCU provision.

Article 19(2) of the Constitution of India

Article 19(2) permits the Government of India to impose reasonable restrictions on the freedom of speech and expression for reasons including sovereignty, security, public order, decency, or defamation. These restrictions must be narrowly defined and justified to prevent arbitrary censorship. The Bombay High Court ruled that the amended IT Rules exceeded these limits by allowing vague and broad restrictions on speech without procedural safeguards, violating the constitutional protection of free expression. The article serves as a key legal standard in assessing laws regulating speech and digital content in India.

Why in news?

The Bombay High Court struck down the amended IT Rules for violating Article 19(2) by imposing vague and excessive restrictions on online speech through the FCU mechanism.

Article 20(3) of the Constitution of India

Article 20(3) protects individuals from self-incrimination, ensuring that no person accused of an offense can be compelled to testify against themselves. It guarantees the right to remain silent during investigations and trials, safeguarding against coercive interrogation. This right is fundamental in criminal law and is often cited in cases involving custodial questioning. It underpins the principle that the burden of proof lies on the prosecution. Justice Bhuyan invoked this article to argue that Kejriwals evasive answers did not justify arrest, emphasizing the constitutional protection of silence during investigations.

Why in news?

Article 20(3) was referenced in the Supreme Court judgment to uphold Kejriwals right to silence during CBI interrogation, influencing the dissenting view on the legality of his arrest.

Article 239A of the Constitution

Article 239A was inserted into the Constitution of India in 1963 to provide for the creation of local legislatures and councils of ministers in certain Union Territories. It originally applied to Puducherry, enabling it to have a Legislative Assembly and a Council of Ministers with powers similar to those of states. This article allows the President to make provisions for the administration of Union Territories by legislatures and councils, subject to Parliament’s laws. The application of Article 239A to Jammu and Kashmir in 2019 marked constitutional shift, extending legislative powers to the UT while maintaining central oversight through the Lieutenant Governor.

Why in news?

Article 239A was extended to Jammu and Kashmir in 2019, enabling the newly formed Union Territory to have a Legislative Assembly, marking the first elections since the abrogation of Article 370.

Article 348 of the Constitution of India

Article 348 governs the language of judicial proceedings in India. Clause (1) mandates that all Supreme Court and High Court proceedings be conducted in English unless Parliament legislates otherwise. Clause (2) allows a State Governor to authorize the use of Hindi or any other official State language in High Court proceedings, but only with the Presidents consent. This dual provision creates a constitutional framework balancing English’s primacy with regional language inclusion. Despite this, only a few High Courts currently use Hindi officially. The article reflects the complexities of language use in Indias judiciary, rooted in constitutional law and administrative procedure.

Why in news?

Article 348 is central to the ongoing debate on allowing regional languages in High Court proceedings, as recent parliamentary questions and government responses show efforts and challenges in changing the language policy.

Article 82A of the Constitution of India

Article 82A is a proposed new article introduced by the Kovind Committee to facilitate simultaneous elections for Lok Sabha and State Assemblies. It mandates that all Legislative Assemblies elected after the “appointed date” will end their terms simultaneously with the Lok Sabha. Article 82A allows the Election Commission of India (ECI) to recommend postponement of state Assembly elections if simultaneous polls are not feasible. Despite postponement, the Assemblys term will still end with the Lok Sabhas term. This article aims to synchronize election cycles through constitutional amendment and is part of the first Constitution Amendment Bill.

Why in news?

Article 82A was proposed as part of the constitutional amendments cleared by the Union Cabinet to implement simultaneous elections in India, following recommendations by the Kovind Committee.

Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB)

The Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) is an Government of India agency responsible for regulating nuclear safety and radiation protection. Established in 1983, it functions under the Department of Atomic Energy but operates independently in regulatory matters. AERB reviews and authorizes nuclear facility designs, construction, and operations to ensure compliance with safety standards. It also oversees radiation safety in medical, industrial, and research applications. AERB conducts inspections, enforces safety protocols, and manages emergency preparedness for nuclear incidents. It plays important role in India’s nuclear energy sector by certifying reactors before they achieve criticality.

Why in news?

AERB cleared RAPP-7 reactor for its first approach to criticality before it began controlled nuclear fission on September 19, 2024.

Ayacutdar

An ayacutdar is a farmer or landowner who benefits from irrigation water supplied by a canal or tank system. The term is derived from ayacut, meaning the command area served by an irrigation source. Ayacutdars have water rights and responsibilities related to the maintenance and equitable distribution of irrigation water. They often form user associations to participate in the management and rehabilitation of irrigation infrastructure. Their cooperation is crucial for sustainable water use in agriculture, especially in minor irrigation systems. The concept is central to water governance in South Indias tank irrigation systems.

Why in news?

The Tamil Nadu governments rejuvenation project for minor irrigation tanks includes collecting 10% of rehabilitation costs from ayacutdars to encourage participatory water management.

Brahmaputra Board

The Brahmaputra Board was established in 1980 to manage flood control, bank erosion, irrigation, hydropower, navigation, and dam projects in the Brahmaputra River Basin, covering northeastern India and parts of West Bengal. It has suffered from chronic understaffing, with over 200 of 415 posts vacant, limiting its effectiveness. Attempts to restructure or replace it have been made, notably in 2012 and 2015, but political concerns, especially over dam construction in Arunachal Pradesh, stalled progress. The Board coordinates flood management but has struggled to meet objectives due to administrative and technical constraints.

Why in news?

The government plans to replace the Brahmaputra Board with Newma to address persistent issues like floods and erosion more effectively in the northeastern region.

Central Administrative Tribunal (CAT) Nainital Circuit Bench

The Central Administrative Tribunal (CAT) is a specialized body that adjudicates disputes related to public service employees in India. The Nainital circuit bench is one of its regional benches, handling cases from Uttarakhand and nearby areas. CAT benches expedite resolution of service-related grievances such as promotions, transfers, and disciplinary actions. It functions under the Administrative Tribunals Act, 1985, and its decisions can be appealed in High Courts. The CAT has limited powers but plays important role in protecting civil servants rights and ensuring administrative justice at the regional level.

Why in news?

The CATs Nainital circuit bench handled the initial petition filed by Sanjeev Chaturvedi challenging the 360-degree appraisal system and his non-empanelment as joint secretary, before the matter moved to the Uttarakhand High Court.

Central Drug Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO)

The CDSCO is India’s national regulatory authority for pharmaceuticals and medical devices under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. It oversees drug approval, quality control, clinical trials, and licensing of manufacturing and import. Established in 1940, CDSCO implements the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940. It collaborates with state drug authorities for enforcement and conducts post-marketing surveillance. CDSCO also sets standards for drug testing and issues alerts on substandard or counterfeit medicines. It plays a critical role in ensuring medicine safety, efficacy, and quality in Indias vast pharmaceutical market.

Why in news?

CDSCO identified 53 medicines failing quality standards in recent tests and issued alerts, initiating investigations into counterfeit and substandard drugs.

Central Vigilance Commission (CVC)

The Central Vigilance Commission is an apex Government of Indiaal body established in 1964 to address governmental corruption. It functions as an independent authority to oversee vigilance activities and recommend actions. The CVC can direct investigative agencies like the CBI to probe corruption complaints. It plays a key role in maintaining integrity within public administration by monitoring anti-corruption measures and reviewing cases. The CVC is not under the control of any ministry, ensuring operational autonomy. It was instrumental in directing the CBI to investigate the Coalgate scam following a political complaint.

Why in news?

The CVC ordered the CBI to investigate the Coalgate coal allocation scam, which is central to recent Supreme Court discussions on CBI independence.

Clean Acquittal

A clean acquittal refers to an accused being acquitted based on conclusive evidence proving innocence, not due to witnesses turning hostile or procedural flaws. It signifies a definitive judgment of innocence after trial. Clean acquittals are rare in Indias criminal justice system, where many acquittals result from technicalities or lack of evidence. The Supreme Court has recognized that prolonged detention of undertrials who later receive clean acquittals may violate their fundamental rights under Article 21 (right to life and liberty). Such cases may entitle the accused to compensation for wrongful incarceration.

Why in news?

The Supreme Court brought into light the injustice of prolonged detention followed by clean acquittal and suggested possible compensation claims for such undertrial prisoners.

Cognitive Cities

Cognitive cities are urban environments that use real-time data and artificial intelligence to optimize city management and improve residents quality of life. These cities monitor internet use, traffic, energy consumption, and public services to anticipate needs and automate responses. Neom plans to implement cognitive city technology to create a highly connected, efficient urban ecosystem. However, this approach raises concerns about pervasive surveillance and privacy violations, as continuous data collection could enable extensive monitoring of individuals activities. Cognitive cities represent a futuristic urban model blending AI, IoT, and big data analytics for proactive governance.

Why in news?

Neoms plan to become a cognitive city has sparked debate over the implications of mass surveillance and data privacy, drawing criticism amid the megacitys broader controversies.

Early Voting in the United States

Early voting allows citizens to cast ballots before the official Election Day, aiming to increase accessibility and reduce congestion at polling places. As of 2024, 34 states offer early voting. This practice emerged to address challenges posed by modern work schedules and long travel times to polling stations. Early voting periods vary by state, ranging from a few days to several weeks. It is part of broader electoral reforms responding to demographic shifts, technological advances, and calls for expanded voter participation. Early voting can be done in person or by mail, depending on state laws.

Why in news?

Early voting availability in 34 US states reflects efforts to modernize the electoral process and improve voter turnout amid changing societal and work patterns.

Electronic Travel Authorisation (ETA)

The Electronic Travel Authorisation (ETA) is a pre-travel permission system introduced by the UK to regulate visa-exempt visitors. Initially launched for Qatar nationals, it now applies to all non-British and non-Irish travelers who previously did not require a visa. The ETA is electronically linked to the travelers passport and allows multiple entries over two years or until passport expiry, whichever comes first. Applicants must submit a photograph and answer security questions online. The system aims to enhance border security by screening travelers in advance and preventing entry by individuals posing risks. Airlines must verify ETA status before boarding, or face fines up to £2,000.

Why in news?

The UK expanded the ETA system to all European Union citizens and other countries starting January 2025, requiring a £10 non-refundable fee for visa-waiver visitors, including babies and children.

Expenditure Finance Committee (EFC)

The Expenditure Finance Committee is a key financial approval body within the Government of India responsible for vetting and approving major expenditure proposals by ministries. It ensures fiscal discipline by scrutinizing budget allocations and spending norms before Cabinet approval. The EFC is chaired by the Finance Secretary and includes members from the Finance Ministry and representatives from concerned ministries. Its decisions are binding and help prevent overspending. The committee’s approval process is critical for schemes like the National Mission on Natural Farming, where it sets limits on incentives to maintain budgetary control.

Why in news?

The EFC approved Rs 15,000 per hectare incentives for natural farming, which the Agriculture Ministry later sought to increase to Rs 20,000, but the Finance Ministry rejected the hike citing EFC norms.

Free Movement Regime (FMR)

The Free Movement Regime (FMR) was a cross-border agreement allowing people living within 16 km of the India-Myanmar border to move without a visa. It facilitated trade, social, and cultural exchanges between border communities, including the Kukis spread across both countries. The regime was scrapped recently by the Government of India, citing security concerns. Its removal has created logistical and emotional difficulties for ethnic groups reliant on cross-border ties. The FMRs termination has deepened ethnic divisions, with Meiteis supporting border fencing and Kukis opposing it due to fears of community separation and disruption of traditional ties.

Why in news?

The scrapping of the FMR has intensified ethnic tensions in Manipur, as the Meitei community demands expedited border fencing while Kukis resist the move, fearing it will sever their cross-border connections.

Global Commons – Polar Regions and Outer Space

Global Commons refer to natural resources or areas beyond national jurisdiction, including the Arctic, Antarctica, outer space, and the high seas. No country owns these areas, but international agreements regulate their use to prevent exploitation. The Antarctic Treaty (1959) prohibits military activity and mineral mining, promoting scientific cooperation. The Outer Space Treaty (1967) bars national appropriation of celestial bodies and mandates peaceful use. These Commons are vulnerable to environmental threats and geopolitical tensions. Governance relies on multilateral frameworks to balance access, conservation, and sustainable use for all humanity.

Why in news?

Global Commons like polar regions and outer space were discussed in Delhi as examples of common resources requiring inclusive governance frameworks.

Global Digital Compact

The Global Digital Compact is the first universal international agreement on the governance of Artificial Intelligence (AI). It commits governments to establish an independent international Scientific Panel on AI and initiates a global dialogue on AI governance within the United Nations framework. The Compact is based on the principle that technology should benefit everyone and aims to create inclusive, fair, and transparent digital governance. It addresses the challenges posed by rapid technological advances, including ethical AI use, data privacy, and digital inequality. The Compact also seeks to prevent misuse of emerging technologies and promote international cooperation in digital innovation.

Why in news?

The Global Digital Compact was launched at the Summit of the Future in September 2024 as part of new UN agreements to govern AI and digital technology globally.

Gram Nyayalayas

The Gram Nyayalayas are village-level courts established under the Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008, aimed at decentralizing justice in rural India. They have jurisdiction over minor civil disputes like land and tenancy, and criminal cases such as theft and assault. These courts operate with simplified procedures and emphasize conciliation to resolve disputes amicably. Gram Nyayalayas are mobile courts, capable of conducting sessions at any location within their jurisdiction. Despite the legal framework, fewer than 500 gram nyayalayas have been set up, with only 314 operational, largely due to infrastructural, financial, and awareness challenges. They aim to provide speedy, affordable justice at villagers’ doorsteps.

Why in news?

The Supreme Court recently emphasized the need for better implementation of gram nyayalayas, denoting their inconsistent establishment and inadequate functioning across India.

Indias Digital Competition Bill

Indias proposed Digital Competition Bill aims to regulate companies with digital market power, inspired by the European Unions antitrust framework. It addresses issues like unfair billing practices, platform neutrality, and transparency in digital marketplaces. The bill targets large digital platforms that dominate app stores, online advertising, and e-commerce. It seeks to protect smaller developers and businesses from monopolistic practices, including excessive commissions and preferential treatment. The legislation is part of Indias broader strategy to assert sovereignty over its digital economy and ensure fair competition amid growing scrutiny of global tech firms.

Why in news?

India is proposing the Digital Competition Bill in response to concerns about Googles billing policies and to regulate dominant digital companies, mirroring EU antitrust regulations.

Integrated Command and Control Centres (ICCC)

Integrated Command and Control Centres (ICCC) are central hubs that collect, analyze, and manage data from various urban services such as traffic, water supply, and public safety. ICCCs use real-time data streams to enable informed decision-making and rapid response to emergencies. They integrate technologies like CCTV surveillance, emergency call boxes, and automatic number plate recognition to enhance urban management. ICCCs coordinate multiple departments, improving efficiency and safety in cities. These centers represent a key technological innovation under the Smart Cities Mission, promoting smart governance through centralized control and monitoring.

Why in news?

ICCCs are part of the Smart Cities Mission’s technology-driven Pan-City Projects, contributing to improved urban safety and service delivery.

Mixed-Member Proportional Representation (MMP) in Germany

Germanys electoral system combines first-past-the-post and proportional representation, known as mixed-member proportional (MMP). Each voter casts two votes – the first for a local candidate in 299 constituencies, and the second for a party list across 16 federal states. The second vote determines the overall proportional distribution of seats in the Bundestag. Parties must surpass a 5% threshold or win at least three constituencies to enter parliament. The final seat allocation balances direct constituency winners with proportional party strength, often necessitating overhang and balance seats to maintain proportionality and voter equality.

Why in news?

The complexity of Germanys MMP system has caused Bundestag expansion, prompting legal and legislative reforms to control parliament size starting 2025.

Narmada Control Authority (NCA)

The Narmada Control Authority is a statutory body established under the Narmada Water Disputes Tribunal Award to regulate water releases from dams on the Narmada River. It coordinates among states and central government agencies to ensure equitable water distribution, dam safety, and compliance with rehabilitation policies. NCA oversees the operation of large projects like the Sardar Sarovar Dam, managing reservoir levels and flood control. It also monitors the implementation of environmental safeguards and rehabilitation of displaced persons. The authority plays a critical role in conflict resolution related to water sharing and dam management in the Narmada basin.

Why in news?

The VSGA demanded that the Narmada Control Authority urgently reduce the Sardar Sarovar reservoir water levels to prevent flooding and displacement in downstream villages.

National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB)

The National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) was established in 1986 under the Ministry of Home Affairs, to collect and analyze crime data. It maintains the Crime and Criminal Tracking Network & Systems (CCTNS), a nationwide database of crime and criminals. The NCRB also publishes the annual “Crime in India” report, providing comprehensive crime statistics. It manages the Prison Statistics India report and assists in forensic science development. NCRB operates the Finger Print Bureau and helps in criminal identification. It collaborates with state police and judicial authorities to improve law enforcement efficiency and transparency.

Why in news?

The NCRBs account mapping is crucial for implementing the Centres scheme to financially support poor prisoners by facilitating payments for fines or bail.

National Institute for Smart Governance (NISG)

The National Institute for Smart Governance (NISG) is a public-private partnership established in 2002 to promote e-governance in India. It provides consulting, implementation, and capacity-building services to government agencies. NISG supports the design and implementation of digital governance projects, including policy development and technology adoption. It has played a key role in projects like Aadhaar and the Common Services Centres (CSC). NISG also facilitates training programs for government officials to improve digital skills and governance capabilities. It operates as a knowledge hub for smart governance practices and innovation in public administration.

Why in news?

NISG is mentioned as the training partner for the recent Digital Public Infrastructure capacity-building program launched in September 2024 by MeitY and NeGD.

National Liberation Front of Tripura (NLFT)

The National Liberation Front of Tripura (NLFT) is an insurgent group formed in 1989 aiming to establish an independent Tripuri state. It primarily represents the indigenous Tripuri people and has been involved in armed conflict against the Government of India. NLFT has been designated a terrorist organization by India and has engaged in violent activities, including bombings and kidnappings. The group has experienced internal splits, weakening its operational capacity. Peace talks and ceasefire agreements have been attempted multiple times, with varying success. The NLFT’s insurgency is part of the broader ethnic and separatist conflicts in Northeast India.

Why in news?

NLFT is signing a Memorandum of Settlement with the Union and Tripura governments on September 4, 2024, aiming to end decades of insurgency in Tripura.

National Minerals Exploration Trust (NMET)

NMET is a government trust responsible for funding mineral exploration activities across India. Its expenditure doubled from Rs 160 crore in 2022-23 to Rs 300 crore in 2023-24. The trust aims to further increase spending to Rs 500 crore and beyond in the next five years under the Viksit Bharat programme. NMET focuses on promoting exploration, especially in under-explored regions, including OGP areas. It supports both government and private sector exploration projects, helping to reduce Indias dependence on mineral imports by boosting domestic discovery and production of critical and strategic minerals.

Why in news?

NMETs increased funding for exploration was brought into light as part of the Ministry of Mines strategy to improve mineral availability and operationalize auctioned mines faster.

North East Water Management Authority (Newma)

The North East Water Management Authority (Newma) is a proposed central government body intended to replace the Brahmaputra Board. It aims to manage water resources across the eight northeastern states of India, covering hydropower, agriculture, biodiversity, flood control, inland water transport, forestry, fishery, and eco-tourism. Newma is designed to have a broader mandate and greater autonomy, including not needing approval from the Central Water Commission for projects above ₹25,000 crore. It also focuses on securing prior user rights for water from rivers originating in China. Its establishment has faced delays but is now prioritized again.

Why in news?

Newma is back on the governments priority list after years of delay. Cabinet notes and a draft bill are prepared to replace the Brahmaputra Board, with multiple northeastern states now agreeing to its formation.

Northern Regional Power Committee (NRPC)

The Northern Regional Power Committee (NRPC) is one of the regional entities under Indias power system management framework. It coordinates and monitors power supply, grid stability, and system operations across northern states. NRPC plays a key role in ensuring efficient power distribution and grid reliability in a region with diverse energy sources. It supports integration of renewable energy and manages inter-state power exchange agreements. NRPC also provides data and operational support for cybersecurity initiatives like CSIRT–POWER, hosting critical infrastructure and serving as a hub for regional power coordination.

Why in news?

CSIRT–POWER was inaugurated at the NRPC premises in New Delhi, denoting NRPCs role in regional power system management and security.

Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) Cardholders

The Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) card is a lifelong visa granted to foreign nationals of Indian origin, allowing multiple entries and extended stays in India. It was introduced in 2005 to facilitate easier travel and residency for people of Indian descent. OCI cardholders do not have political rights like voting or holding public office. The card provides benefits such as exemption from registration with local police for any length of stay in India and parity with Non-Resident Indians (NRIs) in financial, economic, and educational fields. OCI status can be revoked under specific legal circumstances.

Why in news?

OCI cardholders are eligible for the expanded Fast Track Immigration-Trusted Traveller Programme, enhancing their travel experience at major Indian airports.

Parchi System

The parchi system refers to a method of recruitment in Haryana where job seekers rely on personal recommendations or slips (“parchis”) from influential people to secure government jobs. This system bypasses formal merit-based procedures and encourages favoritism. It became widely criticized during the 2004-2014 Congress government tenure in Haryana. The term combines Hindi slang for a slip or note, symbolizing unofficial endorsements. Despite political claims of its eradication, reports suggest its persistence in varying forms. The system is linked to corruption and undermines transparency in public sector employment.

Why in news?

The term “parchi” gained prominence during the 2024 Haryana elections when PM Modi and BJP accused the Congress of using this system for corrupt job recruitment, promising to end it if re-elected.

Poona Pact

The Poona Pact was an agreement signed on September 24, 1932, between Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar. It ended Gandhis fast unto death protesting the British proposal of separate electorates for Scheduled Castes. The pact provided reserved seats for Scheduled Castes within the general electorate instead of separate electorates. It increased the number of reserved seats from 71 to 147 in the provincial legislatures. The pact shaped Indias affirmative action policies and reservation system post-independence. It is considered a compromise that balanced Gandhis vision of Hindu unity with Ambedkars demand for political empowerment of lower castes.

Why in news?

The Poona Pact is in news as the historic agreement resulting from Gandhis 1932 fast, which shaped reservation policies for Scheduled Castes in India.

Prevention of Corruption Act

The Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 is an Indian law aimed at combating corruption in public offices. It defines offenses like bribery, criminal misconduct by public servants, and misuse of official position. The Act provides for penalties including imprisonment and fines. It empowers investigating agencies to probe corruption cases and allows for attachment of property acquired through corrupt means. Amendments in 2018 strengthened the law by broadening definitions and increasing punishments. Despite its scope, many cases avoid invoking this Act due to evidentiary challenges or political influence, limiting its effectiveness in prosecuting high-profile corruption.

Why in news?

In the cash-for-jobs scam involving Senthil Balaji, investigations failed to invoke the Prevention of Corruption Act initially, affecting the legal handling of corruption allegations against the minister and others.

Project 2025

Project 2025 is a conservative policy framework developed by advisors close to Donald Trump. It outlines a comprehensive agenda aimed at reshaping federal government operations and policies if Trump returns to the presidency. The project emphasizes deregulation, conservative judicial appointments, and aggressive immigration enforcement. It includes plans to overhaul federal agencies, cut taxes, and restrict abortion rights following the Supreme Court’s overturning of Roe v. Wade. Project 2025 also advocates for changes to social programs and national security policies. It is intended as a blueprint for a swift transition and implementation of conservative governance.

Why in news?

Kamala Harris is expected to criticize Donald Trumps association with Project 2025 during their 2024 presidential debate.

Project 39A

Project 39A is a research initiative of the National Law University, Delhi, focused on the death penalty and criminal justice in India. It tracks data on death sentences, prisoners on death row, and judicial trends since 2016. In 2023, Project 39A reported that 120 death sentences were handed down by sessions courts, with over 53% related to sexual offences. The project provides detailed analyses of conviction rates, legal reforms, and the impact of harsher laws on crime reporting and judicial outcomes. It aims to inform policy debates on capital punishment and human rights within the Indian legal framework.

Why in news?

Project 39A data was cited regarding death sentences and conviction rates in the context of West Bengals new law mandating the death penalty for rape resulting in death or vegetative state.

Second Judges Case

The Second Judges Case (1993) was a landmark Supreme Court ruling that established the collegium system for appointing judges to the Supreme Court and High Courts in India. It was delivered by a nine-judge bench and made the judiciary’s recommendations binding on the government, limiting executive interference. The case arose from a dispute between the Supreme Court Advocates-on-Record Association and the Union of India. It gave the judiciary the power to appoint and transfer judges and ensured that judges select judges. This case laid the foundation for judicial independence in appointments and transfers.

Why in news?

The Supreme Court recently referred to the Second Judges Case while directing the Himachal Pradesh High Court collegium to reconsider judicial appointments.

Sixth Schedule Autonomous Councils of Assam

The Sixth Schedule of the Constitution of India grants autonomous tribal councils legislative and judicial powers in certain northeastern states, including Assam. Assam has three such councils – the Bodoland Territorial Council, North Cachar Hills Autonomous Council, and Karbi Anglong Autonomous Council. These councils govern tribal areas with autonomy over land, resources, and culture. They have the authority to decide on the implementation of Assam government policies, including the 52 recommendations of the Biplab Sarma Committee. The Sixth Schedule aims to protect tribal identities and self-governance within Assams diverse ethnic landscape.

Why in news?

The autonomous councils under the Sixth Schedule will decide whether to implement the Assam governments recommended safeguards for Assamese identity, as part of the ongoing process following the Biplab Sarma Committee report.

Southern Angami Public Organisation (SAPO)

The Southern Angami Public Organisation (SAPO) is the apex body representing the Southern Angami tribe in Nagaland. It functions as a traditional institution managing customary laws, cultural affairs, and territorial issues for the Southern Angamis. The tribe is known for its rich cultural heritage and distinct dialect within the Angami Naga community. SAPO plays a vital role in negotiating and maintaining peace in conflicts involving land and resource claims with neighboring tribes. It is headquartered in the Kohima district of Nagaland and actively participates in regional political and social matters.

Why in news?

SAPO was a key party involved in the traditional land dispute settled by the TPO Presidential Councils verdict.

Special Counsel Jack Smith

Jack Smith is a veteran federal prosecutor appointed as Special Counsel in November 2022 to oversee investigations related to Donald Trump, including classified documents and election interference. Smith previously held senior roles in the Department of Justices Public Integrity Section and has experience prosecuting complex corruption cases. His appointment was intended to ensure independence and thoroughness in politically sensitive investigations. Smith filed an updated indictment against Trump on August 27, 2024, which Trump claimed violated the 60-day rule, though the filing occurred 70 days before the election, outside the informal guideline window.

Why in news?

Jack Smith filed a new indictment against Trump in August 2024, prompting Trumps claims about the DOJs 60-day rule and fueling discussion on election-related legal actions.

Economy & Banking/Finance

Asian Development Bank (ADB)

The Asian Development Bank is a regional development bank established in 1966 to promote social and economic development in Asia. It has 68 members, including non-Asian countries, and is headquartered in Manila, Philippines. The ADB provides loans, technical assistance, grants, and equity investments to its 46 developing member countries. It publishes the Asian Development Outlook report biannually, forecasting economic trends and offering policy advice. The bank focuses on infrastructure, environment, regional cooperation, and poverty reduction. Its funding sources include member contributions and bond issuances. The ADB plays a key role in financing projects to support sustainable growth in Asia.

Why in news?

The ADB raised its 2024 economic growth forecast for developing Asia to 5.0% and revised inflation projections downward, denoting the regions growth prospects amid easing inflation and rising AI-driven demand.

BRICS

BRICS is an acronym for an economic bloc originally formed in 2009 by Brazil, Russia, China, and South Africa. It represents some of the world’s largest emerging economies. The group aims to cooperate on trade, economic expansion, and provide a political counterbalance to Western-dominated institutions. It does not operate as a unified security or foreign policy alliance. Since its formation, BRICS has expanded to include members like Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, and the UAE. Nearly 20 other countries, including Turkey, have applied for membership. BRICS meetings focus on economic collaboration rather than forming a military or political union.

Why in news?

Turkey officially applied to join BRICS in September 2024, signaling a strategic shift away from the stalled EU accession process and seeking new international partnerships.

Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) Model

The Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) model is a project financing structure where a private entity builds an infrastructure project, operates it for a set period to recover investment and profits, then transfers ownership to the government. BOT projects typically involve large capital investments and long-term contracts, often spanning decades. The private operator manages construction, maintenance, and operations during the concession period. This model is widely used in transport, energy, and utilities sectors to leverage private sector efficiency and capital. The transfer phase ensures the public sector ultimately gains ownership without upfront costs. BOT models require careful risk allocation between parties.

Why in news?

The Adani Groups proposal to refurbish and operate JKIA for 30 years follows a BOT model, involving private investment and eventual transfer of the airport back to Kenyan authorities.

Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE)

The Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE) is a private independent think tank established in 1976 that provides economic and business databases, including employment data. CMIE conducts weekly and monthly labour market surveys, offering more frequent but smaller-scale employment estimates than government surveys. Its Consumer Pyramids Household Survey (CPHS) covers about 174,000 households nationwide. CMIE data is widely used by businesses and researchers for real-time economic analysis, but its methodology and sample size differ from official government surveys like PLFS, often leading to differences in reported unemployment rates.

Why in news?

CMIEs weekly and monthly employment surveys are referenced as a comparison to MoSPIs upcoming monthly PLFS data releases.

Development Finance Institutions (DFIs)

Development Finance Institutions (DFIs) are government-backed financial entities that provide risk capital and long-term financing for projects that promote economic development. DFIs focus on sectors like infrastructure, clean energy, and sustainable development in emerging markets. They often invest in projects that private investors consider too risky. DFIs play important role in enabling the transition to green technologies by funding critical mineral extraction and processing. Examples include the US International Development Finance Corporation (DFC) and the European Investment Bank (EIB). DFIs collaborate internationally to maximize impact and leverage private sector investments.

Why in news?

DFIs are key participants in the Minerals Security Finance Network, working alongside export credit agencies to boost critical mineral production capacity for the clean energy transition.

Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT)

The Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT) operates under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, and regulates foreign trade through the Foreign Trade Policy. Established in 1991, DGFT issues Import Export Codes (IEC) required for export-import businesses. It also implements schemes like the Interest Equalisation Scheme and monitors trade policy compliance. DGFTs notices and circulars guide exporters and importers on procedural, regulatory, and policy updates. It plays a critical role in facilitating India’s trade by simplifying processes and promoting exports through various incentives and regulatory frameworks.

Why in news?

DGFT issued a trade notice announcing the extension of the Interest Equalisation Scheme on rupee export credit for MSME manufacturing exporters until September 30, 2024.

Dynamic Revenue Share (DRS)

Dynamic Revenue Share (DRS) is a pricing mechanism introduced by Google in 2014 for its ad exchange, AdX. DRS allows Google to vary the fee charged on winning bids to help advertisers win auctions, tracking discounted fees and recovering the difference in later auctions. This system relies on Google’s “last look” advantage to see all bids and adjust revenue shares accordingly. DRS reportedly increased ad spending on Googles exchange by approximately $162 million annually and led to a 4% increase in publisher revenue in Googles internal tests.

Why in news?

DRS was examined in the DOJ trial as part of Googles tactics to leverage its auction insights and “last look” advantage to increase its market share and revenue in the online ad ecosystem.

Eastern Economic Forum (EEF)

The Eastern Economic Forum is an annual international forum held in Vladivostok, Russia, since 2015. It aims to encourage foreign investment in Russias Far East and to promote economic cooperation in the Asia-Pacific region. The forum attracts political leaders, business executives, and experts from across Asia and beyond. It focuses on infrastructure development, energy projects, and trade expansion. The EEF plays a strategic role in Russias pivot to Asia, especially amid strained relations with Western countries. It is held every September and marks Russias efforts to integrate economically with Asian markets.

Why in news?

Putin returned to Russia after attending the 2024 Eastern Economic Forum in Vladivostok following his visit to Mongolia.

Electronic Manufacturing Cluster (EMC)

The Electronic Manufacturing Cluster (EMC) near the Yamuna Expressway is a government-supported industrial zone focused on electronics production and assembly. It provides infrastructure and incentives to attract manufacturers of consumer electronics, semiconductors, and related components. The EMC is part of India’s broader strategy to boost domestic electronics manufacturing under initiatives like Make in India and Atmanirbhar Bharat. It offers facilities such as testing labs, warehousing, and logistics support. The cluster aims to reduce import dependence and enhance export capacity, contributing to regional industrial growth and employment generation.

Why in news?

The EMC is mentioned as one of the dedicated hubs near the new YEIDA housing scheme, denoting the area’s industrial development and connectivity benefits.

End-Use Monitoring

End-use monitoring is a regulatory requirement imposed on banks to verify that the funds they lend are used for the intended purpose. It primarily applies to priority sector lending, such as agriculture, MSMEs, and government schemes. Banks must track and report the utilization of loans to ensure compliance. This process increases operational costs and limits banks’ flexibility in lending. Mutual funds and other non-bank financial entities are not subject to end-use monitoring, allowing them to deploy funds without restrictions on sectoral allocation. This regulatory difference affects banks’ ability to offer competitive returns on deposits versus mutual fund yields.

Why in news?

End-use monitoring was brought into light by IBA chairman MV Rao as a factor limiting banks ability to compete with mutual funds in attracting deposits due to regulatory constraints.

Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)

The Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) extends up to 200 nautical miles from a country’s coastline, granting sovereign rights for exploring, exploiting, conserving, and managing natural resources. It includes both living resources like fish and non-living resources such as oil and gas. Coastal states have jurisdiction over artificial islands, marine scientific research, and environmental protection within the EEZ. The EEZ was established under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) in 1982. Disputes over EEZ boundaries are common due to overlapping claims, especially in geopolitically sensitive regions like the South China Sea.

Why in news?

The Indian Coast Guard’s role in monitoring and securing Indias vast EEZ was brought into light during the 41st Commanders Conference amid evolving maritime security challenges.

Export Curbs on Rice (2023)

Export curbs on rice imposed by India in 2023 were trade restrictions aimed at controlling domestic prices and ensuring sufficient local supply amid lower-than-expected monsoon rains. These curbs reduced rice exports by approximately 20%, from 22.2 million metric tons in 2022 to 17.8 million tons in 2023. The restrictions impacted global rice markets, forcing buyers in Asia and Africa to source rice from alternative exporters like Thailand and Vietnam. The curbs affected both basmati and non-basmati rice exports. Such trade measures are tools used by governments to balance domestic food security with international trade commitments during supply shocks.

Why in news?

India has lifted most of the rice export curbs imposed in 2023 due to improved monsoon conditions and stock surpluses.

Federation of Indian Exporters Organisations (FIEO)

FIEO is an apex body representing Indian exporters, established in 1965 under the Ministry of Commerce. It acts as a bridge between the government and exporters, facilitating trade policies and export promotion. FIEO provides exporters with information, training, and assistance in international marketing. It represents exporters in trade negotiations and disputes. FIEO also conducts market research and organizes trade delegations. The organization marks sector-specific export challenges, such as container availability and freight rates, to influence policy decisions.

Why in news?

FIEO’s director general clarified that container shortages are due to space constraints on ships, not an actual lack of containers, amid ongoing export logistics challenges.

Financial Stability and Development Council Sub-Committee (FSDC-SC)

The FSDC-SC is a specialized sub-committee formed under the Financial Stability and Development Council (FSDC) in India. It primarily focuses on monitoring macroprudential risks and financial stability. It facilitates inter-regulatory coordination among various financial regulators including RBI, SEBI, IRDAI, and PFRDA. The sub-committee meets regularly to assess systemic risks and discuss regulatory responses to emerging threats like cyber risks and climate change impacts on finance. Its decisions influence policy measures to enhance resilience in the Indian financial sector. It operates under the chairmanship of the RBI Governor.

Why in news?

The FSDC-SC held a meeting chaired by RBI Governor Shaktikanta Das to review global and domestic financial developments and discuss inter-regulatory coordination and emerging risks to financial stability.

Foreign Currency Assets (FCA)

Foreign Currency Assets (FCA) are the largest component of a countrys foreign exchange reserves, comprising foreign currencies held by the central bank in various forms such as deposits, bonds, treasury bills, and other government securities. These assets are valued in US dollars but include currencies like the euro, pound, and yen, whose values fluctuate against the dollar. The Reserve Bank of Indias FCA increased by $5.107 billion to $604.144 billion as of September 6, 2024. FCA valuation is affected by RBI interventions and currency appreciation or depreciation.

Why in news?

Indias Foreign Currency Assets increased by over $5 billion to $604.144 billion as of early September 2024, a major factor in the overall rise in the countrys foreign exchange reserves.

Formulary

A formulary is a list of prescription medications covered by a health insurance plan, developed and managed by Pharmacy Benefit Managers. Formularies categorize drugs into tiers based on cost and efficacy to guide coverage and patient copayments. PBMs use formularies to steer patients toward preferred drugs, often those with higher rebates. Formularies are updated regularly and can exclude certain drugs or require prior authorization. They play a critical role in controlling drug spending and influencing patient access to medications. Formularies vary widely between plans and affect out-of-pocket costs.

Why in news?

PBMs management of formularies is under scrutiny for potentially favoring higher-priced drugs with larger rebates, affecting drug costs and patient access.

Global Trade Research Initiative (GTRI)

The Global Trade Research Initiative (GTRI) is a think tank focused on analyzing international trade policies and their economic impacts. Founded by Ajay Srivastava, GTRI provides research and policy recommendations to governments and businesses. It emphasizes data-driven insights on tariffs, trade agreements, and protectionist measures. GTRI often critiques oversimplified trade narratives and advocates for nuanced understanding of tariff structures. It has contributed to debates on Indias trade policies and global tariff comparisons. GTRIs work includes comparative studies of tariff regimes across emerging and developed economies, influencing policy dialogues in South Asia and beyond.

Why in news?

Ajay Srivastava, GTRI founder, commented on Indias tariff regime amid Trumps criticism, providing context to the debate on Indias import tariffs and trade relations with the US.

Green Deposits

Green deposits are bank deposit schemes where funds are specifically earmarked for financing environmentally sustainable projects. These deposits aim to promote green financing and support climate-friendly initiatives. However, compliance and verification costs for green deposits are higher than traditional deposits, often making them less attractive to savers. Banks face challenges in marketing green deposits due to their relatively lower interest rates and higher operational costs. Despite growing environmental awareness, green deposits remain a niche product with limited uptake among retail customers, especially in rural and middle-income segments. They are part of banks broader efforts to align with sustainable finance principles.

Why in news?

SBI Chairman CS Setty mentioned green deposits struggling to attract savers because of lower returns and high compliance costs amid deposit growth challenges.

India Semiconductor Mission

The India Semiconductor Mission (ISM) is a government initiative launched to develop a robust semiconductor ecosystem in India. It aims to attract investments, encourage innovation, and build semiconductor manufacturing capabilities, including design, fabrication, and packaging. ISM plays a central role in coordinating between industry players, research institutions, and government bodies. It supports startups and established companies to reduce dependence on imports. The mission also facilitates technology transfer and skill development programs. Its goal is to make India a global hub for semiconductor production, especially for strategic sectors like defense and telecommunications, by 2030.

Why in news?

The India Semiconductor Mission is spearheading the launch of Indias first national security semiconductor fabrication plant, part of the new collaboration with the US.

Indian Semiconductor Mission (ISM)

The Indian Semiconductor Mission was established in 2022 under the Digital India Corporation to boost India’s semiconductor manufacturing, packaging, and design capabilities. It initially received a budgetary allocation of $10 billion and has approved projects worth $11 billion, including chip fabrication and assembly units. The government provides nearly 50% capital subsidy, complemented by 15-25% from state governments. ISM aims to reduce Indias dependence on imports and build a domestic semiconductor ecosystem. It supports fabrication units, OSAT (Assembly, Testing, Marking, and Packaging) facilities, and chip design initiatives across multiple state of Indias.

Why in news?

ISM is seeking a second funding round of up to $10 billion to support new semiconductor fabrication projects, including a joint venture between Tower Semiconductor and the Adani Group in Maharashtra.

Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF)

The Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF) is a U.S.-led initiative launched in 2022 to enhance economic cooperation among Indo-Pacific nations. It focuses on trade, supply chains, clean energy, and anti-corruption measures without establishing traditional free trade agreements. India and Australia are participants exploring opportunities under IPEF to strengthen regional economic integration. The framework emphasizes digital economy standards and climate commitments, aiming to counterbalance China’s growing influence in the region. IPEF involves over a dozen countries but does not provide tariff reductions, differentiating it from conventional trade pacts.

Why in news?

India and Australia discussed potential opportunities within the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework during their recent trade ministerial meeting as part of broader economic cooperation talks.

Intangible Asset Intensity

Intangible asset intensity measures the value of non-physical assets such as intellectual property, software, brand equity, and organizational capital relative to a countrys economy or company assets. It reflects investment in innovation, research, and development beyond tangible goods. Countries with high intangible asset intensity tend to have advanced knowledge economies and competitive advantages in technology and services. The metric is used by economists and investors to assess long-term growth potential and economic resilience. Data for this measure comes from national accounts, corporate reports, and international financial databases.

Why in news?

India ranks 7th globally in intangible asset intensity, indicating strong growth in knowledge-based and innovation-driven economic assets in 2024.

Interest Equalisation Scheme (IES) on Export Credit

The Interest Equalisation Scheme (IES) was launched on April 1, 2015, to provide exporters with subsidized interest rates on pre- and post-shipment rupee export credit. Initially valid for five years until March 31, 2020, it has been extended multiple times, including during the Covid-19 pandemic. The scheme is fund-limited and offers benefits capped at ₹10 crore per annum per IEC (Import Export Code). It primarily supports MSME manufacturing exporters and exporters from identified sectors, helping them access competitive credit rates amid global economic challenges. The scheme has seen allocations exceeding ₹12,000 crore cumulatively to sustain export growth.

Why in news?

The Government of India extended the Interest Equalisation Scheme for one month till September 30, 2024, specifically for MSME manufacturing exporters, to promote outbound shipments amid a challenging global economic environment.

MSMEs (Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises)

MSMEs are defined by varying size criteria depending on the country but generally include businesses with fewer than 250 employees. They contribute over 50% of employment worldwide and up to 40% of GDP in emerging economies. MSMEs face challenges like limited access to finance, technology, and international markets. Women-owned MSMEs often encounter additional barriers, including gender bias and lack of collateral. Digital trade and e-commerce have increasingly enabled MSMEs to access global markets, reducing traditional entry barriers. MSMEs are crucial for poverty reduction, economic diversification, and innovation, particularly in developing countries where they form the backbone of the economy.

Why in news?

The WTO report emphasizes MSMEs as vulnerable groups affected by unilateral trade policies and marks digital trade as an opportunity to enhance their global participation.

Nano GCCs

Nano GCCs are small-scale Global Capability Centres with flexible operations and staffing between 5 to 50 employees. These centres are designed to operate in smaller cities or regions, such as Mysuru, Mangaluru, and Hubballi-Dharwad-Belagavi, under Karnataka’s “Beyond Bengaluru” initiative. Nano GCCs benefit from incentives like reimbursement of rent, property tax, EPF contributions, internet expenses, and electricity duty exemptions to reduce operational risks. They provide companies with agility and scalability without the pressure of meeting minimum employment or investment thresholds, facilitating easier market entry and growth in emerging urban areas.

Why in news?

Karnatakas draft GCC policy promotes nano GCCs in cities beyond Bengaluru to decentralize tech growth and offers financial incentives to encourage their establishment.

National Securities Depository Ltd (NSDL)

National Securities Depository Ltd (NSDL) is Indias first and largest securities depository, established in 1996. It facilitates electronic holding and transfer of securities, replacing physical certificates with dematerialized (demat) accounts. NSDL plays important role in the Indian capital markets by enabling faster, safer, and more transparent transactions. It operates alongside Central Depository Services Ltd (CDSL), the other main depository. As of FY24, the number of demat accounts with NSDL and CDSL combined rose to 15.14 crore, reflecting increased retail investor participation. NSDL also supports government securities, mutual funds, and corporate bonds in dematerialized form.

Why in news?

The rise in demat accounts with NSDL is part of the shift of household savings from banks to capital markets, affecting deposit growth.

Natural Experiment in Energy Policy Research

A natural experiment is a research method where external factors or policies create conditions resembling a controlled experiment without deliberate intervention by researchers. In energy policy, it allows analysis of impacts by comparing groups affected differently by a program, such as villages just eligible or not eligible for electrification. This method reduces bias and improves causal inference. The University of Chicago and University of Maryland researchers used this approach to assess the economic effects of Indias rural electrification program by comparing similar villages before and after gaining electricity access, revealing differential impacts based on village size.

Why in news?

The study used a natural experiment design to evaluate the economic impact of electrification in Indian villages, denoting varying outcomes by community size.

Natural Experiment in Rural Electrification

Researchers used the natural experiment method by comparing villages just above and below the 300-person population cutoff for electrification eligibility under RGGVY. This approach leveraged staggered rollout and eligibility rules to isolate the effects of electrification on economic outcomes. Data sources included administrative records and satellite night-time brightness imagery, a proxy for electricity use. The experiment found villages over 2,000 people saw a 33% economic return, while smaller villages had negligible benefits. This method allowed for causal inference about electrifications impact on rural economies without randomized trials.

Why in news?

The natural experiment provided robust evidence that electrification benefits vary with village size, shaping future rural electrification strategies in India.

NBFCs (Non-Banking Financial Companies)

NBFCs are financial institutions in India that provide banking services without holding a banking license. They primarily offer loans, credit facilities, retirement planning, and investment products. NBFCs are regulated by the Reserve Bank of India but have distinct rules compared to banks, especially regarding deposit acceptance. They play a vital role in financial inclusion, particularly in rural and semi-urban areas. NBFCs often serve sectors underserved by traditional banks, including small businesses and microfinance. Their balance sheets are sensitive to interest rate changes, making them responsive to RBIs monetary policy. Some NBFCs have faced liquidity crises in recent years, prompting regulatory tightening.

Why in news?

NBFC shares could rebound if the RBI cuts rates following the US Federal Reserves interest rate reduction, impacting Indian equity market dynamics.

NICDC Logistics Data Services Ltd. (NLDSL)

NLDSL is a joint venture between the Government of India, represented by National Industrial Corridor Development and Implementation Trust (NICDIT), and Japanese IT company NEC Corporation. Established on December 30, 2015, NLDSL focuses on leveraging ICT to improve efficiency in India’s logistics sector. It operates innovations like the Logistics Data Bank (LDB) and ULIP to enhance transparency and digitization. NLDSL plays a central role in transforming supply chain management by integrating government and private sector data and promoting technology-driven solutions.

Why in news?

NLDSL launched ULIP Hackathon 2.0 and the TYT app to promote innovation and digital empowerment in Indias logistics industry.

Non-Basmati Rice

Non-basmati rice refers to all varieties of rice grown in India that are not classified as basmati. It includes short, medium, and long-grain types often used for everyday consumption. India exports non-basmati rice primarily to African and Asian countries such as Benin, Angola, Cameroon, and Nepal. This category constitutes portion of India’s rice exports, serving staple food needs in many developing nations. Unlike basmati, non-basmati rice has a shorter grain and less aromatic flavor. It is often more affordable and versatile in cooking. India is the largest global exporter of non-basmati rice, supporting food security in many countries.

Why in news?

India’s removal of export curbs affects non-basmati rice shipments to over 140 countries, impacting global supply and prices.

Pharmacy Benefit Managers (PBMs)

Pharmacy Benefit Managers (PBMs) are intermediaries that manage prescription drug benefits for insurers, employers, and Medicare plans. They negotiate drug prices and rebates with manufacturers, create formularies, process pharmacy claims, and manage pharmacy networks. PBMs often operate their own mail-order pharmacies. They collect fees from payers and rebates from drug manufacturers. PBMs control approximately 80% of the U.S. pharmacy benefit management market, with the top three companies—CVS Caremark, Express Scripts, and OptumRx—holding nearly four-fifths of the market share. Their role influences drug pricing and access in the U.S. healthcare system.

Why in news?

The FTC sued the three largest PBMs for allegedly abusing their market power to inflate insulin prices artificially, sparking regulatory and legislative scrutiny of the industry.

Phased Manufacturing Programme (PMP)

The Phased Manufacturing Programme (PMP) is a government policy tool aimed at gradually increasing local production of specific goods by mandating incremental domestic value addition. It helps develop local industries by reducing import dependence and encouraging indigenous manufacturing. PMP is implemented in sectors like automotive, electronics, and textiles to build supply chains and create jobs. Companies receiving subsidies under PMP must comply with local assembly or manufacturing targets within defined timelines. It often includes periodic reviews and inspections to ensure compliance and prevent misuse of incentives. PMP supports industrial growth and import substitution in emerging markets like India.

Why in news?

The PMP was recently introduced as part of the PM E-DRIVE scheme to boost local manufacturing of electric vehicle components and ensure subsidy eligibility through local assembly mandates.

Plug-and-Play Model for Entrepreneurs

The plug-and-play model in industrial development refers to pre-prepared industrial spaces where entrepreneurs can quickly start operations without delays in land acquisition, power connection, or regulatory clearances. This model includes ready-to-use land parcels with embedded clearances or self-certification processes to reduce bureaucratic hurdles. It emphasizes availability of both physical infrastructure (roads, power, logistics) and soft infrastructure (housing, schools, hospitals). Originating from East Asian industrial zones, this approach reduces risks and speeds up project execution. It supports MSMEs by lowering entry barriers and operational uncertainties, encouraging faster industrial growth and employment.

Why in news?

Indias new industrial smart cities aim to implement a plug-and-play model to attract entrepreneurs by minimizing risks related to land, power, and clearances, facilitating faster business startup and scaling.

PM Electric Drive Revolution in Innovative Vehicle Enhancement (PM E-DRIVE) Scheme

The PM E-DRIVE Scheme is a government initiative with an outlay of Rs 10,900 crore over two years to promote electric mobility in India. It provides subsidies totaling Rs 3,679 crore for e-2Ws, e-3Ws, e-ambulances, e-trucks, and other EVs. The scheme supports 24.79 lakh e-2Ws, 3.16 lakh e-3Ws, and 14,028 e-buses. It introduces Aadhaar-authenticated e-vouchers for buyers to claim demand incentives. The scheme also allocates funds for deploying e-ambulances and fast chargers, and upgrades testing agencies to support emerging EV technologies. It emphasizes domestic manufacturing through a phased manufacturing program (PMP).

Why in news?

The Union Cabinet approved the PM E-DRIVE Scheme in September 2024 to accelerate electric vehicle adoption and infrastructure development across major Indian cities and highways.

PM MITRA Park

The PM MITRA Park (Prime Minister Mega Integrated Textile Regions and Apparel Park) is a large-scale industrial park dedicated to textile manufacturing. The Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation (MIDC) is developing a 1,000-acre park in Amravati, Maharashtra. It is one of seven such parks approved nationwide to create world-class infrastructure for textile production. The initiative aims to attract foreign direct investment (FDI), boost exports, and generate employment. The park integrates manufacturing, research, and innovation facilities to position India as a global textile hub. It supports sustainable practices and modern technology adoption in the textile sector.

Why in news?

PM Modi will lay the foundation stone for the PM MITRA Park in Amravati to promote Indias textile industry and enhance global competitiveness.

Post-Liberalisation Economic Growth of Southern States

Indias economic liberalisation began in 1991, marking a shift from a closed economy to a more market-oriented one. Southern states—Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu—have collectively accounted for around 30% of Indias GDP in 2023-24. Before 1991, these states did not outperform others , but post-liberalisation, their per capita income surpassed the national average. These states benefited from improved infrastructure, IT and service sector growth, and better governance models. Their economic policies attracted investments, encouraging industrial growth and urbanisation, which contributed to sustained higher growth rates compared to other regions.

Why in news?

The paper marks how southern states have become economic leaders in India since 1991, outpacing other regions in GDP share and per capita income.

Powerchip Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation (PSMC)

Powerchip Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation (PSMC) is a Taiwanese semiconductor foundry founded in 1994. It specializes in memory chips and logic IC manufacturing, serving global clients in electronics and automotive sectors. PSMC is among Taiwans key players in the semiconductor industry but is less known internationally compared to giants like TSMC. The company has expanded its footprint through international partnerships and recently entered India via a joint venture with Tata Group to establish a semiconductor fabrication plant in Gujarat. This plant aims to boost Indias chip manufacturing capabilities and reduce reliance on imports.

Why in news?

Tata Group partnered with Taiwans Powerchip Semiconductor to set up a semiconductor fabrication plant in Gujarat as part of Indias semiconductor ecosystem expansion.

Price Stabilization Fund (PSF)

The Price Stabilization Fund (PSF) is a financial mechanism established to provide funds for market intervention to stabilize prices of essential commodities. It supports procurement and distribution to control price volatility, especially during supply shocks. PSF works alongside other schemes like the Price Support Scheme (PSS) and Market Intervention Scheme (MIS) under PM-AASHA. The fund helps in maintaining price stability for consumers and ensures remunerative prices for farmers by enabling timely government purchases and buffer stock management.

Why in news?

PSF has been converged with other schemes under PM-AASHA to improve efficiency in price management and support for farmers and consumers.

Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme

The Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme is an Government of India initiative to boost domestic manufacturing by providing financial incentives based on incremental production. It targets sectors such as electronics, pharmaceuticals, and automobiles. The scheme incentivizes companies to increase local value addition and reduce import dependency. PLI calculates actual value addition percentages based on the bill of materials (BoM) and production costs. It is designed to encourage large-scale manufacturing, technology transfer, and employment generation. The government uses PLI data to revise procurement policies, ensuring accurate assessment of local content in products.

Why in news?

The government proposed aligning local content calculations in IT hardware procurement with the PLI schemes value addition percentages to prevent over-invoicing and improve transparency.

Regression Discontinuity Design (RDD)

Regression Discontinuity Design (RDD) is a statistical technique used to estimate causal effects by assigning a cutoff or threshold for treatment assignment. It compares observations lying closely on either side of the cutoff, assuming that units near the threshold are similar except for treatment status. RDD is widely applied in economics and social sciences to evaluate policy impacts when randomization is not feasible. The method provides robust causal inference by exploiting quasi-experimental conditions. It requires a clearly defined cutoff and sufficient data near the threshold. RDD can reduce bias compared to observational studies by focusing on local comparisons around the cutoff.

Why in news?

Timothy Neal used regression discontinuity design to analyze the effectiveness of over 300,000 protected areas worldwide in preventing deforestation between 2000 and 2022.

Sakhalin-1 Project

The Sakhalin-1 Project is a major Russian oil and gas development located on Sakhalin Island in the Russian Far East. ONGC Videsh (OVL) holds a 20% stake in this project. It is one of the oldest and largest offshore oil projects in Russia, involving international partners. The project has passed its major capital expenditure phase, limiting new investment needs. OVL must pay around $600 million to be re-nominated as a shareholder, and talks are ongoing to use stranded dividends for this payment. The projects operational revenues contribute to the dividends stuck in Russia.

Why in news?

Sakhalin-1 is prominent as OVL negotiates to use its stranded dividends to maintain its shareholder status amid challenges in moving funds due to sanctions.

Scale-Based Regulations (SBR) Framework

The Scale-Based Regulations (SBR) framework was introduced by the Reserve Bank of India in October 2022 to regulate NBFCs based on their size, activity, and risk profile. It classifies NBFCs into layers – upper, middle, and base, with differentiated regulatory requirements. The framework aims to enhance financial stability, improve asset quality, and strengthen risk management. It mandates stricter norms for larger NBFCs, including capital adequacy, provisioning, and disclosure. The SBR framework also introduces prompt corrective action (PCA) norms for government-owned NBFCs starting October 2024, focusing on capital and asset quality for early intervention.

Why in news?

The RBIs September 2024 bulletin reviewed NBFC performance post-SBR introduction, denoting improved asset quality, credit growth, and the upcoming extension of PCA norms to government-owned NBFCs under this framework.

Silver Lake

Silver Lake is a global private equity firm specializing in technology investments. Founded in 1999, it manages billions in assets and invests in companies across software, hardware, and internet sectors. Silver Lake acquired a controlling stake in WP Engine in 2018. The firm is known for growth-oriented investments and operational expertise in tech companies. It often partners with management teams to scale businesses globally. Silver Lake’s involvement in WP Engine has been brought into light in the WordPress trademark dispute, with accusations that cost-cutting measures to increase margins have impacted WordPress features.

Why in news?

Silver Lakes ownership of WP Engine was cited by Matt Mullenweg as influencing WP Engines decisions on disabling WordPress revision features, a key point in the dispute.

Soft Landing (Economic Concept)

A soft landing in economics refers to a scenario where a central bank successfully slows down inflation without triggering a recession. It involves tightening monetary policy enough to reduce price pressures but not so much that it causes drop in economic output or a spike in unemployment. Achieving a soft landing is challenging due to lagging effects of policy changes and external shocks. It is often the goal during periods of high inflation. The concept contrasts with a hard landing, which results in recession and higher unemployment.

Why in news?

The Fed aims for a soft landing by cutting interest rates gradually to balance inflation control with economic growth and employment stability in 2024.

Sriperumbudur

Sriperumbudur is an industrial town located near Chennai, Tamil Nadu. It hosts numerous manufacturing plants, including automotive and electronics industries. The town is notable for its strategic location on the Chennai-Bangalore highway and proximity to Chennai International Airport. Sriperumbudur is also the site of the 1991 assassination of former Prime Minister of India Rajiv Gandhi. The industrial growth in this area has attracted many multinational companies, making it a key manufacturing hub in South India. The presence of Samsung Electronics’ major production plant marks its importance in India’s electronics manufacturing sector.

Why in news?

Sriperumbudur is in news due to a rare labour strike at Samsung Electronics key production plant located there, disrupting operations ahead of the festive sales season.

Stone Chakki Mills

Stone chakki mills are traditional grinding devices used in India to produce whole wheat flour called atta. They operate by crushing wheat grains between two circular stones, preserving all three parts of the grain – bran, germ, and endosperm. These mills typically grind between 50 and 300 kg of wheat per hour, depending on motor power. Stone chakkis are mostly roadside and unorganised, with about 700 organised units across the country. Unlike roller flour mills, they do not separate bran and germ, resulting in flour richer in dietary fiber and nutrients. Their exact number is difficult to estimate due to their informal nature.

Why in news?

Stone chakki mills are mentioned to contrast traditional whole wheat flour production with modern roller flour mills amid changing wheat consumption patterns in India.

Geography (Indian & Physical)

Diara

Diara refers to the low-lying riverine tracts along the Ganga and its tributaries, particularly in Bihar. These areas are characterized by alluvial soil deposited by recurring floods, making them fertile yet highly flood-prone. The Diara belt often experiences submergence during monsoon due to rising river water levels. Settlements in Diara regions face frequent displacement and crop damage during floods. These lands are vital for agriculture but vulnerable to erosion and waterlogging. The term is locally used in Bihar and neighboring states to denote these floodplain zones shaped by river dynamics and seasonal inundation.

Why in news?

Floodwaters submerged villages and crops in Diara areas of Patna, Vaishali, Samastipur, Bhojpur, and Buxar due to rising Ganga water levels during the 2024 monsoon season.

Dzuleke River

The Dzuleke River is a tributary of the Barak River located in Nagaland, northeastern India. It flows through hilly terrain characterized by dense forests and limited accessibility, resulting in minimal scientific exploration. The river is part of the larger Barak drainage system, which is known for its rich biodiversity, especially fish species. The Dzuleke River’s aquatic habitats provide a promising environment for discovering new and endemic species. Its physiography includes fast-flowing streams and diverse microhabitats important for hillstream fishes.

Why in news?

The Dzuleke River gained attention as the site where the new catfish species Exostoma sentiyonoae was discovered.

East Champaran District

East Champaran is a district in Bihar, known historically for the Champaran Satyagraha led by Mahatma Gandhi in 1917, which was a major event in Indias independence movement. The district has a predominantly agricultural economy, growing crops such as rice, wheat, and sugarcane. It features a subtropical climate with monsoon rains supporting agriculture. The district has a mixed terrain of plains and small hills, with the Gandak River flowing through it. East Champaran has a diverse population with multiple languages spoken, including Hindi, Bhojpuri, and Maithili. It is administratively divided into several blocks and has a developing infrastructure.

Why in news?

East Champaran is one of the five districts chosen by Bihar government for culling Nilgai and wild boars to protect crops from damage.

Limpiyadhura

Limpiyadhura is a remote mountainous region in the western Himalayas, located near the source of the Kali River. It is part of the territorial dispute between Nepal and India, with Nepal claiming it based on historical boundaries defined in the Treaty of Sugauli (1816). The area is sparsely populated and difficult to access, but holds symbolic and strategic significance for Nepal. India administers the region as part of Uttarakhand. Limpiyadhuras precise boundaries have been debated due to differing interpretations of river source locations and colonial-era maps, contributing to the ongoing border tensions between the two countries.

Why in news?

Nepals decision to depict Limpiyadhura on its new banknotes has intensified diplomatic tensions with India over border claims.

Mahadayi River

The Mahadayi River originates in the Western Ghats of Karnataka and flows through Goa before emptying into the Arabian Sea. It spans approximately 92 kilometers and is crucial for drinking water, irrigation, and ecosystem support in the region. The river basin supports rich biodiversity, including several endemic fish species. The Mahadayi water dispute involves three states – Karnataka, Goa, and Maharashtra, centered on water sharing rights. The rivers flow is highly seasonal, with most water available during the monsoon. The Mahadayi basin includes protected areas like the Kali and Sahyadri Tiger Reserves, making water diversion projects ecologically sensitive.

Why in news?

The Mahadayi River is central to a contentious water-sharing dispute involving Karnataka, Goa, and Maharashtra, with Karnataka seeking permission to divert water for drought-prone districts via the Kalasa-Banduri canal.

National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC)

The National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) is a key agency under the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) responsible for satellite data acquisition and remote sensing applications. It operates ground stations for data reception from Indian and foreign satellites and processes this data for diverse uses such as agriculture, forestry, water resources, and disaster management. NRSC supports early warning systems by providing satellite imagery for real-time monitoring of floods, cyclones, and forest fires. It also manages the Bhuvan geoportal, an Indian equivalent of Google Earth, offering detailed geospatial information to governments and researchers.

Why in news?

NRSC participated in EXERCISE AIKYA to provide satellite-based data and imagery for disaster monitoring and early warning systems during the simulated emergency scenarios.

Nazca Lines

The Nazca Lines are a series of large geoglyphs etched into the desert floor of southern Peru, covering approximately 170 square miles (440 square kilometers). Created between 200 B.C. and A.D. 500 by the Nazca culture, these figures include animals, plants, and geometric shapes. They were made by removing surface pebbles to expose lighter soil beneath. The lines are best viewed from the air due to their massive scale. Their purpose remains debated, ranging from astronomical calendars to religious rituals. The geoglyphs were rediscovered in the 1920s and have been extensively studied since the late 20th century.

Why in news?

Over 300 new Nazca Lines were discovered in Peru using artificial intelligence, nearly doubling the known figures and revealing new humanoid and animal shapes.

Obvious Geological Potential (OGP) Areas

OGP areas cover approximately 6.88 lakh square kilometres, about one-fifth of India’s landmass. These zones are characterized by the highest potential for discovering deep-seated, high-value minerals such as gold, copper, and nickel. Despite this potential, exploration and production from OGP areas remain low due to limited investment and regulatory delays. India currently produces only about 5% of deep-seated minerals domestically, relying heavily on imports. The Ministry of Mines is aiming for 100% detailed exploration of these areas, promoting private sector participation under the Exploration Licence (EL) regime introduced in 2023.

Why in news?

OGP areas were discussed at the FIMI annual meet denoting India’s under-exploration of critical minerals and the Ministry of Mines plan to increase exploration efforts and auction blocks in these zones.

Parambikulam Aliyar Project (PAP)

The Parambikulam Aliyar Project is a multi-dam, multi-river irrigation and hydroelectric project spanning Tamil Nadu and Kerala. It integrates eight west-flowing rivers, including six from the Anaimalai Hills and two in the plains, to transfer water from surplus to deficit areas. The projects combined reservoir capacity is about 31.5 thousand million cubic feet, supporting irrigation over approximately 4.2 lakh acres. It also houses hydroelectric stations with a total capacity of 210 MW. Initiated in the 1950s, it was the first Indian project to transfer water between river basins through tunnels under mountains.

Why in news?

The Athikadavu-Avinashi project inauguration revived interest in PAP, denoting its role in transforming drought-prone districts of western Tamil Nadu and Kerala by harnessing water resources efficiently.

Passighat

Passighat is a town in Arunachal Pradesh, located on the banks of the Siang River. It is the oldest town in Arunachal Pradesh and serves as the headquarters of the East Siang district. Passighat is known for its agricultural practices, especially paddy cultivation, supported by fertile alluvial soil. It is also a cultural hub for the Adi tribe, one of the major indigenous communities in the region. The town experiences a humid subtropical climate with rainfall during the monsoon. Passighat is strategically important for connectivity and development in Arunachal Pradesh due to its proximity to the border with China.

Why in news?

Passighat recorded temperatures 8.6 degrees Celsius above normal in September 2024, contributing to the regions record-breaking heat wave and unusual climatic conditions.

Port Stanley

Port Stanley is the capital and largest settlement of the Falkland Islands, located on East Falkland. It has a population of around 2,000 people and serves as the political, economic, and cultural center of the islands. The town was founded in 1765 and named after Edward Stanley, a British Secretary of State. It is known for its British colonial architecture and as a key port for fishing and tourism. Port Stanleys community is tight-knit, which played important role in the discovery of ancient rainforest remains through local word-of-mouth communication in 2020.

Why in news?

Port Stanleys local community helped researchers locate prehistoric tree remains and pollen at a building site, leading to the discovery of evidence of an ancient rainforest on the Falkland Islands.

Punnapuzha River

The Punnapuzha River flows through Wayanad district in Kerala and is part of the larger Chaliyar river basin. It originates in the Western Ghats and drains the eastern forested slopes, including areas affected by the 2024 landslide. The riverbed contains weathered rocks oriented against the water flow, which contributed to accelerated rock weathering and sediment increase during the landslide event. This geological feature led to a 185% rise in sediment levels in the river during the disaster, indicating erosion and debris movement. The river supports local agriculture and ecosystems downstream.

Why in news?

The Punnapuzha River was the site where the Wayanad landslide originated, with its geological features exacerbating sediment flow and contributing to the disasters scale.

Sivaramakrishnan Committee

The Sivaramakrishnan Committee was appointed by Indias Ministry of Home Affairs in 2014 to evaluate alternative locations for Andhra Pradeshs new capital. The committee recommended against Amaravati due to its flood-prone geography and vulnerability to frequent flooding from the Krishna River and its tributaries. It brought into light the risks posed by the regions low-lying topography and history of flood disasters, such as the 2009 floods affecting 20 lakh people. The committee advised cautious selection of capital sites, emphasizing the need to avoid flood-prone coastal districts and river basins to ensure sustainable urban development.

Why in news?

Despite the Sivaramakrishnan Committees 2014 recommendation against Amaravati, the city continues to be developed as Andhra Pradeshs capital, raising concerns after the 2024 floods exposed its vulnerability.

South China Sea

The South China Sea is a marginal sea of the Western Pacific Ocean, covering an area of about 3.5 million square kilometers. It is bordered by China, Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei, and Taiwan. The sea is a critical maritime route, with over one-third of global shipping passing through it annually. It contains important natural resources, including oil and natural gas reserves. The South China Sea features complex geopolitical disputes, particularly over the Spratly and Paracel Islands. It is also a known breeding ground for tropical cyclones due to its warm waters and favorable atmospheric conditions.

Why in news?

Typhoon Yagi intensified over the unusually warm waters of the South China Sea, becoming one of the strongest Category 5 storms recorded in the region.

Sri Vijaya Puram

Sri Vijaya Puram is a lesser-known settlement in the Andaman & Nicobar Islands, notable for its cultural heritage and proximity to pristine natural environments. It is part of the South Andaman district and serves as a gateway to several remote islands. The region is rich in biodiversity and has tribal communities preserving indigenous customs. The name “Sri Vijaya Puram” reflects historical links to the Vijayanagara Empire, although the settlement itself is relatively modern. It offers opportunities for eco-tourism and marine activities such as snorkeling and scuba diving in the surrounding coral reefs.

Why in news?

Sri Vijaya Puram is among the six pilot locations where the Paryatan Mitra & Paryatan Didi program was launched to train locals in tourism and hospitality skills.

Wari La

Wari La is a mountain pass located in the Ladakh region of northern India, situated at an altitude around 5,000 meters (16,400 feet). It serves as a strategic gateway between the Nubra and Shyok valleys. The pass is known for harsh weather conditions, including heavy winds, low temperatures, and thin air, making it a challenging environment for military operations and technology testing. Wari Las terrain and altitude provide an ideal location for testing high-altitude drones and other defense equipment under extreme conditions, helping armed forces prepare for operational challenges along the northern border.

Why in news?

Wari La is the venue for the Him-Drone-A-Thon 2 event in September 2024, where Indian drone technologies will be tested and demonstrated under high-altitude conditions.

Weddell Sea

The Weddell Sea is a large part of the Southern Ocean, located off the coast of Antarctica. It is bordered by the Antarctic Peninsula and Coats Land. The sea is known for its extensive sea ice coverage and plays a critical role in global ocean circulation through the formation of dense Antarctic Bottom Water. The Weddell Sea supports unique ecosystems and is a habitat for diverse marine species, including seals, penguins, and rare whales like Arnouxs beaked whales. It has been a focus for scientific expeditions studying climate, ice dynamics, and marine biodiversity.

Why in news?

The Weddell Sea was the location where researchers recently spotted and photographed groups of Arnouxs beaked whales during a marine predator survey in 2022.

Yeti

The Yeti, also known as the “Abominable Snowman,” is a legendary ape-like creature said to inhabit the Himalayan and Tibetan Plateau regions. Descriptions vary, but it is often depicted as a large, bipedal, furry humanoid. The Yeti appears in local folklore and spiritual beliefs, symbolizing mystery and wilderness. Despite numerous expeditions and alleged sightings, no scientific evidence confirms its existence. Some theories suggest Yeti reports may be misidentified wildlife like the Himalayan brown bear or cultural myths. The creature remains a popular figure in cryptozoology and Himalayan tourism.

Why in news?

The Yeti is referenced as part of the Tibetan Plateaus cultural mystique and its association with remote, mysterious wilderness areas.

Environment & Ecology

Aṉṉapēti centūram

Aṉṉapēti centūram is a Siddha polyherbal formulation traditionally prescribed to improve digestive health and nutritional status. The term “centūram” refers to a medicinal powder, and “Aṉṉapēti” relates to nourishment or food intake. This preparation is believed to enhance appetite and nutrient assimilation, thereby supporting hematinic effects in conditions like anaemia. It is typically made from a blend of herbs that stimulate digestion and metabolism, promoting better absorption of iron and other nutrients. The formulation is part of classical Siddha pharmacopoeia and is used in combination with other drugs to address systemic deficiencies.

Why in news?

It is one of the four components of the ABMN Siddha drug combo used to treat anaemia in adolescent girls in a recent study.

Antimicrobial Resistance Research and Surveillance Network (AMRSN)

The AMRSN is an initiative by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) launched in 2013 to monitor antimicrobial resistance (AMR) trends across India. It collects and analyzes data from 21 regional centers, both public and private, covering diverse clinical settings such as outpatient departments, wards, and intensive care units. The network tests bacterial isolates against a variety of antibiotics, focusing on pathogens like Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. It uses standardized protocols to track resistance patterns and informs national strategies to combat AMR. AMRSN’s data helps guide antibiotic stewardship and policy decisions in India.

Why in news?

AMRSN published its seventh annual report in 2023, revealing alarming increases in antibiotic resistance among common bacterial pathogens in India.

Anti-smog guns

Anti-smog guns are large, industrial-sized water cannons designed to spray fine mist into the air to reduce airborne particulate matter. They work by capturing dust and pollutants, causing them to settle on the ground. These devices are often deployed in urban areas with high pollution levels and construction zones. The mist produced has a droplet size optimized to bind with particulate matter without causing excessive water accumulation on surfaces. Anti-smog guns have been used in cities like Delhi and Beijing as a temporary pollution control measure during peak smog periods, especially in winter months when air quality deteriorates .

Why in news?

Anti-smog guns are part of Delhi’s 21-point Winter Action Plan to combat worsening air pollution during the winter season.

Atmospheric River

An atmospheric river is a narrow, elongated region in the atmosphere that transports large amounts of water vapor from tropical oceans to mid-latitude regions. These “rivers in the sky” can be thousands of kilometers long but only a few hundred kilometers wide. When atmospheric rivers make landfall, they can release intense rainfall and cause flooding. They are responsible for portion of the precipitation outside tropical zones and play important role in global water cycles. Atmospheric rivers are difficult to predict precisely but are increasingly studied for their role in extreme weather events worldwide.

Why in news?

Atmospheric rivers, combined with jet streams, triggered extreme floods in Chile in 2019 and are mentioned as part of the complex weather systems influencing rainfall patterns globally.

Azahagar Hills

The Azahagar Hills are part of the Eastern Ghats mountain range in India, known for rich biodiversity, including unique butterfly species like the Southern Birdwing. The hills have dense forests and serve as a habitat for various endemic flora and fauna. Before 2014, the Southern Birdwing was not known to inhabit the Eastern Ghats, but a discovery by The American College team confirmed its presence here. The region is important for ecological research and conservation efforts due to its diverse species and relatively undisturbed environment.

Why in news?

The Azahagar Hills gained attention when the Southern Birdwing butterfly was first recorded there in 2014, expanding its known habitat beyond the Western Ghats.

Barak Bhuban Wildlife Sanctuary

The Barak Bhuban Wildlife Sanctuary is located in Assam’s Cachar district and spans approximately 15 hectares. It is a protected area aimed at conserving the region’s rich biodiversity, including endemic flora and fauna of the Barak Valley. The sanctuary is part of the larger ecosystem of the Barak River basin, which supports various wildlife species and acts as important ecological corridor. Its terrain includes hilly areas such as Bhuban Hill, which are for both biodiversity and local climate regulation. The sanctuary faces threats from infrastructure projects such as road construction, which can fragment habitats and disrupt wildlife movement.

Why in news?

The National Green Tribunal ordered a stay on road construction inside Barak Bhuban Wildlife Sanctuary due to allegations of unauthorized work violating forest conservation laws.

Bathymetry

Bathymetry is the scientific measurement of underwater topography, involving the mapping of water bodies’ depths and shapes. It uses sonar, echo sounding, or LIDAR technology to create detailed underwater maps. These maps help in flood prediction, sediment analysis, and habitat restoration. Bathymetric data is crucial for coastal engineering, navigation safety, and environmental management. The technique dates back to the 19th century with the use of lead lines but has advanced with modern remote sensing. It supports wetland restoration by identifying water storage capacities and flow patterns. Bathymetry also assists in legal boundary definitions of aquatic ecosystems.

Why in news?

Bathymetric study is underway in Pallikaranai marshland to assess sludge volume for dredging, enhancing water storage and ecological functions amid degradation concerns.

Biochar in Steel Industry

Biochar is a carbon-rich material produced by pyrolyzing organic biomass in low-oxygen conditions. It is primarily used as a soil amendment but has emerging applications in the steel industry as a sustainable alternative to coal or coke. Biochar can reduce carbon emissions by substituting fossil fuels in blast furnaces and other processes. It also helps in carbon sequestration by locking carbon in a stable form. Indias steel sector is investigating biochar for its potential to contribute to carbon neutrality goals. Production of biochar varies depending on feedstock and pyrolysis conditions, affecting its energy content and usability.

Why in news?

Biochar is included in the Ministry of Steels roadmap as an innovative material to aid green transition in the steel sector discussed during the 2024 sustainability event.

Bioclimatic Ecosystem Resilience Index (BERI)

The Bioclimatic Ecosystem Resilience Index (BERI) measures how ecosystems can maintain biodiversity under climate change by assessing habitat connectivity and climate stability. It uses climate projections and habitat data to estimate resilience. BERI focuses on terrestrial ecosystems and does not account for the oceans vertical dimension or marine currents. It integrates species dispersal ability and habitat quality but is less effective in marine environments due to their complexity. BERI has been applied in conservation planning and global biodiversity assessments but requires adaptation for marine ecosystems to address unique oceanic connectivity challenges.

Why in news?

BERI is one of seven connectivity indicators evaluated for inclusion in the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, but it currently lacks applicability to marine environments, prompting calls for its adaptation.

Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ) Agreement

The BBNJ Agreement is a landmark international treaty adopted in 2023 to regulate marine biodiversity conservation on the high seas, areas beyond national jurisdiction. It aims to protect ecosystems covering nearly two-thirds of the ocean, banning destructive fishing methods and pollution. The agreement establishes a framework for equitable sharing of benefits derived from marine genetic resources. It took over 20 years of negotiations under the United Nations to finalize. The treaty prohibits countries from claiming sovereign rights over resources in these areas, promoting global cooperation to sustainably manage and conserve marine life.

Why in news?

India signed the BBNJ Agreement at the UN General Assembly in September 2024, marking its commitment to marine biodiversity conservation on the high seas.

BioShield Project (Rehabilitation of Coastal Habitats)

The BioShield Project is an environmental initiative aimed at protecting coastal habitats by planting vegetation that acts as a natural barrier against sea erosion and storm surges. It involves planting salt-tolerant species like casuarina (locally called savukku) and palm trees along coastlines to reduce the impact of strong sea winds and water. The vegetation slows down wave energy, preventing soil erosion and protecting inland ecosystems and human settlements. This project supports biodiversity by restoring native coastal flora and improving habitat quality for coastal fauna. It is part of larger coastal management and climate adaptation strategies in Tamil Nadu.

Why in news?

The BioShield Project is planting thousands of casuarina and palm saplings along Ramanathapurams coastline to prevent damage from sea water and wind.

Buffer Zone in Tiger Reserves

Buffer zones are designated areas surrounding the core protected zone of tiger reserves. They serve as transitional habitats where limited human activity is allowed to reduce pressure on core areas. Buffer zones help mitigate human-wildlife conflicts and provide space for tigers and other wildlife to roam. They also act as corridors for dispersal and genetic exchange between tiger populations. The buffer zone typically has less strict protection compared to the core area but is vital for the overall ecosystem balance. In NNTR, males from the buffer zone sometimes intrude into the core area seeking mates or territory expansion.

Why in news?

The male tiger that fought and killed T9 likely came from the NNTR buffer zone, denoting the role of buffer zones in tiger movement and territorial dynamics.

Canis lupus pallipes (Indian wolf)

The Indian wolf (Canis lupus pallipes) is a subspecies of the gray wolf native to the Indian subcontinent, primarily found in the grasslands and scrublands of India and Pakistan. It is smaller and more slender than its Eurasian counterparts, adapted to arid environments. The Indian wolfs population is critically endangered, with estimates suggesting fewer than 2,500 mature individuals remain. Historically, it faced intense hunting during colonial times, reducing its numbers. Unlike other wolves, it tends to avoid forests, preferring open terrain. It plays important ecological role as a predator controlling herbivore populations in its habitat.

Why in news?

The Indian wolf has been in the spotlight due to recent attacks on people, especially children, in Uttar Pradeshs Bahraich district, stirring widespread fear and media attention.

Carbon Credit Tracking in Mobile Apps

Carbon credit tracking in mobile apps allows individuals to monitor the environmental impact of their tree planting or eco-friendly activities. These credits represent a quantifiable reduction in greenhouse gases, facilitating participation in carbon markets or voluntary offset programs. Apps like Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam use GPS and timestamps to verify tree planting events and growth, ensuring authenticity. This digital tracking helps users see their cumulative carbon offset contributions, promoting sustained environmental engagement. It also supports transparency and accountability in carbon credit claims, bridging grassroots action with broader climate change mitigation efforts.

Why in news?

The Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam app includes a carbon credit tracking feature, denoting the governments effort to integrate technology and environmental responsibility in public participation programs.

Carbon Price Floor

The Carbon Price Floor is a policy tool designed to set a minimum price for carbon emissions, preventing prices from falling below a certain level. It aims to provide price stability and encourage long-term investments in low-carbon technologies. The UK introduced one of the earliest carbon price floors in 2013 to complement the EU Emissions Trading System. This mechanism creates a predictable carbon cost, reducing market volatility. It can also help align carbon prices across regions by setting a coordinated minimum price. The IMF has proposed extending carbon price floors internationally to improve economic efficiency and fairness in carbon pricing.

Why in news?

The IMF’s carbon price floor proposal is discussed as a way to equalize carbon pricing burdens across EU countries and improve economic efficiency in meeting emissions targets.

Climate Change Adaptation

Climate Change Adaptation refers to adjustments in natural or human systems to reduce harm from climate impacts. It includes modifying agricultural practices, building flood defenses, and improving water management. Adaptation differs from mitigation, which aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) emphasizes adaptation as essential to managing unavoidable climate effects. Adaptation strategies vary by region and sector, often involving local knowledge and innovation. Funding for adaptation is a major topic in international climate negotiations, aiming to support vulnerable countries and communities.

Why in news?

The 2024 World Environmental Health Day theme stresses climate change adaptation as vital for disaster risk reduction and building resilient communities.

Cloud Seeding

Cloud seeding is a weather modification technique that involves dispersing substances like silver iodide or salt particles into clouds to induce rainfall. It aims to increase precipitation by encouraging water droplets to coalesce and fall as rain. Cloud seeding was first experimented with in the 1940s and has been used in India since at least 2009, such as over Modak Sagar reservoir in Maharashtra. The techniques effectiveness is variable and often temporary. It raises environmental concerns, including potential disruption of natural rainfall patterns, possible drought in other regions, and accumulation of chemicals in soil and water, impacting ecosystems.

Why in news?

Delhis government is exploring cloud seeding as part of its Winter Action Plan to temporarily improve air quality during the worsening post-monsoon pollution season.

Crossbreeding of Wolves and Dogs in India

Crossbreeding between Indian wolves and domestic dogs occurs in regions where their habitats overlap, potentially altering wolf behavior and genetics. Hybrid offspring may exhibit traits such as reduced fear of humans and increased adaptability to human environments. This phenomenon complicates conservation efforts since hybrids can affect the genetic purity of wild wolf populations. Biologists like Yadvendradev Jhala have noted that such crossbreeding may contribute to wolves becoming man-eaters by making them more comfortable in human spaces and more prone to attacking humans or livestock.

Why in news?

Crossbreeding is considered a factor in the recent wolf attacks in Bahraich, Uttar Pradesh, explaining changes in wolf behavior leading to increased human predation.

Cyclone Michaung

Cyclone Michaung was a tropical cyclone that impacted the Bay of Bengal region in 2024, causing weather disturbances along the eastern coast of India. It generated heavy rainfall, strong winds, and coastal flooding, particularly affecting Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. The cyclones aftermath included an oil spill off Chennai, which posed a severe threat to the marine ecosystem. Rapid response teams, including the Indian Coast Guard, were mobilized to contain and mitigate the environmental damage. Michaung was classified as a severe cyclonic storm by the India Meteorological Department and was part of the 2024 North Indian Ocean cyclone season.

Why in news?

The Indian Coast Guards quick action in managing the oil spill caused by Cyclone Michaung was commended during the 41st ICG Commanders Conference.

Di-ammonium Phosphate (DAP)

Di-ammonium phosphate is a widely used phosphorus-based fertilizer with the chemical formula (NH4)2HPO4. It supplies both nitrogen and phosphorus essential for plant growth. Globally, DAP is produced by reacting ammonia with phosphoric acid. It is granular and water-soluble, facilitating easy soil application. India consumes about 10.5-11.5 million tonnes annually but produces only 4-5 million tonnes domestically, relying heavily on imports. DAP is critical for Rabi crops like wheat and potatoes. It is hygroscopic and should be stored carefully to avoid caking. The fertilizers nitrogen content is around 18%, and phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) content is about 46%.

Why in news?

Punjab faces shortages and delays in granular DAP supply for Rabi crops, prompting exploration of alternatives like nano DAP to reduce import dependence and subsidy burdens.

Diesel Generator (DG) Sets Dual-Fuel Mode

Diesel generator (DG) sets in Delhi-NCR range from 62kV to 800kV capacity. The 2024 GRAP revision mandates that DG sets must operate in dual-fuel mode (diesel and gas) or be equipped with emission control devices to reduce pollution. DG sets without gas infrastructure are allowed only for emergency services. This regulation targets the reduction of emissions from DG sets, which are local pollution sources, especially during power outages or peak demand. Dual-fuel DG sets produce fewer pollutants by partially substituting diesel with cleaner fuels like natural gas.

Why in news?

Stage II of the 2024 GRAP update imposed compulsory dual-fuel operation or emission control equipment on DG sets to curb winter pollution in Delhi-NCR.

District Agro-Meteorology Units (DAMUs)

The District Agro-Meteorology Units (DAMUs) were established by the India Meteorological Department (IMD) in 2018, totaling 199 units across India. They operated under the Gramin Krishi Mausam Sewa (GKMS) scheme to provide sub-district level agricultural weather advisories. DAMUs combined meteorological data such as rainfall, temperature, and wind speed with agricultural expertise to issue localized advisories on sowing, harvesting, irrigation, and input usage. Advisories were distributed free in local languages via SMS, WhatsApp, newspapers, and direct communication. DAMUs were housed within Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) and staffed by trained meteorologists and agricultural scientists. They were shut down in March 2024 by IMD order.

Why in news?

DAMUs are in the news due to their recent shutdown by the IMD and ongoing debates about reviving them amid farmer demands and climate change challenges.

Earthquake Swarm

An earthquake swarm is a sequence of seismic events occurring in a localized area over a short period without a single dominant mainshock. Unlike typical earthquakes, swarms have multiple earthquakes of similar magnitudes rather than a mainshock followed by smaller aftershocks. Swarms can last from days to months and may include events up to magnitude 4 or higher. They represent the Earth’s release of tectonic stress and can occur naturally or be induced by human activities such as mining or wastewater injection. Forecasting swarms is more complex than predicting typical earthquake sequences due to their irregular nature.

Why in news?

An earthquake swarm struck the Hunter region of New South Wales and near Wyalkatchem in Western Australia, with over 30 seismic events recorded, including magnitudes up to 4.8.

Eco Niwas Samhita

The Eco Niwas Samhita is an energy conservation building code created by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency in India. It promotes energy-efficient cooling solutions and sustainable residential building design to reduce heat absorption and electricity consumption. The code encourages passive ventilation, cool roofs, and use of reflective paints to mitigate urban heat effects. Telangana has adopted a cool roof policy aligned with this code for Hyderabad and surrounding areas. Early incorporation of these measures during building design is emphasized for maximum effectiveness in combating heat stress.

Why in news?

Eco Niwas Samhita is referenced in context of urban heat mitigation strategies being adopted by Indian cities facing increasing heat and humidity challenges.

Emission Trading System (ETS)

The Emission Trading System (ETS) is a market-based approach used to control pollution by providing economic incentives for reducing emissions. It sets a cap on total greenhouse gas emissions and allows companies to buy and sell emission allowances. ETS aims to encourage industries to innovate and lower their carbon footprint cost-effectively. The European Unions ETS is the largest and most established, covering power generation, manufacturing, and aviation sectors. It is continuously reformed to improve carbon pricing and align with climate targets. ETS plays a critical role in scaling up green hydrogen by making fossil fuels less competitive through carbon cost internalization.

Why in news?

The EUs focus on reforming its ETS was discussed at ICGH-2024 to support green hydrogens competitiveness and global decarbonization efforts.

ENSO Neutral Phase

The ENSO neutral phase occurs when sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean are near average, showing no warming (El Niño) or cooling (La Niña). It represents a transitional state in the El Niño Southern Oscillation cycle. During this phase, trade winds and atmospheric pressure patterns remain stable, causing minimal disruption to global weather patterns. ENSO neutral conditions can last from several months to over a year. This phase does not strongly influence monsoon rainfall or cyclone activity, making it a baseline state for climate variability.

Why in news?

ENSO-neutral conditions currently prevail, delaying the onset of La Niña this year and affecting seasonal rainfall predictions for India and global climate forecasts.

Environment International

Environment International is a peer-reviewed scientific journal focusing on environmental science, toxicology, and public health. It publishes research on environmental exposures and their effects on human health, including studies on radiation, pollution, and chemical hazards. The journal has a global readership and is known for rigorous review standards. It often features interdisciplinary studies involving epidemiology, biology, and environmental engineering. Environment International is indexed in major scientific databases and is influential in shaping environmental health policies worldwide. It published the recent comprehensive review on mobile phone use and cancer risk commissioned by the World Health Organization.

Why in news?

Environment International published the WHO-commissioned largest review of mobile phone use and cancer risk, reinforcing the safety of wireless technologies.

Ethnoveterinary Medicines

Ethnoveterinary medicines refer to traditional animal healthcare practices using indigenous knowledge and natural resources such as herbs, minerals, and animal products. These medicines are widely used in rural and low-resource settings, especially in India, to treat livestock diseases at low cost and reduce antibiotic dependence. They include plant-based remedies like neem, turmeric, and tulsi, which have antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. Ethnoveterinary practices emphasize preventive care, biosecurity, and sustainable animal husbandry. Research on these medicines is growing to scientifically validate their efficacy and integrate them into mainstream veterinary care, offering affordable alternatives in combating antimicrobial resistance (AMR).

Why in news?

Indias initiative to use ethnoveterinary medicines in dairy farming was brought into light at the UNGA meeting on antimicrobial resistance as a cost-effective, low-antibiotic approach to animal health in developing countries.

EU Habitats Directive

The EU Habitats Directive, adopted in 1992, is a mainstay of European nature conservation policy. It establishes a network of protected areas called Natura 2000 to safeguard habitats and species of European importance. The directive mandates strict protection for certain species, including wolves, and requires member states to maintain or restore natural habitats to a favorable conservation status. It also promotes sustainable land use and ecological connectivity. The directive is legally binding and has been instrumental in reversing declines of many species and habitats across the EU. Enforcement varies by member state but remains a key environmental legal framework.

Why in news?

Civil society groups urge the EU to uphold the Habitats Directive and reject proposals weakening wolf protection, emphasizing science-based conservation measures.

Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) in Footwear Waste Management

Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) is a policy approach where producers are accountable for the entire lifecycle of their products, including waste disposal. While widely used for plastic waste, the CSE report recommends applying EPR principles to Agras footwear industry. This would require manufacturers, both formal and informal, to share responsibility for collection, transportation, and scientific management of pre-consumer footwear waste. Implementing EPR can help recover collection costs through fees imposed on manufacturers and promote sustainable waste practices, reducing environmental pollution and supporting circular economy models in the footwear sector.

Why in news?

The CSE report advocates adopting EPR for Agras footwear sector to improve waste management and hold producers accountable for environmental impacts.

Flood Preparedness Score Cards (FPSC)

Flood Preparedness Score Cards (FPSC) are a self-reporting tool used by Assams districts and line departments to assess their readiness against floods based on pre-defined Minimum Preparedness Standards (MPS) and indicators. Districts submit data on various preparedness parameters, which are then evaluated to rank performance. The FPSC encourages accountability and continuous improvement in disaster management. Districts like Morigaon and Nalbari have topped the rankings, while departments such as Women and Child Development have been recognized for their flood preparedness efforts. The system supports Assam State Disaster Management Authoritys goal to mitigate flood impacts.

Why in news?

FPSC rankings were announced by the Assam Chief Minister to commend districts and departments for their flood preparedness performance in 2024.

Foraminifera

Foraminifera are unicellular marine organisms that create shells made of calcium carbonate, similar to human bones. Their shells record oxygen isotope ratios, which vary with water temperature. These isotope ratios allow scientists to reconstruct past ocean temperatures. Foraminifera have existed for hundreds of millions of years with minimal evolutionary changes, making them reliable climate proxies. They have approximately a one-month lifespan, so each fossil shell reflects a short time period. Fossilized foraminifera shells can be collected from ocean sediment layers, providing temperature data spanning tens of thousands of years, including periods like the last Ice Age.

Why in news?

Foraminifera shells were used to analyze ocean temperatures over 21,000 years, helping researchers study the historical frequency of El Nino events in relation to climate change.

Free Troposphere

The free troposphere is the atmospheric layer above the planetary boundary layer, typically starting around 6,500 to 10,000 feet altitude and extending up to about 33,000 feet. It is characterized by relatively stable air and fewer surface influences, allowing air masses to move rapidly over long distances. Unlike the turbulent lower atmosphere, the free troposphere facilitates the transport of airborne particles, including microbes, across continents. This layer plays a key role in weather patterns and the global distribution of aerosols, dust, and biological materials. Its conditions affect cloud formation and the dispersal of pollutants and pathogens.

Why in news?

Researchers flew into the free troposphere over Japan to collect airborne microbes at altitudes up to 10,000 feet, revealing long-distance transport of bacteria and fungi potentially linked to disease spread.

Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary (WLS)

Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary spans across Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan, covering a large forested area with diverse flora and fauna. It is named after the Gandhi Sagar Dam on the Chambal River, which forms part of its boundary. The sanctuary supports species such as chinkara (Indian gazelle) and other ungulates critical to predator diets. It is currently being prepared as the next release site for cheetahs under Project Cheetah, with infrastructure and prey base restoration underway. The sanctuarys landscape includes fenced areas for initial cheetah introduction and plans for eventual free-ranging conditions.

Why in news?

Gandhi Sagar WLS is being developed as the next frontier for cheetah reintroduction in India, following habitat restoration and prey augmentation efforts.

Global Environment Monitoring Systems (GEMS)

GEMS is a program under the United Nations Environment Programme focused on monitoring environmental quality, including air, water, and soil pollution globally. Headed by Richard Munang for Africa, GEMS collects data to inform policy and climate adaptation strategies. It supports early warning systems and climate-resilient infrastructure development. GEMS plays a key role in assessing climate impacts such as droughts, floods, and storm intensities. It also aids countries in reporting environmental data for international climate negotiations and sustainable development goals. GEMS integrates scientific monitoring with local knowledge for effective environmental management.

Why in news?

Richard Munang of GEMS provided critical data on Africas climate vulnerability and economic losses in the WMO 2023 report.

Global Food Banking Network (GFN)

The Global Food Banking Network is an international organization representing food banks in over 50 countries. It supports food recovery and redistribution to combat hunger and reduce food waste. GFN collaborates with partners like the Global Methane Hub and Carbon Trust to develop tools such as FRAME. It commissioned studies showing food banks saved 75 million tonnes of surplus food in 2019, serving over 66 million people. GFN aligns with UN Sustainable Development Goal Target 12.3, which aims to halve food waste by 2030. It promotes volunteer-driven food banks as critical nodes in sustainable food systems worldwide.

Why in news?

GFN is in the spotlight for launching the FRAME methodology and presenting data on the environmental and social benefits of food banks globally.

Global Methane Hub

The Global Methane Hub is an international initiative focused on reducing methane emissions worldwide, a potent greenhouse gas. It partners with organizations like GFN to tackle methane from various sources, including food waste. Methane has over 80 times the warming potential of CO2 in the first 20 years. The Hub supports innovative methods like FRAME to quantify and reduce methane from food loss. It plays a key role in global climate strategies by facilitating collaboration among governments, private sector, and civil society to cut methane emissions rapidly.

Why in news?

The Global Methane Hub is mentioned as a partner in the development of the FRAME methodology to measure methane reductions from food recovery efforts.

Global Stocktake of Climate Action

The Global Stocktake is a mechanism under the Paris Agreement that assesses collective progress toward climate goals every five years. The first-ever global stocktake was conducted in 2023-2024, evaluating countries efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, adapt to climate impacts, and mobilize finance. It involves data collection, analysis, and consultations with governments, civil society, and experts. The stocktake informs future national climate plans and international negotiations by identifying gaps and opportunities. It emphasizes the need for increased renewable energy, energy efficiency, and equitable transitions. The process aims to strengthen global cooperation and accountability in meeting the Paris Agreement targets.

Why in news?

Simon Stiell referenced the historic first global stocktake during AMCEN 2024, underscoring its role in driving ambitious climate commitments and solutions for Africa.

Goa-Tamnar 400 kV Power Transmission Line

The Goa-Tamnar 400 kV power transmission line connects Narendra in Dharwad to Goa, traversing ecologically sensitive forest areas in Karnataka. It affects 435 acres of forest, including critical wildlife habitats like the Dandeli Elephant Corridor, Bhimgad Sanctuary Eco-Micro Zone, and Kali Tiger Reserve Eco-Micro Zone. The Goa government sought approval to use 27 hectares of forest within the Bhagwan Mahaveer Wildlife Sanctuary. The project has faced opposition from Karnatakas forest officials and environmentalists due to its ecological impact. Conditional approval was granted by the National Wildlife Board, with restrictions pending Karnatakas wildlife board recommendation.

Why in news?

The National Wildlife Board approved the Goa-Tamnar power line with conditions despite strong opposition from Karnatakas environmentalists and forest officials.

Green Corridors

Green corridors are stretches of native vegetation connecting fragmented habitats, allowing wildlife movement and genetic exchange. They reduce habitat isolation caused by urbanization, enhancing biodiversity and ecosystem resilience. The city of Medellin, Colombia, implemented green corridors to improve air quality and reduce urban temperatures by up to two degrees Celsius. In Mumbai, creating green corridors linking Sanjay Gandhi National Park to urban areas aims to expand native biodiversity, mitigate climate impacts, and provide habitat connectivity. These corridors support species migration, reduce human-wildlife conflicts, and promote ecological balance in urban landscapes.

Why in news?

Green corridors are discussed as a strategy to enhance biodiversity and climate resilience in Mumbai by linking protected forests with urban green spaces.

Green Hydrogen Plant at Chushul Garrison

The Indian Army is partnering with the National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) to set up a 200MW green hydrogen plant at Chushul garrison in Eastern Ladakh. This plant will replace diesel generators currently supplying electricity to troops, reducing carbon emissions . Alongside, green hydrogen buses are planned for Leh and the Army headquarters, with Indian Oil Corporation involved in the bus initiative. The project is in the final stages of agreement signing. The green hydrogen initiative forms part of the Armys broader environmental sustainability efforts, including solar projects and landfill-free military stations.

Why in news?

A 200MW green hydrogen plant is being established at Chushul to replace diesel generators, marking a major step in the Armys green energy transition.

Hilsa Fish

The hilsa fish (Tenualosa ilisha) is a species of herring found in the Bay of Bengal and major rivers of South Asia. It is the national fish of Bangladesh and highly prized for its unique flavor and oily texture. Hilsa migrates upstream during monsoon for spawning. It is rich in omega-3 fatty acids and considered a delicacy in Bengali cuisine. The fish’s seasonal availability influences local economies and culture. Overfishing and habitat disruption have threatened hilsa populations, prompting conservation efforts. Its roe and flesh are both consumed, with traditional recipes varying by region.

Why in news?

Bangladesh lifted its export ban on hilsa, agreeing to send 3,000 tonnes to India ahead of Durga Puja, balancing export demands with local consumption needs.

Integrated Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)

Integrated surveillance of AMR involves coordinated monitoring of antimicrobial use and resistance patterns across human, animal, plant, and environmental sectors. It collects data from healthcare, veterinary, agricultural, and environmental sources to detect emerging resistance, track trends, and inform policy. This holistic approach enables early warning of resistant pathogens, supports targeted interventions, and promotes One Health collaboration. Integrated surveillance systems often face challenges like fragmented data, limited resources, and lack of standardized methodologies, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Strengthening these systems is crucial for global AMR containment, guiding stewardship programs, and ensuring sustainable antimicrobial use.

Why in news?

The UNGA high-level meeting emphasized integrated surveillance as key to addressing AMR through multisectoral global and national actions, especially in resource-limited settings.

Kaziranga Model

The Kaziranga Model is a conservation strategy implemented in Kaziranga National Park to protect the one-horned rhinoceros. It includes a commando-like special protection force, a zero tolerance policy on poaching, and a network of 233 anti-poaching camps spaced every 5.82 sq. km, each staffed by 3-5 personnel. This model integrates community participation by involving local populations living near the park. It has become a global template for rhino conservation, emphasizing rigorous surveillance and community cooperation to reduce poaching . The model has contributed to an 86% drop in rhino poaching since 2016.

Why in news?

The Kaziranga model is credited for an 86% reduction in poaching of one-horned rhinos in Assam since 2016, brought into light during World Rhino Day celebrations.

Kaziranga National Park

Kaziranga National Park, located in Assam, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site renowned for its population of the Indian one-horned rhinoceros. It covers approximately 430 square kilometers and is also home to the largest population of wild water buffalo and swamp deer. The park has been successful in conservation due to its extensive network of anti-poaching camps and community involvement. Kaziranga experiences annual floods from the Brahmaputra River, which rejuvenate the grasslands but also pose challenges for wildlife management. The park is a critical habitat for several endangered species and plays a key role in biodiversity preservation in Northeast India.

Why in news?

Kaziranga National Park reported an 86% drop in poaching of the one-horned rhinoceros since 2016, credited to enhanced anti-poaching efforts and government initiatives.

Kigali Amendment

The Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol was adopted in 2016 to phase down hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), potent greenhouse gases used in refrigeration and air-conditioning. Unlike its predecessor focused on ozone-depleting substances, Kigali targets climate change mitigation by reducing HFC emissions globally. The Amendment sets binding reduction targets for both developed and developing countries, with developing nations allowed longer timelines. It is estimated to prevent up to 0.52°C of global warming by 2100 if fully implemented. Kigali also encourages the adoption of energy-efficient technologies to maximize climate benefits.

Why in news?

The Amendment is critical in 2024 as countries work to integrate energy efficiency improvements with HFC phase-down to meet climate goals and reduce cooling-related emissions.

Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD)

Kyasanur Forest Disease is a tick-borne viral hemorrhagic fever endemic to South India, first identified in 1957 in Karnataka. The virus is transmitted by Haemaphysalis ticks found in forested areas. KFD affects humans and monkeys, with symptoms including high fever, headache, muscle pain, and bleeding. Mortality rates range from 3-10%. The disease primarily affects forest workers and villagers in endemic zones. A vaccine was developed in the 1990s but requires multiple doses and annual boosters for effectiveness. Surveillance and tick control remain essential for prevention.

Why in news?

KFD is cited among novel pathogens emerging in India, illustrating the role of environmental changes and human-wildlife interaction in disease transmission.

Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) Industry Expansion

The US liquified natural gas (LNG) industry is projected to expand by 200% by 2030, surpassing the combined growth of all other countries. LNG is often promoted as cleaner than coal, but it emits methane, a greenhouse gas 82 times more potent than CO2 over 20 years. The US is the largest LNG producer, and this rapid expansion could increase methane emissions, undermining climate goals. LNG infrastructure includes liquefaction plants, storage tanks, and export terminals, enabling natural gas to be transported globally in liquid form at -162°C.

Why in news?

The report marks the LNG industry’s growth as a major challenge to US climate commitments, emphasizing its impact on methane emissions and the need for fossil fuel phase-out.

Malabar Parakeet

The Malabar Parakeet (Psittacula columboides) is a medium-sized parrot endemic to the Western Ghats of India, particularly in Kerala and Karnataka. It has a distinctive green plumage with a blue-grey head and a red beak. These birds are primarily frugivorous but also feed on seeds and flowers. They are known for their loud calls and social behavior, often seen in flocks. The Malabar Parakeet plays a role in seed dispersal but can become a pest in agricultural areas, as they damage crops by feeding on fruits and snapping branches. Their population is stable but threatened by habitat loss.

Why in news?

Malabar Parakeets have recently caused damage to cardamom plantations in Idukki, Kerala, leading to unprecedented crop loss and concern among farmers and agricultural authorities.

Man Sagar Lake

Man Sagar Lake is an artificial lake created in the 16th century by damming the Darbhawati River near Amber Palace. It is 400 years old and known for the Jal Mahal, a palace situated in its center. The lake has faced pollution and siltation issues but is undergoing redevelopment to restore its ecological balance. The lake’s embankment is being beautified, and boating facilities are being introduced to boost tourism. It plays a vital role in local water management and supports migratory birds during winter. The lake is cultural and environmental landmark in Jaipurs heritage landscape.

Why in news?

Man Sagar Lake is being redeveloped as part of Jaipurs heritage conservation efforts, including the addition of boating facilities and embankment beautification to enhance tourism appeal.

Marine Heat Waves

Marine heat waves are prolonged periods of abnormally high sea surface temperatures, lasting days to months and spanning hundreds of kilometers. They disrupt marine ecosystems by causing coral bleaching, fish die-offs, and altering ocean currents. Marine heat waves have increased in frequency and intensity due to climate change, linked to global warming and atmospheric anomalies. These events raise ocean temperatures by 2°C or more above average, intensifying tropical cyclones by increasing evaporation and heat transfer to the atmosphere. They also affect weather patterns, fisheries, and coastal economies, making marine heat waves factor in climate-related oceanic changes.

Why in news?

Warmer sea surface temperatures and marine heat waves contributed to Typhoon Yagis rapid intensification and increased severity in Southeast Asia.

Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA)

The Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) was enacted in the United States in 1972 to protect all marine mammal species and their habitats. It prohibits the “take” (harassment, hunting, capturing, or killing) of marine mammals in U.S. waters and by U.S. citizens on the high seas. The MMPA also regulates the import and export of marine mammals and products derived from them. Countries exporting marine products to the U.S. must ensure compliance with MMPA requirements, including reducing bycatch of marine mammals such as whales, dolphins, porpoises, and dugongs. Non-compliance can lead to trade restrictions or bans.

Why in news?

India is urged to reduce marine mammal bycatch under the MMPA to avoid restrictions on exports of wild-caught marine products to the U.S., emphasizing regulatory measures and conservation efforts.

Matri Van

Matri Van is a specialized type of urban forest created under the Nagar Van Yojana, inspired by the “Ek Ped Ma Ke Naam” initiative. It is dedicated to mothers and maternal figures, symbolizing respect and gratitude through tree planting. These green spaces emphasize social and cultural connections alongside environmental benefits. Matri Vans often include native and medicinal plants, contributing to biodiversity and ecological balance. They serve as community hubs for education, recreation, and climate adaptation, integrating cultural values with urban ecological restoration.

Why in news?

Matri Vans are being introduced as part of the Nagar Van Yojanas components to enhance community participation and cultural engagement in urban forestry projects.

Mini Grids

Mini grids are localized electricity generation and distribution systems that operate independently or in conjunction with the main power grid. Typically powered by renewable sources like solar or wind, mini grids serve small, remote communities where grid extension is cost-prohibitive. They can power homes, businesses, and community services, enabling economic activity and improved quality of life. Mini grids are scalable and can be tailored to specific local energy needs. They are increasingly recognized as a cost-effective alternative to grid expansion in sparsely populated or geographically challenging areas, supporting decentralized energy access and sustainable development.

Why in news?

Experts suggest mini grids as a more cost-effective solution than grid expansion for electrifying small, remote villages where traditional electrification shows low economic returns.

Mining-Induced Seismicity

Mining-induced seismicity refers to earthquakes caused or triggered by human mining activities, including excavation and fluid injection. Large-scale mining operations can alter stress fields in the Earth’s crust, potentially activating faults. Injection of wastewater into oil wells, as practiced in the US, is a known cause of induced seismicity. Mining-induced earthquakes tend to be smaller but can still cause structural damage. The likelihood depends on local geology, fault strength, and mining scale. Monitoring seismicity near mines is critical for safety. Australias hard rocks and strong faults may delay failure until high stress levels are reached, influencing the seismic risk from mining.

Why in news?

Experts discussed the possibility that recent earthquake swarms in Australia might be influenced by mining activities affecting local geological stress.

Miyawaki Forestation

Miyawaki Forestation is a method of rapid afforestation developed by Japanese botanist Akira Miyawaki. It involves planting a dense mixture of native species in small plots to create a self-sustaining, biodiverse forest that grows 10 times faster and is 30 times denser than conventional plantations. This technique improves soil quality, increases carbon sequestration, and enhances urban biodiversity. It has been adopted in India as part of air pollution mitigation efforts, especially in reclaiming degraded urban lands and creating green belts to absorb pollutants and improve microclimates.

Why in news?

Miyawaki forestation was recognized as a successful practice contributing to improved air quality in smaller Indian cities ranked highly in the 2024 Swachh Vayu Survekshan report.

M-STrIPES (Monitoring System for Tigers, Intensive Protection and Ecological Status)

M-STrIPES is a mobile application used in tiger conservation across India. It facilitates the collection of ecological and field data by forest staff in real-time. Launched in 2010, it integrates GPS tracking, digital mapping, and data entry to monitor tiger movements and anti-poaching efforts. The system helps in patrolling efficiency, habitat monitoring, and threat assessment. It is synchronized with the Digital India initiative and was extensively employed during the 5th cycle of the All-India Tiger Estimation in 2022. M-STrIPES contributes to evidence-based decision-making in Project Tiger management and wildlife protection strategies.

Why in news?

M-STrIPES is brought into light as a key technological tool under the renewed Centrally Sponsored Scheme for wildlife habitat development, supporting tiger conservation efforts during the 15th Finance Commission cycle.

Naegleria fowleri

Naegleria fowleri is a free-living amoeba found in warm freshwater bodies such as lakes, ponds, and poorly maintained swimming pools. It causes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM), a rare but often fatal brain infection. The amoeba enters the body through the nose, travels to the brain, and destroys brain tissue. PAM symptoms progress rapidly from headache and fever to confusion and hallucinations. Diagnosis is primarily through PCR testing of cerebrospinal fluid. The infection has a global fatality rate of approximately 97%, but early treatment can improve survival. It thrives especially in warm water during summer months.

Why in news?

Kerala reported multiple deaths and cases of Naegleria fowleri-induced amoebic meningoencephalitis in 2024, raising public health concerns and prompting new treatment protocols.

Nagar Van Yojana

Nagar Van Yojana is an urban forestry initiative launched by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India in 2020. It focuses on creating urban forests ranging from 10 to 50 hectares in cities with Municipal Corporations or Urban Local Bodies. The scheme provides financial assistance of Rs. 4 lakh per hectare for creation and maintenance. It promotes planting fruit-bearing, medicinal, and native species to boost biodiversity and ecological balance. Community involvement through tree planting and education is central. Components include Biodiversity Parks, Smriti Vans, Butterfly Conservatories, Herbal Gardens, and Matri Vans.

Why in news?

The government approved 111 Nagar Vans within the first 100 days of its term, exceeding its target of 100, across 6 states and 1 Union Territory, denoting progress in urban afforestation efforts.

Nal Sarovar Wetland

Nal Sarovar is a large freshwater wetland and bird sanctuary located in Gujarat, near Ahmedabad. It spans approximately 120 square kilometers and is known for its diverse aquatic flora and fauna, including migratory birds like flamingos and pelicans. The wetland serves as an important ecological buffer zone and water reservoir. In ancient times, Nal Sarovar was part of a navigable water network connecting Harappan sites such as Lothal and Dholavira, facilitating trade and transport. Its hydrological connection to the Little Rann of Kutch played important role in sustaining the regions ecosystem and human settlements.

Why in news?

The IIT-Gandhinagar study identified Nal Sarovar as a key link in the ancient river and trade route network connecting Lothal to other Harappan sites.

Naming Rights Programme for Forest Conservation (Japan)

Japans naming rights programme allows companies to participate in forest conservation by sponsoring specific forest areas for three years. This program supports the management and restoration of forests critical to groundwater replenishment. In April 2023, 12 companies joined the naming rights programme, while 14 companies participated as annual sponsors. The programme encourages corporate engagement in environmental sustainability by linking brand visibility to conservation efforts. It complements government and community initiatives, encouraging broader collaboration to protect water resources and biodiversity through private sector involvement.

Why in news?

The naming rights programme is part of Japans expanding public-private partnerships to conserve forests and secure water supplies in response to climate change and forest degradation challenges.

Nano Di-ammonium Phosphate (Nano DAP)

Nano DAP is an indigenously developed liquid fertilizer form of di-ammonium phosphate, launched by IFFCO in 2023. Unlike conventional granular DAP, nano DAP is applied as a foliar spray or seed treatment, improving nutrient uptake efficiency. A 500 ml bottle covers one acre and costs Rs 600, compared to Rs 1,350 for a 50 kg granular bag. Nano DAP reduces handling and transportation costs due to its liquid form and lower volume. It aims to replace 25-50% of granular DAP use. Over 6 crore bottles were produced last year, covering about 2.43 crore hectares of land in India.

Why in news?

Nano DAP is being promoted as a cost-effective and logistically easier alternative to granular DAP in Punjab, though its efficacy is debated by agricultural scientists.

Nano Zero-Valent Iron (nZVI)

Nano zero-valent iron consists of iron particles at the nanometer scale in their elemental metallic state (Fe0). It is widely used for in-situ remediation of contaminated soil and groundwater due to its strong reducing properties. nZVI can chemically reduce toxic heavy metals like hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) to less toxic trivalent chromium (Cr3+), facilitating precipitation and immobilization. However, nZVI particles tend to aggregate due to magnetic and van der Waals forces, reducing their reactive surface area. Surface modifications, such as coating with polymers like CMC, help maintain dispersion and improve reactivity. nZVI is effective under anaerobic conditions and has a high surface-area-to-volume ratio.

Why in news?

Researchers at IISc developed a CMC-coated nZVI nanoparticle to remediate chromium-contaminated groundwater more efficiently.

National Board for Wildlife (NBWL)

The National Board for Wildlife (NBWL) is a statutory body under Indias Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, established in 2003. It advises the government on wildlife conservation and approves projects affecting protected areas. NBWLs decisions are binding and crucial for forest and wildlife-related clearances, especially in tiger reserves. The board consists of government officials, wildlife experts, and NGO representatives. It operates under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, and its meetings review proposals impacting forests and wildlife corridors. NBWLs role is very important in balancing development with conservation, often influencing large infrastructure projects in ecologically sensitive zones.

Why in news?

The NBWL is reconsidering its earlier rejection of wildlife clearance for the Mahadayi water project, which requires forest land in tiger reserves, amid opposition and ongoing Supreme Court proceedings.

National Centre for Coastal Research (NCCR)

The National Centre for Coastal Research (NCCR) is an Government of India research institution under the Ministry of Earth Sciences. It focuses on coastal and marine environment studies, including erosion, sea-level rise, and ecosystem health. NCCR uses remote sensing, GIS, and numerical modeling to support coastal zone management. The center collaborates with state authorities and international bodies to address climate change impacts and disaster mitigation. It also provides scientific data for policy-making related to coastal wetlands, fisheries, and urban coastal development. NCCRs work supports sustainable development and environmental conservation along Indias extensive coastline.

Why in news?

NCCR is collaborating with Tamil Nadu State Wetland Authority to conduct the bathymetric study of Pallikaranai marshland to mitigate wetland degradation and flooding issues.

National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)

The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) is an Government of India agency responsible for disaster risk reduction and management. Established in 2005 under the Disaster Management Act, NDMA coordinates responses to natural and man-made disasters at the national level. It formulates policies, plans, and guidelines for disaster preparedness, mitigation, and response. NDMA collaborates with scientific organizations such as ISRO for hazard assessments. It has launched missions like the GLOF EWS Mission to monitor glacial lakes in the Himalayas and reduce flood risks through early warning systems and community preparedness.

Why in news?

NDMA is leading the GLOF EWS Mission in the Indian Himalayan Region following the deadly 2023 Sikkim flood, aiming to study and monitor 188 critical glacial lakes for disaster mitigation.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is a U.S. federal agency established in 1970, focusing on the conditions of the oceans and atmosphere. It operates the National Weather Service and manages extensive climate and weather data. NOAA maintains one of the longest continuous climate databases, crucial for tracking global temperature trends. It uses satellites, buoys, and research vessels to monitor environmental changes. NOAA’s climate data is widely used in scientific research and policy-making. It also provides early warnings for natural disasters like hurricanes and tsunamis, helping to mitigate damage and save lives.

Why in news?

NOAA reported August 2024 as the hottest August in 175 years and detailed global temperature and sea ice extent records.

National One Health Mission (NOHM)

The National One Health Mission (NOHM) is an Government of India initiative aiming to integrate human, animal, and environmental health sectors to tackle zoonotic diseases effectively. It promotes a holistic and sustainable approach to health by encouraging collaboration among ministries like Health, Animal Husbandry, Environment, and Agriculture. NOHM supports capacity building, surveillance, outbreak response, and research on zoonoses. It encourages sharing of data and resources across sectors to improve early detection, prevention, and control of diseases transmitted between animals and humans. NOHM aligns with global One Health principles endorsed by WHO, FAO, and OIE.

Why in news?

NOHM served as the overarching framework for the Vishanu Yuddh Abhyas exercise, facilitating multisectoral cooperation to strengthen Indias zoonotic disease outbreak preparedness and response.

National Programme on Climate Change and Human Health (NPCCHH)

The National Programme on Climate Change and Human Health (NPCCHH) was launched in 2019 under India’s National Health Mission to integrate climate change concerns into public health planning. It aims to assess climate-induced health risks, develop adaptive strategies, and strengthen health systems to respond to climate emergencies. The program supports state-level action plans and encourages district-level vulnerability assessments. NPCCHH focuses on diseases influenced by climate such as vector-borne illnesses and respiratory conditions, promoting surveillance and early warning systems. It is part of Indias broader strategy to address health impacts of climate change, linking environmental and health sectors for sustainable development.

Why in news?

NPCCHH is central to the Climate and Health Solutions India Conclave, denoting India’s efforts to build climate-resilient health systems amid growing climate and health emergencies.

National Research Centre on Litchi (NRCL)

The National Research Centre on Litchi (NRCL) is a Muzaffarpur-based institute under the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) focused on research and development of litchi cultivation. It conducts studies on soil suitability, climate fitness, pest management, and post-harvest technologies. NRCL has contributed to the identification of new areas suitable for litchi farming beyond traditional belts. It also works on improving orchard management techniques and advocates for better packaging and export infrastructure. The centre plays a key role in promoting scientific cultivation methods and enhancing the income of farmers dependent on litchi production.

Why in news?

NRCL released a new study advocating the expansion of litchi cultivation across Bihars districts beyond Muzaffarpur to boost farmer incomes and meet rising demand.

Nature Geoscience

Nature Geoscience is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published monthly by the Nature Publishing Group since 2008. It covers all aspects of Earth sciences, including atmospheric science, geology, oceanography, and climate science. The journal is highly selective, publishing original research, reviews, and perspectives that advance understanding of geoscience topics. It has a high impact factor and is widely read by researchers, policymakers, and environmental scientists. Nature Geoscience often features interdisciplinary studies linking human activities with environmental changes, making it influential in shaping climate and environmental policy discussions.

Why in news?

The recent study on the effects of ozone pollution on tropical forest carbon uptake was published in Nature Geoscience, drawing attention to air pollution’s role in climate change.

Navali Balancing Reservoir

The Navali balancing reservoir is planned to supplement the Tungabhadra reservoir by compensating for reduced storage caused by silt accumulation. Located in Koppal district, the reservoir will hold about 45 tmc ft of water and receive 32 tmc ft diverted via a flood canal linking it to Tungabhadra. Proposed initially by the previous BJP government, Rs 1,000 crore was earmarked in 2022-23 for its construction. The project is pending due to funding shortages and lack of consultation with downstream states Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, which are stakeholders in the Tungabhadra basin.

Why in news?

The Navali reservoir project is delayed by financial constraints and interstate coordination issues, affecting water management in the Tungabhadra basin.

Navegaon-Nagzira Tiger Reserve (NNTR)

The Navegaon-Nagzira Tiger Reserve spans across Bhandara and Gondia districts in Maharashtra. It was officially declared a tiger reserve in 2013 and covers approximately 1,324 square kilometers. The reserve is part of the larger Central Indian Tiger Landscape, crucial for tiger conservation. It features mixed deciduous forests, teak, and bamboo. The reserve supports diverse wildlife including leopards, sloth bears, and Indian bison. It has a buffer zone surrounding the core area to reduce human-wildlife conflict. The reserve also promotes eco-tourism with designated tourism complexes and forest trails.

Why in news?

NNTR lost its dominant male tiger T9 after a territorial fight, impacting the reserves tiger population dynamics and genetic diversity.

Net-Zero Tracker

The Net-Zero Tracker is an independent research group that monitors and assesses global climate commitments, including NDCs and net-zero pledges. It covers 93% of global GDP through its analysis, providing data on whether countries’ targets and policies align with limiting warming to 1.5-2°C. The tracker evaluates the credibility, ambition, and implementation of climate goals, denoting gaps between pledges and actual progress. It also identifies backsliding or insufficient policies, such as delayed phase-outs of petrol cars or fossil fuel subsidies, offering a critical benchmark for governments and stakeholders.

Why in news?

The Net-Zero Tracker released a report emphasizing that while global coverage of targets is high, urgent action is needed to turn pledges into effective plans to meet climate goals.

Nicobar Pigeon

The Nicobar pigeon (Caloenas nicobarica) is the closest living relative of the extinct dodo. It inhabits small islands and coastal regions in Southeast Asia and the Pacific, including the Nicobar Islands. The bird is notable for its iridescent green and copper plumage and strong flying ability, unlike the flightless dodo. Genetic studies in 2002 confirmed that dodos and solitaires evolved from flying ancestors related to the Nicobar pigeon. This connection provides insight into the evolutionary process of flight loss and island adaptation in birds.

Why in news?

The Nicobar pigeons genetic relationship to the dodo was reaffirmed in recent research that clarified the dodos taxonomy and evolutionary history.

Nilgai

The nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) is the largest Asian antelope native to the Indian subcontinent. The name means “blue cow” in Hindi, referencing the adult males bluish-gray coat. Nilgai are primarily grazers, feeding on grasses, herbs, and shrubs, and are known to inhabit grasslands, agricultural fields, and open forests. They are social animals, often found in herds. Nilgai have a unique digestive system adapted to digest tough plant material. Despite their size, they are prey to large carnivores but rarely attack humans. Their presence in eastern Uttar Pradesh is sparse, with only a few sightings during the 1996 wolf attack investigations.

Why in news?

Nilgai were noted as rare prey in the 1996 eastern Uttar Pradesh region where wolf attacks on children occurred, indicating a scarcity of natural prey for the predator.

Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve

The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve is Indias first biosphere reserve, established in 1986, covering about 5,000 sq km across Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Karnataka. It includes diverse ecosystems such as tropical forests, grasslands, and sholas. The reserve supports endangered species like Asian elephants, tigers, and three critically endangered vulture species. It is part of the Western Ghats, a UNESCO World Heritage site, and plays a vital role in maintaining ecological balance in southern India. The reserve also contains four identified elephant corridors consolidated into the Sigur Elephant Corridor to facilitate animal migration.

Why in news?

The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve is the ecological region where the Sigur Elephant Corridor is located, currently the focus of legal and environmental efforts to remove illegal resorts blocking wildlife movement.

Operational Land Imager-2

The OLI-2 is a multispectral sensor aboard the Landsat 9 satellite, launched in 2021. It captures high-resolution images of Earth’s surface in visible, near-infrared, and shortwave infrared bands. OLI-2 improves on its predecessor with enhanced radiometric sensitivity and spatial resolution, aiding environmental monitoring. It plays a key role in detecting phenomena like algal blooms, deforestation, and urban expansion. The sensor operates with a 16-day revisit cycle, enabling frequent observations. OLI-2 data is freely available to the public and scientists, supporting research in agriculture, water quality, and climate change. It contributes to the longest continuous space-based record of Earths land surface.

Why in news?

OLI-2 captured images showing the rapid spread of toxic algae blooms in Lake Erie in August 2024, providing crucial data on environmental conditions and water quality.

Om Parvat

Om Parvat is a Himalayan peak at about 5,900 metres altitude, located near the borders of India, China, and Nepal. It is known for the natural snow formation resembling the Sanatan symbol Om visible only from India. The mountain is part of the Vyash Valley in Uttarakhand and a key stop on the Kailash Mansarovar Yatra route. A road built in 2019 improved access, increasing tourism. In 2024, for the first time, the peak lacked snow, attributed to climate change and pollution. The snow shape is culturally and linked to local livelihoods dependent on pilgrimage tourism.

Why in news?

The iconic snow-formed Om symbol on Om Parvat disappeared in 2024 due to reduced snowfall, denoting the impact of climate change on the Himalayas and local communities.

One Health Approach

The One Health approach is a multidisciplinary strategy recognizing the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health. It aims to combat health threats like antimicrobial resistance by promoting collaboration across sectors. Originating from zoonotic disease control efforts, One Health integrates veterinary science, medicine, ecology, and public health. It supports coordinated actions on antibiotic stewardship, disease surveillance, and infection prevention. The approach is endorsed by WHO, FAO, and OIE. One Health is critical in addressing AMR, as antibiotic misuse in animals and environmental contamination contribute to resistance. It encourages holistic policies and shared responsibility among governments and stakeholders.

Why in news?

The One Health approach was a key focus during the UNGA 2024 AMR meeting discussions, denoting integrated efforts to reduce antibiotic misuse globally.

Oorani

Oorani are traditional water storage structures found mainly in Tamil Nadu and parts of South India. They are small ponds or tanks primarily used for drinking water and irrigation purposes in rural areas. Typically constructed by local communities, ooranis help in rainwater harvesting and groundwater recharge. Unlike larger irrigation tanks, ooranis are managed by village panchayats and serve as crucial water sources during dry seasons. Many ooranis are centuries old and have cultural significance linked to local festivals and rituals. They play a vital role in sustaining rural livelihoods in semi-arid regions of Tamil Nadu.

Why in news?

Ooranis are part of the Tamil Nadu governments initiative to rejuvenate 5,000 minor irrigation tanks and ponds, improving water storage and groundwater levels in rural areas.

Operation Bhediya

Operation Bhediya is a targeted wildlife management initiative launched by the forest department in Uttar Pradesh’s Bahraich division to capture wolves responsible for attacks on humans. The operation successfully trapped four wolves from a six-member pack, with efforts ongoing to locate the remaining two. The term “Bhediya” means “wolf” in Hindi. This operation is part of a broader attempt to manage human-wildlife conflict in the region, aiming to reduce attacks while preserving the species protected under Indian law. It involves coordinated efforts using traps and local intelligence to safely capture and relocate problematic animals.

Why in news?

Operation Bhediya was launched following a series of wolf attacks in Bahraich, Uttar Pradesh, where a pack hunted nine humans over two months, prompting urgent wildlife intervention.

Paddy Stubble Burning

Paddy stubble burning is the practice of setting fire to leftover straw and stalks after rice harvesting. It is prevalent in states like Punjab and Haryana. This method is used to quickly clear fields for the next crop cycle but releases large amounts of particulate matter and greenhouse gases, contributing to air pollution in northern India. The smoke from stubble burning often drifts to Delhi, worsening smog conditions. Government efforts include promoting alternatives like mechanical removal, bio-decomposers, and crop diversification to reduce this practice. Despite bans and penalties, stubble burning remains a persistent environmental challenge.

Why in news?

Paddy stubble burning is a major focus in the high-level task force meeting chaired by P K Mishra to tackle air pollution in Delhi during the smog season.

Pallikaranai Marshland

Pallikaranai marshland is a freshwater wetland located in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. It covers approximately 80 square kilometers and is one of the few remaining natural wetlands in the region. The marsh was declared a Ramsar site in 2022, recognizing its international ecological importance. It supports diverse flora and fauna, including migratory birds and endemic species. The marsh acts as a natural flood buffer and groundwater recharge zone. Despite its ecological significance, it faces threats from urbanization, encroachments, and pollution, especially sewage discharge. Conservation efforts involve scientific studies and legal protection to restore and maintain its health.

Why in news?

The Pallikaranai marshland is under study to improve water retention and address degradation caused by encroachments and sewage discharge.

Pampadumpara

Pampadumpara is a small village in Idukki district, Kerala, situated in the Western Ghats at an elevation of around 1,100 meters. It is known for its extensive spice plantations, especially cardamom and pepper. The area has a cool, humid climate ideal for spice cultivation. Pampadumparas economy largely depends on agriculture, with many smallholder farmers cultivating cardamom. The village is part of a biodiversity hotspot with rich flora and fauna. It faces challenges from wildlife crop raids due to its proximity to forested areas, including damage from monkeys, wild boars, and recently, Malabar Parakeets.

Why in news?

Pampadumpara is one of the key locations where Malabar Parakeet flocks have caused widespread damage to cardamom plantations, affecting local farmers’ livelihoods.

Panchamrit Target

The Panchamrit target is a set of five climate action goals announced by Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi at COP26 in Glasgow, 2021. These include achieving net-zero carbon emissions by 2070, increasing non-fossil energy capacity to 500 gigawatts by 2030, meeting 50% of energy requirements from renewable sources by 2030, reducing carbon emissions by one billion tonnes by 2030, and reducing carbon intensity of the economy by 45%. The Panchamrit framework guides India’s climate policies and international commitments toward sustainable development and carbon neutrality.

Why in news?

The CO2-to-methanol pilot plant project supports Indias commitment to the Panchamrit targets, emphasizing carbon emission reduction and sustainable development goals.

Panchamrit Vision

Panchamrit is a five-fold commitment by the Government of India focusing on sustainable development goals, including renewable energy expansion. It includes targets such as installing 500 GW of non-fossil fuel power capacity by 2030, promoting green hydrogen, enhancing energy efficiency, increasing renewable energy manufacturing, and supporting climate resilience. The term “Panchamrit” traditionally refers to a sacred mixture in Indian rituals, symbolizing purity and auspiciousness, repurposed here as a metaphor for holistic green growth. The vision integrates economic growth with environmental sustainability, positioning India as a global leader in renewable energy transition.

Why in news?

Panchamrit is brought into light as the core vision driving Indias renewable energy targets announced at the RE-INVEST 2024 event inaugurated by the Prime Minister.

Pathogens Access and Benefit Sharing (PABS) system

The Pathogens Access and Benefit Sharing (PABS) system is a proposed international framework under WHO aimed at regulating the sharing of pathogen materials and benefits derived from them during pandemics. It builds on principles from the Nagoya Protocol and the Convention on Biological Diversity. PABS seeks to ensure equitable sharing of vaccines, therapeutics, and diagnostics (VTDs). Current proposals include a 5% minimum VTD donation during pandemics, which is contested as insufficient. The system also addresses access to digital sequence information, a critical aspect for pathogen research and response. Negotiations are ongoing with a deadline in 2025.

Why in news?

PABS is under debate at the 11th Intergovernmental Negotiating Body meeting, with concerns raised by nearly 100 organizations about fairness and equity in benefit-sharing during pandemics.

PDP8 (Power Development Plan 8)

PDP8 is Vietnams eighth national Power Development Plan, approved in May 2024, outlining the countrys energy strategy through 2030. It aims to nearly double Vietnams power generation capacity to over 150 GW, with focus on renewable energy sources. The plan requires approximately $134 billion in investment for new power plants and grid infrastructure upgrades. PDP8 emphasizes reducing coal dependency while increasing wind, solar, and other renewables to 31% of the energy mix by 2030. It also addresses grid modernization but faces funding and regulatory challenges. PDP8 is a key framework guiding Vietnams energy transition efforts.

Why in news?

Vietnam approved PDP8 in 2024 to expand power capacity and accelerate renewable energy development, but faces financial and infrastructure hurdles to meet its ambitious targets.

Periyar Tiger Reserve

The Periyar Tiger Reserve, located in Kerala, covers about 925 square kilometres of forest and is known for its biodiversity, including tigers, elephants, and rare flora. Established in 1982, it is part of the Western Ghats, a UNESCO World Heritage site. The reserve incorporates a unique model of community-based conservation, where local Adivasi communities collaborate with forest officials for wildlife protection. Periyar is also famous for its Periyar Lake, an artificial reservoir supporting the ecosystem. The reserve supports eco-tourism and is a critical habitat for endangered species. Its cooperative conservation approach contrasts with eviction policies elsewhere.

Why in news?

Periyar Tiger Reserve is cited as an example where Indigenous communities work alongside authorities to protect wildlife, opposing forced evictions happening in other Indian reserves.

Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)

Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) are toxic chemicals that persist in the environment, bioaccumulate through the food chain, and pose risks to human health and ecosystems. Examples include DDT, PCBs, and dioxins. POPs resist degradation, leading to long-term contamination of soil, water, and air. They can travel long distances and have been found globally, even in remote regions. International efforts like the Stockholm Convention (2001) aim to eliminate or restrict POPs. Monitoring since the early 2000s shows declines in many POPs, including DDT, due to regulatory measures and bans worldwide.

Why in news?

A 2024 study reported global declines in human and environmental levels of DDT and 11 other POPs since 2004, denoting the success of international regulation efforts.

Planetary Boundaries

The planetary boundaries framework identifies nine Earth system processes crucial for maintaining planetary stability, including climate change, biodiversity loss, and ocean acidification. Introduced in 2009 by scientists led by Johan Rockström, it quantifies safe operating limits for human activities to avoid catastrophic environmental change. Six boundaries have been exceeded as of 2024, with ocean acidification close to breaching the seventh. The framework emphasizes the interconnectedness of Earth’s systems, warning that crossing boundaries can trigger irreversible damage. It guides policymakers and researchers in sustainable development and environmental risk management. The ozone layer remains the only boundary not threatened currently.

Why in news?

The September 2024 report brought into light that ocean acidification is on the verge of becoming the seventh breached planetary boundary, signaling a critical threat to Earth’s stability.

Planets Laser-Based Satellite Imaging

Planet, a private satellite imaging company, uses laser-based remote sensing technology known as LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) to produce detailed three-dimensional representations of forested landscapes. This technology measures the height and density of vegetation by timing laser pulses reflected from the canopy and ground. Planet combines this data with machine-learning algorithms to analyze forest structure, biomass, and carbon storage. This approach allows for precise mapping of aboveground vegetation and helps identify areas of deforestation or degradation. The technology is particularly valuable in dense tropical forests like the Amazon, where traditional imaging struggles to penetrate the canopy.

Why in news?

Planets LiDAR data was used by Amazon Conservation and MAAP to identify unprotected high-carbon areas in the Amazon rainforest, informing conservation priorities.

Platydemus manokwari

Platydemus manokwari, also known as the New Guinea flatworm, is an invasive predatory flatworm native to New Guinea. It has spread globally, including the southern United States, and preys on native land snails and other invertebrates. This species is considered highly damaging due to its aggressive predation, contributing to declines in native snail populations. It is characterized by a dark dorsal side and a pale ventral side, growing up to 20 cm in length. Platydemus manokwari can reproduce sexually and asexually, facilitating rapid population growth in invaded areas.

Why in news?

Platydemus manokwari is mentioned as one of the invasive flatworm species already present in the southern US, alongside the newly discovered Amaga pseudobama.

Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary

Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary, located in Assam, spans 28.30 sq. km and is home to one of the highest densities of the Indian one-horned rhinoceros globally. Despite its small size, it houses over 100 rhinos, making it a critical habitat for conservation. The sanctuary is a part of the Kaziranga landscape and serves as a buffer zone for rhino populations. It also supports diverse flora and fauna and is important for eco-tourism and local livelihoods. Pobitora faces challenges like human-wildlife conflict due to its proximity to human settlements.

Why in news?

Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary is recognized for hosting 107 rhinos in the 2022 census, contributing to Assams rhino population and conservation efforts.

Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs)

Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs) form in the lower stratosphere at altitudes of 15-25 km during polar winters when temperatures drop below -78°C. They provide surfaces for chemical reactions that convert inactive chlorine compounds into reactive chlorine, which destroys ozone molecules. PSCs are classified into two types – Type I (nitric acid-based) and Type II (water ice-based). Their formation is essential for the catalytic ozone depletion cycle in polar regions. PSCs disappear when sunlight returns in spring, triggering rapid ozone loss. They are rare outside polar regions due to the extreme cold required for their formation.

Why in news?

PSCs are a key factor in the Antarctic ozone hole formation, which was delayed and reduced in size in 2024 due to unusual stratospheric conditions.

Pollen Spore Analysis

Pollen spore analysis involves examining fossilized pollen grains preserved in sediment layers to reconstruct past vegetation and climate conditions. This method is especially useful when radiocarbon dating is not applicable due to the age of samples, as was the case with the Falklands prehistoric tree remains. Pollen grains are highly resilient and can remain intact for millions of years, providing clues about the types of plants that existed and the environment they grew in. The technique requires microscopic examination and comparison with modern pollen to identify species and estimate the age of deposits.

Why in news?

Scientists used pollen spore analysis to date the ancient rainforest remains on the Falkland Islands to between 15 and 30 million years ago after radiocarbon dating proved inconclusive.

Polylactic Acid (PLA)

Polylactic acid (PLA) is a biodegradable bioplastic derived from renewable resources such as corn starch or sugarcane. Unlike conventional plastics made from hydrocarbons, PLA breaks down more easily in industrial composting environments, reducing plastic pollution. It has applications in packaging, disposable tableware, and medical implants. PLAs production involves fermenting sugars to produce lactic acid, which is then polymerized. Despite its biodegradability, PLA requires specific composting conditions and does not degrade rapidly in natural environments like oceans. It is considered a promising alternative to petrochemical plastics due to its renewable origin and lower carbon footprint.

Why in news?

PLA is brought into light as a bioplastic alternative in the BioE3 policy, aiming to replace traditional plastics with sustainable, biodegradable materials in Indias industrial sectors.

Port Sudan Dam Breach

The Port Sudan dam breach occurred in late August 2024, causing catastrophic flooding in the eastern city of Port Sudan and its surrounding villages. The dam was originally constructed to support irrigation and water supply for the region. The breach killed at least 30 people and left hundreds missing, while destroying approximately 20 villages. The disaster worsened the humanitarian crisis caused by the war, washing out displacement camps and hindering relief efforts. Port Sudan is important Red Sea port for Sudans economy, and the flooding has disrupted local infrastructure and agriculture, compounding food scarcity and displacement in the area.

Why in news?

The dam breach occurred amid ongoing conflict and floods, causing casualties and worsening the humanitarian situation in Sudans eastern region.

Power Plant Emission Capture Technology

Emission capture technology, often called carbon capture and storage (CCS), involves capturing carbon dioxide emissions from power plants before they enter the atmosphere. Captured CO2 is then transported and stored underground in geological formations. CCS can reduce emissions by up to 90% or more in coal and natural gas plants. Despite its potential, CCS faces challenges including high costs, energy requirements, and limited deployment. The US EPAs 2024 power plant rule requires new and existing plants to implement such technology or shut down to meet emission targets by 2047. CCS is considered critical for deep decarbonization of fossil fuel-based power generation.

Why in news?

The Biden administration finalized regulations mandating CCS for power plants, which Trump plans to rescind if elected again.

PRANA (Portal for Regulation of Air Pollution in Non-Attainment Cities)

PRANA is an online dashboard used by the Government of India to monitor and regulate air pollution control progress in cities classified as non-attainment under the NCAP. It collects data submitted by urban local bodies, which is then reviewed by state environment secretaries and the Central Pollution Control Board. PRANA tracks performance annually based on the previous financial year, assessing cities on pollution control actions across eight sectors with weighted scores. It enables transparency and accountability for fund utilization and progress in air quality improvement efforts across 130 cities.

Why in news?

PRANA was cited as the source of data for the 2024 Swachh Vayu Survekshan rankings, which showed major cities underperforming despite fund allocations.

Prospect Innovation

Prospect Innovation is a global ecosystem focused on early-stage mining technologies. It is backed by the Vimson Group, which has over 70 years of mining operation experience. The platform aims to accelerate the adoption of transformative technologies in mining by connecting entrepreneurs with industry challenges. Prospect Innovation collaborates with the World Economic Forums UpLink platform to raise awareness and attract innovative solutions. It focuses on sustainability and efficiency improvements in mining, targeting critical minerals for the energy transition. The ecosystem supports technology de-risking and scaling, providing a structured environment for startups and investors in mining tech.

Why in news?

Prospect Innovation is brought into light for its role in encouraging early-stage mining technologies and supporting sustainable mining practices amid rising demand for critical minerals in the energy transition.

REDD+ Schemes

REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) is a United Nations program that incentivizes developing countries to reduce carbon emissions by protecting and managing forests sustainably. It includes conservation, sustainable forest management, and enhancement of forest carbon stocks. REDD+ provides financial rewards for verified emission reductions, promoting climate change mitigation and biodiversity conservation. The program relies on monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) systems, often using satellite data. REDD+ also aims to support local communities and indigenous peoples by integrating their knowledge and rights into forest governance. It has faced challenges including funding gaps and ensuring equitable benefit distribution.

Why in news?

The study suggested expanding REDD+ schemes as a way to improve the effectiveness of protected areas in reducing deforestation, particularly in developing countries.

Salt Pan Lands

Salt pan lands are low-lying coastal parcels where seawater periodically floods and evaporates, leaving behind salt and minerals. In Mumbai, these lands cover approximately 5,378 acres, nearly nine times the size of the Dharavi slum. They are classified under the Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) notification of 2011 as CRZ-1B, permitting only salt extraction and natural gas exploration, prohibiting other economic activities. Salt pans play a critical ecological role by absorbing floodwaters, especially during heavy rains and high tides. Mumbais salt pans also support diverse flora and fauna, including bird and insect species, contributing to the citys environmental balance.

Why in news?

The Government of India approved transferring 256 acres of Mumbai salt pan land for redevelopment into rental housing for slum dwellers, sparking environmental concerns and political controversy over ecosystem damage and urban planning.

Second Homes initiative

The Second Homes initiative was a Swiss referendum passed in 2012 aiming to limit the construction of secondary residences in municipalities. It sought to control real estate speculation and preserve local housing availability for permanent residents. The initiative introduced restrictions on new second homes to reduce environmental impact and maintain community cohesion. It was one of the few ecological initiatives to gain majority public support in Switzerland. The law affects real estate markets and tourism, especially in alpine regions. It reflects Swiss direct democracys role in balancing development with environmental and social concerns.

Why in news?

Referenced as a precedent in the discussion of ecological referendums, the Second Homes initiative is cited to illustrate past successful environmental legislation in Switzerland.

Seethamma Kund

Seethamma Kund is a natural rock pool located in the forested eastern slopes of the Western Ghats near Wayanad. It acted as a temporary blockage point during the massive 2024 landslide, stopping the initial debris flow before unleashing a deadly avalanche downstream. The pool is part of the Punnapuzha River system and plays a role in local hydrology. It is surrounded by dense forest and is relatively inaccessible. The site gained attention only after the landslide study revealed its role in altering the flow dynamics of the debris avalanche.

Why in news?

Seethamma Kund was identified as a critical natural barrier that blocked and then released the massive debris flow during the Wayanad landslide in July 2024.

Siang District Dams Controversy

The Siang district in Arunachal Pradesh is a key site for proposed hydropower dams on the Siang River, a major tributary of the Brahmaputra. These projects have sparked political resistance from Assam and Arunachal Pradesh due to concerns over environmental impact, displacement, and downstream water flow affecting flood and erosion patterns. The 2015 attempt to restructure the Brahmaputra Board into the North East Brahmaputra River Rejuvenation Authority failed partly because of opposition related to these dam plans. The Siang River originates in Tibet and is geopolitically sensitive due to upstream water sharing issues with China.

Why in news?

Dams planned in Siang district remain a contentious issue affecting water management policies and inter-state cooperation in northeastern India, influencing the delay and restructuring of water authorities.

Siling Lake

Siling Lake is the largest inland lake on the Tibetan Plateau, covering approximately 2,445 sq km (945 sq miles) as of 2023, up from 1,640 sq km in the 1970s. It has risen by four meters (13 feet) in water level over the past decade. The lakes expansion is linked to climate change, with a cumulative water level rise of about 13 meters between 1998 and 2023. Scientists predict it could rise another 16.8 meters by 2100. Siling spilled into an ancient riverbed in 2023, threatening to merge with nearby Bange Lake.

Why in news?

Siling Lake overflowed into Bange Lake in 2023 after 4,000 years, driven by climate change, raising concerns about future merging and regional flooding risks.

Southern Birdwing

The Southern Birdwing (Troides minos) is Indias second largest butterfly species with a wingspan of approximately 190mm. It was considered the largest butterfly in India from 1932 until 2020. The species is predominantly found in the Western and Eastern Ghats. Males are smaller than females. It was first recorded in the Eastern Ghats in 2014 by a team from The American College. The butterfly plays important role in pollination and maintaining ecological balance. It is not endangered and is commonly seen in regions like the Sirumalai hills near Dindigul.

Why in news?

The Southern Birdwing was recently spotted on the satellite campus of The American College in Madurai district, expanding its known habitat range.

Springdale, Pennsylvania

Springdale is a small borough in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, located along the Allegheny River. It was named for the natural springs and small valleys in the area, which influenced its early settlement patterns. The town’s economy historically relied on steel manufacturing and river transport. Springdale is notable as the childhood home of Rachel Carson, who grew up on a family farm surrounded by woods, shaping her lifelong passion for nature. The community retains a rural character despite proximity to Pittsburgh. Its natural environment and historical roots continue to attract interest from environmental historians and local conservationists.

Why in news?

Springdale is mentioned as Rachel Carsons childhood home, influencing her environmental awareness and writing of Silent Spring, a landmark book that sparked the modern environmental movement.

State Level Expert Appraisal Committee (SEAC)

The SEAC is a statutory body in India responsible for evaluating environmental impact assessments (EIA) of proposed development projects. It reviews documentation, conducts site visits, and assesses risks related to ecology, climate, and local communities before granting environmental clearance. The committee comprises experts from environmental science, forestry, geology, and social sectors. SEAC plays important role in balancing developmental needs with ecological preservation. It can request additional documents or reject projects that threaten sensitive ecosystems. In Kerala, SEAC has repeatedly flagged concerns over landslide risks and ecological damage related to infrastructure projects in the Western Ghats.

Why in news?

SEAC has raised serious environmental and safety concerns about the Wayanad tunnel project, delaying its clearance due to landslide and ecological risks.

Storm Surge

A storm surge is an abnormal rise in seawater level during a storm, caused primarily by strong winds pushing water toward the coast. It can increase water levels by several meters above normal tides, leading to severe coastal flooding. Storm surges are often associated with tropical cyclones and hurricanes but can occur with other intense storms. Rising sea levels due to melting Antarctic ice increase the baseline water level, making storm surges more destructive. Coastal erosion, saltwater intrusion, and damage to infrastructure are common consequences. Storm surge risks are expected to worsen with climate change and sea-level rise.

Why in news?

The study marks that rising sea levels from Antarctic ice melt will increase the frequency and severity of storm surges, threatening coastal ecosystems and communities worldwide.

Subansiri Lower Project

The Subansiri Lower Project is a hydroelectric project with a capacity of 2,000 MW, located on the Subansiri River, a tributary of the Brahmaputra, spanning Assam and Arunachal Pradesh. It is the largest hydroelectric project in India under construction. The project involves a concrete gravity dam and a power station with underground facilities. The project has faced delays due to environmental and local opposition concerns. It aims to generate clean energy and contribute to the regional power supply. The project is part of NHPCs plan to increase installed capacity and support Indias renewable energy goals.

Why in news?

NHPC is constructing the 2,000 MW Subansiri Lower Project as part of its expansion to reach 23,000 MW capacity by 2032.

Sudden Stratospheric Warming (SSW)

Sudden Stratospheric Warming (SSW) is a rapid temperature increase in the polar stratosphere, often by 20-50°C over a few days, disrupting the polar vortex. It occurs when planetary waves from the troposphere propagate upward and deposit energy in the stratosphere. SSW events can weaken or split the polar vortex, altering wind patterns and temperature distribution. While common in the Northern Hemisphere, SSWs are rare in the Southern Hemisphere due to stronger, more stable polar vortices. SSWs influence weather patterns and can reduce ozone depletion by increasing stratospheric temperatures and disrupting chemical processes.

Why in news?

Two SSW events in July and August 2024 caused warming and weakening of the Southern Polar Vortex, contributing to the smaller Antarctic ozone hole.

Sumatran Rhino

The Sumatran rhino (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis) is the smallest and hairiest of all rhino species, with a body covered in reddish-brown hair. Only about 80 individuals remain, mostly in fragmented populations on Sumatra and Borneo islands. It has two horns, the front horn usually less than 50 cm long. The Sumatran rhino is a forest dweller and is known for its elusive nature. It is the only Asian rhino that can climb steep slopes. The species is critically endangered due to habitat fragmentation and poaching.

Why in news?

World Rhino Day draws attention to the Sumatran rhino’s critical status and efforts to conserve this smallest and rarest rhino species.

Sundarbans

The Sundarbans is the world’s largest delta, spanning parts of India and Bangladesh, formed by the confluence of the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna rivers. It covers approximately 10,000 square kilometers and is home to the largest mangrove forest in the world. The region is known for its rich biodiversity, including the endangered Bengal tiger. The Sundarbans faces frequent flooding, cyclones, and rising sea levels due to climate change. These environmental challenges contribute to high drowning rates, especially among children. The areas complex network of rivers and ponds makes water safety a critical public health concern.

Why in news?

The Sundarbans is brought into light as a critical area where drowning prevention efforts, such as pond-based swimming lessons, are being piloted to combat frequent child drowning incidents.

Thadiyankudisai

Thadiyankudisai is a locality in Dindigul district, Tamil Nadu, situated in the lower Palani Hills. It is notable for its rich biodiversity and serves as a habitat for various endemic species, including the newly discovered Carrhotus piperus spider. The region features pepper plantations, which provide ecological niches for arthropods. Thadiyankudisai’s elevation and climate contribute to its unique ecosystem, making it a key site for biological surveys and taxonomic research. The area remains underexplored, offering potential for further discoveries in entomology and botany.

Why in news?

Thadiyankudisai is the site where the new jumping spider species Carrhotus piperus was discovered during a 2016 survey.

Triangle Flat

Triangle Flat is an archaeological site located in Golden Bay (Mohua) on New Zealands South Island (Te Waipounamu). It is notable for containing some of the earliest securely dated evidence of sweet potato (kūmara) cultivation in Polynesia, dated between AD 1290-1385. Microscopic starch granules of sweet potato, alongside Asia-Pacific taro and Pacific yam (uwhi), were found here. This site represents the southernmost known attempt to cultivate uwhi and provides pre-1400 AD evidence of kūmara farming in New Zealand. The findings show early Polynesian agricultural practices in a marginal climate environment.

Why in news?

Scientists from the University of Otago recently reported the discovery of early sweet potato cultivation at Triangle Flat, providing new vital information about Polynesian settlement and horticulture in New Zealands South Island.

Tropical Cyclone

A tropical cyclone is a rotating low-pressure weather system that forms over warm tropical ocean waters, typically above 26.5°C (80°F). It features organized thunderstorms and a closed circulation. Tropical cyclones vary in name by region – hurricanes in the Atlantic and Northeast Pacific, typhoons in the Northwest Pacific, and cyclones in the Indian Ocean and South Pacific. They derive energy from the ocean’s heat through evaporation and condensation, which fuels their intensity. Tropical cyclones have a characteristic eye, eyewall, and spiral rainbands, with wind speeds determining their classification from tropical depressions to major hurricanes or typhoons.

Why in news?

Hurricane Helene is a tropical cyclone that intensified over warm ocean waters before hitting Florida as a powerful storm.

UNCCD (United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification)

The UNCCD is one of the three Rio Conventions, established in 1994 to combat desertification and land degradation globally. It has 126 Parties reporting on land conditions. The convention focuses on sustainable land management to prevent desertification, restore degraded land, and improve food security. It collaborates with the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Convention on Biological Diversity to ensure integrated environmental solutions. The UNCCDs Executive Secretary, Ibrahim Thiaw, brought into light the importance of aligning decisions across these conventions to avoid conflicting policies. The convention emphasizes the link between land degradation, conflict, and forced migration.

Why in news?

UNCCD is central to the 2024 series of international environmental meetings, including COP16, focusing on desertification and land degradation issues worldwide.

Unclassified Forests in India

Unclassified forests are forest lands that are government-owned but not notified officially as forests under forest laws. These areas are often managed by departments outside forestry, such as revenue or railways. Data inconsistencies in unclassified forests have been noted in several states, with drastic fluctuations in reported areas, as seen in Odisha, Goa, Jharkhand, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh. These forests are vulnerable to encroachment, diversion, and mismanagement due to unclear legal status. Their fluctuating statistics complicate accurate assessment of India’s forest cover and hinder effective conservation policies.

Why in news?

Significant discrepancies in unclassified forest data have raised concerns about the accuracy of Indias forest cover reports and potential forest loss.

Varunavat Mountain

Varunavat Mountain is located in Uttarkashi district, Uttarakhand, at the foothills alongside the Bhagirathi river. It lies in a seismically active zone and experienced a 6.1 magnitude earthquake in 1991. The mountain has a 30-degree slope at the summit followed by a steep incline, making it prone to landslides. The area is ecologically sensitive with pine forests that cause summer forest fires, loosening the soil. It suffered a major landslide in 2003, damaging over 360 buildings. The mountain’s geological instability is exacerbated by heavy rainfall and soil erosion from forest fires.

Why in news?

Varunavat mountain experienced fresh landslides on August 27, 2024, prompting evacuations and expert inspections to assess damage and recommend safety measures.

Vishanu Yuddh Abhyas

translates to “Virus War Exercise” and is Indias first comprehensive national mock drill simulating a zoonotic disease outbreak. Conducted in August 2024 in Ajmer district, Rajasthan, it involved multiple stakeholders from health, animal husbandry, forestry, and agriculture sectors. The drill tested virus investigation protocols and outbreak containment strategies across human and animal populations. It incorporated the participation of 19 National BSL-3 Network Laboratories, including AIIMS Jodhpurs BSL-3 lab. Independent observers monitored the exercise, which identified prompt responses and areas for improvement, strengthening Indias pandemic preparedness under the National One Health Mission.

Why in news?

The Vishanu Yuddh Abhyas drill was held to assess and enhance Indias readiness to respond to zoonotic outbreaks, emphasizing multisectoral collaboration and rapid containment strategies.

Visible Light Transmission (VLT)

Visible Light Transmission (VLT) measures the percentage of visible light passing through a material, typically glass. A higher VLT means more light passes through, while a lower VLT means less light and reduced visibility inside. It directly affects heat and ultraviolet (UV) ray protection; lower VLT films block more heat and UV rays. In India, regulations mandate a minimum VLT of 70% for front and rear windscreens and 50% for side windows. VLT standards are crucial for balancing visibility and safety, preventing excessive tinting that could obscure occupants or activities inside vehicles.

Why in news?

Kerala High Court ruled that vehicle owners can apply sun films on windscreens/windows if they comply with VLT standards, overturning previous restrictions based on a 2012 Supreme Court ban.

West Antarctic Ice Sheet

The West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) is a massive ice body covering an area of about 1.9 million square kilometers. It rests on bedrock below sea level, making it vulnerable to marine ice sheet instability. WAIS contains enough ice to raise global sea levels by approximately 3.3 meters (11 feet) if fully melted. The ice sheet is divided into several basins, including the Thwaites and Pine Island glaciers, which are currently experiencing rapid ice loss. Its near-total collapse would be irreversible and accelerate global sea-level rise. WAIS dynamics are critical to understanding future climate impacts.

Why in news?

The study warns that parts of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet could face near-total collapse by 2300 if carbon emissions continue unchecked, intensifying sea-level rise risks globally.

Western Disturbances

Western disturbances are weather phenomena originating in the Mediterranean region, bringing winter precipitation to the western Himalayas. They are critical for snowfall and rainfall in this region, especially during winter months. These disturbances influence the climate of states like Uttarakhand, Jammu & Kashmir, and Himachal Pradesh. Unlike the eastern Himalayas, which receive year-round snowfall, the western Himalayas rely heavily on these seasonal events for moisture. Changes in western disturbances due to global warming can impact snowfall patterns, glacier health, and water availability downstream. Their variability affects agriculture, water resources, and ecosystem stability in the western Himalayan region.

Why in news?

The western Himalayas are experiencing reduced snowfall and accelerated glacier melt partly due to changes in western disturbances, worsening climate impacts in the region.

Wet Bulb Temperature

Wet bulb temperature is measured using a thermometer wrapped in a wet cloth and reflects the lowest temperature an object can reach through evaporative cooling. It indicates the combined effect of heat and humidity on the body’s ability to cool itself via sweating. When air moisture saturates the environment, evaporation is hindered, preventing heat loss and increasing heat stress risk. Wet bulb temperature is critical in assessing human survivability during extreme humid heat events, as it directly correlates with the body’s capacity to regulate temperature and avoid heat-related illnesses.

Why in news?

Wet bulb temperature is discussed as a vital metric for understanding the rising danger of humid heat in Indian cities and its health impacts.

White-Nose Syndrome (WNS)

White-Nose Syndrome is a fungal disease caused by Pseudogymnoascus destructans that affects hibernating bats. It forms white fungal growths around bats’ noses, causing premature arousal from hibernation, leading to starvation. Mortality rates range from 33% to 99%, with an average exceeding 70%. First detected in the US in 2006, it has spread to affect 12 of the 50 native bat species. The fungus likely originated in Europe and entered the US via international trade. WNS can cause local bat extinctions within six years of introduction, severely disrupting ecosystems dependent on bats.

Why in news?

WNS caused a catastrophic decline in US bat populations from 2006-2017, triggering increased pesticide use and subsequent rises in infant mortality and agricultural losses, as revealed by a new study.

Wildlife Crime Control Bureau (WCCB)

The Wildlife Crime Control Bureau is an Government of India agency under the Ministry of Environment, Forests, and Climate Change, established in 2007. It enforces laws related to wildlife protection and combats illegal wildlife trade. The WCCB monitors and investigates wildlife crimes, including the illegal use and capture of protected species. In 2012, it imposed a ban on using langurs to deter rhesus monkeys, citing ethical and legal concerns. Despite this, enforcement remains inconsistent across regions. The bureau also collaborates internationally to curb wildlife trafficking.

Why in news?

The WCCB banned the use of langurs to control rhesus monkeys, but the Uttar Pradesh Cricket Associations recent use of langurs at a cricket stadium marks ongoing enforcement challenges.

Yettinahole Inter-Basin Water Transfer Project

The Yettinahole project aims to divert water from the Yettinahole river basin to drought-prone districts in Karnataka, including Kolar, Chikkaballapura, and Ramanagara. It covers over 1,200 hectares, with about half in forest areas. The project involves diverting 10.13 hectares of forest land, raising concerns over environmental impact and forest land use. Originally proposed in 2016, it faced scrutiny after satellite imagery in 2019 showed forest land use beyond approved boundaries. The project has cost about Rs 22,000 crore and was inaugurated in September 2024 despite ongoing environmental and regulatory challenges.

Why in news?

The Ministry of Environment has asked Karnataka to submit detailed reports on forest land diversion and environmental impacts following concerns about the projects compliance and ecological effects.

History (India / World) & Culture

Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)

The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) is a government agency under the Ministry of Culture responsible for archaeological research and conservation of Indias cultural heritage. Established in 1861, ASI protects over 3,600 monuments and sites including UNESCO World Heritage Sites. It conducts excavations, maintains museums, and publishes research. ASI also manages the Antiquities and Art Treasures Act, regulating the export and trade of artifacts. It collaborates with other ministries to provide content for tourism promotion, including the Incredible India Content Hub. ASIs work extends to preservation of intangible heritage linked to archaeological sites.

Why in news?

ASI contributed to the Incredible India Content Hub, providing authentic heritage-related content to support tourism promotion via the new digital portal.

Archibald Blair

Archibald Blair was a naval surveyor and lieutenant in the Bombay Marine who joined in 1771. He led the first detailed survey of the Andaman Islands between 1778 and 1779, initially naming the natural harbour Port Cornwallis. The harbour was later renamed Port Blair in his honour. Blair also surveyed coasts of India, Iran, Arabia, the Chagos archipelago, Diamond Harbour, and the Hooghly River. His detailed reports on the Andamans were well received by the East India Company, leading to the colonization of the islands. Blair returned to England in 1795 and presented his findings to the Royal Society of London in 1799.

Why in news?

Port Blair, named after Archibald Blair, is being renamed Sri Vijaya Puram as part of a move to shed colonial legacies and honour Indian history.

Gingee Fort

Gingee Fort, located in Tamil Nadus Villupuram district, is often called the “Troy of the East” due to its strong fortifications. It was built in the 9th century and later fortified by the Marathas in the 17th century. The fort complex includes three hillocks – Rajagiri, Krishnagiri, and Chandrayandurg, each with separate fortifications. It has a unique granary capable of storing large quantities of grain for prolonged sieges. The fort also contains a temple dedicated to the goddess Durga and a prison known as the “dungeon of death,” which was used for political prisoners.

Why in news?

Gingee Fort is being evaluated by UNESCO and ICOMOS for possible inclusion in the World Heritage Site list for 2024-25, representing Tamil Nadu among the Maratha Military Landscapes.

Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR)

The Indian Council for Cultural Relations was established in 1950 to promote cultural exchange and mutual understanding between India and other countries. It organizes cultural festivals, scholarships, and academic exchanges worldwide. ICCR operates over 30 cultural centers globally, encouraging Indian arts, music, dance, and literature. It also supports Indian language teaching abroad and offers scholarships to foreign students for studying in India. ICCR plays important role in Indias soft diplomacy by building cultural ties and enhancing Indias global image through various outreach programs and international collaborations.

Why in news?

Kumar Tuhin currently serves as Director General of ICCR before his appointment as Ambassador to the Netherlands.

Maraba Land Grants

A maraba is a traditional unit of land measurement used in parts of Punjab, equivalent to approximately 50 acres. During British India, maraba grants were often awarded as rewards or pensions to soldiers and officials. After the Battle of Saragarhi, each of the 21 soldiers families received two marabas of land, totaling about 100 acres, along with monetary compensation. These grants were intended to provide financial security to the families of fallen soldiers. However, many recipients or their descendants struggled to maintain or benefit from these lands due to administrative challenges and socio-political upheavals in the region.

Why in news?

Following the Battle of Saragarhi, land grants known as marabas were awarded to the families of the fallen soldiers as part of their posthumous honors.

Maratha Military Landscapes of India

The Maratha Military Landscapes of India comprise 12 fortified sites spread mainly across Maharashtra, with one in Tamil Nadu. These sites reflect the military strategies and architectural innovations of the Maratha Empire during the 17th and 18th centuries. They include forts, watchtowers, and strategic hilltop locations designed for defense and control over territories. The landscapes showcase the use of natural terrain for military advantage, including water management systems and interconnected fortifications. They symbolize the Maratha resistance against Mughal and colonial powers and represent a unique cultural heritage related to military architecture.

Why in news?

The Maratha Military Landscapes, including Gingee Fort, have been nominated for UNESCO World Heritage status, with evaluations ongoing in 2024.

Megalithic Urn Burials

Megalithic urn burials are ancient funerary practices where human remains were placed in large ceramic urns, often accompanied by grave goods. These burials are linked to the Iron Age and sometimes late Mesolithic periods in South India. The urns can provide valuable information on social structures, rituals, and material culture of prehistoric communities. Typically found in burial grounds, their presence on hilltops like Kundlikkad is uncommon. The urns often contain microliths, pottery shards, and sometimes metal objects, which help archaeologists date the sites and understand cultural transitions.

Why in news?

The discovery of numerous megalithic urn burials on Kundlikkad Hill during a rainwater harvesting project marks a rare and important archaeological find.

Microliths

Microliths are small stone tools usually less than 5 cm in length, often made from flint or chert, used by prehistoric humans during the Mesolithic period. They were typically components of composite tools such as arrows, spears, or knives. Microliths indicate advanced tool-making techniques and adaptability to changing environments. Their presence alongside urn burials suggests continuity or overlap between Mesolithic hunter-gatherers and later Iron Age communities. Microliths are crucial for understanding technological and cultural evolution in ancient societies.

Why in news?

Microliths found with urn burials at Kundlikkad Hill may provide vital information about the transition from Mesolithic to Iron Age cultures in Kerala.

Nahai-Khai Ritual

Nahai-Khai is the first day ritual of the Jivitputrika festival, where mothers take a purifying bath and consume a single meal prepared with specific foods considered nourishing and auspicious. This meal usually includes rice, lentils, and seasonal vegetables, symbolizing purity and health. The ritual marks the beginning of the fast and is intended to cleanse the body and soul. The Nahai-Khai practice is unique to this festival and is integral in preparing participants for the subsequent nirjala fast, reflecting deep-rooted cultural beliefs about physical and spiritual cleanliness.

Why in news?

Nahai-Khai was observed as part of the Jivitputrika festival rituals in Bihar, preceding the tragic drowning incidents during the festivals holy dips.

National Maritime Heritage Complex (NMHC) at Lothal

The NMHC is a maritime museum and tourist destination under development in Lothal, Gujarat, an ancient Indus Valley Civilization port site. It aims to showcase India’s rich maritime heritage and encourage international collaboration with 25 countries, including Portugal, UAE, and Vietnam. The complex will feature state pavilions, maritime artifacts, and cultural exhibits. It is designed to promote maritime history awareness and tourism. The NMHC is one of the largest maritime heritage projects in India, linking ancient maritime traditions with modern developments.

Why in news?

The NMHC project was brought into light during the 20th Maritime State Development Council meeting, emphasizing international partnerships and state participation.

Poet Lorikeet

The term “poet lorikeet” is a humorous Australian neologism playing on the title “poet laureate.” Lorikeets are brightly colored, noisy parrots native to Australia and nearby regions. The joke reflects Australian cultural traits of irreverence and skepticism toward formality and pomp. Lorikeets are known for their vibrant plumage and loud calls, symbolizing a playful, less serious approach to the traditionally solemn role of a poet laureate. This term marks Australian humor and identity, linking national fauna with cultural roles in literature and arts.

Why in news?

An Australian writer jokingly suggested the country’s first poet laureate should be called a “poet lorikeet,” reflecting national attitudes toward the new literary honor.

Powney Treaty

The Powney Treaty was an agreement that freed the Cochin kingdom from allegiance to Mysore and formalized its relations with the British East India Company. It followed Mysores attempted invasion of the Travancore kingdom, which was allied with the British. Sakthan Thampuran played a strategic role in this regional conflict by supporting Mysores attempt to challenge Travancore, indirectly leading to the treaty. The treaty helped stabilize Cochins political status and secured British influence in the region, shaping the power dynamics in Kerala during the late 18th century.

Why in news?

The treaty is mentioned as part of Sakthan Thampurans political maneuvers, contextualizing his historical significance amid the statue replacement debate.

Sakthan Thampuran

Sakthan Thampuran, born Rama Varma IX in 1751, ruled the Cochin kingdom from 1790 to 1805. He was known for centralizing power, abolishing the Yogiatirippads’ control over temples, and entrusting temple management to the government. He shifted the capital from Thrippunithura to Thrissur, encouraging urban development. Sakthan Thampuran encouraged merchants of all religions to settle in Thrissur and improved the kingdoms finances. He played a role in regional politics by aligning with the British against Mysore, leading to the Powney Treaty. He is credited with starting the Thrissur Pooram festival in 1797.

Why in news?

Suresh Gopi pledged to replace the statue of Sakthan Thampuran knocked down by a bus in Thrissur if the government did not act within 14 days.

Santhali Language

Santhali is an Austroasiatic language spoken by the Santhal tribal community primarily in Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal, Bihar, and Assam. It uses the Ol Chiki script, created in 1925 by Pandit Raghunath Murmu to provide a unique written form for the language. Santhali has rich oral traditions including folk songs, stories, and rituals. It was included in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India in 2003, granting it official recognition. Santhali is one of the six languages newly added to the NAS 2024 survey, reflecting efforts to preserve and promote indigenous languages through formal education assessment.

Why in news?

Santhali is among the six new languages added to the NAS 2024 survey, expanding the linguistic diversity of the assessment to better represent tribal and regional languages.

Simhastha Kumbh

Simhastha Kumbh is a mass Hindu pilgrimage held every 12 years in Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, at the confluence of the Shipra River. It is one of the four Kumbh Melas recognized for ritual bathing to cleanse sins. The 2028 event will attract millions of devotees, making infrastructure development crucial. The festival is linked to astrological positioning of Jupiter in the zodiac sign of Leo (Simha). Ujjain’s Simhastha is distinct from other Kumbh Melas due to its location at the ancient city of Ujjain, a historical center of astronomy and Hindu learning. It impacts local economy and culture.

Why in news?

The highway project between Ujjain and Indore is planned to be completed before the 2028 Simhastha Kumbh to handle increased traffic and pilgrimage influx.

Srivijaya Empire

The Srivijaya Empire was a powerful 7th to 13th-century maritime Buddhist kingdom based in present-day Indonesia. It controlled key trade routes across Southeast Asia and was known for its naval strength and wealth. The empires capital was in Palembang, Sumatra. Srivijaya maintained extensive cultural and economic ties with India, influencing the regions religion and politics. In the 11th century, the Chola emperor Rajendra I launched a naval expedition against Srivijaya, capturing its king Sangrama Vijayottunggavarman and looting treasures including the Vidhyadara Torana, a jewelled war gate. This event marked a rare military conflict between India and Southeast Asia.

Why in news?

The renaming of Port Blair to Sri Vijaya Puram references the Andaman Islands historical connection to the Chola naval attack on the Srivijaya Empire.

Tandas and Kumbhas

A tanda is a temporary settlement used by nomadic or semi-nomadic tribal groups in India, particularly forest-dwelling communities like the Mankidia. These settlements consist of leaf huts called Kumbhas, which are dome-shaped and constructed from locally available natural materials. Tandas serve as seasonal or temporary habitation sites allowing mobility aligned with hunting, gathering, and other forest-based activities. The design of kumbhas provides shelter and is easily dismantled, reflecting the communitys nomadic lifestyle and dependence on forest ecosystems.

Why in news?

The Mankidia communitys traditional lifestyle, including living in tandas with kumbha huts, is protected under newly granted habitat rights in Odisha, allowing continuation of their cultural practices.

Vaikom Satyagraha

The Vaikom Satyagraha of 1924 was social protest in Kerala against caste-based discrimination, specifically the denial of lower caste peoples right to walk on the public roads around the Vaikom Mahadeva Temple. It was one of the earliest movements aimed at temple entry and social equality in South India. The protest was led by activists from various castes, including Periyar EV Ramasamy. The movement resulted in the opening of roads to all castes by 1925, setting a precedent for later temple entry movements in India. It influenced the broader anti-caste and social reform struggles in the region.

Why in news?

Periyar EV Ramasamy was remembered on his 146th birth anniversary, denoting his role in the Vaikom Satyagraha where he was arrested twice and called Vaikom Veerar (Hero of Vaikom).

Science & Technology

99942 Apophis

99942 Apophis is a near-Earth asteroid about 1,210 feet wide, discovered in 2004. It orbits the Sun roughly every 7,500 years and is predicted to pass as close as 18,300 miles from Earth in 2029. Named after the ancient Egyptian demon serpent “God of Chaos,” it initially had a 2.7% chance of impacting Earth in 2029, later ruled out. Its trajectory can be altered by collisions with small objects, as little as 0.6 meters in size. Observations have been limited since 2021 due to its position in the daytime sky.

Why in news?

A new study shows that a small collision could alter Apophis path, potentially increasing the risk of Earth impact after its 2029 close approach.

BepiColombo

BepiColombo is a joint spacecraft mission by the European Space Agency and Japan launched in 2018 to study Mercury. It consists of two orbiters – the Mercury Planetary Orbiter and the Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter. The mission aims to analyze Mercurys composition, geology, and magnetic field. BepiColombo uses multiple flybys of Earth, Venus, and Mercury to slow down before entering orbit around Mercury, planned for 2026. The mission faced delays due to thruster problems and was originally scheduled for 2014 launch. It captures high-resolution images and scientific data, surpassing previous missions like NASAs Messenger.

Why in news?

BepiColombo made its closest approach to Mercury in September 2024, sending back detailed images of the planets surface and south pole, marking milestone before orbit insertion in 2026.

Bharat Semi

Bharat Semi is an Indian semiconductor company involved in advanced chip manufacturing. It plays a key role in the India-US semiconductor fabrication plant project, focusing on compound semiconductors like gallium nitride and silicon carbide. Bharat Semi is part of the strategic partnership with 3rdiTech and the US Space Force. The company aims to enhance India’s domestic semiconductor production capabilities, reducing reliance on imports. Bharat Semi’s involvement marks step in India’s tech diplomacy and semiconductor self-reliance efforts, contributing to national security and emerging technology sectors such as telecommunications and green energy.

Why in news?

Bharat Semi is a key Indian partner in the newly announced India-US semiconductor fab project, the first collaboration involving the US Space Force and Indian businesses in chip fabrication.

Bharatiya Antariksh Station

The _Bharatiya Antariksh Station_ is Indias planned indigenous space station, envisioned to be operational around the 2040s. It aims to support scientific research, technology demonstrations, and long-duration human spaceflight. The station will facilitate experiments in microgravity and serve as a platform for international collaboration. It is designed to accommodate crewed missions and support India’s ambitions in space habitation. The station’s development aligns with global trends toward permanent human presence in orbit, marking Indias transition from satellite launches to sustained human space operations. It will be a symbol of Indias growing capabilities in space technology and exploration.

Why in news?

The Bharatiya Antariksh Station is mentioned as a key objective supported by the new Next Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV), reflecting India’s long-term space exploration goals including crewed space missions.

Binary Asteroid System – Didymos and Dimorphos

Didymos and Dimorphos form a binary asteroid system where Dimorphos orbits Didymos, the larger body. Dimorphos is approximately the size of a football stadium and was chosen for NASA’s DART mission due to its size and proximity to Earth. Neither asteroid poses a threat to Earth. The binary system allows study of gravitational interactions and orbital dynamics in small body pairs. Dimorphos orbit around Didymos was shortened by 33 minutes and 15 seconds after the DART impact, showing the ability to alter asteroid trajectories.

Why in news?

The DART mission targeted the binary asteroid system Didymos-Dimorphos to test asteroid deflection by kinetic impact and successfully altered Dimorphos’ orbit.

Bio Safety Level-3 (BSL-3) Laboratory in Kozhikode

A Bio Safety Level-3 (BSL-3) laboratory is a containment facility designed for work with infectious agents that can cause serious or potentially lethal diseases via inhalation. The BSL-3 lab in Kozhikode, sanctioned in 2019, is intended to enhance Keralas capacity for rapid and accurate diagnosis of zoonotic diseases like Nipah virus. Construction was delayed by the COVID-19 pandemic but is expected to be completed by the end of 2024. Once operational, it will reduce dependency on external labs like the National Institute of Virology in Pune and improve outbreak response time for dangerous pathogens.

Why in news?

The BSL-3 laboratory in Kozhikode is nearing completion, which is critical for Keralas improved testing and containment of the Nipah virus and other zoonotic diseases amid the current outbreak.

Biophotolysis

Biophotolysis is a biological process where certain microorganisms, such as algae and cyanobacteria, use sunlight to split water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen. This process occurs in specialized enzymes called hydrogenases within the organisms. It is a clean method of hydrogen production but currently limited by low efficiency and scale. Research focuses on improving microorganism strains and optimizing light exposure to increase hydrogen output. Biophotolysis is distinct from chemical electrolysis because it directly harnesses solar energy biologically, offering potential for sustainable hydrogen production without fossil fuels.

Why in news?

Biophotolysis is mentioned as one of the key bio-hydrogen production methods, denoting Indias exploration of diverse sustainable hydrogen generation techniques.

Blast Furnace Technology

A blast furnace is a large structure used in the iron-making process, where iron ore is reduced to molten iron using coke and limestone under high temperatures. Modern blast furnaces can reach temperatures above 2,000°C and operate continuously for years. The size of a blast furnace is measured by its hearth diameter, with larger diameters allowing greater production capacity. Innovations include improved refractory materials, automation, and gas recycling to increase efficiency and reduce emissions. Blast furnaces produce by-products such as slag, which is used in cement manufacturing. The process remains energy-intensive and a major source of industrial CO2 emissions.

Why in news?

Tata Steel’s new blast furnace at Kalinganagar is the largest in India, marking upgrade in steel production capacity and technological advancement for the company.

Blockchain in Mining Logistics

Blockchain technology is used in mining logistics to enhance supply chain transparency and efficiency. It enables real-time tracking and secure, immutable record-keeping of mined materials from extraction to delivery. Implementing blockchain can reduce administrative costs by 20-30% by automating documentation and minimizing fraud. This technology supports compliance with environmental and social governance (ESG) standards by providing verifiable data on sourcing and transportation. Blockchains decentralized nature reduces reliance on intermediaries, streamlining operations. It is increasingly adopted as mining companies seek to improve accountability and traceability in complex global supply chains.

Why in news?

Blockchain is gaining attention for its potential to optimize mining logistics, reduce costs, and improve transparency in the critical minerals supply chain supporting the energy transition.

BPaLM Regimen

The BPaLM regimen is a four-drug combination treatment for Multi-Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) consisting of Bedaquiline, Pretomanid, Linezolid, and Moxifloxacin (optional). It shortens treatment duration from up to 20 months to just six months. Pretomanid is a novel anti-TB drug approved by Indias Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO). This regimen has shown higher safety and efficacy compared to older treatments. It reduces side effects and overall treatment costs. India plans to roll out this regimen nationwide for approximately 75,000 drug-resistant TB patients under the National TB Elimination Program (NTEP).

Why in news?

Indias Ministry of Health & Family Welfare approved the BPaLM regimen as a shorter, more effective treatment for MDR-TB, aiming to accelerate the countrys goal of eliminating TB by 2025.

Buried Lunar Impact Crater

The buried lunar impact crater discovered near Chandrayaan-3s landing site measures approximately 160 km in diameter. It predates the South Pole-Aitken basin and is heavily degraded and semi-circular in shape. This crater is covered by ejecta material from the SPA basin and 11 other surrounding basins, making it difficult to detect without rover imaging. Its identification provides evidence of multiple impact events shaping the Moons surface over billions of years. The craters age and condition offer clues to the Moons early geological processes and the sequence of impact events in the lunar south pole region.

Why in news?

Scientists analyzed data from Chandrayaan-3s Pragyan rover and Vikram lander to identify this ancient, buried impact crater, advancing knowledge of lunar surface evolution.

Cancer Multi-Omics Data Portal

The cancer multi-omics data portal integrates various molecular data types—DNA, RNA, and protein profiles—alongside clinical information from cancer patients. Multi-omics analysis allows researchers to understand cancer at multiple biological levels, revealing complex interactions and molecular mechanisms. This approach helps identify biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy response. The portal currently hosts data from 50 breast cancer patients, with plans to scale up, enabling large-scale studies. It is the first such open-access platform in India, designed to facilitate research collaboration and accelerate the development of personalized cancer treatments tailored to the Indian populations unique genetic makeup.

Why in news?

The portal was launched by ICGA as the first Indian platform offering integrated multi-omics data from breast cancer patients to support precision oncology research.

Cassini Spacecraft

The Cassini spacecraft was a NASA mission that orbited Saturn from 2004 to 2017, providing detailed data about the planet, its rings, and moons. Cassini discovered that Saturns rings consist of billions of ice and rock particles ranging from dust-sized to mountain-sized. It also helped confirm the ring rain phenomenon and revealed the complex structure of Saturns seven major ring divisions. The spacecrafts mission ended with a deliberate plunge into Saturns atmosphere to avoid contaminating moons that might harbor life. Cassinis findings revolutionized understanding of the Saturnian system.

Why in news?

Cassini data underpins current knowledge about Saturns rings and their composition, crucial for explaining the ring disappearance event in 2025.

Catastrophic Implosion

A catastrophic implosion occurs when an object subjected to external pressure collapses inward suddenly due to structural failure. In deep-sea contexts, implosions happen when water pressure exceeds the vessels ability to withstand it, causing a rapid inward collapse. The Titan submersible experienced such an implosion at nearly 4,000 meters depth, where pressure is about 400 times atmospheric pressure. Implosions generate shockwaves and debris fields, making survival impossible. The event is instantaneous and fatal, leaving little chance for distress signals or escape. Structural integrity and material strength are critical to prevent implosions in submersibles.

Why in news?

The Titan submersibles loss was caused by a catastrophic implosion during its dive to the Titanic wreck, a central focus of the ongoing US Coast Guard investigation.

Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC)

The Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) is an autonomous scientific society under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology. Established in 1988, it specializes in advanced computing and software technologies. C-DAC developed the PARAM series of supercomputers, India’s first indigenous supercomputers. It also works on cybersecurity, multilingual computing, grid computing, and health informatics. C-DAC has contributed to India’s IT infrastructure, including the National Knowledge Network. It collaborates with academic institutions and government bodies for research and development. The organization is headquartered in Pune with multiple centers across India, including Chennai, Hyderabad, and Kolkata.

Why in news?

C-DAC provided inputs for the new Cyber Security Policy 2.0 released by the Tamil Nadu government to enhance cybersecurity measures across state departments and agencies.

Centre for in-situ and Correlative Microscopy (CISCoM)

CISCoM is a research facility at IIT Hyderabad focused on real-time characterisation of materials across multiple length scales using advanced microscopy techniques. It integrates in-situ methods, allowing observation of samples under varying conditions in real time, and correlative microscopy, which combines data from different imaging modalities for comprehensive analysis. The centre supports interdisciplinary research in physical sciences, chemistry, biology, and pharmaceuticals. Funded primarily by the Department of Science and Technology (DoST) with ₹60 crore and contributions from 17 academic and industrial partners, CISCoM aims to enhance Indias R&D infrastructure and promote collaborative innovation.

Why in news?

CISCoM was inaugurated at IIT Hyderabad with support from DoST and multiple institutions to strengthen collaborative research using sophisticated microscopy techniques.

Chromosome-Level Genome Sequencing

Chromosome-level genome sequencing involves assembling DNA sequences into complete chromosomes rather than fragmented sequences. This method provides a high-resolution view of gene location and structure, enabling detailed studies of gene interactions and functions. It improves the accuracy of identifying protein-coding genes and regulatory elements. This approach is crucial for complex organisms with large genomes, facilitating advances in breeding, disease resistance, and evolutionary biology. It is more resource-intensive than traditional sequencing but yields comprehensive genomic maps essential for applied research in genetics and biotechnology.

Why in news?

The ICAR-CMFRI team utilized chromosome-level sequencing to decode the Asian green mussel genome, marking Indias first marine invertebrate genome assembled at this resolution, enhancing research in aquaculture and disease management.

Chromospheric Network Cells

Chromospheric network cells are convective structures in the Suns chromosphere, about 30,000 km across. They contain weaker magnetic fields than plages and sunspots and are smaller than sunspot groups but larger than individual sunspots. These network cells form a continuous pattern across the solar surface and persist throughout the solar cycle. Their magnetic fields are embedded within the chromospheric plasma, and they are believed to be linked to underlying solar interior dynamics. Network cells provide a stable feature for tracking solar rotation at various latitudes, including polar regions, where sunspots are rare.

Why in news?

The study utilized chromospheric network cells alongside plages to map solar differential rotation from equator to poles for the first time.

Cold Mix Technology

Cold Mix Technology is a road construction method where bituminous mixtures are prepared and laid at ambient temperatures without heating. This technique reduces energy consumption and emissions compared to hot mix asphalt. It allows for easier storage and transportation of the mix, making it suitable for remote areas. Cold mix can be reused multiple times and provides good adhesion and flexibility. It is particularly effective for patch repairs and low-traffic roads. The technology also supports incorporating recycled materials, enhancing sustainability. Cold mix roads generally have a longer curing time but require less specialized equipment during application.

Why in news?

Cold Mix Technology is featured as a best practice incorporated in the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak YojanaIV (PMGSY-IV) for rural road construction from 2024 to 2029.

Collagen Triple-Helical Structure

Collagens triple-helical structure consists of three polypeptide chains wound tightly in a right-handed helix, stabilized by hydrogen bonds. This configuration provides tensile strength and structural integrity to connective tissues such as skin, tendons, and bones. The triple helix is formed by repeating Gly-X-Y amino acid sequences, where X and Y are often proline and hydroxyproline. Maintaining this structure is crucial for collagens biological function and resistance to enzymatic degradation. Disruption of the triple helix leads to diseases like osteogenesis imperfecta. The manganese nanozyme crosslinks tyrosine residues without disturbing this helical form, preserving collagens natural properties.

Why in news?

The study brought into light that the manganese-based nanozyme maintains collagens triple-helical structure while enhancing its resistance to enzymatic degradation, important for medical biomaterial applications.

Cryo-electron microscopy in virus identification

Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) is a technique that allows visualization of biological molecules at near-atomic resolution by flash-freezing samples and imaging them with electron beams. It preserves native structures without chemical fixation or staining. Cryo-EM has transformed virology by enabling detailed structural analysis of viruses, assisting in identifying novel pathogens and understanding their morphology. In the case of the Zophobas morio black wasting virus, cryo-EM revealed its unique structure and differences from related viruses. This technique accelerates vaccine design by providing vital information about viral architecture and mechanisms of infection.

Why in news?

Cryo-electron microscopy was used by researchers at Rutgers to image and characterize the novel Zophobas morio black wasting virus, aiding in its identification and vaccine development.

CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CSIR-CLRI)

CSIR-CLRI, located in Chennai, is a premier research institute under the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). It specializes in leather science and technology, focusing on sustainable leather processing, biomaterials, and environmental safety. Established in 1948, it is one of the oldest leather research centers globally. CSIR-CLRI has developed eco-friendly tanning methods and advanced leather-based biomaterials. It collaborates internationally and contributes to policy-making in the leather sector. The institute also explores nanotechnology applications in leather and biomedical fields, such as nanozymes for collagen stabilization and enzymatic resistance.

Why in news?

CSIR-CLRI researchers recently published studies on manganese-based nanozymes that enhance collagen integrity and enzymatic resistance, advancing artificial enzyme technology and biomedical materials.

Curie Point

The Curie point is the critical temperature at which a magnetic material undergoes a phase transition from ferromagnetic to paramagnetic states or vice versa. Below this temperature, atomic magnetic moments align spontaneously, producing permanent magnetization. Above it, thermal agitation randomizes these moments, resulting in only temporary, weak magnetism. Named after physicist Pierre Curie, this temperature varies among materials and is crucial in magnetic device design. The Curie point marks a second-order phase transition characterized by changes in magnetic order without latent heat. It plays a vital role in understanding magnetic properties and phase transition kinetics.

Why in news?

The Curie point is central to the study where researchers observed faster magnetic phase transitions in hotter paramagnets near this critical temperature.

CuZn-BTC Metal Organic Framework (MOF)

CuZn-BTC is a bimetallic MOF composed of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) ions coordinated with benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate (BTC) ligands. It retains a stable crystalline structure while allowing tunable porosity and defect sites, which enhance its electrochemical properties. The BTC ligand forms a rigid framework that supports metal nodes, creating a three-dimensional porous network. CuZn-BTC is notable for its high surface area and chemical stability, making it suitable for catalysis, gas storage, and energy storage applications. The presence of two different metal ions allows synergistic effects, improving conductivity and ion diffusion within the framework.

Why in news?

CuZn-BTC MOF was used in a novel laser irradiation method to precisely control defects and porosity, enhancing supercapacitor performance without altering the crystal structure.

Cyber Security Incident Response Team (CSIRT)

The Cyber Security Incident Response Team (CSIRT) is a specialized unit responsible for handling cybersecurity incidents and threats within an organization or government. CSIRTs monitor, detect, analyze, and respond to cyber attacks and vulnerabilities. They coordinate with various departments to collect incident data and manage incident response activities. CSIRTs conduct training and awareness programs, vulnerability assessments, and ensure compliance with cybersecurity policies. In India, various CSIRTs operate at national, state, and organizational levels to safeguard critical information infrastructure. Tamil Nadus CSIRT coordinates with state government departments under the Cyber Security Policy 2.0.

Why in news?

CSIRT officials are mandated under Tamil Nadus Cyber Security Policy 2.0 to receive annual training and coordinate cyber incident management across state government departments.

Dengvaxia vaccine

Dengvaxia is the first dengue vaccine approved by the World Health Organization, developed by Sanofi Pasteur. Licensed in 2015, it targets all four dengue virus serotypes but is recommended only for individuals with prior dengue infection due to risk of severe dengue in dengue-naïve recipients. The vaccine is a live attenuated tetravalent vaccine administered in three doses over 12 months. It has been licensed in over 20 countries but not yet approved in India. Clinical trials showed moderate efficacy in preventing symptomatic dengue and severe disease. Post-licensure surveillance continues to monitor safety and effectiveness.

Why in news?

Dengvaxia is mentioned as one of two WHO-recommended dengue vaccines, although it lacks approval in India, which is developing indigenous vaccine candidates amid the 2024 dengue surge.

Dimorphids

The Dimorphids are predicted to be the first human-made meteor shower resulting from the NASA DART missions collision with asteroid moonlet Dimorphos. The impact ejected over 2 million pounds (nearly 1 million kilograms) of debris. This debris is expected to reach the vicinity of Earth and Mars within 7 to 30 years. Particles traveling at speeds above 1.5 km/s could enter Earth’s atmosphere within a decade. The debris could continue arriving intermittently for at least 100 years. The meteor shower is named after Dimorphos, the impacted asteroid moonlet.

Why in news?

The Dimorphids meteor shower is expected to occur as a direct consequence of the DART missions impact on Dimorphos, potentially marking the first human-made meteor shower observed on Earth and Mars.

Earth-Mars Transfer Window

The Earth-Mars transfer window is a specific period occurring approximately every 26 months when Earth and Mars are optimally aligned for spacecraft to travel between the two planets with minimal energy consumption. This alignment reduces the required fuel and travel time, making missions more feasible and cost-effective. The window lasts about 2-3 weeks, during which spacecraft launch to take advantage of the shortest and most efficient trajectory known as a Hohmann transfer orbit. Missing this window means waiting over two years for the next opportunity. The concept is critical for interplanetary mission planning.

Why in news?

SpaceX plans to launch its first uncrewed Starships to Mars during the next Earth-Mars transfer window opening in two years.

Electric Vehicle Fast Charging Infrastructure in India

India plans to install over 88,000 EV charging stations under the PM E-Drive scheme, including 22,100 fast chargers for four-wheelers, 1,800 fast chargers for electric buses, and 48,400 fast chargers for two- and three-wheelers. Fast chargers can reduce charging time compared to regular chargers, making EV use more practical. The infrastructure rollout focuses on public transport units and commercial fleets to encourage adoption. The INR 2,000 crore budget for charging stations aims to address range anxiety and improve consumer confidence in electric vehicles across urban and semi-urban areas.

Why in news?

The PM E-Drive scheme includes a major push for fast-charging infrastructure to support electric vehicle adoption in India.

Electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing Vehicles (eVTOLs)

eVTOLs are aircraft capable of vertical takeoff and landing using electric propulsion systems. They are designed for urban air mobility, aiming to reduce congestion and provide faster, cleaner transport options. eVTOLs typically use multiple rotors powered by electric motors, enabling quieter and more efficient flight compared to traditional helicopters. Many designs prioritize sustainability, with zero emissions and reduced noise pollution. The technology is rapidly advancing, with several prototypes undergoing testing globally. eVTOLs are expected to integrate into future air traffic systems, potentially revolutionizing short-distance travel in metropolitan areas.

Why in news?

eVTOL technology was a major discussion topic at the 2024 Global Aerospace Summit, especially within the VISTA startup showcase and advanced aerial mobility panels.

Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (EIT)

Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (EIT) is a quantum interference effect where a medium that normally absorbs light becomes transparent to a probe laser beam when a control laser beam is applied. This occurs due to the creation of a coherent superposition of atomic states, allowing light to pass without absorption. EIT enables light storage by transferring photon information to atomic states and later retrieving it. It is used in quantum memory, slow light applications, and precision spectroscopy. The phenomenon allows control of optical properties with light itself, making it crucial for quantum communication and sensor technologies.

Why in news?

EIT was demonstrated using Potassium atoms, revealing three transparency windows instead of one, enhancing understanding of quantum resonances and enabling improved light storage and laser frequency stabilization.

Embryonic Movement in Morphological Evolution

Embryonic and fetal movement plays important role in shaping skeletal morphology by influencing bone growth and fusion patterns. Mechanical forces generated by movement stimulate cellular signaling pathways that regulate bone development. Variations in movement intensity or pattern can lead to asymmetries or alterations in skeletal structure, as seen in emu wing evolution. This concept connects developmental biology with evolutionary morphology, demonstrating how behavior in utero affects adult anatomy. It is a key mechanism explaining phenotypic plasticity and evolutionary adaptations in vertebrates.

Why in news?

New findings link differences in embryonic movement to the asymmetrical wing bone fusion in emus, advancing understanding of developmental drivers in evolutionary change.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress in Intestinal Cells

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress occurs when the ER, a cellular organelle responsible for protein folding, experiences dysfunction due to accumulation of misfolded proteins. In intestinal cells, ER stress can reduce mucus production by goblet cells, weakening the mucus barrier. This stress activates the unfolded protein response (UPR) to restore ER function or trigger apoptosis if unresolved. ER stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Certain antibiotics, such as vancomycin, induce ER stress in colonic cells rapidly, leading to decreased mucus secretion and increased susceptibility to inflammation.

Why in news?

The study showed vancomycin induces ER stress in colonic goblet cells, diminishing mucus secretion and damaging the mucus barrier, a mechanism independent of microbiota changes.

Entropy Increase

Entropy increase is a principle derived from the second law of thermodynamics, stating that the entropy (disorder) of an isolated system never decreases over time. Introduced by Rudolf Clausius in 1865, entropy measures the degree of randomness or chaos within a system. This concept is applied beyond physics, including in biology to describe ageing as an increase in bodily disorder. In humans, a low-entropy state corresponds to health and order, while ageing is linked to rising entropy. The principle explains irreversible processes and is foundational in fields like economics, sociology, and information theory.

Why in news?

The concept of entropy increase is central to a study linking travel to slowing down ageing by reducing bodily entropy through positive health effects.

Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs)

Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs) are intense, millisecond-long bursts of radio waves originating from distant galaxies. Their exact cause remains uncertain, with hypotheses ranging from neutron star collisions to exotic astrophysical phenomena. FRBs were first discovered in 2007 and have since been detected by various radio telescopes worldwide. The Giant Metre Radio Telescope (GMRT) in Pune is among the key observatories studying FRBs to understand their origins and properties. FRBs exhibit dispersion measures indicating they travel through intergalactic space, making them valuable tools for probing the universe’s large-scale structure and magnetic fields.

Why in news?

The GMRT in Pune will utilize the newly launched PARAM Rudra supercomputer to enhance research on Fast Radio Bursts and other astronomical phenomena.

Filovirus Family

The filovirus family includes highly pathogenic viruses such as Marburg and Ebola. These viruses are filamentous, enveloped, and contain single-stranded, negative-sense RNA genomes. Filoviruses cause severe hemorrhagic fevers with high fatality rates. They primarily affect humans and non-human primates. The family was first recognized in 1967 following simultaneous outbreaks in Marburg, Germany, and Belgrade, Yugoslavia. Filoviruses replicate in the cytoplasm and evade immune responses by inhibiting interferon production. Their transmission involves direct contact with infected bodily fluids. Filovirus outbreaks are mostly confined to Africa but are of global public health concern due to their lethality.

Why in news?

The Marburg virus, a member of the filovirus family, has caused a fatal outbreak in Rwanda, raising concerns about cross-border transmission in East Africa.

Fixed-Dose Combination (FDC) Drugs

Fixed-Dose Combination drugs contain two or more active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in a single dose. They are designed to improve patient compliance by reducing pill burden and can enhance therapeutic effects by combining synergistic drugs. FDCs are used in treatments for HIV, tuberculosis, diabetes, and hypertension. However, many FDCs lack rigorous clinical trials and may combine incompatible drugs, causing adverse effects like arrhythmia, tachypnea, hypotension, or hypersensitivity. In India, numerous FDCs were approved at the state level without central oversight, leading to irrational use and public health risks.

Why in news?

The Government of India banned 156 FDC drugs in 2024 over safety and efficacy concerns, continuing efforts from earlier bans to regulate irrational and harmful drug combinations.

Flotation Technology

Flotation is a mineral concentration process that separates valuable minerals from ore by exploiting differences in surface properties. It involves adding chemicals to crushed ore and aerating the mixture to create bubbles that attach to target minerals, causing them to float for collection. Modern flotation systems can improve mineral recovery rates by 10-20%, enhancing economic viability. It is widely used for sulfide ores and is essential for extracting metals like copper, lead, and zinc. Advances in reagents and equipment design have increased efficiency, reduced environmental impact, and lowered operational costs in mineral processing.

Why in news?

Flotation technology remains a key refining process in mining, with improvements critical to meeting the rising demand for high-purity minerals in clean energy technologies.

Galactic Cosmic Rays

Galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) are high-energy particles originating outside the solar system, primarily from supernova remnants. They consist mostly of protons, helium nuclei, and heavier ions traveling near the speed of light. GCRs can penetrate spacecraft and human tissue, causing damage to DNA and increasing cancer risks. Earth’s magnetic field and atmosphere shield humans from most GCRs, but astronauts in deep space face higher exposure. Spacecraft use shielding materials to reduce radiation, but no current technology fully blocks GCRs. GCR intensity varies with the solar cycle, decreasing during solar maximum due to increased solar magnetic activity.

Why in news?

Radiation from galactic cosmic rays poses a serious health risk to astronauts on extended ISS missions, like Sunita Williams and Butch Wilmores prolonged stay.

Gallium Nitride Semiconductors

Gallium nitride (GaN) semiconductors are wide-bandgap materials used in high-efficiency power electronics and radio frequency applications. GaN chips operate at higher voltages, temperatures, and frequencies than traditional silicon chips, making them ideal for radar, satellite communications, and 5G infrastructure. GaN technology enables smaller, lighter, and more energy-efficient devices. It is increasingly critical for military applications due to its robustness and performance in harsh environments. The materials high electron mobility allows faster switching speeds, enhancing device efficiency. GaN semiconductors are more costly to produce but offer superior performance in defense and telecom sectors.

Why in news?

The Shakti semiconductor fab will focus on producing gallium nitride chips as part of Indias strategic defense manufacturing collaboration with the US.

Genome Mapping

Genome mapping is the process of determining the locations of genes on an organisms chromosomes. In viruses, it helps identify mutations, track viral evolution, and understand transmission patterns. Genome sequencing reveals specific genetic sequences essential for developing diagnostic tests, vaccines, and therapeutics. During the COVID-19 pandemic, early genome sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 was critical for rapid test and vaccine development. Genome mapping also allows comparison between viral strains to assess mutation rates and immune escape potential. High-quality viral genome data supports surveillance and outbreak preparedness.

Why in news?

GBRC conducted genome mapping of the Chandipura virus to analyze its genetic makeup and mutation patterns during the 2024 Gujarat outbreak.

Global Antibiotic Research and Development Partnership (GARDP)

GARDP is a non-profit organization established by the World Health Organization and the Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative in 2016. It focuses on developing new treatments for drug-resistant infections, especially those neglected by commercial markets. GARDP works on both new chemical entities and repurposing existing drugs, with a priority on infections prevalent in low- and middle-income countries. It emphasizes access and stewardship to ensure new antibiotics remain effective. GARDP also collaborates with governments, academia, and industry to accelerate development and improve global health outcomes related to antimicrobial resistance.

Why in news?

GARDP is mentioned as a key player working on new antibiotic treatments despite financial and market challenges in the AMR space.

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)

GNSS is a satellite-based navigation system that provides geolocation and time information globally. It includes constellations like GPS (USA), GLONASS (Russia), Galileo (EU), and BeiDou (China). GNSS enables precise tracking of vehicles’ locations in real time. The system supports applications in navigation, mapping, and timing synchronization. GNSS-based tolling uses onboard units (OBUs) to record vehicle movement and calculate tolls based on distance traveled. This method eliminates the need for physical toll booths. GNSS technology is widely adopted in developed countries for efficient toll collection and traffic management, reducing congestion and enhancing road safety.

Why in news?

GNSS-based road toll collection is set to be implemented in India by April 2025, replacing the FASTag system to allow toll payments based on actual distance traveled, improving traffic flow on national highways.

Goblet Cells

Goblet cells are specialized epithelial cells found primarily in the lining of the intestines and respiratory tract. They secrete mucus, which forms a protective barrier on mucosal surfaces. These cells contain mucin granules that release mucus through exocytosis. Goblet cells play a critical role in maintaining the integrity of the mucus barrier, preventing direct contact between microbes and epithelial tissues. They respond to various stimuli, including inflammatory signals and microbial presence. Damage or dysfunction of goblet cells is linked to diseases like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Their mucus secretion can be inhibited by stress in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), affecting intestinal health.

Why in news?

Vancomycin was found to inhibit mucus secretion by goblet cells in mice, causing mucus barrier breakdown and contributing to intestinal inflammation independently of microbiota effects.

Helium in Rocket Propulsion

Helium is used in rockets to pressurize fuel tanks and cooling systems because it is inert and remains gaseous at extremely low temperatures (-268.9°C). Its small atomic size allows it to escape through tiny leaks, making helium leaks a common problem in spacecraft. Despite its scarcity in Earth’s atmosphere, heliums presence helps engineers detect leaks early. It fills empty spaces in fuel tanks during combustion to maintain pressure and ensure continuous fuel flow. Alternatives like argon and nitrogen exist but helium remains preferred due to its unique properties. Helium leaks have affected missions from NASA, ISRO, and ESA.

Why in news?

Helium leaks have caused delays and mission adjustments for Boeings Starliner and SpaceXs Polaris Dawn, denoting ongoing challenges with helium pressurization in spaceflight.

Helium Leak in Space Missions

Helium is used in spacecraft primarily for pressurizing fuel tanks and maintaining structural integrity. A helium leak can cause loss of tank pressure, jeopardizing fuel flow and mission safety. It is a critical issue in rocket launches, often causing delays or aborts. Helium is chosen for its inertness and low density. Detecting leaks involves sensitive sensors due to heliums small atomic size. The cost and scarcity of helium globally make its management important in aerospace. Helium leaks have delayed multiple missions, including the 2024 Polaris Dawn launch.

Why in news?

The Polaris Dawn Mission launch was postponed due to a helium leak, illustrating the ongoing technical challenges in commercial spaceflight.

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1

The HPAI H5N1 virus is a subtype of the influenza A virus primarily affecting birds but capable of infecting mammals, including humans. It was first detected in 1996 in China and has caused multiple outbreaks worldwide. The virus spreads rapidly among bird populations, causing high mortality rates. It can mutate, increasing zoonotic potential. HPAI H5N1 has been identified in over 23 mammalian species, including domestic animals like cows, which is unusual. Pasteurization effectively inactivates the virus in milk. Human infections are rare but have occurred, with a high fatality rate historically. The virus persists in wild bird reservoirs, facilitating spread.

Why in news?

HPAI H5N1 was detected in dairy cows in California, marking a rare cross-species transmission and prompting quarantines and preventive measures in the US dairy industry in 2024.

High-Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) Line

HVDC technology transmits electricity over long distances with lower losses compared to alternating current (AC). It uses direct current to connect asynchronous grids or remote locations. HVDC lines require converter stations at both ends to convert AC to DC and back. They are beneficial for underwater or underground cables, such as submarine power links. The first commercial HVDC link was established in Sweden in 1954. HVDC systems can stabilize power grids by controlling power flow precisely. India has been exploring HVDC lines for connecting remote regions and islands to the mainland grid, enhancing energy security and reducing dependence on fossil fuels.

Why in news?

The Andaman & Nicobar Islands administration proposed an HVDC interconnection from the mainland as an alternative to a shelved LNG power plant to stabilize electricity supply in the union territory.

Horseshoe Orbit

A horseshoe orbit is a type of co-orbital motion where a smaller object appears to orbit a larger body in a path resembling a horseshoe shape relative to the larger body. This occurs when the smaller object shares a similar orbital period but oscillates in position, moving ahead of and behind the larger body without completing a full orbit around it. The objects trajectory is influenced by gravitational interactions, causing it to reverse direction near orbital extremes. Horseshoe orbits are seen in some near-Earth asteroids and moons, such as asteroid 2024 PT5 during its temporary capture by Earth.

Why in news?

Asteroid 2024 PT5 will perform a horseshoe loop around Earth during its 53-day orbit before leaving Earths gravitational influence.

Ice-Penetrating Radar

Ice-penetrating radar is a remote sensing technology that uses radio waves to probe beneath ice surfaces. It measures the time delay and strength of reflected signals to map ice thickness and internal structures. This technology has been used in Earths polar research and planetary missions, including Mars and the Moon. On the Europa Clipper, the radar will help determine the thickness of Europas ice shell and search for subsurface lakes or water pockets. It can also detect layering within the ice, which provides clues about geological and thermal processes beneath the surface.

Why in news?

The Europa Clipper mission will utilize ice-penetrating radar to investigate the thickness and internal structure of Europas ice shell, critical for assessing its habitability.

Indian Cancer Genome Atlas (ICGA)

The Indian Cancer Genome Atlas (ICGA) is a pioneering initiative focused on creating a comprehensive, India-specific cancer genomics database. It collects multi-omics data, including DNA, RNA, and protein profiles, from Indian cancer patients to study molecular differences unique to this population. ICGA aims to improve personalized cancer treatment by integrating clinical outcomes with genomic data. The project addresses the gap caused by reliance on Western datasets, which may not accurately represent Indian cancer biology. It collaborates with hospitals and research centers across India and plans to expand its dataset to include over 500 breast cancer patients within a year.

Why in news?

ICGA recently launched Indias first comprehensive cancer multi-omics data portal, providing open access to clinically correlated genomic data aimed at transforming cancer research and treatment for Indian populations.

KS.1.1 Sub-variant

KS.1.1 is a sub-variant of the Omicron lineage of SARS-CoV-2, involved in the genetic makeup of the XEC variant. It carries specific mutations in the spike protein that affect virus binding and immune evasion. KS.1.1 emerged after the original Omicron variant and has contributed to the evolution of hybrid variants like XEC. Its mutations influence how the virus interacts with host cells and antibody responses, impacting transmissibility and vaccine efficacy. KS.1.1 is less discussed compared to major variants like Delta or BA.5 but plays a key role in ongoing viral evolution.

Why in news?

KS.1.1 is mentioned as one of the parent sub-variants that combined to form the newly identified XEC variant, which is spreading in Europe and the US.

Megajoule-class X-ray Pulse

A megajoule-class X-ray pulse refers to an extremely intense burst of X-ray energy with energy measured in megajoules (millions of joules). Such pulses can be generated by facilities like the Z Pulsed Power Facility through rapid plasma formation and foil disintegration. These pulses last only nanoseconds but carry enough energy to ablate or vaporize materials, making them useful for simulating nuclear explosion effects. They can produce shockwaves and radiation pressure capable of altering the trajectory of small objects, such as asteroids. This technology is key in experiments testing non-contact methods of asteroid deflection without fragmenting the target.

Why in news?

Researchers used megajoule-class X-ray pulses to simulate the effect of nuclear explosions on asteroids to test deflection strategies.

Mixed Spinel Zinc Ferrite (ZnFe2O4) Nanostructure

Mixed spinel ZnFe2O4 is a nanostructured material where Zn and Fe ions occupy tetrahedral and octahedral sites in a non-standard distribution, differing from the normal spinel arrangement. This cation distribution can be controlled by adjusting the calcination temperature during synthesis. The mixed spinel structure exhibits enhanced adsorption energy for nitrogen oxides (NOx), improving gas sensing performance. It operates efficiently at room temperature, detecting NOx concentrations as low as 9 parts per billion (ppb), which is below the US EPA limit of 53 ppb. The material shows rapid response, high selectivity, and long-term stability over 3 months.

Why in news?

Researchers from CeNS developed a gas sensor using mixed spinel ZnFe2O4 nanostructures capable of detecting NOx at ultra-low concentrations and room temperature, marking a breakthrough in air quality monitoring technology.

Modular Green Propulsion Systems

Modular green propulsion systems refer to rocket engines designed using environmentally friendly propellants that reduce harmful emissions and enhance sustainability in space missions. These systems are modular, allowing components to be easily replaced or upgraded, improving flexibility and cost-efficiency. Green propellants typically include non-toxic fuels like hydroxylammonium nitrate or hydrogen peroxide, which are safer to handle compared to traditional hypergolic fuels. The adoption of these systems aligns with global efforts to minimize space mission environmental impact. Indias inclusion of modular green propulsion in the NGLV reflects a commitment to sustainable space exploration practices.

Why in news?

The NGLV rocket will incorporate modular green propulsion systems, denoting India’s focus on sustainable and cost-effective space launch technologies.

Monotonous Hum Seismic Signal

A monotonous hum seismic signal is a continuous, single-frequency vibration recorded by seismographs, distinct from typical earthquake signals which have a broad range of frequencies. Such signals are rare and often linked to unusual natural phenomena like volcanic tremors, glacier movements, or in this case, a mega-tsunami. The 2023 Greenland event produced a unique seismic hum lasting nine days, caused by the resonance of tsunami waves within a confined fjord. This type of seismic signature helps scientists identify and study non-earthquake geophysical events.

Why in news?

Scientists detected a mysterious monotonous hum in seismic data during the 2023 Greenland mega-tsunami, leading to a major international investigation to trace its origin to the landslide-triggered tsunami waves.

Multi-Omics in Cancer Research

Multi-omics refers to the combined analysis of multiple omics data types such as genomics (DNA), transcriptomics (RNA), proteomics (proteins), and metabolomics (metabolites). This holistic approach helps in understanding cancer complexity by examining genetic mutations, gene expression, protein function, and metabolic changes simultaneously. It uncovers molecular pathways driving cancer progression and drug resistance. In India, multi-omics studies are rare due to limited infrastructure and funding, making ICGAs initiative . Multi-omics data integration requires advanced computational tools and bioinformatics expertise to interpret large datasets and translate findings into clinical applications.

Why in news?

ICGAs new portal leverages multi-omics technology to provide detailed molecular profiles of Indian breast cancer patients, aiming to improve personalized treatment strategies.

Nanozymes

Nanozymes are nanomaterials that mimic natural enzyme functions, exhibiting catalytic properties similar to biological enzymes. They offer advantages like high stability, tunable activity, and cost-effectiveness compared to natural enzymes. Nanozymes can catalyze oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis reactions. Their applications span biomedicine, environmental remediation, and biosensing. Unlike natural enzymes, nanozymes resist harsh conditions such as extreme pH and temperature. The manganese-based oxidase nanozyme (MnN) specifically crosslinks collagens tyrosine residues, preserving its triple-helical structure. Nanozymes are an emerging class of artificial enzymes with potential to revolutionize biochemical and industrial processes.

Why in news?

Research on manganese-based nanozymes at CSIR-CLRI demonstrated their ability to activate and stabilize collagen for biomedical use, marking progress in artificial enzyme development.

NASA InSight Lander

The NASA InSight lander is a robotic spacecraft that landed on Mars in November 2018 to study the planets interior. It measures seismic activity, heat flow, and planetary crust properties. InSight’s data on Mars’ crustal composition was combined with satellite orbital data to create the first detailed gravity map of Mars. It has provided vital information on the planets hard outer layer, helping scientists understand geological structures like Olympus Mons. The mission was designed to last one Martian year (~687 Earth days) but has been extended due to ongoing functionality.

Why in news?

InSights crustal data was essential in creating the new gravity map of Mars, revealing dense underground formations and improving understanding of the planets geology.

NASAs Asteroid Terrestrial-Impact Last Alert System (ATLAS)

The Asteroid Terrestrial-Impact Last Alert System (ATLAS) is a NASA-funded project designed to detect and track near-Earth objects (NEOs) that could pose an impact threat. Operational since 2015, ATLAS uses wide-field telescopes in Hawaii to scan the sky multiple times each night, providing early warnings from days to weeks before a possible impact. It focuses on smaller asteroids, typically 10-140 meters in diameter, which are harder to detect but can still cause regional damage. ATLAS data supports planetary defense efforts and helps identify objects like 2024 PT5 that temporarily orbit Earth.

Why in news?

Asteroid 2024 PT5 was first detected on August 7, 2024, by NASAs ATLAS, which monitors potential asteroid impacts and near-Earth objects.

Neoproterozoic Era

The Neoproterozoic Era spans from approximately 1,000 to 538.8 million years ago and is the last era of the Precambrian supereon. It includes geological and biological milestones such as the Snowball Earth glaciations, where global ice sheets may have covered much of the planet. It precedes the Cambrian Explosion, a rapid diversification of life forms. The Ediacaran period, the final period of this era, hosts the earliest known complex multicellular organisms. The era’s geological record is marked by the breakup of the supercontinent Rodinia and major atmospheric changes, including rising oxygen levels.

Why in news?

The impact crater MAPCIS is dated to the Neoproterozoic Era, linking it to critical events in Earth’s pre-Cambrian history.

Non-ionising Radiation

Non-ionising radiation refers to electromagnetic waves with insufficient energy to ionize atoms or molecules. It includes radiofrequency (RF) waves used in mobile phones, WiFi, Bluetooth, and FM radio. Unlike ionising radiation such as X-rays and gamma rays, non-ionising radiation cannot damage DNA or cells. It primarily transmits data through low-energy waves that do not heat body tissues. This type of radiation is ubiquitous in modern wireless communication technologies. The safety of non-ionising radiation has been extensively studied, showing no credible link to cancer or genetic damage. Its energy levels are far below the threshold for biological harm.

Why in news?

The term is central to discussions about mobile phone safety, with new studies confirming that radiofrequency waves from wireless devices are non-ionising and do not cause cancer.

NRF2 Protein

NRF2 (Nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2) is a transcription factor that regulates the expression of antioxidant proteins protecting cells from oxidative damage caused by injury and inflammation. It plays important role in cellular defense mechanisms by activating genes involved in detoxification and anti-inflammatory responses. NRF2 activity declines with age, contributing to increased cellular damage and chronic inflammation. It is a target for therapeutic interventions in diseases like cancer, neurodegeneration, and aging. Activation of NRF2 has been linked to increased lifespan in animal models.

Why in news?

The metformin study found that the drug protects the brain by activating NRF2, reducing cellular damage and inflammation in aging male monkeys.

Nuclear Clock

A nuclear clock measures time based on energy transitions within an atom’s nucleus, unlike atomic clocks that rely on electron vibrations. It uses nuclear energy level jumps, which are influenced by strong nuclear forces rather than electromagnetic forces. This results in potentially much higher precision and stability. Nuclear clocks can test fundamental physics by comparing nuclear and atomic timekeeping. The technology may eliminate the need for ultrahigh vacuum and laser cooling required in atomic clocks. The first nuclear clock is still under development but could revolutionize global time measurement and synchronization once operational.

Why in news?

Scientists at JILA have gathered all components to construct the first nuclear clock, which promises to improve accuracy by a million times over previous measurements.

On-Board Unit (OBU)

An On-Board Unit (OBU) is an electronic device installed in vehicles to enable satellite-based toll collection and tracking. It communicates with GNSS satellites and toll plaza infrastructure to record distance traveled and transmit data for toll calculation. OBUs are non-transferable and may become factory-fitted in new vehicles. The device allows vehicles to pass through toll plazas without stopping, supporting free-flow tolling. OBUs reduce congestion and improve payment accuracy. They interact with fintech payment systems to automate toll fee deduction. OBUs are essential for the implementation of GNSS-based toll systems in several countries.

Why in news?

OBUs are required for vehicles to participate in the upcoming GNSS-based toll collection system in India, enabling toll payments based on actual travel distance without stopping at toll booths.

Orthonairovirus

Orthonairovirus is a genus of viruses within the family Nairoviridae, primarily transmitted by ticks. These viruses are known to cause severe diseases in humans and animals, including hemorrhagic fever and encephalitis. They have a segmented, single-stranded RNA genome. The genus includes notable pathogens like Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. Orthonairoviruses are typically found in Asia, Africa, and Europe, associated with various tick species. The virus replicates in host cells and can cause vascular damage and coagulation issues. Research on Orthonairovirus helps understand tick-borne diseases and develop preventive measures against outbreaks.

Why in news?

Orthonairovirus was identified as the scientific classification of the newly discovered Wetland Virus in northern China, linked to recent human infections caused by tick bites.

Outsourced Semiconductor Assembly and Test (OSAT)

Outsourced Semiconductor Assembly and Test (OSAT) companies provide specialized services for semiconductor packaging and testing, enabling chipmakers to focus on design and fabrication. OSAT firms handle complex processes like wafer dicing, die bonding, and final chip testing. The OSAT facility in Sanand, Gujarat, by CG Power and Industrial Solutions Ltd, with an investment of about Rs 7,500 crore, exemplifies Indias growing presence in this segment. OSATs play a critical role in the semiconductor value chain, especially as demand for advanced packaging increases in AI, IoT, and automotive applications. OSAT services are essential for maintaining quality and yield in chip production.

Why in news?

CG Power is setting up a Rs 7,500 crore OSAT facility in Sanand, Gujarat, as part of Indias expanding semiconductor manufacturing ecosystem.

PARAM Rudra Supercomputers

The PARAM Rudra supercomputers are part of India’s National Supercomputing Mission, developed indigenously to boost scientific research and innovation. Each system is designed with high-performance computing capabilities tailored for diverse fields like material science, physics, and climate research. The three units have been installed in Pune, Delhi, and Kolkata, supporting institutions such as the Giant Metre Radio Telescope (GMRT), Inter University Accelerator Centre (IUAC), and S.N. Bose Centre. PARAM Rudra systems operate at petascale performance levels, facilitating simulations, data analysis, and complex calculations critical for advancements in IT, manufacturing, and startups. Their development cost was approximately ₹130 crore.

Why in news?

PM Narendra Modi inaugurated three PARAM Rudra supercomputers on September 26, 2024, emphasizing their role in empowering scientific research and technological self-reliance in India.

Paramyxoviruses

Paramyxoviruses are a family of viruses that include pathogens causing measles, mumps, and respiratory infections in humans and animals. They are enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses capable of infecting various species, facilitating cross-species transmission. Members of this family exhibit high mutation rates, which aid in adaptation to new hosts. Paramyxoviruses spread primarily through respiratory droplets and close contact. Some animal paramyxoviruses have zoonotic potential, meaning they can jump to humans. Their ability to infect multiple species makes them important in studying emerging infectious diseases. They were detected in fur-farmed animals in China, indicating potential risks for viral spillover.

Why in news?

Paramyxoviruses linked to measles and mumps were found in fur-farmed animals in China, raising concerns about their ability to cross species barriers and infect humans.

Phase Modulation (PM)

Phase Modulation (PM) varies the phase of a carrier wave to encode information, keeping frequency and amplitude constant. It is resistant to amplitude noise and interference, making it ideal for digital transmissions such as Wi-Fi and satellite communication. PM signals can combine constructively or destructively depending on phase differences. Unlike AM and FM, PM is primarily used for digital data rather than analog broadcasts. It allows clearer transmission in environments with amplitude fluctuations. PM is often implemented with phase-shift keying (PSK) in digital communication systems.

Why in news?

Explained as a modulation technique superior to AM and FM for digital transmissions, denoting its use in Wi-Fi and digital communication.

Pilocarpine

Pilocarpine is a cholinergic alkaloid derived from the Pilocarpus genus of plants, primarily used to treat glaucoma and dry mouth. It works by stimulating muscarinic receptors, causing the iris sphincter muscle to contract and the pupil to constrict (miosis). This action increases aqueous humor outflow, reducing intraocular pressure. Pilocarpine has been used medically since the late 19th century. Its use in presbyopia involves improving near vision by enhancing depth of focus through pupil constriction. Concentrations typically vary from 1% to 4%, and side effects include eye irritation, headache, and brow ache.

Why in news?

Pilocarpine is the active ingredient in PresVu, the new eye drop approved in India to aid presbyopia by improving near vision through pupil constriction.

Piperacillin-Tazobactam

Piperacillin-tazobactam is a combination antibiotic consisting of piperacillin, a broad-spectrum penicillin, and tazobactam, a β-lactamase inhibitor that protects piperacillin from enzymatic degradation. It is used to treat serious infections caused by Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, including those resistant to other penicillins. It is classified as a Critically Important Antimicrobial by the World Health Organization. The drug is often employed in hospital settings, especially for bloodstream infections and pneumonia. Resistance to piperacillin-tazobactam has been rising globally, limiting its clinical efficacy.

Why in news?

The 2023 ICMR AMR report showed decline in susceptibility of bacteria like E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae to piperacillin-tazobactam in India.

Polar Wind

The polar wind is a continuous flow of charged particles, primarily protons and electrons, escaping from Earths polar regions into space. It is driven by Earths electric field and magnetic field interactions, particularly near the poles. This phenomenon contributes to the loss of atmospheric particles into space and affects space weather conditions. The polar wind was first identified in the 1960s but has been better understood recently due to satellite observations. It plays a role in shaping the magnetosphere and influences phenomena like auroras and radiation belt dynamics.

Why in news?

NASA recently discovered Earth’s hidden electric field responsible for generating the polar wind, enhancing understanding of atmospheric particle escape.

Polaris Dawn Mission

Polaris Dawn is a private spaceflight mission led by SpaceX, focusing on commercial spaceflight and scientific research. The mission uses the Crew Dragon spacecraft and Falcon 9 rocket. Helium is critical in the missions ground equipment for pressurizing propellant tanks and cooling systems. The mission faced delays due to helium leaks detected in ground support systems. Polaris Dawn aims to conduct high-altitude research and test new space technologies. It is part of the Polaris Program, which also plans future missions targeting spacewalks and commercial space activities.

Why in news?

SpaceXs Polaris Dawn mission launched after delays caused by helium issues in ground equipment, denoting heliums critical role in spacecraft operations.

Pragyan Rover Navcam

The Pragyan rovers Navcam is a navigation camera equipped with high-resolution optical capabilities designed for lunar surface imaging and navigation. It captures detailed images of the terrain, enabling precise rover maneuvering and scientific observations. The Navcam helped identify a semi-circular, heavily degraded structure around the Chandrayaan-3 landing site, revealing one of the Moons oldest buried impact craters. It operates in the visible spectrum and transmits data to the Vikram lander, which then relays information to Earth. The camera was crucial for mapping and analyzing the lunar surface near the South Pole-Aitken basin.

Why in news?

Data from the Pragyan rovers Navcam contributed to discovering an ancient crater, buried by ejecta from the SPA basin and other lunar basins.

Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR)

A Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR) uses heavy water (deuterium oxide) as a neutron moderator and coolant. It allows the use of natural uranium as fuel, avoiding the need for enrichment. PHWRs operate under high pressure to prevent the heavy water from boiling. India is one of the few countries extensively developing PHWR technology indigenously. PHWRs have a unique design with multiple pressure tubes instead of a single pressure vessel. The reactors are known for their ability to be refueled while operating, enhancing operational efficiency and reducing downtime.

Why in news?

RAPP-7 is the third 700 MW PHWR to achieve criticality in Indias ongoing nuclear expansion program.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)

PNAS is a prestigious scientific journal published by the National Academy of Sciences of the United States. Founded in 1915, it covers a broad range of disciplines including biological, physical, and social sciences. PNAS publishes original research, scientific reviews, and commentaries. It is known for rigorous peer review and high impact in the scientific community. The journal releases weekly issues and has both print and online formats. It aims to disseminate scientific advances quickly to researchers worldwide. PNAS is one of the most cited and respected journals globally.

Why in news?

The University of Washingtons study on adolescent brain development and Covid-19 lockdown effects was published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, lending credibility and wide dissemination to the findings.

Project Orion

Project Orion is OpenAIs upcoming AI model designed to outperform GPT-4 by utilizing a combination of Project Strawberrys synthetic data generation and high-quality training datasets. It addresses the scarcity of freely accessible training data on the Internet due to paywalls and authentication barriers. Orion aims to reduce AI errors and hallucinations by training on more balanced, inclusive, and neutral synthetic data. The model is part of OpenAIs strategy to push toward Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) with enhanced accuracy, reasoning, and fewer biases, making it a critical next step in AI evolution.

Why in news?

Project Orion is mentioned as OpenAIs next-frontier AI model, requiring capital raised through Project Strawberrys development and synthetic data generation capabilities.

Project Strawberry

Project Strawberry is the codename for OpenAIs advanced AI model under development, previously known as Project Q* (Q-star). It aims to enhance autonomous Internet research and improve AI reasoning and problem-solving skills. The model demonstrates advanced mathematical and programming capabilities, surpassing existing chatbots. It can solve complex puzzles like The New York Times ‘Connections.’ Project Strawberry is also designed to generate high-quality synthetic data, filling gaps in real-world datasets and improving training quality. It serves as a foundation for Project Orion, the next AI frontier, and is expected to enable autonomous scientific experimentation and personalized education.

Why in news?

OpenAI is expected to release Project Strawberry between September and November 2024, integrating it into ChatGPT-5, marking a major leap in AI capabilities and transparency with national security demonstrations.

Recombinant COVID Variants

Recombinant variants arise when a person is infected simultaneously by two distinct COVID-19 variants, allowing exchange of genetic material. This process produces new variants like XEC and XBB. Recombinants combine genetic traits from both parent variants, potentially impacting transmissibility or immune evasion. The XBB variant dominated COVID cases in 2023. Recombinant detection relies on genetic sequencing databases such as Gisaid. These variants can rapidly spread if they gain a growth advantage but may also be outcompeted by other emerging variants. Recombinant variants show the viruss ongoing evolution through genetic mixing.

Why in news?

XEC is a recombinant variant detected through genetic sequencing, illustrating the continuing evolution of COVID-19 via recombination events.

Ring Rain

Saturns rings are gradually disappearing due to a phenomenon called ring rain, where charged water particles from the rings are pulled into the planet’s atmosphere by its magnetic field and gravity. This process drains an amount of water vapor equivalent to filling an Olympic-sized swimming pool every 30 minutes. Ring rain causes the rings to lose mass steadily, contributing to their eventual disappearance in approximately 300 million years. This phenomenon was confirmed by NASA in 2018 and is a key factor in the rings’ finite lifespan, despite their massive size and icy composition.

Why in news?

Ring rain was brought into light in recent discussions about the temporary disappearance of Saturns rings in March 2025 and their eventual long-term loss.

Saturns Ring Plane Crossing

Every 13 to 15 years, Earth aligns with Saturns ring plane crossing, an event when the rings appear edge-on and nearly invisible due to their thinness—only tens of meters thick. During this alignment, the rings reflect very little sunlight, creating an optical illusion of disappearance. Saturns 26.73-degree axial tilt and its 29.4-year orbit cause this periodic event. The last ring plane crossing visible from Earth occurred in 2009, with the next one predicted for March 2025. This phenomenon allows scientists to study ring thickness and structure indirectly.

Why in news?

The March 2025 ring plane crossing will cause Saturns rings to appear to vanish temporarily from Earths view.

Scatterometers

Scatterometers are satellite-borne radar instruments that emit pulses of microwaves towards the Earth’s surface and measure the reflected signals. They are primarily used to assess surface roughness and moisture, especially over oceans, to estimate wind speed and direction. The data is valuable for weather forecasting, climate studies, and monitoring ocean currents. Scatterometers can also detect changes in urban structures by sensing variations in surface volume and texture. This remote sensing technology provides continuous, wide-area coverage and operates regardless of daylight or cloud cover, making it effective for tracking environmental and urban changes globally.

Why in news?

Scatterometer data was used in a recent study to analyze vertical and lateral growth of over 1,500 cities worldwide, revealing trends in urban upward expansion.

Skymet

Skymet is a private weather forecasting agency based in Noida, established in 2003. It provides weather data, forecasts, and analytics primarily for agriculture, insurance, and media sectors. Skymet combines satellite data, ground-based observations, and proprietary models to predict monsoon patterns and extreme weather events. It has collaborated with the National Commodity and Derivatives Exchange Limited (NCDEX) to develop a weather index for futures trading. Skymets forecasts are used by farmers, insurers, and traders for risk management. The agency also contributes data to public and private stakeholders, making it a key player in Indias emerging weather derivatives market.

Why in news?

Skymet is involved in preparing Indias first weather index to enable weather futures trading, pending regulatory approval from SEBI, aimed at reducing financial risks in weather-dependent sectors.

Smartphone-Based Colorimetric Technique

A smartphone-based colorimetric technique uses a smartphone camera and app to analyze color changes in a solution, indicating chemical reactions or pollutant concentrations. It provides a portable, low-cost, and user-friendly alternative to traditional UV-Vis spectroscopy. This technique quantifies absorbance changes by capturing images of the sample and processing color data, enabling real-time monitoring of contaminant reduction or reaction progress. It is particularly useful in field applications and resource-limited settings where bulky instruments are impractical.

Why in news?

INST researchers validated their chromium reduction process by monitoring conversion efficiency using a smartphone-based colorimetric technique, enabling accessible and efficient testing.

Solar Plages

Solar plages are bright regions in the Suns chromosphere visible in the Calcium K line (393.3 nm). They are larger than sunspots, ranging from 3 to 10 times their size, and have weaker magnetic fields. Plages are associated with enhanced magnetic activity and often surround sunspot groups but persist continuously across the solar surface throughout the solar cycle. Their brightness contrasts with the darker sunspots and they serve as important markers for studying solar magnetic fields. Because plages appear at all latitudes, unlike sunspots, they allow measurement of solar rotation rates even near the poles.

Why in news?

Plages were used as tracers in the recent study to measure the Suns differential rotation across all latitudes, including the poles, using Kodaikanals data.

South Pole-Aitken Basin

The South Pole-Aitken (SPA) Basin is the largest and one of the oldest impact basins on the Moon, measuring about 2,500 km in diameter and 13 km deep. It lies on the lunar far side and is believed to have formed over 4 billion years ago from a massive asteroid impact. The basin’s depth exposes the Moons lower crust and possibly upper mantle, making it a key site for studying the Moons geological history. The SPA basin is a prime target for future lunar exploration due to its unique composition and age.

Why in news?

The Chandrayaan-3 mission discovered a crater older than the SPA basin near its landing site, providing new vital information about lunar history and geology.

Soyuz MS-26

The Soyuz MS-26 is a Russian crewed spacecraft launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. It is part of the long-running Soyuz program, which has been ferrying astronauts to space since the 1960s. Soyuz MS-26 can carry three crew members and serves as both a transport vehicle and an emergency escape craft for the ISS crew. It features upgraded avionics and navigation systems compared to earlier Soyuz models. The spacecraft docks with the ISS automatically and remains attached during the crews stay to allow quick evacuation if necessary. It launched in September 2024 with new astronauts joining the ISS crew.

Why in news?

Soyuz MS-26 launched on September 11, 2024, carrying new astronauts to the ISS, increasing the stations crew complement.

SpaceX Walker-like Hatch Structure

The walker-like structure installed on the hatch of the SpaceX capsule is a support frame designed to aid astronauts during spacewalks. It provides handholds and footholds, allowing safer movement and stability in microgravity while exiting or entering the spacecraft. This structure was crucial during the Polaris Dawn mission to help Jared Isaacman and Sarah Gillis maneuver during their brief extravehicular activities. Unlike the International Space Station, which has extensive handrails and tethers, this hatch structure compensates for the limited external framework on a capsule, enhancing safety during short, high-risk spacewalks.

Why in news?

The walker-like hatch structure was used during the first private spacewalk on the Polaris Dawn mission to support astronaut mobility and safety outside the capsule.

Starburst Regions

Starburst regions are areas within galaxies experiencing an exceptionally high rate of star formation compared to the galaxys average. These regions can produce stars at a rate tens or hundreds of times faster than typical galactic areas. They often contain large amounts of dense molecular gas and dust, the raw materials for star formation. Starburst activity can be triggered by galactic collisions, interactions, or internal processes like bar-driven gas inflows. These areas emit strong ultraviolet and infrared radiation due to the presence of many young, massive stars and heated dust. Starburst regions are key to understanding galaxy evolution.

Why in news?

The video from NASAs Hubble marks starburst regions within Caldwell 45, showcasing accelerated star formation and young, hot stars in these zones.

Sulphur Isotope Analysis in Lunar Studies

Sulphur isotope analysis measures the ratios of different sulphur isotopes in a sample to determine its origin and formation processes. Unlike more common isotopic studies using carbon, oxygen, or lead, sulphur isotopes are particularly useful in identifying volcanic activity because volcanic eruptions release sulphur dioxide gas. This technique can distinguish volcanic glass beads from impact glass beads on the moon by detecting variations in sulphur isotope ratios. It provides insight into the moons volcanic history and helps date volcanic events with greater precision. Its application in lunar science is relatively novel and was crucial in recent discoveries.

Why in news?

Researchers used sulphur isotope ratios to identify volcanic-origin glass beads among Change-5 samples, revealing lunar volcanic activity about 120 million years ago.

Super Heavy Booster

The Super Heavy booster is the first stage of SpaceX’s Starship launch system, designed to provide the initial thrust to lift the Starship spacecraft into orbit. It stands approximately 69 meters tall and is powered by up to 33 Raptor engines using liquid methane and liquid oxygen. The booster is reusable and designed for rapid turnaround. It separates from the Starship upper stage at high altitude before returning to Earth for landing. The Super Heavy booster is one of the most powerful rocket boosters ever built, surpassing the thrust of the Saturn V’s first stage.

Why in news?

The Super Heavy booster exploded during Starships second flight in November 2023, causing a large temporary hole in Earths ionosphere.

Very-large-scale integration (VLSI)

Very-large-scale integration (VLSI) is the process of creating integrated circuits by combining thousands to millions of transistors onto a single chip. It emerged in the 1970s, revolutionizing electronics by enabling compact, high-performance devices. VLSI design involves complex steps like logic design, circuit design, and physical layout. It uses hardware description languages such as VHDL and Verilog. VLSI technology is foundational for microprocessors, memory chips, and digital signal processors. The industry continuously evolves with advancements in lithography and materials, pushing transistor sizes below 5 nanometers. VLSI is crucial for AI chips and modern communication devices.

Why in news?

VLSI is mentioned as a specialization in Indian Master of Technology programs, reflecting its importance in the growing semiconductor industry and job market.

White Room

The White Room is a small, enclosed area at the end of a spacecraft crew access arm, painted white to enhance visibility and cleanliness. It originated during NASAs Gemini program in the 1960s. The room acts as the final ingress point for astronauts before entering the spacecraft and provides a controlled environment to protect the crew and hardware from contamination. The White Room contains equipment and support systems for last-minute checks and suit adjustments. It has been used in various NASA missions, including Apollo and Space Shuttle programs, maintaining its role in modern spacecraft launches.

Why in news?

Crew-9 astronauts Nick Hague and Alexander Gorbunov became the first crew members to sign the White Room at Space Launch Complex-40, a historic milestone for the site.

Zero-G Indicator (Aurora)

A Zero-G indicator is a small object or animal used aboard spacecraft to visually confirm the onset of microgravity. Aurora, a plush falcon, served as the Zero-G indicator for the Crew-9 mission. The use of such indicators dates back to early space missions, where floating objects helped astronauts confirm weightlessness. Auroras presence is symbolic, having flown on multiple missions with astronaut Nick Hague, making it a “multi-flyer.” Zero-G indicators are important for crew awareness and mission documentation, providing a simple but effective confirmation of microgravity conditions.

Why in news?

Aurora, a plush falcon, flew aboard Crew-9 as the missions Zero-G indicator, marking its third spaceflight with astronaut Nick Hague.

International Relations & Organizations

BRICS Outreach Format

The BRICS outreach format is a mechanism allowing non-member states to participate in BRICS summits without full membership rights. It enables countries like Palestine to engage diplomatically with BRICS members, attend discussions, and influence agendas informally. This format is used to broaden BRICS global influence and accommodate strategic partners. The outreach status does not confer voting rights or formal decision-making power. It has been extended to countries and organizations seen as important geopolitical actors or potential future members. The format helps BRICS maintain flexibility in expanding its diplomatic and economic networks without immediate enlargement.

Why in news?

Palestine has reached a verbal agreement with Russia to attend the BRICS 2024 summit in Kazan under the outreach format, marking its first engagement with the bloc ahead of a potential membership application.

COGAT (Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories)

COGAT is an Israeli military unit responsible for coordinating civilian issues in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. It manages humanitarian aid, infrastructure projects, and coordination with Palestinian authorities. Established in 2002, COGAT operates under the Israeli Ministry of Defense. It facilitates the movement of goods and people, oversees permits, and coordinates security arrangements. COGAT plays a key role in managing humanitarian pauses during conflicts. It also monitors the implementation of Israeli policies in the territories. The unit has been involved in coordinating vaccination campaigns and other health initiatives in conflict zones to ensure access and security.

Why in news?

COGAT is coordinating with Hamas and UN agencies to enable humanitarian pauses in Gaza for a mass polio vaccination campaign amid ongoing conflict.

Council of Europe

The Council of Europe was founded in 1949 and is an international organization distinct from the European Union. It currently has 46 member countries, including all 27 EU member states. Its primary mandate is to safeguard human rights, democracy, and the rule of law across Europe. The organization operates through various committees and conventions, including the recent AI Framework Convention. The Council’s headquarters are in Strasbourg, France. It is responsible for the European Court of Human Rights, which enforces the European Convention on Human Rights. It plays important role in setting pan-European legal and ethical standards.

Why in news?

The Council of Europe facilitated the signing of the first legally binding international AI treaty aimed at protecting human rights in AI development and use.

EU DisinfoLab

The EU DisinfoLab is a Brussels-based independent nonprofit organization specializing in identifying and analyzing disinformation campaigns targeting the European Union and its member states. It uses open-source intelligence techniques to trace networks of fake news websites, social media manipulation, and coordinated influence operations. The group has exposed multiple disinformation campaigns linked to state actors and political groups, often focusing on Eastern Europe and Africa. It publishes detailed reports that map out the infrastructure behind fake news ecosystems. The organization is funded by EU institutions and private donors and collaborates with cybersecurity firms and academic institutions to enhance its research accuracy.

Why in news?

EU DisinfoLab is cited as a reliable source supporting Wikipedias description of ANI as part of a propaganda network, central to the ANI-Wikimedia defamation lawsuit in India.

Fish Diplomacy

Fish diplomacy refers to the use of fish-related trade and policies as tools in international relations, especially between India and Bangladesh concerning the ilish (Hilsa) fish. The ilish is Bangladeshs national fish and accounts for 12 percent of the countrys fish production and 1 percent of its GDP. Bangladesh imposed a decade-long export ban on ilish between 2012 and 2022 due to water-sharing disputes with India. The ban was lifted during Sheikh Hasinas 2022 India visit but reinstated in 2024 by Fisheries Minister Farida Akhter to prioritize domestic availability. This fish is culturally , especially during the Durga Puja festival in India.

Why in news?

Bangladesh reinstated an export ban on ilish fish amid deteriorating India-Bangladesh relations, impacting Indian demand during Durga Puja and denoting ongoing tensions in bilateral water-sharing and trade issues.

Fund Approval Committee (UNESCO Anti-Doping)

The Fund Approval Committee under the UNESCO International Convention against Doping in Sport is responsible for managing and allocating financial resources to support anti-doping programs globally. It reviews funding proposals from countries and organizations aiming to enhance testing, education, and research against doping in sports. The committee ensures that funds are distributed effectively to maximize impact, particularly benefiting developing nations or regions with limited resources. It also monitors the proper use of grants and evaluates project outcomes to maintain transparency and accountability in the fight against doping.

Why in news?

The 3rd Formal Meeting of the Fund Approval Committee is scheduled alongside the COP9 Bureau meeting in New Delhi, focusing on approving financial support for global anti-doping efforts.

Helsinki Accords

The Helsinki Accords were signed in 1975 by 35 nations, including the US, Canada, the Soviet Union, and most European countries. They aimed to improve relations between the Communist bloc and the West during the Cold War. The Accords covered security, economic cooperation, human rights, and territorial integrity. While not legally binding, they created political pressure for the Soviet Union to respect human rights. The Accords contributed to the rise of dissident movements in Eastern Europe. Gerald Fords 1976 debate remark denying Soviet domination in Eastern Europe contradicted the reality recognized in the Helsinki framework, damaging his credibility.

Why in news?

Gerald Fords 1976 debate comment on the Helsinki Accords was a key moment that hurt his reelection chances against Jimmy Carter, denoting the significance of his televised debate performance.

Intergovernmental Negotiating Body (INB)

The Intergovernmental Negotiating Body (INB) was established by the World Health Assembly in December 2021 to draft a global instrument on pandemic prevention, preparedness, and response. It consists of WHO Member States negotiating terms for equitable access to pandemic resources. INBs work includes the controversial PABS system proposal. The INB aims to finalize the pandemic treaty text by December 2024, with the overall treaty expected by 2025. The body seeks to address lessons from COVID-19, but faces criticism for proposals perceived as favoring minimal manufacturer obligations and lacking transparency.

Why in news?

The INB is currently holding its 11th meeting to discuss and finalize the pandemic treaty text, amid pushback from civil society organizations on benefit-sharing provisions.

International Cooperative Alliance (ICA)

The International Cooperative Alliance (ICA) is a global non-governmental organization founded in 1895 to promote and unite cooperative enterprises worldwide. It represents over 3 million cooperatives with more than a billion members across nearly all UN member countries. ICA organizes a General Assembly and Global Cooperative Conference every few years to discuss cooperative development and global challenges. India is a founding member of ICA. The 2024 Assembly is the first time it will be hosted in India in ICAs 130-year history. ICA advocates cooperative principles such as democratic member control, equity, and community focus.

Why in news?

The ICA General Assembly and Global Cooperative Conference 2024 will be held in New Delhi for the first time, marking the launch of the UN International Year of Cooperatives 2025 and celebrating Indias very important role in the global cooperative movement.

Maritime Initiative for Training in the Indo-Pacific (MAITRI)

MAITRI is a Quad-led training program designed to build maritime domain awareness and law enforcement capabilities among Indo-Pacific partner nations. It supports the use of Indo-Pacific Maritime Domain Awareness (IPMDA) tools and other Quad initiatives to monitor and secure regional waters. The initiative enhances partners abilities to enforce maritime laws, deter unlawful activities, and promote regional stability. India will host the inaugural MAITRI workshop in 2025 during its Quad presidency. MAITRI reflects Quads strategic focus on capacity building and encouraging collaborative maritime security frameworks.

Why in news?

MAITRI was announced at the 6th Quad Leaders summit in September 2024 as a new maritime security and training initiative for the Indo-Pacific region.

Operation Sadbhav

Operation Sadbhav is an Government of India initiative launched in 2024 to provide humanitarian aid to countries affected by natural disasters in Southeast Asia. It focuses on delivering emergency supplies such as dry rations, clothing, and medicines. The operation includes a financial aid component, with $1 million allocated specifically for Vietnams recovery efforts after Typhoon Yagi. The initiative represents a diplomatic effort to strengthen regional ties and support disaster-stricken neighbors, including Laos, Myanmar, and Vietnam. It is coordinated through Indias Ministry of External Affairs and involves collaboration with international organizations for effective distribution of aid.

Why in news?

India launched Operation Sadbhav to provide relief and $1 million in aid to Vietnam, Laos, and Myanmar following the devastation caused by Typhoon Yagi in September 2024.

Schengen Area

The Schengen Area is a zone comprising 29 European countries that have abolished passport and other types of border control at their mutual borders. Established by the 1985 Schengen Agreement, it allows for free movement of people, goods, services, and capital within member states. Countries retain the right to temporarily reintroduce border controls under exceptional circumstances, such as security threats or migration crises. The area includes most EU countries and some non-EU members like Norway and Switzerland. It covers over 420 million people and spans more than 4 million square kilometers. The Schengen rules require proportionality and last-resort application of border controls.

Why in news?

Germany plans to impose temporary land border controls with several Schengen countries, citing irregular migration and security concerns, challenging the free movement principles of the Schengen Area.

Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands

The Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands are a group of uninhabited islets in the East China Sea controlled by Japan but claimed by China and Taiwan. The islands cover about 7 square kilometers and are strategically due to their location near key shipping lanes and potential energy resources. The territorial dispute intensified after Japan nationalized the islands in 2012. China refers to them as Diaoyu, asserting historical claims dating back to the Ming dynasty. The islands have been the site of multiple diplomatic and maritime confrontations, including fishing boat arrests and coast guard patrols, increasing regional tensions between China and Japan.

Why in news?

In 2023, Chinese Coast Guard activity near the Senkaku/Diaoyu islands reached a record high, reflecting ongoing tensions and China’s assertive maritime posture in the East China Sea.

Social Development & Government Schemes

Aajeevika Skills

Aajeevika Skills is a skill development initiative under the National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM), launched to enhance employability among rural youth. It focuses on vocational training in sectors such as agriculture, handicrafts, and services. The program aims to improve livelihoods by linking skill development with market demand. In November 2015, it was rebranded as Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana (NRLM), reflecting its alignment with Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya’s vision of poverty eradication. The initiative also includes entrepreneurship training and financial literacy to empower rural populations sustainably.

Why in news?

The Ministry of Rural Development recently re-established and promoted Aajeevika Skills under the Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana to boost rural employment.

Animal Resources Development Department (ARDD)

The Animal Resources Development Department (ARDD) in Tripura focuses on enhancing livestock productivity and animal health. It provides veterinary services, animal feed, medicines, and rehabilitation support. ARDD promotes sustainable livestock farming, including cattle, poultry, and fisheries. The department also implements input subsidies and disease control programs to protect animal resources, crucial for rural livelihoods. It supports flood-affected animals by supplying emergency feed and medicines. ARDD plays a role in boosting fish production by distributing fishlings. It collaborates with agriculture and fisheries sectors to improve overall animal husbandry and resource management in the state.

Why in news?

ARDD received Rs 5 crore in the Tripura flood relief package to protect animal health and support rehabilitation efforts after recent floods.

Atrocities Against Scheduled Tribes Concentrated in 13 States

In 2022, 98.91% of all atrocities against Scheduled Tribes were reported from only 13 states in India. Scheduled Tribes mainly inhabit forested and rural areas with distinct cultural identities. These states include Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, and others known for tribal populations. Atrocities often involve land disputes, displacement, and denial of rights over natural resources. Tribal communities face challenges such as poverty, lack of education, and limited access to justice. The government and NGOs work on tribal welfare schemes, but enforcement of protective laws remains inconsistent across regions.

Why in news?

The concentration of atrocities against Scheduled Tribes in specific states marks ongoing regional challenges in protecting tribal rights and enforcing related laws.

Ayurvedic, Siddha and Unani Drugs Technical Advisory Board (ASUDTAB)

ASUDTAB is an expert advisory body that recommends regulatory actions for AYUSH drugs. It evaluates safety, efficacy, and quality standards for Ayurvedic, Siddha, and Unani medicines. In May 2023, ASUDTAB suggested omitting Rule 170 due to overlapping amendments in the Drugs and Magic Remedies Act. The board’s advice influences the AYUSH ministrys regulatory policies. It plays important role in balancing traditional medicine promotion with consumer protection through scientific and legal scrutiny.

Why in news?

ASUDTAB’s May 2023 recommendation led the AYUSH ministry to instruct licensing authorities to ignore Rule 170 amid ongoing legal and legislative changes.

Bharat Startup Knowledge Access Registry (BHASKAR)

BHASKAR is a digital platform launched under the Startup India programme to centralize the Indian startup ecosystem. It connects startups, investors, mentors, service providers, and government bodies. The platform assigns a unique BHASKAR ID to each member. It currently involves nearly 1.5 lakh startups that have created over 15 lakh jobs. BHASKAR aims to enhance visibility, democratize access, and promote collaboration in the ecosystem. It complements existing portals like Startup India Investor Connect, National Mentorship Portal (MAARG), and Startup India Hub, streamlining stakeholder interactions and supporting entrepreneurship and job creation across India.

Why in news?

Launched by Commerce Minister Piyush Goyal in September 2024 to boost collaboration and visibility in Indias startup ecosystem under the Startup India programme.

Brainstem Death

Brainstem death is defined as the irreversible loss of all brainstem functions, including the ability to breathe independently. It is legally recognized as death in many countries. The brainstem controls essential life functions such as heartbeat, breathing, and consciousness. Unlike coma or vegetative state, brainstem death is permanent and irreversible. Diagnosis requires clinical tests like absence of brainstem reflexes and apnea test. Confirming brainstem death allows withdrawal of life support legally and ethically. It is critical in organ donation protocols, as organs can be harvested while circulation is still maintained artificially.

Why in news?

Brainstem death is a key condition in the new draft guidelines on withdrawal of life support for terminally ill patients by the Union Health Ministry in India.

Central Warehousing Corporation (CWC)

Established in 1957 under the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution, the Central Warehousing Corporation is a government-owned entity that provides warehousing and logistics support across India. It operates a network of over 422 warehouses with a storage capacity exceeding 10 million tonnes. CWC plays a vital role in stabilizing food grain prices and ensuring supply chain efficiency for agricultural commodities. It also offers services like contract storage, handling, and transportation. CWC is instrumental in supporting government schemes like the Public Distribution System (PDS) and buffer stock management for food security.

Why in news?

CWC has partnered with Blackstone’s Horizon Industrial Parks for a 45-year agreement to modernize 13 last-mile logistics assets across India, aiming to upgrade government-owned warehouses into Grade-A facilities.

Cleanliness Target Units (CTU)

Cleanliness Target Units (CTUs) are specific locations identified for focused sanitation and transformation efforts under the Swachh Bharat Mission. Initially, about 200,000 CTUs were targeted, but this number has now increased to nearly 500,000 across India. CTUs include diverse sites such as tourist spots, public buildings, commercial areas, community and public toilets, water bodies, zoos, and sanctuaries. These units are adopted primarily by Central Public Sector Undertakings (CPSUs) to provide manpower, machinery, and resources for cleaning. The initiative also promotes waste-to-art projects and plantation drives to enhance public use and beautification.

Why in news?

Nearly five lakh CTUs have been identified nationwide for cleaning and transformation, with CPSUs playing a major role in adopting and maintaining these sites under the Swachh Bharat Mission.

Development of North Eastern Region (DoNER)

The Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region (DoNER) was established in 2001 to address the unique challenges of India’s eight northeastern states. It coordinates and monitors the implementation of development projects in sectors like infrastructure, connectivity, and socio-economic growth. The ministry plays important role in integrating the region with the rest of India by improving transportation, healthcare, and education. DoNER also facilitates special financial packages and schemes tailored to the region’s needs. It supports cultural preservation and promotes tourism. The ministry collaborates with other central ministries to ensure holistic development of this strategically important and geographically diverse area.

Why in news?

DoNER was mentioned as part of the launch event for the Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam app by Union Minister Shri Jyotiraditya M. Scindia, denoting the Ministrys ongoing initiatives within the governments 100-day achievements.

District Legal Services Authority (DLSA)

The District Legal Services Authority (DLSA) functions under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, to provide free legal aid and ensure access to justice at the district level in India. It organizes Lok Adalats (peoples courts) for amicable settlement of disputes and runs legal awareness programs. The DLSA is headed by a secretary and includes judicial officers, lawyers, and social workers. It plays a key role in protecting the rights of marginalized groups, including prisoners, women, and children. DLSA also assists in monitoring prisons and facilitating legal support for undertrial and indigent prisoners.

Why in news?

The DLSA secretary acts as convener of empowered committees that sanction financial support for poor prisoners under the new scheme.

Employment-linked Incentive (ELI) Schemes

Employment-linked Incentive (ELI) schemes are government programs designed to promote employment generation by providing financial incentives to employers. The 2024-25 budget allocated Rs 1,07,000 crore for three such schemes targeting both large enterprises and MSMEs (micro, small, and medium enterprises). These schemes focus on formalizing the labor force, enhancing employability, and supporting skill development. ELI schemes encourage businesses to create quality jobs and improve workforce skills, aligning with broader economic and social objectives. They are part of the government’s strategy to boost employment and economic growth while ensuring worker welfare.

Why in news?

ELI schemes were brought into light in discussions led by the labour and employment secretary in September 2024 as key to realizing employment and skilling goals under the Viksit Bharat@2047 vision.

Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC)

The Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) is a globally recognized system for classifying the severity and magnitude of food insecurity. It uses a five-phase scale ranging from minimal food insecurity (Phase 1) to famine (Phase 5). The IPC combines data on food consumption, livelihoods, nutrition, and mortality to provide evidence-based analysis for decision-making. It was developed through collaboration between the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), World Food Programme (WFP), and other partners. The IPC is updated regularly to reflect changing conditions and is used by governments and humanitarian organizations to prioritize interventions. It covers multiple countries and regions worldwide.

Why in news?

The IPC issued a report in July 2024 stating that 1.2 million people in Namibia face acute food insecurity due to severe drought, denoting the urgent need for humanitarian action.

Integrated Health Information Platform (IHIP)

The Integrated Health Information Platform (IHIP) is a digital system developed by Indias Ministry of Health to collect, analyze, and report health data across states. It aims to provide real-time surveillance of diseases and health events, including heat-related fatalities. However, access to IHIP data is restricted, limiting public scrutiny and civil society monitoring. The platforms lack of transparency has been criticized for hindering timely, accurate reporting of heatwave deaths. Enhanced public access and data sharing through IHIP are recommended to improve heatwave response planning and accountability.

Why in news?

IHIPs restricted access has limited transparency in tracking heat-related deaths during Indias 2024 heatwave crisis, as brought into light in a recent HeatWatch report.

Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR)

The Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) measures the percentage of the working-age population engaged in or actively seeking employment. It varies by gender, religion, and rural-urban status. LFPR is a key indicator of economic activity and social inclusion. In India, LFPR for women is historically low but has shown recent improvement. The LFPR for Muslim women increased from 15% in 2021-22 to 21.4% in 2023-24, while Hindu womens LFPR rose from 26.1% to 33.3%. Male LFPR remains higher but has also increased slightly. LFPR changes reflect economic conditions and social norms affecting workforce engagement.

Why in news?

The 2023-24 PLFS report indicated a rise in LFPR across all demographics, including increases in womens participation, countering previous criticism of declining female workforce involvement.

Mankidia Community

The Mankidia are a semi-nomadic subgroup of the Birhor tribe, primarily dependent on forest resources for livelihood. They specialize in rope making and monkey trapping, often hired by villagers to control monkey populations damaging crops. They speak a form of the Munda language and some understand Odia. Their traditional dwellings are called tandas, temporary settlements made of dome-shaped leaf huts known as Kumbhas. The community is classified as a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG) and is among the least known forest-dwelling groups in Odisha and India.

Why in news?

Mankidia community members recently received formal habitat rights under the Forest Rights Act, 2006, enabling legal claim and protection over their traditional forest habitat in Odishas Mayurbhanj district.

Market Intervention Scheme (MIS)

The Market Intervention Scheme (MIS) is a government program that intervenes in agricultural markets to stabilize prices. It allows procurement of crops when prices fall below MSP. Recent changes include increasing coverage from 20% to 25% of production nationally and shifting procurement limits from state to national levels. The scheme now permits direct payments to farmers instead of physical procurement. It covers transport and storage costs to reduce price disparities. MIS excludes the 25% limit for tur, urad, and masur pulses in 2024-25, allowing 100% procurement of pulses.

Why in news?

The MIS has been modified to enhance farmer compensation and procurement flexibility as part of new agricultural price support reforms.

Matsya Kisan Samridhi Sah-Yojana (PM-MKSSY)

The Matsya Kisan Samridhi Sah-Yojana (PM-MKSSY) is a sub-scheme under PMMSY launched in 2024 with an investment plan of ₹6,000 crore. It aims to provide digital identities to around three crore fishery stakeholders by creating a comprehensive registry of fish workers and enterprises. This digital registry facilitates access to institutional credit, performance grants, and aquaculture insurance through the National Fisheries Development Board (NFDB). The sub-scheme enhances transparency and traceability in the fisheries value chain, promoting formalization and financial inclusion of fishers and fish farmers across India.

Why in news?

PM-MKSSY was launched in September 2024 to further strengthen the fisheries sector and support fishery stakeholders with digital infrastructure and financial benefits.

Multidimensional Poverty

Multidimensional poverty measures deprivation across multiple factors beyond income, such as education, health, living standards, and access to services. It was developed by the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) and adopted by the UN Development Programme. The Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) captures overlapping disadvantages that individuals or households face, offering a broader perspective than income poverty alone. It uses ten indicators grouped into three dimensions – health, education, and living standards. The MPI is used globally to identify vulnerable populations and guide targeted policy interventions. It reveals povertys complex nature, which can persist even when income rises.

Why in news?

The UNCTAD report states that by the end of 2024, multidimensional poverty affected the entire population of Gaza, indicating a severe and widespread humanitarian crisis beyond economic loss.

MY Bharat Initiative

The MY Bharat initiative is a government-led program aimed at engaging Indian youth in nation-building activities through volunteering and skill development. It focuses on encouraging a culture of service among young people by involving them in various social sectors including healthcare, education, and environment. Launched recently, it integrates technology and grassroots participation to maximize impact. The initiative encourages youth to contribute actively while gaining practical experience. It operates through localized chapters and digital platforms to ensure widespread reach. The program complements other government schemes by promoting civic responsibility and enhancing employability through real-world exposure.

Why in news?

MY Bharat initiative is in the news due to the launch of the Seva Se Seekhen program, engaging youth volunteers in healthcare services across India under this initiative.

Nambike Nakshe

The Nambike Nakshe scheme allows provisional building plan approvals for structures up to 4,000 sq ft within Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP) limits. It enables property owners to obtain initial approval from an authorised architect or engineer, bypassing direct government approval initially. The provisional plan can be uploaded online for final BBMP clearance. Initially piloted in two BBMP zones, it targets plots primarily developed by the Bangalore Development Authority (BDA) and Karnataka Housing Board, typically sized 50×80 ft. BBMP engineers conduct inspections later to ensure compliance. The scheme aims to reduce bureaucratic delays in building approvals.

Why in news?

Introduced by Deputy Chief Minister D.K. Shivakumar in September 2024, the scheme is being extended citywide to streamline building plan approvals within BBMP jurisdiction.

National Cooperative Organics Ltd. (NCOL)

National Cooperative Organics Ltd. (NCOL) is a newly formed national-level cooperative in India focused on organic agriculture. It aims to unify organic producers and promote organic farming practices across the country. NCOL facilitates certification, marketing, and export of organic products, supporting sustainable agriculture and farmers incomes. It fills a gap where cooperatives previously lacked a national presence in the organic sector. NCOL contributes to Indias leadership in the global cooperative movement by addressing growing demand for organic products and environmental sustainability.

Why in news?

NCOLs establishment is part of Indias recent initiatives to expand cooperative activities into new sectors, announced during the 2024 Global Cooperative Conference hosted in India.

National Dairy Development Board (NDDB)

The National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) was established in 1965 to promote, finance, and support dairy development in India. It played a key role in Operation Flood, which made India the largest milk producer globally. NDDB regulates dairy cooperatives covering around 70% of Indias districts and oversees about 1.7 lakh dairy cooperative societies. It is responsible for implementing infrastructure improvements like milk procurement and testing facilities. NDDB launched a Rs 3.8 crore pilot project in 2023 to establish cooperatives in uncovered gram panchayats in Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, and Karnataka. It also funds Multipurpose Primary Agricultural Credit Cooperative Societies (MPACSs) to promote dairy development.

Why in news?

NDDB is central to the governments White Revolution 2.0 initiative, which aims to increase milk procurement by dairy cooperatives from 660 lakh kg to 1,007 lakh kg per day by 2028-29 through expansion and infrastructure support.

National Family Health Survey (NFHS)

The National Family Health Survey is a large-scale, multi-round survey conducted in India to collect data on population, health, and nutrition. NFHS-V (2019-21) is the latest round, following NFHS-IV (2015-16). It covers topics like fertility, mortality, family planning, maternal and child health, nutrition, and lifestyle habits, including dietary patterns. NFHS data is critical for policy-making and tracking progress on health and social indicators. The survey uses stratified sampling and covers all states and union territories. NFHS data reveals trends such as rising meat consumption and regional variations in vegetarianism and milk consumption.

Why in news?

Recent NFHS-V data was cited to show changing dietary habits in India, especially the increase in meat consumption and regional differences in vegetarianism.

National Fisheries Development Board (NFDB)

The National Fisheries Development Board (NFDB) was established in 2006 under the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying. It coordinates and promotes fisheries development activities nationwide, focusing on increasing fish production, exports, and sustainable practices. NFDB implements schemes like PMMSY and provides institutional credit, insurance, and technical support to fish farmers and fish workers. It facilitates the creation of fisheries infrastructure, training programs, and research initiatives. NFDB also promotes public-private partnerships and international cooperation to enhance the fisheries sector’s growth and resilience.

Why in news?

NFDB plays a key role in implementing benefits such as credit and insurance under the newly launched PM-MKSSY sub-scheme in 2024.

National Mental Health Survey (NMHS) 2015-2016

The National Mental Health Survey (NMHS) 2015-2016 was a large-scale epidemiological study conducted across India to assess the prevalence and treatment gap of mental disorders. It revealed an overall treatment gap of 83.4%, indicating most individuals with mental illness do not receive adequate care. The survey identified stigma, lack of awareness, financial constraints, and doubts about treatment efficacy as major barriers to accessing services. NMHS provided crucial data to inform policy, resource allocation, and program development for mental health services. It remains a key reference for mental health research and planning in India.

Why in news?

Findings from NMHS are cited in recent NIMHANS research denoting the need for culturally sensitive anti-stigma interventions to bridge the large mental health treatment gap in India.

National Mentorship Portal (MAARG)

MAARG is the National Mentorship Portal under the Startup India initiative, designed to connect startups with mentors across India. It provides a structured platform where entrepreneurs can seek guidance from experienced professionals to scale their ventures. The portal includes features like mentor profiles, mentorship requests, and feedback mechanisms. It supports startups in diverse sectors and stages, encouraging knowledge sharing and capacity building. MAARG is integrated with other Startup India portals, helping startups access a comprehensive support ecosystem including funding, mentorship, and networking opportunities.

Why in news?

Mentioned as one of the governments existing portals supporting startups, MAARG complements BHASKARs launch by providing mentorship services to Indian startups.

National Organ and Tissue Transplant Organisation (NOTTO)

NOTTO is the apex national agency under India’s Union Health Ministry responsible for overseeing organ and tissue donation and transplantation. It maintains a centralized registry for organ allocation, ensuring transparency and priority-based distribution. Established in 2014, NOTTO coordinates with State and Regional Organ and Tissue Transplant Organisations to facilitate organ sharing. It manages data on donors and recipients, and promotes awareness and ethical practices. NOTTO also sets guidelines for organ retrieval, storage, and transplantation. Its role has expanded to include composite tissue transplants like hands, reflecting advances in transplant medicine and increasing demand for such procedures.

Why in news?

NOTTO has introduced a national registry specifically for patients requiring hand transplants, streamlining donor allocation and enhancing transparency across India.

National Programme for Prevention and Control of NCDs (NPCDCS)

NPCDCS is an Government of India initiative launched in 2010 aimed at preventing and controlling non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer, and chronic respiratory diseases. The program focuses on health promotion, early diagnosis, management, and capacity building at the primary healthcare level. It integrates screening, lifestyle counseling, and treatment through district and community health centers. In 2021, India became the first country to include NAFLD in NPCDCS, denoting its rising burden. NPCDCS also emphasizes multi-sectoral coordination and uses trained community health workers for outreach and follow-up.

Why in news?

India integrated NAFLD into NPCDCS in 2021 and recently released revised guidelines to improve NAFLD patient care within this national framework.

National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)

The National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) is a key government agency under the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation responsible for conducting large-scale sample surveys in India. Established in 1950, NSSO collects socio-economic data that informs policy decisions. It conducts the National Sample Surveys (NSS), which cover diverse topics like employment, consumer expenditure, health, and education. The NSSO’s data is crucial in the absence of recent census data, especially given the delay in the 2021 census. The office recently saw the formation of a Steering Committee to address survey-related issues, leading to the dissolution of the older SCoS panel.

Why in news?

The NSSOs Steering Committee was created to streamline survey functions, overlapping with and replacing the Standing Committee on Statistics, amid concerns over census delays.

National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC)

The National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) is a public-private partnership in India established in 2008 to promote skill development. It funds and supports vocational training institutions and initiatives to enhance employability across sectors. NSDC collaborates with government agencies, private companies, and international partners to design curricula, conduct skill assessments, and implement large-scale training programs. It plays a very important role in India’s labor export policies by facilitating recruitment drives and pre-departure orientation for overseas employment. NSDC also issues technical advisories and promotes knowledge exchange to align Indian workforce skills with global labor market demands.

Why in news?

NSDC is coordinating the recruitment of Indian workers for Israels construction and healthcare sectors under the newly signed G2G agreement, conducting skill tests and training.

National Suicide Prevention Strategy (India)

The National Suicide Prevention Strategy aims to reduce Indias suicide rate by 10% by 2030. It has made slow progress due to inadequate funding and poor prioritization, with less than 1% of the health budget allocated to mental health. The strategy emphasizes multi-sectoral approaches including counseling, mental health care, and community support. It seeks to address socio-economic drivers such as poverty, unemployment, and social isolation. The plan calls for integrating suicide prevention with broader social welfare programs and improving budgetary allocations specifically for suicide prevention, distinct from general mental health funding.

Why in news?

The strategys slow progress and underfunding have been brought into light amid rising suicide rates and economic losses detailed in a recent Lancet report.

Ni-kshay Mitra Initiative

The Ni-kshay Mitra initiative provides additional diagnostic, nutritional, and vocational support to TB patients during treatment. It encourages participation from elected representatives, corporates, NGOs, and individuals as donors. This initiative complements the National TB Elimination Program by improving treatment adherence and outcomes. It is linked to the Ni-kshay 2.0 portal, which facilitates community and corporate social responsibility involvement. The program is designed to support patients beyond medical treatment, addressing social determinants affecting recovery.

Why in news?

Launched by the President of India in 2022, Ni-kshay Mitra supports the governments intensified efforts to eliminate TB by 2025 through community engagement and patient assistance.

NIMHANS

NIMHANS is a premier medical institution in Bangalore, specializing in mental health and neurosciences. Established in 1974, it functions as an autonomous institute under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. NIMHANS offers specialized clinical services, research, and training in psychiatry, neurology, and neurosurgery. It is recognized as an Institute of National Importance. The institute also leads national mental health policy development and community outreach programs like Mental Health Santhe. NIMHANS collaborates internationally to advance neuroscience research and mental health education.

Why in news?

NIMHANS researchers published a paper on the Mental Health Santhe campaign, and the institute is organizing the upcoming event on October 15.

Paraphilia and Paraphilic Disorders

Paraphilias are atypical sexual interests that may involve unusual fantasies, behaviors, or urges. Paraphilic disorders occur when these interests cause distress or harm to oneself or others. Examples include voyeurism, exhibitionism, sadism, and masochism. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) distinguishes between paraphilias (non-pathological) and paraphilic disorders (pathological). Paraphilias have been historically misunderstood and stigmatized, often conflated with criminal behavior. Modern psychiatry approaches them with nuance, focusing on consent and harm. The term derives from Greek “para” (beside) and “philia” (love).

Why in news?

The Indian forensic medicine curriculum replaced the outdated “sexual perversion” category with teaching about paraphilia and paraphilic disorders, aiming for a more scientific and respectful approach to unusual sexual behaviors.

Paryatan Mitra & Paryatan Didi

The terms Paryatan Mitra and Paryatan Didi refer to trained local volunteers serving as tourism ambassadors in India. These individuals receive training on hospitality, tourism awareness, cleanliness, safety, and sustainability. Their role is to assist tourists, share local stories, and promote responsible tourism practices. The initiative aims to create inclusive employment opportunities and encourage social inclusion through tourism. The program was piloted in six diverse Indian destinations, engaging various community members such as cab drivers, vendors, hotel staff, and police personnel to enhance the tourist experience and promote local culture and heritage.

Why in news?

Launched on World Tourism Day 2024 by the Ministry of Tourism, this initiative promotes responsible tourism and social inclusion through trained local ambassadors in six Indian tourist destinations.

Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS)

The Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) was launched by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) under MoSPI in April 2017 to provide regular labour market data in India. It replaced the decennial Employment-Unemployment Survey. PLFS collects data on key indicators such as Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR), Worker Population Ratio (WPR), and Unemployment Rate (UR). The survey covers both rural and urban areas with a large sample size, approximately 45,000 urban households. Its methodology includes quarterly and annual reports, with urban data currently released quarterly and rural data annually. PLFS is considered the official source for labour statistics in India.

Why in news?

MoSPI will release monthly PLFS data starting January 2025, with a smaller sample size but more frequent labour market updates, responding to growing demand for timely employment statistics.

PM Gati Shakti Portal

The PM Gati Shakti Portal is a digital infrastructure planning platform launched by the Government of India to integrate multiple infrastructure projects across sectors. It facilitates coordinated planning, monitoring, and execution by linking various ministries and agencies. The portal uses GIS-based tools to optimize project alignments and reduce redundancies. It supports preparation of Detailed Project Reports (DPRs) with real-time data and analytics. PM Gati Shakti aims to accelerate infrastructure development by enabling multi-modal connectivity and efficient resource utilization. It includes features for tracking project progress and financial approvals, enhancing transparency and accountability.

Why in news?

PM Gati Shakti Portal is used for road alignment planning and DPR preparation under the PMGSY-IV rural road connectivity scheme.

PM Schools for Rising India (PM Shri)

PM Shri is a Centrally-sponsored scheme launched in 2022 to establish 14,500 model schools across India by 2027. It aims to showcase the implementation of NEP 2020 through high-quality infrastructure, curriculum, and governance. The project cost is ₹27,360 crore. States must sign a Memorandum of About (MoU) agreeing to NEP implementation to receive funds. The scheme is smaller in scale than Samagra Shiksha but is linked to it as a prerequisite for fund disbursal. Tamil Nadu has not signed the complete MoU, causing delays in receiving funds under both schemes.

Why in news?

The Union government has conditioned Samagra Shiksha fund release on Tamil Nadu signing the PM Shri MoU, which includes NEP 2020 implementation, leading to a standoff between the State and Centre.

PM Surya Ghar – Muft Bijli Yojana (PMSY)

The PM Surya Ghar – Muft Bijli Yojana (PMSY) is a ₹75,000 crore Government of India scheme launched in 2024 to promote rooftop solar installations. It targets at least one crore rooftop solar (RTS) units nationwide, offering subsidies of 60% for systems up to 2 kW and 40% for 2-3 kW systems, capped at 3 kW. The scheme includes collateral-free loans from 12 public sector banks at 1% above the RBI repo rate. It requires use of solar panels from domestic empanelled vendors, which are 30-40% costlier than imported ones. The scheme aims to reduce dependence on debt-ridden electricity distribution companies.

Why in news?

The PMSY scheme is in the spotlight for its large-scale rollout and subsidy benefits, with Gujarat leading in rooftop solar capacity and Prime Minister Narendra Modi endorsing it during a visit to a beneficiarys home.

PM Vishwakarma Yojana

The PM Vishwakarma Yojana is a government initiative aimed at empowering artisans by providing them with modern machinery and toolkits to enhance productivity in traditional occupations. Over 6.5 lakh beneficiaries have received support under this scheme. It includes a loan facility offering up to 3 lakh rupees, with loans worth 1400 crore rupees disbursed within a year. The scheme primarily targets artisans from Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, promoting entrepreneurship and self-reliance among marginalized communities. It focuses on upgrading skills and tools to modern standards while preserving traditional crafts.

Why in news?

Prime Minister Narendra Modi brought into light the scheme during its anniversary event in Wardha, emphasizing the benefits and loan disbursement to artisans.

POSHAN Tracker Application

The POSHAN Tracker is a mobile application developed by the Ministry of Women and Child Development to monitor nutrition-related services under ICDS. It enables real-time data entry on beneficiary details, nutrition status, and service delivery by Anganwadi workers. The app supports tracking of Take Home Ration distribution, immunization, and growth monitoring. It faces challenges like network connectivity issues and the need for extensive training of workers. POSHAN Tracker is a key digital tool in India’s effort to improve transparency, data accuracy, and timely interventions in combating malnutrition.

Why in news?

Anganwadi workers have expressed difficulties in using the POSHAN Tracker app due to lack of training and poor network connectivity while implementing the new THR biometric authentication model.

Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana-Gramin (PMAY-G)

Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana-Gramin (PMAY-G) is a government scheme launched in 2016 to provide affordable housing to rural poor in India. It aims to construct pucca houses with basic amenities such as toilets, drinking water, electricity, and LPG connections. The scheme targets vulnerable groups including Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and minorities. Beneficiaries receive financial assistance in installments for house construction. PMAY-G also generates employment in rural areas through construction activities. The scheme promotes social inclusion and improved living standards by ensuring secure housing, which boosts confidence and economic stability among rural families.

Why in news?

The Prime Minister distributed sanction letters to 32,000 PMAY-G beneficiaries in Jharkhand and released the first installment of assistance during his recent address.

Price Deficit Payment Scheme (PDPS)

The Price Deficit Payment Scheme (PDPS) is a component of PM-AASHA aimed at compensating farmers for the difference between the Minimum Support Price (MSP) and the sale or modal price of their produce. The compensation paid by the Centre is capped at 15% of the MSP. The scheme covers notified oilseeds with an enhanced coverage from 25% to 40% of state production. The payment period has been extended from 3 to 4 months. PDPS is designed to stabilize prices and reduce farmers’ distress from market fluctuations.

Why in news?

The Union Cabinet approved the continuation and enhancement of PDPS under PM-AASHA, increasing coverage and duration to better support oilseed farmers until 2025-26.

Purvoday Scheme

The Purvoday Scheme is a regional development initiative targeting the eastern states of Bihar, Odisha, Jharkhand, West Bengal, and Andhra Pradesh. It focuses on comprehensive socio-economic growth through infrastructure development, employment generation, and skill enhancement. The scheme integrates projects related to education, health, urban flood management, and industrial growth, aiming to reduce regional disparities. It also emphasizes environmental sustainability and disaster risk mitigation, particularly in flood-prone areas. The scheme represents a coordinated effort by the central government to boost the eastern regions economy and improve living standards.

Why in news?

The Purvoday Scheme was brought into light in the first 100 days of Modis third term, with funding allocated for urban flood management and development projects in eastern India.

Sakhi Nivas

Sakhi Nivas is a government scheme launched under Mission Shakti to provide hostel facilities for working women across India. Financial assistance under this scheme is directly released to State governments for establishing and maintaining hostels. The scheme supports women by offering safe residential spaces, often including daycare facilities for children. Currently, there are 494 functional working women hostels under this scheme. Sakhi Nivas aims to improve female workforce participation by addressing accommodation and childcare challenges. It is part of a larger strategy to empower women economically and socially by ensuring safer and more accessible living environments.

Why in news?

Sakhi Nivas hostels are included in the governments new ranking system for working womens hostels to promote better standards and safety nationwide.

Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA)

The Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan is an integrated scheme launched by the Government of India in 2018 to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education at all levels from pre-primary to senior secondary. It merges three earlier schemes – Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan, and Teacher Education. SSA provides free textbooks, uniforms, and financial support to economically weaker students and differently-abled children. It also reimburses private schools for admitting students from disadvantaged groups. Key funding comes from both Centre and State governments. SSA emphasizes universal access, retention, and improving learning outcomes through decentralized planning and community participation.

Why in news?

Tamil Nadu has not received its Centres share of SSA funds for 2024-25, leading to a dispute linked to the state’s resistance to fully implementing the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020.

Scheme for Providing Education to Madrasas/Minorities (SPEMM)

SPEMM is a central government scheme in India aimed at supporting madrasas and minority institutions with financial assistance. It has two sub-schemes – SPQEM (Scheme for Providing Quality Education in Madrasas) and IDMI (Infrastructure Development of Minority Institutes). SPEMM was transferred from the Ministry of Minority Affairs to the Ministry of Education in April 2021. The scheme funds infrastructure, quality improvement, and curriculum enhancement in madrasas. It supports madrasas across the country regardless of state recognition status, aiming to improve educational standards and integration with mainstream education.

Why in news?

SPEMMs role in funding madrasas is relevant amid legal scrutiny of madrasa education quality and constitutional compliance in Uttar Pradesh and other states.

SDG 10 – Reduced Inequality

Sustainable Development Goal 10 aims to reduce inequality within and among countries by promoting social, economic, and political inclusion for all. Targets include achieving equal opportunity, reducing income disparities, and ensuring fiscal, wage, and social protection policies support disadvantaged populations. Progress has been slow, with the COVID-19 pandemic worsening income inequality globally. The concentration of capital income among the wealthiest has increased, undermining SDG 10 objectives. Policies such as freedom of association, collective bargaining, and inclusive labour administration are critical to advancing this goal. The 2030 deadline remains a key focus for international development efforts.

Why in news?

The ILO’s 2024 report marks that rising inequality and declining labour income share threaten progress on SDG 10, intensified by the pandemic and technological changes.

SDG India Index

The SDG India Index is a composite scorecard launched in 2018 to measure state of Indias progress on the United Nations 17 Sustainable Development Goals. It evaluates performance across 15 parameters, excluding two due to data unavailability. Scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better outcomes. The index is updated biennially and helps identify regional disparities and policy gaps. It ranks states and union territories to encourage competitive federalism. The index is co-developed by NITI Aayog, UNDP, and United Nations India. It tracks progress towards the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, guiding policy interventions.

Why in news?

The 2023-24 edition of the SDG India Index showed overall improvement in Indias SDG scores, with states like West Bengal, Assam, and Manipur making progress, while others lag behind in parameters like inequality and gender equality.

SPICED Scheme

The SPICED scheme stands for “Sustainability in spice sector through progressive, innovative and collaborative interventions for export development.” It is a government initiative by the Union Ministry of Commerce and Industry aimed at boosting the spice sector until 2025-26. The scheme focuses on expanding cardamom cultivation, improving productivity, enhancing post-harvest quality, and increasing spice exports. It includes components like technology adoption, market expansion, trade promotion, research, capacity building, and skill development. Stakeholders such as farmers, exporters, and farmer-producer companies can apply online, with submissions accepted until October 20, 2024.

Why in news?

The Government of India approved the SPICED scheme to support the spice sector’s export growth and sustainability during the 15th Finance Commission period, denoting efforts to improve cardamom production and export quality.

Subhadra Yojana

The Subhadra Yojana is a financial assistance scheme by the Odisha government providing Rs 10,000 annually to eligible women aged 21-60. It is named after Goddess Subhadra, sibling of Lord Jagannath. Beneficiaries receive the amount in two instalments on Raksha Bandhan and International Womens Day. Eligibility excludes women from well-off families, government employees, and those receiving over Rs 18,000 yearly from other schemes. Over 1 crore women will benefit by 2028-29. Payments are Aadhaar-linked, with mandatory e-KYC and a Subhadra Debit Card issued. Top 100 digital transaction users per area get an extra Rs 500.

Why in news?

Launched on September 17, 2024, by PM Narendra Modi on his 74th birthday, the scheme aims to empower women financially across Odisha with extensive registration and awareness drives.

U-WIN Portal

The U-WIN Portal is a digital platform launched by Indias Union Health Ministry to digitize vaccination records under the Universal Immunisation Programme. It covers vaccination tracking for pregnant women and children from birth to 17 years. The portal supports self-registration, automated SMS alerts, and issues QR-based e-vaccination certificates. It integrates with the Ayushman Bharat Health Account (ABHA) system, allowing users to create ABHA IDs for themselves and their children. The platform is available in 11 regional languages and aims to provide anytime, anywhere access to vaccination services across India.

Why in news?

The U-WIN Portal was reported operational on a pilot basis with over 6.46 crore beneficiaries registered and more than 23 crore vaccine doses recorded as of mid-September 2024.

Defence

72 Mountain Division

The 72 Mountain Division is an Indian Army formation planned for raising by mid-2025, primarily for deployment in eastern Ladakh under the Northern Command. Initially intended to function under the 17 Mountain Strike Corps based in Panagarh, West Bengal, the division will enhance operational capabilities in high-altitude border areas. Its formation aims to free the Rashtriya Rifles units, currently deployed in Ladakh, to return to their original roles in 16 Corps. The division will likely include multiple brigades optimized for mountain warfare and acclimatized for extreme cold weather conditions typical of the Ladakh region. This expansion reflects Indias strategic focus on strengthening border infrastructure and troop presence.

Why in news?

Plans to raise the 72 Mountain Division were brought into light in 2024 as part of Indias efforts to boost military strength and infrastructure along the LAC amid ongoing border tensions with China.

ABHED (Advanced Ballistics for High Energy Defeat)

ABHED is a lightweight bulletproof jacket developed by DRDO and IIT Delhi, offering 360-degree protection. It weighs between 8.2 kg and 9.5 kg, lighter than the Indian Army’s maximum weight limits. The jackets use indigenous boron carbide ceramic material combined with polymers. Developed at the DRDO Industry Academia Centre of Excellence (DIA-CoE) at IIT Delhi (established 2022), ABHED passed all R&D trials per Indian standards. The modular design includes front and rear armor plates. The technology is ready for transfer to three Indian industries for production and further development.

Why in news?

DRDO and IIT Delhi announced the successful development and trials of ABHED jackets, meeting Indian Army requirements with lighter, high-protection bulletproof armor.

Action on Armed Violence (AOAV)

Action on Armed Violence (AOAV) is a British non-governmental organization that researches and campaigns against the use of explosive weapons and armed violence worldwide. AOAV collects data on casualties and weapon effects, focusing on civilian harm and advocating for policy changes. It provides detailed reports on the humanitarian impact of weapons like thermite incendiaries, white phosphorus, and landmines. AOAV’s work includes monitoring conflict zones, publishing analysis, and influencing international disarmament discussions. The organization is recognized for its rigorous data collection and evidence-based advocacy to reduce armed violence globally.

Why in news?

AOAV shared detailed information on Ukraines use of thermite bombs dropped from drones in the Russia-Ukraine war, denoting their destructive effects.

Arambai Tenggol

Arambai Tenggol is a volunteer defense group associated with the Meitei community in Manipur. The group reportedly uses drones for surveillance and defense purposes amid ethnic clashes. It has been accused on social media of receiving high-end thermal drones, allegedly donated by child climate activist Licypriya Kangujam, though these claims are unverified. Arambai Tenggol is part of the broader Meitei civil society’s response to ongoing violence and seeks to protect Meitei interests in the conflict with Kuki tribes. The groups activities show the militarization of civilian groups in Manipurs ethnic strife.

Why in news?

Arambai Tenggol is mentioned in allegations involving the use of high-end drones during the Manipur ethnic conflict, linked to recent drone attacks.

Bharat Electronics Ltd (BEL)

Bharat Electronics Ltd (BEL) is a state-owned Indian aerospace and defense electronics company established in 1954. It manufactures Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) and VVPAT units used nationwide. BEL collaborates with Electronics Corporation of India Ltd (ECIL) to meet election equipment demand. The company faces production capacity constraints, especially with plans for simultaneous elections requiring millions of additional EVMs and VVPATs. BELs manufacturing facilities are critical for India’s election infrastructure, and scaling up production involves long lead times. BEL also contributes to defense electronics, radar systems, and communication equipment, making it a strategic public sector enterprise.

Why in news?

BEL is involved in manufacturing the additional EVMs and VVPATs required for the proposed One Nation, One Election simultaneous polls, as per the Election Commissions submissions.

BrahMos Aerospace Private Limited

BrahMos Aerospace is a joint venture between India’s Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and Russia’s NPO Mashinostroyenia. The company develops the BrahMos supersonic cruise missile, one of the fastest cruise missiles globally, capable of being launched from land, sea, air, and underwater platforms. Established in 1998, BrahMos has expanded its product line to include missile systems with various ranges and capabilities. The missile’s name is derived from the Brahmaputra and Moskva rivers. BrahMos has strategic importance for Indias defense exports and has been tested extensively for accuracy and speed, reaching Mach 2.8 to 3.0 speeds.

Why in news?

BrahMos Aerospace announced reservations for Agniveers, recruits from the Agnipath scheme, to fill 15% of technical and administrative vacancies and 50% of security roles, reflecting expansion plans and increased manpower needs.

Carbon Composite Airframes

Carbon composite airframes are aircraft structures made from carbon fiber reinforced polymers, combining carbon fibers with a polymer matrix. These materials provide high strength-to-weight ratio, corrosion resistance, and fatigue durability, making them ideal for modern aerospace applications. Carbon composites reduce overall aircraft weight, improving fuel efficiency and maneuverability. They are used in various Indian defence aircraft like the Light Combat Helicopter (LCH) and Advanced Light Helicopter (ALH) Dhruv. Manufacturing these airframes requires advanced techniques such as autoclave curing and precise layering. Carbon composites also have excellent vibration damping properties, enhancing aircraft stability during high-speed operations.

Why in news?

Carbon composite airframes are increasingly integral to Indias Light Combat Helicopters and fighter jets, supporting indigenous defence manufacturing and performance enhancement in aerospace technology.

Counter-ID Technique

The counter-IED (Improvised Explosive Device) technique involves methods and technologies used to detect, neutralize, and mitigate threats posed by roadside bombs and explosive devices. Techniques include electronic jamming, robotic detection, bomb disposal units, and specialized infantry training. The approach combines intelligence gathering, route clearance, and the use of specialized vehicles and equipment to reduce casualties and operational disruption. Counter-IED tactics are critical in asymmetric warfare and counter-terrorism operations, especially in regions prone to guerrilla and insurgent attacks. These techniques evolve continuously to counter advancing bomb-making technologies and tactics.

Why in news?

Indian Army engineers practiced counter-IED and obstacle breaching techniques during Exercise Yudh Abhyas 2024 to improve combat support in counter-terrorism operations.

Defence Innovation Unit (DIU)

The Defence Innovation Unit (DIU) is a U.S. Department of Defense organization established in 2015 to accelerate the adoption of commercial technology into the military. DIU focuses on areas like artificial intelligence, autonomy, cyber, space, and biotechnology. It facilitates partnerships between the military and private sector startups, venture capitalists, and academia. DIU operates with a unique model that allows rapid prototyping and procurement, bypassing traditional defense acquisition processes. It supports innovation through funding, pilot projects, and market access, aiming to maintain technological superiority for U.S. defense forces. DIU has regional offices including Silicon Valley and Boston.

Why in news?

DIU signed an MoU with Indias iDEX during the INDUS-X Summit 2024 to deepen collaboration in defence innovation and technology exchange.

Eight Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft Project

This project involves building eight specialized vessels for the Indian Navy focused on anti-submarine warfare in coastal and shallow waters. The contract was signed on 30 April 2019 between the Ministry of Defence and Cochin Shipyard Ltd. The vessels are designed for multi-role missions, including mine-laying and low-intensity maritime operations. The project emphasizes self-reliance with over 80% indigenous content, aligning with Indias Aatmanirbhar Bharat initiative. The ships feature advanced underwater sensors and propulsion systems suited for shallow water environments, enhancing the Navys capability to detect and neutralize underwater threats closer to the coast.

Why in news?

The launch of the fourth and fifth ships under this project signifies a milestone in Indias naval defense manufacturing and operational readiness.

Exercise Eastern Bridge

Exercise Eastern Bridge is a bilateral air force training exercise between India and Oman, initiated to improve tactical interoperability and strategic cooperation. The exercise includes complex aerial maneuvers, air-to-air and air-to-ground operations, and logistical coordination. It is held at Masirah Air Force Base, Oman, and involves aircraft such as MiG-29s, Jaguars, and C-17s from India. The exercise enhances mutual understanding, operational readiness, and the ability to collaborate in diverse scenarios, reflecting evolving defense needs. The 2024 edition is the seventh iteration, underscoring a long-term defense partnership between the two countries.

Why in news?

The Indian Air Force contingent is set to participate in the seventh edition of Exercise Eastern Bridge in Oman from September 11 to 22, 2024.

High Altitude Anti-Submarine Warfare (HAASW) Sonobuoys

HAASW sonobuoys are specialized underwater sensors deployed from aircraft at high altitudes to detect and track submarines. These electro-mechanical devices transmit acoustic data from underwater environments to remote processing stations. The AN/SSQ-53O and AN/SSQ-62F models are designed to operate in deep waters, enhancing detection range and accuracy. They are expendable, meaning they are used once per mission and discarded. HAASW sonobuoys are compatible with MH-60R helicopters and other airborne ASW platforms. Their deployment supports real-time anti-submarine warfare by improving situational awareness and threat response capabilities in maritime domains.

Why in news?

The US approved a $52.8 million sale of HAASW sonobuoys to India to enhance its anti-submarine warfare capabilities, supporting strategic security in the Indo-Pacific region.

INSV Tarini

INSV Tarini is an Indian Navy sailing vessel designed for long ocean voyages. It gained fame in 2017 for completing the first-ever all-women circumnavigation of the globe, called Navika Sagar Parikrama. The ship is a 56-foot sailboat built by Aquarius Shipyard in Goa. It is equipped with modern navigation and communication systems, enabling extended voyages without external assistance. INSV Tarini is part of India’s efforts to promote maritime heritage and seamanship skills. It has participated in multiple trans-oceanic expeditions, symbolizing India’s growing capabilities in blue-water sailing and ocean exploration.

Why in news?

INSV Tarini is about to undertake another global circumnavigation with two Indian Navy women officers onboard, continuing India’s maritime tradition and promoting gender equality in ocean sailing.

Integrated Test Range (ITR), Chandipur

The Integrated Test Range (ITR) is a premier missile testing facility located in Chandipur, Odisha, established in the 1980s. It spans approximately 2,500 square kilometers, including land and sea areas, enabling tests of various missile systems. The ITR has multiple launch complexes, radar stations, and telemetry centers for comprehensive monitoring. Its unique feature is the ability to conduct missile tests over the Bay of Bengal, ensuring safety and security. The range supports both developmental and user trials of missiles, including the Agni series. It is managed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and the Indian Armed Forces.

Why in news?

The Agni-4 ballistic missile was successfully launched from the Integrated Test Range in Chandipur, Odisha, validating operational and technical parameters.

LoC-isation

LoC-isation refers to the tactical military practice of maintaining continuous, forward deployment of troops along the Line of Control or Line of Actual Control, rather than seasonal or partial withdrawals during harsh weather. This approach involves round-the-clock presence in forward posts to assert control and deter adversaries. It contrasts with earlier strategies where troops were pulled back during winters. The term gained prominence after the 2020 Galwan Valley clash between India and China, marking a shift to permanent forward deployment and increased logistical demands for sustaining troops in extreme conditions.

Why in news?

LoC-isation describes the ongoing Indian Army deployment strategy post-Galwan clash, involving increased troop presence and logistics complexity in Ladakhs forward areas.

MQ-9B Sea Guardian

The MQ-9B Sea Guardian is a maritime variant of the MQ-9 Reaper drone, designed for long-endurance surveillance and reconnaissance missions. It features enhanced radar and sensor systems optimized for maritime environments. The drone can operate at altitudes above 40,000 feet for over 30 hours continuously. It supports multiple payloads, including synthetic aperture radar (SAR), electro-optical/infrared (EO/IR) sensors, and signals intelligence (SIGINT) equipment. The Sea Guardian is capable of controlled ditching and water landings, a rare feature for UAVs. It is widely used by the U.S. Navy and leased by other countries for maritime domain awareness.

Why in news?

The Indian Navys leased MQ-9B Sea Guardian drone crashed into the Bay of Bengal after a technical failure during a surveillance mission.

Naval Ocean Sailing Node (NOSN)

The Naval Ocean Sailing Node (NOSN) is a specialized Indian Navy facility located in Goa dedicated to ocean sailing training and expedition coordination. It supports long-range sailing missions and promotes oceanic navigation skills among naval personnel. NOSN manages the preparation, logistics, and operational support for expeditions like Navika Sagar Parikrama. It also serves as a hub for encouraging seamanship, maritime research, and sustainable sailing practices. The node plays a key role in India’s efforts to enhance its maritime presence through sailing expeditions that combine tradition with modern naval capabilities.

Why in news?

The Naval Ocean Sailing Node in Goa will be the launch point for the Navika Sagar Parikrama II expedition, flagged off by Admiral Dinesh Tripathi on 2nd October 2024.

Navika Sagar Parikrama

The Navika Sagar Parikrama is an Indian Navy sailing expedition focused on circumnavigating the globe by an all-women crew. The inaugural expedition in 2017 was the first Indian circumnavigation by an all-women crew of six officers. The second edition, Navika Sagar Parikrama II, involves two women officers sailing double-handedly around 21,600 nautical miles over eight months. The expedition marks maritime skills, endurance, and empowerment, navigating major global maritime landmarks like the Cape of Good Hope, Cape Leeuwin, and Cape Horn. It is coordinated by the Indian Naval Sailing Association and the Ocean Sailing Node, Goa.

Why in news?

Two Indian Navy women officers will undertake the Navika Sagar Parikrama II, a double-handed circumnavigation of the globe, starting October 2, 2024, navigating 21,600 nautical miles over eight months.

Next Generation Offshore Patrol Vessels (NGOPVs)

NGOPVs are advanced patrol vessels designed for the Indian Navy to enhance maritime security and surveillance. These vessels are larger and more capable than previous classes, equipped with modern sensors, weapons, and propulsion systems for extended missions. NGOPVs support coastal patrol, anti-smuggling, and search and rescue operations. Goa Shipyard Limited (GSL) is currently executing contracts to build seven NGOPVs, marking the highest number of platforms under construction simultaneously by the company. NGOPVs contribute to Indias maritime domain awareness and coastal defense capabilities.

Why in news?

GSL is building seven NGOPVs for the Indian Navy as part of its record order book and revenue growth, reflecting expanding naval modernization efforts.

Porbandar Operation

The Porbandar Operation refers to a recent Indian Coast Guard mission near Porbandar, Gujarat, focused on countering illegal maritime activities such as trafficking and smuggling. The operation involved coordinated surveillance, interdiction, and intelligence-sharing to prevent the movement of arms, drugs, and human trafficking networks. Several ICG personnel lost their lives during this high-risk mission, denoting the dangers faced by maritime security forces. Porbandar is strategically important due to its proximity to the Arabian Sea and busy shipping lanes, making it a critical area for maritime law enforcement and national security operations.

Why in news?

Tributes were paid to ICG personnel who died in a recent operation near Porbandar during the 41st Indian Coast Guard Commanders Conference.

Punggye-ri Nuclear Test Site

The Punggye-ri Nuclear Test Site is located in a mountainous region in northeast North Korea, about 100 km from the Chinese border. It has six known underground nuclear test tunnels with three visible entrances – South, East, and West Portals. North Korea conducted all six nuclear tests there between 2006 and 2017. The tunnels were blown up in 2018 during a declared moratorium, but satellite images in 2022 showed restoration efforts. The site is notable for hosting North Koreas first alleged thermonuclear test in 2017, which was larger than previous detonations.

Why in news?

Punggye-ri is relevant due to the resumption of tunnel restoration and potential new nuclear tests after the moratorium ended.

Sagar Parikrama

Sagar Parikrama is a term used for ocean circumnavigation voyages undertaken by Indian Navy sailing expeditions. The phrase literally means “circumnavigation of the ocean” in Sanskrit. The first Sagar Parikrama was completed by the all-women crew on INSV Tarini in 2017. These expeditions require rigorous training, physical endurance, and advanced sailing skills. The voyages aim to enhance seamanship, revive Indias maritime heritage, and showcase the Navys commitment to ocean exploration. Sagar Parikrama expeditions typically involve solo or double-handed sailing covering thousands of nautical miles across multiple oceans.

Why in news?

The upcoming Sagar Parikrama expedition involves two women officers circumnavigating the globe aboard INSV Tarini, marking milestone in Indian naval sailing history.

SCALP Missile

The SCALP (Système de Croisière Autonome à Longue Portée) is the French version of the Storm Shadow missile, sharing the same design and capabilities. It is an air-launched cruise missile used primarily by the French Air Force and Navy. SCALP features advanced guidance systems, including GPS and terrain reference navigation, enabling precise targeting over long distances. It is capable of carrying a 450 kg warhead designed for bunker-busting and hardened target destruction. The missile was introduced in the late 1990s and has been deployed in various conflicts, including operations in Afghanistan and Libya.

Why in news?

France has supplied SCALP missiles to Ukraine, enabling deep strikes on Russian targets, contributing to the ongoing military support debate.

Sukhoi Su-30SM

The Sukhoi Su-30SM is a twin-engine, two-seat, supermaneuverable multirole fighter developed by Russia’s Sukhoi Design Bureau. It features thrust-vectoring engines and advanced avionics, including a phased array radar and infrared search and track systems. The Su-30SM can engage air, land, and sea targets in all weather, day or night, and is capable of supersonic speeds with high agility. It is a derivative of the Su-30 family tailored for the Russian Aerospace Forces, with enhanced electronic warfare and weapon systems. Its versatility allows it to perform air superiority, ground attack, and maritime strike roles.

Why in news?

The Su-30SM was used in recent Russian naval aviation drills over the Black Sea, demonstrating its multi-domain combat capabilities.

Zorawar Tank

The Zorawar tank is India’s first light mountain tank, weighing 25 tonnes and designed for high-altitude combat. It can be airlifted by helicopter, making it highly deployable in mountainous regions. It features a Cockerill 3105 turret with a 105mm gun, capable of firing at high angles for limited artillery roles. The tank can mount machine guns and anti-tank guided missiles. Developed by DRDO’s CVRDE and Larsen & Toubro, it has modular construction for future upgrades. It has a top speed of 60 km/h and is amphibious, capable of wading through water. Trials were completed successfully in desert terrain.

Why in news?

The Defence Ministry announced the successful preliminary trials of the Zorawar tank on September 13, marking a key step toward its induction for deployment along Indias mountainous border regions with China.

Awards, Honours, Personalities, Books, Sports etc.

Sport Classes in Para Badminton

Para Badminton has six sport classes based on the type and extent of impairment – Wh4 and WH2 (wheelchair users with different trunk control levels), SL3 and SL4 (standing athletes with lower limb impairments), SU5 (standing athletes with upper limb impairments), and SS6 (athletes with short stature or dwarfism). Wheelchairs used in WH classes have extra caster wheels and backrests to enhance mobility, stability, and allow dynamic movements like twisting and leaning backwards without tipping. Para Badminton debuted in the Tokyo 2020 Paralympics with 16 medal events, reflecting its growing importance in adaptive sports.

Why in news?

Para Badmintons sport classes and specialized wheelchairs were noted during the 2024 Paris Paralympics where Indian athletes competed in multiple medal events.

SSCB (Services Sports Control Board)

The Services Sports Control Board (SSCB) manages sports activities for the Indian armed forces, including the Army, Navy, and Air Force. It fields teams in national championships across multiple sports, often competing strongly against civilian teams. SSCB athletes receive military rank and benefits, blending sports training with military discipline. The board supports athletes with access to top-notch facilities and coaching. SSCB has produced several prominent Indian athletes, especially in athletics and shooting. Its teams often dominate relay and endurance events due to rigorous physical training regimes aligned with military fitness standards.

Why in news?

SSCB athletes won the mens 4x400m relay and womens long jump at the 63rd National Open Athletics Championships, with Ancy Sojan named the best woman athlete.