Current Affairs Lexicon – May, 2024

55 Cancri e

55 Cancri e, also known as Janssen, is a super-Earth located about 41 light-years away in the constellation Cancer. It is approximately 8.8 times more massive than Earth and has a surface temperature of around 3,140°F (1,725°C). This planet is notable for having a substantial atmosphere, despite its extreme conditions. It was in the news due to recent observations from the James Webb Space Telescope, which indicated the presence of an atmosphere, marking an important discovery in exoplanet research.

Abhilekh Patal

Abhilekh Patal is the digital portal of the National Archives of India, designed to make archival documents accessible to researchers and the public. The portal plays a crucial role in preserving India’s historical records, including the newly digitised documents from the Oman Collection. It was in the news as the platform where these important diaspora documents will be archived, reflecting India’s commitment to preserving its cultural heritage and facilitating research.

Acellular Pertussis Vaccine

The acellular pertussis vaccine, introduced in the late 1990s, is a modern alternative to the older whole-cell vaccine. It is designed to reduce side effects while still providing immunity against whooping cough. However, it offers shorter-lasting protection, leading to concerns about rising cases. The vaccine’s introduction aimed to address the public’s fear of adverse reactions associated with the earlier vaccine. The recent spike in whooping cough cases has prompted discussions about the effectiveness of current vaccination strategies.

Active Galactic Nucleus (AGN)

An Active Galactic Nucleus (AGN) is the central region of a galaxy that emits enormous amounts of energy, often due to a supermassive black hole consuming surrounding matter. This process can cause the AGN to shine brightly, sometimes outshining the entire galaxy. AGNs are for studying galaxy evolution and black hole physics. They have been in the news as astronomers explore their role in the formation and behaviour of galaxies across the universe.

Adansonia Genus

The Adansonia genus includes eight species of baobab trees, with three endemic to Madagascar. Notable species include Adansonia digitata, found in Africa, and Adansonia gregorii in Australia. This genus is crucial for ecosystems, providing food and shelter for various animals. The recent study revealed that some Madagascar species are threatened with extinction, prompting calls for conservation strategies to protect these vital trees and their unique genetic diversity.

Aedes Mosquitoes

Aedes mosquitoes, particularly Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, are the primary vectors for transmitting dengue fever. These mosquitoes thrive in tropical and subtropical climates and are known for their distinctive white markings on their legs. The rise in dengue cases globally has brought attention to these insects, as they are responsible for millions of infections each year. Recent studies have focused on their role in the spread of dengue, denoting the need for effective vector control measures.

Aflatoxins

Aflatoxins are toxic compounds produced by certain moulds that can contaminate food, particularly grains and nuts. They are highly carcinogenic and pose serious health risks if ingested. The Spices Board’s guidelines stress the importance of rejecting spices showing signs of mould growth to prevent aflatoxin contamination. This issue gained attention due to the recent recalls of Indian spices in international markets, denoting the need for stringent quality control measures in food exports.

AlphaFold

AlphaFold is an AI model developed by DeepMind that predicts protein structures with remarkable accuracy. Its first version made headlines in 2020 for solving the 50-year-old protein folding problem. The latest version, AlphaFold 3, can predict the behaviour of all known proteins and their interactions, aiding drug discovery. It has been pivotal in mapping over 200 million protein structures, speeding up research in molecular biology. Its recent updates were in the news for enhancing accessibility for researchers.

Amygdala

The amygdala is an almond-shaped cluster of nuclei located deep within the brain, crucial for processing emotions, especially fear and threat detection. It plays an important role in the body’s fight-or-flight response. Research has shown that the amygdala activates more when individuals perceive threats from out-group members. This brain region was in the news following studies linking its activity to biases and intergroup conflicts, emphasising the need for understanding its role in social behaviour and potential reconciliation strategies.

Antarctic Treaty System (ATS)

The Antarctic Treaty System, signed in 1961, is a unique international agreement that governs Antarctica, ensuring it is used for peaceful purposes and scientific research. It prohibits military activity and mineral mining, promoting environmental protection. The ATS has been in the news due to discussions at the 46th Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting regarding the regulation of tourism, which has been increasing in recent years, raising concerns about environmental impacts and sustainability.

Anti-Radiation Missile (ARM)

An Anti-Radiation Missile (ARM) is designed to detect and destroy enemy radar and communication systems by homing in on their radio frequency emissions. The RudraM missile is India’s first ARM, capable of neutralising threats even if the target source is turned off. ARMs play a crucial role in modern warfare by suppressing enemy air defences. The RudraM-II’s successful test highlighted India’s advancements in ARM technology, reinforcing its strategic capabilities in aerial combat.

Antibiograms

Antibiograms are reports that detail the susceptibility of bacteria to various antibiotics, helping healthcare providers choose effective treatments. They are crucial in tracking antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns in hospitals. With advancements in technology, generating antibiograms has become faster and more accurate. They play a vital role in identifying patients at risk and guiding empirical antibiotic therapy. Recently, their importance has surged due to rising superbug infections, prompting hospitals to enhance their antibiotic stewardship programmes.

Apache Helicopters

Apache helicopters are advanced multi-role combat helicopters used by several countries, including India. The AH-64 Apache, developed by Boeing, is known for its agility, speed, and advanced avionics. It can engage both ground and aerial targets, making it a formidable asset in modern warfare. The Apache was in the news during the Gagan Strike-II exercise, where it demonstrated its capabilities in support of mechanised operations, denoting the importance of air support in ground offensives.

Apophis

Apophis is a near-Earth asteroid, approximately 370 metres wide, that gained attention due to its initially predicted close approaches to Earth in 2029 and 2036. Discovered in 2004, it was once thought to pose an important impact risk, but further observations have ruled out a collision. Apophis is now a target for scientific study, and its upcoming close approach will allow scientists to learn more about its composition and behaviour. It was in the news for being the next destination for the OSIRIS-APEX mission.

Aristotle’s Migration Theory

Aristotle, the ancient Greek philosopher, proposed that certain birds, like robins and redstarts, transformed into one another with the changing seasons. He also believed that swallows hibernated underwater during winter. These theories were based on observations but were incorrect. Aristotle’s ideas influenced naturalists for centuries, shaping early ornithology. His theories were revisited in the news as modern scientists debunked them, denoting the evolution of our understanding of bird behaviour and migration.

Article 239AB

Article 239AB of the Constitution of India allows for the imposition of President’s Rule in Union Territories like Delhi when there is a failure of constitutional machinery. This article was invoked only once in 2014, following Kejriwal’s resignation after 49 days in office. It has been in the news recently as discussions arose about its potential application due to Kejriwal’s arrest, which has stalled administrative functions, prompting concerns over governance and the balance of power between the elected government and the Lieutenant Governor.

Article 361

Article 361 of the Constitution of India provides immunity to the President and Governors from legal proceedings while in office. This means they cannot be prosecuted or arrested for actions taken in their official capacity. The article aims to ensure that these high officials can perform their duties without fear of legal repercussions. It has been in the news due to ongoing debates about its implications, especially in cases involving serious allegations like sexual harassment against governors.

Article 371(A)

Article 371(A) of the Constitution of India grants special provisions to Nagaland, protecting its unique cultural and social practices. This article has been pivotal in the debate over women’s reservations in local elections, as tribal bodies argue that such reservations violate their customary laws. The article underscores the tension between constitutional mandates and local traditions, making it a critical element in the ongoing discussions about governance and representation in Nagaland’s political framework.

Article 371C

Article 371C of the Constitution of India provides special provisions for the state of Manipur, particularly concerning the rights of tribal communities over land and resources. It restricts non-tribal individuals from purchasing land in designated tribal areas, aiming to protect the interests of indigenous populations. This article has been an important point of contention in the current conflict, as the Meitei community seeks to acquire land in these areas, leading to fears among tribal groups about their rights and territories.

Aru Islands

The Aru Islands are a remote archipelago in Indonesia’s Maluku province, consisting of about 98 islands. They are known for their rich biodiversity and unique ecosystems. The islands face challenges in connectivity and access to services. Recently, they were mentioned in the news as part of Musk’s demonstration of Starlink’s capabilities, showcasing how satellite internet can benefit isolated communities, particularly in health and education, by providing essential online resources.

Asian Tiger Mosquito

The Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus) is an invasive species originally from Southeast Asia, known for its distinctive black and white stripes. It has spread globally, bringing diseases like dengue and chikungunya to new regions, including Europe. Its introduction has raised public health concerns, as it can thrive in urban environments. The mosquito was in the news due to its role in recent disease outbreaks, prompting discussions on the impact of non-native species on local ecosystems and health.

Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary

Located on the outskirts of Delhi, Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary is a protected area that combines natural beauty with ecological significance. It features a constructed wetland system that treats sewage from nearby settlements, contributing to regional biodiversity conservation. The sanctuary is home to various flora and fauna, making it a vital habitat. It has been in the news for its innovative approach to wastewater management, showcasing how conservation and environmental sustainability can coexist.

Associate Digital Enterprises (ADEs)

Associate Digital Enterprises (ADEs) are entities linked to a primary digital service provider, sharing data and resources. Under the proposed bill, ADEs would be subject to the same regulations as SSDEs, ensuring they do not engage in anti-competitive practices. This concept marks the interconnectedness of digital services, such as Google Search and YouTube. The introduction of ADEs has been newsworthy as it reflects growing concerns over data sharing and competition in the tech industry, aiming to promote a fairer digital ecosystem.

Atacama Desert

The Atacama Desert, located in northern Chile, is the driest desert in the world, receiving less than 1 mm of rain annually. Its extreme aridity has made it a dumping ground for discarded clothing, with an estimated 39,000 tonnes of clothes illegally dumped each year. This phenomenon has drawn global attention due to the environmental impact of fast fashion. The Atacama Fashion Week, held in April 2024, aimed to raise awareness about this pressing issue.

Atlas V Rocket

The Atlas V rocket is a powerful launch vehicle developed by United Launch Alliance (ULA), a partnership between Boeing and Lockheed Martin. It has been used for various missions, including satellite launches and crewed spaceflights. The rocket is known for its reliability and versatility, with multiple configurations. It was in the news as it is set to launch the Boeing Starliner on May 7, 2023, carrying astronauts to the ISS, marking a pivotal moment in U.S. space exploration.

Aurora Borealis

The aurora borealis, or northern lights, is a natural light display predominantly seen in high-latitude regions around the Arctic. It occurs when charged particles from the Sun collide with gases in Earth’s atmosphere, creating vibrant colours. The phenomenon is best viewed in places like Norway, Canada, and Alaska. Recently, it was in the news due to a geomagnetic storm that allowed sightings in lower latitudes, including Ladakh, making it accessible to more people than usual.

Axis of Resistance

The Axis of Resistance is an informal coalition led by Iran, comprising various groups opposed to Western influence in the Middle East, including Hezbollah, Hamas, and the Syrian government. This coalition aims to counteract perceived threats from Israel and the US. Ebrahim Raisi was a proponent of this alliance, advocating for a united front against common adversaries. The coalition has been in the news due to its role in regional conflicts and its implications for Iran’s foreign policy following Raisi’s death.

Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)

BCG is a vaccine primarily used against tuberculosis (TB), developed from a strain of the bacterium Mycobacterium bovis. It was first used in humans in 1921 and remains a vital tool in TB prevention. India is a leading supplier of BCG vaccines, contributing to global health efforts. The recent focus on India’s pharmaceutical exports has highlighted the importance of BCG, especially as the country supplies a large portion of WHO’s vaccine needs, ensuring access to essential immunisations worldwide.

Bacterial Priority Pathogens List (BPPL)

The Bacterial Priority Pathogens List (BPPL) is a crucial tool developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) to guide research on antibiotic-resistant bacteria. It categorises pathogens into three priority groups based on their threat level. The latest update, released in 2024, added Group A and B Streptococci to the list. This update is as it helps direct resources towards developing new antibiotics, essential for combating the growing issue of antimicrobial resistance (AMR).

Balfour Declaration

The Balfour Declaration was a 1917 statement by the British government expressing support for a national home for the Jewish people in Palestine. This declaration was pivotal in legitimising Jewish claims to the land and led to increased Jewish immigration. It has been a focal point in discussions about colonialism and the rights of Palestinians, especially as tensions continue to rise in the region. The declaration’s centenary in 2017 reignited debates about its historical implications.

Baobab Trees

Baobab trees, known as mother of the forest, are iconic for their massive trunks and longevity, living up to 2,000 years. They can reach heights of 50 metres and are native to Madagascar, Africa, and Australia. Their unique shape has led to them being called upside down trees. Recently, a study highlighted their genetic makeup and the threats they face, including climate change and habitat loss, making them a focus of conservation efforts.

Baroda Dynamite Case

The Baroda Dynamite Case involved George Fernandes and others accused of waging war against the state by allegedly stockpiling explosives to disrupt government operations. The case emerged during the Emergency in 1976, leading to their arrest. The CBI investigated the matter, and the trial was marked by media attention. Ultimately, the case was withdrawn in 1977 after the Janata Party came to power, denoting the political turmoil of the time and the shifting landscape of Indian governance.

Beta Amyloid

Beta amyloid is a protein that accumulates in the brains of Alzheimer’s patients, forming plaques that disrupt cell function. The study found that 95% of APOE4 homozygotes had abnormal levels of beta amyloid by age 65. This protein is crucial in Alzheimer’s research, as its presence is one of the main criteria for diagnosing the disease. The findings from the recent study could influence how treatments targeting beta amyloid, like Leqembi, are administered to high-risk patients.

BHISM Cubes

BHISM cubes are portable medical centres designed for disaster response and health emergencies. They function as mobile operation theatres and can be deployed quickly to areas in need. The initiative aims to enhance emergency medical services across India, particularly in remote regions. The cubes are equipped with essential medical facilities and trained personnel. They have gained attention recently as part of the Union Health Ministry’s strategy to improve healthcare infrastructure and emergency preparedness in the country.

Branched-Chain Amino Acids (BCAAs)

Branched-Chain Amino Acids (BCAAs) are essential amino acids that include leucine, isoleucine, and valine. They are crucial for muscle growth and recovery, often found in protein-rich foods and supplements. Recent studies suggest that excessive intake of BCAAs may increase the risk of non-communicable diseases. This topic gained attention as the NIN guidelines cautioned against high protein intake, particularly from supplements, denoting the need for balanced nutrition rather than reliance on isolated nutrients.

Brent Oil

Brent oil is a major trading classification of crude oil originating from the North Sea. It serves as a global benchmark for oil prices. Recently, Brent oil prices surged to around $90 a barrel, raising concerns about inflation and its impact on monetary policy. This spike has been a focal point in discussions about the US Federal Reserve’s interest rate decisions, as higher oil prices can contribute to inflationary pressures, influencing global economic stability.

Burkina Faso

Burkina Faso is a landlocked country in West Africa, bordered by Mali, Niger, Benin, Togo, Ghana, and Ivory Coast. It has a diverse culture with over 60 ethnic groups and is known for its vibrant music and art. The country has faced political instability, including multiple coups. Recently, it was in the news due to a military junta extending its rule for another five years, raising concerns about democracy and security in the region.

Carbon Farming

Carbon farming is an agricultural practice aimed at sequestering carbon dioxide from the atmosphere into the soil. It includes methods like agroforestry and conservation agriculture, which enhance soil health and productivity while mitigating climate change. This concept gained attention due to its potential to combat global warming and improve food security. Recent news initiatives in countries like India, where carbon farming could generate economic benefits and help farmers adapt to climate change challenges.

Carrington Event

The Carrington Event, named after British astronomer Richard Carrington, was the most powerful geomagnetic storm recorded, occurring in September 1859. It caused widespread disruptions to telegraph systems, with some equipment catching fire due to excess currents. This event is in the study of space weather, as it serves as a benchmark for understanding the potential impacts of solar storms on modern technology. It was mentioned in the news to highlight the historical context of current solar activity.

Cellulose Nanofibers (CNF)

Cellulose nanofibers are ultra-thin fibres derived from plant cellulose, measuring 100,000 times thinner than human hair. They are biodegradable and possess remarkable mechanical strength, making them ideal for various applications, including composites and energy storage. CNFs can improve the performance of supercapacitors by enhancing ion transport and structural integrity. Their recent use in conjunction with MXenes in supercapacitor research has been in the news, showcasing innovative ways to utilise bio-waste for advanced energy solutions.

Central Asian Flyway

The Central Asian Flyway is a major migratory route for birds travelling between breeding grounds in Central Asia and wintering areas in South Asia. It is vital for numerous migratory species, including waterfowl and shorebirds. Mannar Island is a key stopover along this route, providing essential habitat. The flyway has been in the news due to concerns that development projects, like the Adani wind project, could disrupt these migratory patterns and threaten bird populations.

Ceratopsians

Ceratopsians are a group of herbivorous dinosaurs known for their distinctive frills and horns, with Psittacosaurus being an early member. They thrived during the Late Cretaceous period and include famous species like Triceratops. Ceratopsians are for understanding dinosaur evolution, particularly in relation to their adaptations for defence and feeding. The recent findings about Psittacosaurus’s skin have sparked interest in the evolutionary pathways of ceratopsians, making them a hot topic in paleontological research.

Chabahar Port

Chabahar Port, located in Iran, is a strategic seaport on the Gulf of Oman. It serves as a vital link for India to access Afghanistan and Central Asia, bypassing Pakistan. The port is for its role in countering China’s Belt and Road Initiative and enhancing regional trade. Recently signed a 10-year management agreement for Chabahar, denoting its geopolitical importance amid ongoing tensions in West Asia. This move aims to strengthen India’s influence in the region.

Chengdu J-15

The Chengdu J-15, nicknamed the Flying Shark, is a fourth-generation fighter jet developed by China for carrier operations. It is designed to operate from China’s STOBAR carriers, like the Liaoning and Shandong. The J-15 is equipped with advanced avionics and weaponry, but it has faced criticism for its range and payload limitations. The aircraft was in the news as China develops a catapult-based version to enhance its capabilities, reflecting the ongoing advancements in Chinese military aviation and naval power.

Chinnakanal

Chinnakanal is a region in the Munnar forest division of Kerala, known for its rich biodiversity and as a prime habitat for elephants. The area has been affected by eucalyptus plantations, which have led to increased human-wildlife conflicts. Recent studies suggest that replacing these exotic trees with native species could provide better food sources for elephants. Chinnakanal was in the news due to its ecological significance and the ongoing debate over the impact of eucalyptus on local wildlife.

Chir Pine

Chir Pine (Pinus roxburghii) is a tree species native to the Himalayas, covering areas in Uttarakhand. It is highly flammable due to its resinous needles, making it a major contributor to forest fires. Chir Pine forests are crucial for local ecosystems, providing habitat and resources. In recent news, the tree’s role in increasing wildfire risks has been highlighted, prompting discussions on forest management and fire prevention strategies in Uttarakhand, especially given the alarming rise in fire incidents.

Cosmic Dark Ages

The Cosmic Dark Ages refers to a period in the universe’s history, roughly 380,000 years after the Big Bang, when no stars or galaxies existed, and the universe was shrouded in a fog of hydrogen and helium. During this time, light could not travel freely, making the universe dark. This era ended when the first stars formed, illuminating the cosmos. The concept was in news discussions about the James Webb Space Telescope’s mission to study the universe’s early conditions.

CRISPR-Cas9

CRISPR-Cas9 is a revolutionary gene-editing technology that allows scientists to precisely alter DNA sequences. Discovered by Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer A. Doudna, it won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2020. The system works by using a guide RNA to locate specific DNA sequences, which the Cas9 enzyme then cuts. This technology has been in the news for its groundbreaking applications, including the recent success in restoring vision in patients with inherited blindness through the EDIT-101 therapy.

Culex Mosquitoes

Culex mosquitoes are a genus of mosquitoes known for transmitting various diseases, including West Nile Virus and Japanese encephalitis. They are prevalent in many regions worldwide, particularly in tropical and temperate climates. Culex species are often found in stagnant water, making them vectors for disease transmission. Their role in the recent West Nile Virus cases in Kerala has highlighted the need for effective mosquito control strategies to prevent further outbreaks.

David’s Sling

David’s Sling is a missile defence system developed by Israel, designed to intercept medium- to long-range threats, including tactical ballistic missiles and large rockets. It can engage targets at distances of 100 to 200 km (62 to 124 miles). The system was officially declared operational in 2017 and is part of Israel’s multi-layered defence strategy. It gained attention recently as the US has funded its development, reflecting the ongoing military collaboration between the two nations amid rising tensions in the region.

De-Oiled Rice Bran

De-oiled rice bran is a byproduct of rice milling, used primarily as animal feed. It is rich in nutrients and often considered a sustainable feed option. Recently, it was included in India’s export restrictions, which surprised many in the agricultural sector. This move was reported in the news as it reflects the government’s focus on food security and the complexities of managing agricultural exports amid rising domestic prices and shortages.

Deep Mantle Plumes

Deep mantle plumes are columns of hot rock that rise from the Earth’s mantle to the surface, often causing volcanic eruptions. They are believed to originate from the blobs located deep within the Earth, around 2,900 km below the surface. Recent research has highlighted their role in shaping volcanic activity and the movement of tectonic plates. This topic gained attention as scientists explored the dynamic nature of these plumes and their connection to the changing blobs beneath the Earth’s crust.

Deep-Sea Mining

Deep-sea mining is the process of extracting valuable minerals from the ocean floor. It targets resources like polymetallic nodules, seafloor sulphides, and cobalt crusts, which contain essential materials for technology and renewable energy. This practice has raised environmental concerns, as it can disrupt marine ecosystems and cause pollution. Recently, Norway’s seabed mineral exploration proposal has sparked legal challenges, denoting the growing tension between resource extraction and environmental protection.

Dependency Ratio

The dependency ratio measures the proportion of dependents (people younger than 15 or older than 64) to the working-age population (ages 15-64). A high dependency ratio can strain economic resources, as fewer workers support more dependents. India’s dependency ratio is expected to worsen due to declining birth rates and an ageing population. This issue has gained attention as it poses challenges for economic sustainability and social support systems, prompting discussions on necessary reforms to manage the impending demographic changes.

Depleted Uranium

Depleted uranium is a dense metal used in military applications, particularly in armour-piercing munitions. The UK’s decision to supply Ukraine with shells containing depleted uranium in March 2022 sparked outrage from Russia, prompting threats of nuclear escalation. Depleted uranium is controversial due to potential health risks and environmental concerns. The announcement of its use highlighted the West’s commitment to supporting Ukraine, while also intensifying fears of a broader conflict between NATO and Russia.

Diamagnetic Levitation

Diamagnetic levitation is a phenomenon where materials are repelled by a magnetic field, allowing them to float. In the context of NASA’s FLOAT system, this principle is used to enable robots to levitate over a track, reducing friction and wear. This technology is for lunar operations, where dust can damage equipment. Diamagnetic levitation was recently in the news due to its application in NASA’s lunar transport plans, demonstrating innovative solutions for challenges in space exploration.

Digital Leninism

Digital Leninism refers to the use of technology and data by authoritarian regimes to suppress dissent and maintain control. This term marks how modern surveillance systems, like those in China, are employed to enforce a singular ideological narrative. It has gained attention as governments increasingly rely on digital tools to monitor citizens. The concept underscores the dangers of merging technology with totalitarian governance, raising alarms about privacy and civil liberties in the digital age.

Ecologically or Biologically Significant Marine Areas (EBSA)

EBSAs are regions in marine environments that are crucial for the conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services. They are identified based on criteria such as uniqueness, importance for life history stages, and vulnerability. The concept gained attention during the SBSTTA-26 meeting, where discussions focused on defining and protecting these areas. The outcomes are expected to influence future agreements on biodiversity conservation, particularly at the upcoming COP16 in Colombia.

Enteric Fermentation

Enteric fermentation is a digestive process in ruminant animals, like cows and sheep, where microbes break down food, producing methane as a by-product. This process is an important source of greenhouse gas emissions in agriculture, contributing to climate change. In India, enteric fermentation accounts for a large portion of agrifood emissions. The World Bank report highlighted this issue, emphasising the need for sustainable livestock management to reduce emissions and combat climate change.

Fast Radio Burst (FRB)

Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs) are intense bursts of radio waves from distant galaxies, lasting only milliseconds. Discovered in 2007, they can release more energy than the Sun in a fraction of a second. Their origins remain largely unknown, sparking much debate among astronomers. FRBs have been in the news as researchers continue to study them, hoping to uncover their mysteries and understand their implications for cosmic events and the nature of the universe.

FLUTE Project

The FLUID-based Telescope (FLUTE) project proposes using liquid mirrors for space observatories. This innovative concept allows for large, unsegmented mirrors to be formed in microgravity, potentially overcoming the limitations of traditional telescopes. The idea has been tested in various environments, including the International Space Station. It was recently in the news as part of NASA’s efforts to develop cost-effective solutions for larger space telescopes, which are essential for advanced astronomical observations.

Glide Bombs

Glide bombs are precision-guided munitions that can be launched from aircraft at a distance, allowing them to evade enemy air defences. Weighing over a ton, they are designed to cause massive destruction upon impact, creating large craters. These bombs have been in the news due to their use in the ongoing conflict in Ukraine, where they have been employed by Russian forces to target civilian areas and military installations, resulting in casualties and damage.

Global Alliance of National Human Rights Institutions (GANHRI)

GANHRI is an international body that connects 120 National Human Rights Institutions (NHRIs) worldwide. Established to promote and protect human rights, it reviews NHRIs based on the Paris Principles. GANHRI’s Sub-Committee for Accreditation (SCA) assesses compliance every five years. Recently, GANHRI deferred India’s NHRC re-accreditation for the second consecutive year, raising concerns about its effectiveness and independence. This has sparked discussions about the state of human rights in India, especially ahead of upcoming elections.

Global Pandemic Treaty

The Global Pandemic Treaty is an international agreement aimed at enhancing global cooperation to prevent and respond to pandemics. It seeks to unify efforts against emerging pathogens and improve public health systems. The treaty has been controversial, particularly in the UK, where concerns about sovereignty and misinformation have arisen. It was in the news as discussions intensified ahead of the 77th World Health Assembly, where the treaty draft is expected to be refined.

Glueballs

Glueballs are theoretical particles made entirely of gluons, which are force-carrying particles in quantum chromodynamics. Unlike other particles, glueballs do not contain quarks. They are because their existence would provide evidence for the strong nuclear force’s behaviour. Recently, scientists at the Beijing Electron-Positron Collider II reported potential evidence of glueballs, specifically a particle called X(2370), which has a mass consistent with theoretical predictions. This discovery could validate aspects of the Standard Model of particle physics.

Guillain-Barre Syndrome

Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS) is a rare neurological disorder where the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks the peripheral nerves, leading to muscle weakness and sometimes paralysis. It can occur after infections or vaccinations. While GBS is rare, it has been associated with certain vaccines, including those for COVID-19. The recent BHU study reported a small incidence of GBS among Covaxin recipients, which sparked debate about vaccine safety and led to the ICMR’s objection to the study’s findings.

Gunung Leuser National Park

Gunung Leuser National Park is a UNESCO World Heritage Site located in Aceh province, Indonesia. It is part of the Leuser Ecosystem, which is rich in biodiversity, including endangered species like orangutans and tigers. The park is crucial for conservation efforts and research on wildlife behaviour. It was in the news due to the groundbreaking observation of Rakus, which underscores the importance of preserving such habitats for studying animal intelligence and their use of natural resources for health.

Hanle Dark Sky Reserve

The Hanle Dark Sky Reserve, located in Ladakh, is renowned for its pristine night skies, making it an ideal location for astronomical observations. Established in 2020, it is one of the few dark sky reserves in Asia. The reserve is home to the Indian Astronomical Observatory, which is situated at an altitude of 4,500 metres. Recently, it gained attention for witnessing a rare stable auroral red arc, a phenomenon that typically occurs near the poles.

HCO+

HCO+ is a positively charged molecule formed when water and carbon dioxide mix in Venus’s upper atmosphere. It plays a crucial role in the planet’s water loss, as it breaks down and releases hydrogen atoms into space. This process, known as dissociative recombination, is causing Venus to lose water at a rate twice as high as previously thought. The molecule was in the news due to recent research denoting its significance in understanding Venus’s dry conditions.

Humboldt Glacier

The Humboldt Glacier, located in the Andes of Venezuela, was the last remaining glacier in the country. It has shrunk to less than 2 hectares, leading to its reclassification as an ice field. This glacier was once part of a group of six in the Sierra Nevada de Mérida, with five disappearing by 2011. Its rapid melting has been attributed to climate change and the El Niño phenomenon. The glacier’s plight marks the urgent need for climate action.

Hypersonic Missiles

Hypersonic missiles are advanced weapons that travel at speeds greater than five times the speed of sound (Mach 5) and can manoeuvre during flight, making them challenging to detect and intercept. They represent an important leap in military technology, prompting nations to enhance their defence systems. These missiles have been in the news due to escalating military tensions in East Asia, particularly involving North Korea and China, leading countries like Japan and the US to invest heavily in countermeasures.

Igla-S

The Igla-S is a Russian very short-range air defence system (VSHORAD) designed to protect against low-flying threats like aircraft and helicopters. It uses infrared homing for targeting and can be operated by a single soldier. The system has been in the news due to India’s procurement of 48 Igla-S launchers and 100 missiles to enhance its air defence capabilities, especially amid ongoing geopolitical tensions and delays in previous defence deals.

Indian Astronomical Observatory (IAO)

The Indian Astronomical Observatory (IAO) is located in Hanle, Ladakh, and is one of the highest observatories in the world, situated at an altitude of 4,500 metres. It is operated by the Indian Institute of Astrophysics and is equipped with advanced all-sky cameras for astronomical observations. The IAO was in the news for capturing stunning images of auroras during a recent solar storm, showcasing its role in monitoring space weather phenomena.

Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS)

The Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) is based in Hyderabad and plays a vital role in monitoring ocean data, including sea surface and subsurface temperatures. This information is essential for accurate cyclone forecasting. INCOIS faced challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic, losing many of its monitoring buoys and moorings, which hindered data collection. The centre’s work is crucial for improving cyclone predictions and enhancing early warning systems in India and neighbouring countries.

Indian Ocean Basin-Wide (IOBW) Index

The Indian Ocean Basin-Wide (IOBW) index is a measure of average sea-surface temperature variations across the tropical Indian Ocean. It has gained attention for its potential role in predicting dengue outbreaks globally. The index shows a strong correlation with dengue incidence, particularly in the Southern Hemisphere. This research was in the news as it offers a new tool for public health authorities to anticipate and prepare for dengue epidemics, potentially saving lives.

Indrajaal

Indrajaal is India’s first AI-powered anti-drone system, developed by Grene Robotics, a company based in Hyderabad. This innovative technology aims to detect and neutralise rogue drones, enhancing national security. The system employs advanced algorithms and machine learning to identify threats in real-time. Indrajaal has been in the news as part of India’s efforts to bolster its defence capabilities against increasing drone-related threats, reflecting the growing importance of AI in military applications.

International Geophysical Year (IGY)

The International Geophysical Year (IGY) took place from 1957 to 1958, marking an important period of international scientific collaboration. Twelve countries participated, conducting extensive research in Antarctica and laying the groundwork for the Antarctic Treaty. The IGY was pivotal in demonstrating that scientific inquiry could transcend political disputes. It was in the news as a key event that led to the establishment of the Antarctic Treaty, emphasising the importance of cooperative scientific efforts.

International North South Transport Corridor (INSTC)

The International North South Transport Corridor (INSTC) is a multi-modal transport network connecting India, Iran, and Russia. Spanning over 7,200 kilometres, it aims to facilitate trade and reduce transit times between these countries. The corridor is crucial for India to access Central Asia and Europe, enhancing economic ties. The INSTC has gained attention recently as India plans to link it with Chabahar Port, further solidifying its strategic position in regional trade amidst geopolitical challenges.

Isak-Muivah Faction

The Isak-Muivah faction is a prominent group within the National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN), formed in 1980 by Isak Chishi Swu and Thuingaleng Muivah. This faction is known for its demand for a ‘Greater Nagaland’, which seeks to include Naga-inhabited areas from neighbouring states. It has been involved in peace talks with the Government of India since 1997. Recently, it was in the news due to allegations of links with insurgent groups amid ethnic unrest in Manipur.

Ischaemic Heart Disease

Ischaemic heart disease (IHD) is a condition caused by reduced blood flow to the heart, often due to coronary artery disease. It is a leading cause of death globally, accounting for an important percentage of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). In 2019, IHD was responsible for approximately 16% of all deaths worldwide. The WHO report highlighted its prevalence, especially during the Covid-19 pandemic, where it continued to be a major health concern, exacerbating the overall mortality rates.

Kali River

The Kali River is an important waterway that forms part of the border between India and Nepal. Its origin has been a point of contention, with maps from the British era showing it starting in Limpiadhura. The river’s changing course has influenced territorial claims, particularly after the 1962 India-China war. The river was mentioned in the news as part of the ongoing discussions about the border, with both nations examining historical claims and evidence related to its course.

Kampala Declaration

The Kampala Declaration is an important agreement signed in September 2022 by over 10 East African nations, addressing climate-induced migration. It outlines commitments to manage the impacts of climate change on human mobility and promote sustainable development. This declaration is crucial as it represents a collaborative effort to tackle the challenges posed by climate change, particularly in vulnerable regions. It was in the news for its innovative approach to climate-related displacement, marking a step forward in international climate policy.

Kanak People

The Kanak people are the indigenous inhabitants of New Caledonia, with a rich cultural heritage and a history of resistance against colonial rule. They have faced challenges, including poverty and unemployment, due to historical segregation policies. The Kanak community has been at the forefront of the recent protests against constitutional changes proposed by France, which they believe threaten their autonomy and rights. Their struggle for self-determination has been a central issue in New Caledonia’s political landscape.

Kangaroo Diplomacy

Kangaroo diplomacy refers to Australia’s use of its iconic wildlife, particularly kangaroos and koalas, to foster goodwill during international events. This approach was notably showcased at the 2014 G20 Summit, where world leaders interacted with these animals, creating memorable photo opportunities. The initiative aimed to highlight Australia’s commitment to conservation and sustainability. It sparked discussions on biodiversity and environmental issues, demonstrating how animal ambassadors can influence international relations and promote cooperation on global challenges.

Kanwar Lake (Kabartal)

Kanwar Lake, also known as Kabartal, is Asia’s largest freshwater oxbow lake, located in Bihar. It is the only wetland in Bihar recognised as a Ramsar site, denoting its international ecological importance. Once a thriving habitat for migratory birds, its area has drastically reduced due to encroachment and water scarcity. Recently, it has been in the news due to its alarming deterioration, with experts warning that urgent action is needed to save this vital ecosystem.

Karabakh

Karabakh, also known as Nagorno-Karabakh, is a landlocked region in the South Caucasus, internationally recognised as part of Azerbaijan but predominantly populated by ethnic Armenians. The area has been the centre of conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan for decades, with an important war occurring in the 1990s. The recent military campaign by Azerbaijan in September 2023 led to a shift in control, prompting mass displacement of ethnic Armenians. The ongoing tensions continue to shape regional politics and security.

Karman Line

The Karman Line is an internationally recognised boundary located at 100 km above sea level, marking the transition from Earth’s atmosphere to outer space. It is named after Hungarian-American engineer Theodore von Kármán. Crossing this line classifies a vehicle as a spacecraft rather than an aircraft. The Karman Line gained attention during Gopi Thotakura’s flight, as it was the altitude reached during his sub-orbital journey, emphasising the significance of this boundary in space exploration discussions.

Katchatheevu Island

Katchatheevu is a small island located in the Palk Strait, claimed by both India and Sri Lanka. Historically , it was ceded to Sri Lanka in 1974, leading to disputes over fishing rights for Indian fishermen. The island has been in the news due to ongoing tensions between India and Sri Lanka, particularly regarding the treatment of Tamil Nadu fishermen. The DMK party has pledged to reclaim Katchatheevu, denoting its importance in regional politics and security.

Khumbu Glacier

The Khumbu Glacier is a prominent glacier located in the Khumbu region of Nepal, near Mount Everest. It is known for its rapid retreat due to climate change, which poses risks to local ecosystems and communities. Recent studies have revealed alarming levels of microplastics and forever chemicals in the glacier, raising concerns about the health of climbers and nearby villagers. The glacier’s condition has been in the news as it marks the broader impacts of tourism and environmental degradation in high-altitude areas.

Klinefelter Syndrome

Klinefelter Syndrome is a genetic condition affecting males, characterised by the presence of an extra X chromosome (XXY). This leads to symptoms such as reduced testosterone levels, infertility, and learning difficulties. It occurs in about 1 in 600 male births. The condition was in recent discussions about X-linked disorders, as researchers explore its genetic basis and implications for treatment, particularly in understanding how X chromosome abnormalities affect health.

Kyasanur Forest Disease

Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) is a viral infection transmitted by ticks, primarily found in the forests of Karnataka. It was first identified in 1957 and is named after the Kyasanur Forest where it was discovered. Symptoms include fever, headache, and in severe cases, neurological complications. KFD has been in the news due to rising cases linked to climate change, which affects tick populations and their habitats, increasing the risk of outbreaks in human populations.

Lab Grown Diamonds (LGDs)

Lab grown diamonds are synthetic diamonds created in controlled environments, mimicking natural processes. They are chemically identical to mined diamonds but are often more affordable and environmentally friendly. The recent news highlighted India’s push for LGD manufacturing, with a ₹242 crore grant to IIT Madras for research. This reflects a growing trend towards sustainable luxury, as consumers increasingly prefer ethically sourced products. LGDs are gaining popularity in the jewellery market due to their lower environmental impact.

Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR)

The Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) measures the percentage of the working-age population actively seeking employment. A higher LFPR indicates a healthier job market. In India, the LFPR has been declining, which can misrepresent the unemployment situation. It was in recent discussions about the economic challenges in India, as the falling LFPR suggests fewer people are looking for jobs, complicating the understanding of joblessness in the country.

Lahore Declaration

The Lahore Declaration, signed in February 1999, aimed to improve relations between India and Pakistan. It included commitments to resolve the Kashmir conflict, enhance nuclear safety, and promote confidence-building measures. This agreement was as it was signed just months before the Kargil War, which contradicted its principles. Nawaz Sharif’s recent admission of violating the declaration has reignited discussions about the importance of diplomatic agreements in maintaining peace between the two nations.

Lai Haraoba

Lai Haraoba is a traditional festival celebrated by the Meitei community in Manipur, honouring the local deities and showcasing the region’s rich cultural heritage. The festival features dance, music, and rituals, reflecting the community’s connection to nature and spirituality. It is an important event for preserving Manipuri traditions and is often accompanied by the participation of Manipuri Ponies, which are integral to the festivities. The recent focus on the Manipuri Pony’s conservation has highlighted the cultural significance of Lai Haraoba in the region.

Luzon Strait

The Luzon Strait is a vital waterway that separates the Philippines from Taiwan. It plays a crucial role in international shipping and trade, making it strategically important for regional security. The strait is also known for its rich marine biodiversity. Recently, it gained attention as the Philippine Coast Guard announced plans to monitor vessel traffic more effectively in response to increased Chinese military activity in the area, denoting its significance in geopolitical tensions.

Magnetometers

Magnetometers are sensitive instruments used to measure magnetic fields. In military applications, they are being explored as a means for aircraft navigation in environments where GPS is unavailable. The Air Force has tested an AI program that utilises magnetometers to navigate by filtering out electromagnetic noise generated by the aircraft itself. This innovative approach could provide a reliable alternative for navigation, especially in combat scenarios where GPS systems may be compromised.

Malathion

Malathion is an organophosphate insecticide used to control pests in agriculture. In 2021 supplied 40,000 litres of malathion to Iran via Chabahar Port to combat locust attacks, showcasing India’s role in regional agricultural support. This environmentally friendly pesticide is crucial for protecting crops and ensuring food security. The news highlighted India’s humanitarian assistance during crises, reinforcing its commitment to regional cooperation and support, especially during the challenges posed by the Covid-19 pandemic.

Mawsynram Declaration of 2019

The Mawsynram Declaration is a community-led initiative from 2019 where 24 villages in Meghalaya united to commit to conservation and sustainable livelihoods. This declaration exemplifies grassroots efforts in environmental protection, focusing on catchment area conservation. It was recently referenced in discussions about the need for community involvement in amending environmental laws. The declaration underscores the importance of local ownership in climate action, making it an important example of successful community engagement in sustainability efforts.

Meghalaya Environment Protection and Restoration Fund (MEPRF)

The MEPRF is a fund established to address environmental damage caused by coal mining in Meghalaya. It aims to finance projects that restore ecosystems affected by mining activities. Despite having ₹400 crore allocated, the fund has seen little utilisation, as noted by the High Court panel. The fund was in the news as the panel urged the Meghalaya government to take action to restore the environment and effectively use the resources available in the MEPRF.

Melanoidins

Melanoidins are complex, nitrogen-containing compounds formed during the Maillard reaction, responsible for the brown colour in cooked foods. They contribute to the flavour and aroma of various dishes, especially in roasted coffee and baked goods. Melanoidins are also linked to potential health benefits, such as antioxidant properties. They were in recent news for their role in food science, particularly in developing healthier cooking techniques and understanding food preservation methods.

Mistral

Mistral is a French artificial intelligence startup known for its innovative approaches to machine learning and generative AI. The company has gained attention for its potential to compete with established players like OpenAI. Recently, Mistral’s partnership with Microsoft was under review by UK regulators, who ultimately decided not to investigate the deal. This partnership is seen as a strategic move for Microsoft to diversify its AI capabilities and reduce reliance on existing technologies.

Miyawaki Method of Afforestation

The Miyawaki method is a unique afforestation technique developed by Japanese botanist Akira Miyawaki. It focuses on planting native species in dense clusters to create mini-forests that grow rapidly and enhance biodiversity. This method has gained attention for its quick results, with pilot projects in Meghalaya showing an impressive 81% survival rate of plants. It was in recent discussions as a key strategy for mass afforestation in barren areas, addressing climate change and restoring ecosystems.

Monosodium Glutamate (MSG)

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a flavour enhancer commonly used in food. It is recognised as safe by the USFDA and is known for its umami taste. In the context of biotechnology, MSG has gained attention for its ability to activate a promoter in yeast, leading to recombinant protein production without the hazards associated with methanol. This innovative use of MSG was in recent research, showcasing its potential to revolutionise protein production in a safer manner.

Mount Marapi

Mount Marapi is an active volcano located in Sumatra, Indonesia. It is one of the most active volcanoes in the country, having erupted 11 times in the 21st century alone. The volcano is known for its explosive eruptions and the production of lahars, which are destructive mudflows. Recently, it was in the news due to severe flash floods and landslides triggered by its activity, resulting in loss of life and damage to infrastructure in nearby areas.

Mount Nemrut

Mount Nemrut is a dormant stratovolcano in Turkey, standing at 9,672 feet (2,948 metres). It is famous for its unique caldera, which features a stark contrast between solidified lava and a crater lake, resembling the yin-yang symbol. The last major eruption occurred in 1650, but the caldera was formed around 250,000 years ago. It was in the news due to NASA capturing a rare image of this unusual geological feature, denoting its striking appearance and geological significance.

Myitsone Dam

The Myitsone Dam is a controversial hydropower project located in northern Kachin state, Myanmar. Initially approved in 2009, it was halted in 2011 due to public opposition over environmental concerns. The dam is designed to generate 6,000 megawatts, with 90% of its power intended for export to China. It has been in the news recently as Myanmar’s junta revived plans for its construction, despite warnings from environmental assessments about potential ecological damage.

Naegleria fowleri

Naegleria fowleri is a free-living amoeba found in warm freshwater and soil. It is infamous for causing primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM), a rare but deadly brain infection. The amoeba enters the body through the nose, often during swimming. It thrives in temperatures up to 46°C and can survive in poorly maintained water bodies. The recent death of a five-year-old girl in Kozhikode brought Naegleria fowleri back into the news, denoting its dangers in recreational waters.

Nairobi Declaration

The Nairobi Declaration is a commitment made by African leaders to enhance domestic fertiliser production and improve soil health across the continent. It aims to triple fertiliser production by 2034, addressing the challenges of soil degradation and food insecurity. The declaration was in the news due to the second Africa Fertilizer and Soil Health Summit, denoting the urgent need for sustainable agricultural practices in response to a global fertiliser crisis and climate change impacts.

Nakba

The Nakba, meaning catastrophe in Arabic, refers to the mass displacement of Palestinians during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, when approximately 711,000 Palestinians were expelled from their homes. This event is commemorated annually on May 15, marking the loss of their homeland and the destruction of Palestinian society. The Nakba remains a pivotal aspect of Palestinian identity and has been in the news due to ongoing conflicts and discussions about Palestinian rights and statehood.

National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research

The National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR) is an Indian research institution based in Goa, focusing on polar and oceanic studies. Established in 1998, it plays a vital role in India’s Antarctic research and logistics. NCPOR is responsible for coordinating India’s scientific expeditions and managing research stations in Antarctica. It was in the news for organising the ATCM 46, where it aims to address issues like tourism regulation and environmental protection in Antarctica.

National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)

The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) is an Government of India agency responsible for disaster management and response. Established in 2005, it aims to create a disaster-resilient India through preparedness, mitigation, and response strategies. The NDMA classifies cyclones into extratropical and tropical categories, providing essential guidelines for managing such natural disasters. It was in the news recently for its role in coordinating responses to Cyclone Remal and ensuring public safety in affected regions.

Nine-Dash Line

The Nine-Dash Line is a demarcation line used by China to assert its claims over approximately 90% of the South China Sea. This line has no basis in international law, as ruled by the Permanent Court of Arbitration in 2016, which favoured the Philippines. The Nine-Dash Line has been in the news due to escalating tensions between China and its neighbours, particularly the Philippines, as China continues to enforce its claims despite international condemnation.

Nordic Countries

The Nordic countries include Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden, known for their high quality of life, strong welfare systems, and stunning natural landscapes. They are also leaders in renewable energy, particularly wind and hydroelectric power. Recently, these countries have been in the news for their criticism of data centres, arguing that their renewable resources should be used for more valuable products, denoting the tension between tech growth and sustainable practices.

Noumea Accord

The Noumea Accord, signed in 1998, aimed to provide greater autonomy to New Caledonia and address the historical grievances of the Kanak people. It established a framework for political negotiations and multiple referendums on independence. The Accord has been in shaping the territory’s governance and has been a source of hope for many Kanaks. However, recent events, including proposed changes to electoral rolls, have raised tensions and sparked protests, denoting ongoing struggles for self-determination.

Orangutan Diplomacy

Orangutan diplomacy is Malaysia’s unique approach to international relations, inspired by China’s panda diplomacy. It involves offering orangutans to countries that import Malaysian palm oil, aiming to enhance Malaysia’s environmental image and promote wildlife conservation. This strategy marks the plight of endangered orangutans, whose habitats are threatened by palm oil production. Recently, it gained attention as Malaysia seeks to position itself as a leader in wildlife protection, addressing global concerns about deforestation and biodiversity loss.

Orca Alley

Orca Alley refers to the area in the Strait of Gibraltar where orcas have been frequently interacting with boats. This term has gained popularity among sailors who share advice on navigating this risky zone. The phenomenon has become an important concern, with over 700 reported interactions since 2020. The term has been in the news as it marks the growing tension between orcas and maritime activities, prompting discussions on safety and conservation efforts in the region.

OSIRIS-REx

OSIRIS-REx is a NASA spacecraft launched in 2016 to study the near-Earth asteroid Bennu. It successfully collected samples from Bennu in 2020 and returned them to Earth in 2023, marking the first US mission to bring back samples from an asteroid. The mission aims to provide vital information about the solar system’s formation and the origins of life. It was in the news for its successful sample return and the ongoing extended mission to Apophis.

Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR)

Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR) refers to the energy emitted by the Earth back into space, primarily in the form of infrared radiation. It is a crucial factor in understanding climate and weather patterns. OLR measurements help meteorologists assess cloud cover and moisture levels in the atmosphere. The IMD mentioned OLR in relation to the southwest monsoon’s onset, as lower OLR values indicate increased cloudiness, which is essential for monsoon development.

Palaeochannels

Palaeochannels are the remnants of ancient river channels that have been abandoned over time. They provide crucial information about past river dynamics and landscape evolution. The study of palaeochannels, particularly those of the Yamuna River, has revealed that shifts occurred around 18,000 years ago, long before the rise of the Harappan civilisation. This research has been in the news for its implications on the understanding of ancient river systems and their impact on human settlement patterns.

Panchamrit Declaration

The Panchamrit Declaration is India’s commitment to achieving net-zero carbon emissions by 2070, announced by Prime Minister Narendra Modi at the 26th UN Climate Change Conference in Glasgow. The declaration outlines five key goals to combat climate change, including increasing renewable energy capacity and promoting sustainable lifestyles. It gained attention as an important step in India’s climate policy, reflecting the country’s ambition to address global warming and its impacts, as in the recent survey results.

Panda Diplomacy

Panda diplomacy is a term describing China’s practice of gifting giant pandas to other countries as symbols of peace and friendship. This tradition dates back to the Tang Dynasty and has evolved into an important diplomatic tool. In November 2023, it was in the news as China announced plans to resume panda exchanges with the United States, signalling a potential thaw in relations. The giant panda remains a powerful symbol of China’s soft power and commitment to wildlife conservation.

Pathogen Access and Benefit-Sharing System (PABS)

PABS is a framework aimed at ensuring equitable sharing of benefits arising from the use of pathogens. It promotes timely sharing of materials and information crucial for developing vaccines and treatments during pandemics. The system is vital for African nations seeking fair access to medical resources. Recently, it was in the news due to ongoing negotiations at the World Health Assembly, where countries struggled to agree on its coordination by the WHO, denoting global health equity issues.

Philadelphi Corridor

The Philadelphi Corridor is a narrow strip of land that separates Egypt from the Gaza Strip. It is strategically as it has been a route for smuggling and movement between the two regions. The corridor has been a focal point of tension, especially during conflicts, as it allows for the movement of people and goods. Recently, Israel’s military presence in this area has raised alarms in Egypt, as it is seen as a violation of the Camp David Accords.

Phonon-Polaritons

Phonon-polaritons are unique quasi-particles formed from the interaction of light and vibrations in materials. They can trap and concentrate light into extremely small spots, which is useful for sensitive sensing applications. This phenomenon was in recent research from IIT Guwahati, where scientists demonstrated how to create nano-dimensional cavities to trap these particles. The discovery could lead to advancements in mid-infrared sensing and spectroscopy, making it an important topic in scientific discussions.

Pravaah Portal

The Pravaah portal is an online platform launched by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to streamline the application process for regulatory approvals. It aims to enhance efficiency and reduce the time taken for approvals. The name Pravaah means flow in Hindi, symbolising smooth processes. This initiative was in the news as part of RBI’s efforts to digitise and modernise banking operations, making it easier for individuals and businesses to navigate regulatory requirements.

Project BHISHM

Project BHISHM, or Bharat Health Initiative for Sahyog, Hita and Maitri, aims to improve emergency medical response in India. This initiative focuses on creating portable medical solutions like the BHISHM Portable Cubes, which can be deployed in various disaster scenarios. The project was in the news following the successful testing of these cubes by the Indian Air Force, showcasing India’s proactive approach to disaster management and medical preparedness.

Project CETI

Project CETI (Cetacean Translation Initiative) aims to decode the communication of cetaceans, particularly sperm whales. This initiative combines traditional statistical analysis with artificial intelligence to study whale vocalisations. The project is as it seeks to understand the social interactions and information exchange among these marine mammals. It has been in the news due to its groundbreaking research on sperm whale communication, revealing similarities to human language structures and raising questions about interspecies communication.

Project Nimbus

Project Nimbus is a controversial cloud computing initiative involving Google and Amazon, providing services to the Israeli government and military. Launched in 2021, it has faced backlash from employees and activists who argue it supports Israeli surveillance and military operations against Palestinians. The project allows for data storage and analysis, including facial recognition technology. It was in the news due to protests from tech workers demanding an end to contracts perceived as complicity in human rights violations.

Project Tusker

Project Tusker, now known as Project Vartak, was one of the first two projects initiated by the Border Roads Organisation in 1960. It marked the beginning of BRO’s extensive infrastructure development in challenging terrains. Over the years, it has evolved into an important contributor to India’s border security and connectivity. The project was mentioned in the news as part of the BRO’s 65th Raising Day celebrations, reflecting on its historical significance and ongoing contributions to national infrastructure.

Pulsed Plasma Rocket

The Pulsed Plasma Rocket is a cutting-edge propulsion system that uses electric energy to create thrust. This technology aims to improve the efficiency of spacecraft travel across vast distances in space. Unlike traditional chemical rockets, it promises faster and more sustainable travel. The project gained attention recently as part of NASA’s ambitious plans to enhance space travel capabilities, especially for missions to Mars and beyond, showcasing the future of propulsion technology in aerospace exploration.

Rabbit Hole Effect

The rabbit hole effect refers to the phenomenon where users are led to increasingly extreme or niche content based on algorithmic recommendations. This can create a cycle of engagement that may expose users, especially children, to harmful material. The term gained attention as the EU raised concerns that Meta’s algorithms might contribute to addictive behaviours in young users. This effect marks the challenges of content moderation and user safety in the digital age.

Rakus

Rakus is a male orangutan known for his remarkable self-medication behaviour. He was observed applying medicinal herbs to a facial wound, showcasing high intelligence. This incident occurred in 2022 in Gunung Leuser National Park, Indonesia. The study published in *Nature Scientific Reports* highlighted that Rakus chewed leaves from the vine Fibraurea tinctoria, which is traditionally used for healing. This finding is as it marks the first documented case of a wild animal using plants for wound treatment.

Raman Spectroscopy

Raman spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique used to identify molecular composition and structure. It works by measuring the scattering of monochromatic light, usually from a laser, as it interacts with molecular vibrations. This technique was crucial in confirming the identity of the diamonds produced by the Korean scientists. Its ability to provide detailed information about materials makes it invaluable in various fields, including chemistry, biology, and materials science, and it continues to be a key tool in research.

RAN (Radio Access Network)

Radio Access Network (RAN) is a crucial part of mobile telecommunications, connecting individual devices to the core network. It includes base stations and antennas that facilitate wireless communication. RAN technology is essential for delivering mobile services, including 4G and 5G. Recently, RAN was mentioned in the context of BSNL’s deployment of 4G services, where the integration of RAN with the C-DoT core network is vital for enhancing connectivity across various regions in India.

Rotund Cropping Method

The rotund cropping method is an agricultural practice where crops are cultivated in a circular pattern, allowing for efficient use of land and resources. This method is particularly beneficial for multi-year crops like sugarcane, which can be harvested for several years from a single sowing. It has gained attention as farmers increasingly adopt it to maximise yields and profits. The recent surge in sugarcane cultivation in Karnataka and Maharashtra marks the effectiveness of this method in enhancing agricultural productivity.

RudraM-II Missile

The RudraM-II is an advanced air-to-surface missile developed by India’s Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). It is designed to target enemy radar and communication systems, enhancing the Indian Air Force’s (IAF) capabilities. The missile features a satellite-based GPS and inertial navigation system for precise targeting. It was in the news for its successful test-firing on May 29, 2023, which validated its advanced technologies and marked an important milestone in India’s defence capabilities.

Saffir-Simpson Scale

The Saffir-Simpson Scale is a classification system for hurricanes based on their sustained wind speeds. It ranges from Category 1 (minimal damage) to Category 5 (catastrophic damage). This scale helps communicate the potential impact of hurricanes to the public. It was mentioned in the news as NOAA predicted that several hurricanes in 2024 could reach Category 3 or higher, indicating an important risk to coastal areas.

Sagol Kangjei

Sagol Kangjei is a traditional sport from Manipur, often regarded as the precursor to modern polo. Played on horseback, it combines elements of hockey and polo, showcasing the skills of both horse and rider. The game has deep cultural roots in Manipuri society and is celebrated during festivals. The sport’s significance has led to the Manipuri Pony being bred specifically for its agility and speed. Recent discussions around the Manipuri Pony’s conservation have brought renewed attention to this historic game.

Sahiwal Cattle

Sahiwal cattle are a breed indigenous to India, known for their exceptional heat tolerance compared to exotic breeds. They are primarily used for milk production and are well-adapted to hot climates. Sahiwal cattle can withstand higher temperatures, making them vital for sustainable dairy farming in a warming world. Their resilience has been in recent discussions about climate-smart agriculture, as they may help mitigate the impacts of heat stress on milk production in India.

Sahul

Sahul is an ancient supercontinent that existed around 70,000 years ago, connecting present-day Australia, Papua New Guinea, and Tasmania. It emerged during the last ice age when lower sea levels exposed land. This discovery is as it provides vital information about early human migration patterns and the environmental conditions of that era. Sahul was in the news due to recent archaeological findings that suggest it played a crucial role in human dispersal across continents.

Scarborough Shoal

Scarborough Shoal is a submerged reef in the South China Sea, claimed by both China and the Philippines. It is rich in marine biodiversity, making it a prime fishing ground. The shoal has been a focal point of tensions since 2012, when a standoff occurred between Chinese and Philippine vessels. The area is for its strategic location and resources, and it has been in the news due to ongoing maritime disputes and China’s aggressive claims.

Silandhi River

The Silandhi River is a lesser-known tributary of the Amaravathy River, located in Kerala. It plays a crucial role in the local ecosystem and water supply. The river is vital for the Vattavada region, where residents rely on it for drinking water. Recently, it was in the news due to the construction of a check-dam, which raised concerns in Tamil Nadu about potential water flow disruptions to the Amaravathy River, denoting inter-state water disputes.

Sittwe Port

Sittwe Port, located in Myanmar, is a key maritime facility on the Bay of Bengal. India Ports Global is set to manage this port, enhancing India’s connectivity to Southeast Asia. The port is part of India’s broader strategy to strengthen trade links in the region. Recently, the Government of India approved a proposal for its operations, reflecting India’s commitment to expanding its influence in maritime trade. This development is as it aligns with India’s efforts to counterbalance China’s growing presence in the region.

South Lhonak Glacier

The South Lhonak Glacier, located in Sikkim, has been shrinking due to climate change, leading to the formation of a glacial lake. This glacier was central to the GLOF disaster in October 2023, which resulted in the collapse of the Teesta III dam. The glacier’s retreat has raised concerns about the stability of the moraine that holds back the lake, making it a focal point for climate change discussions and the need for better disaster preparedness in vulnerable areas.

South Pole-Aitken Basin

The South Pole-Aitken Basin is one of the largest and oldest impact craters in the solar system, measuring about 2,500 kilometres wide. Located on the Moon’s far side, it is believed to have been formed by a massive impact event. This basin is of great interest to scientists as it may contain material from the Moon’s mantle, offering vital information about its geological history. It was in the news due to the Chang’e-6 mission’s plan to explore and collect samples from this unique area.

Southern Ocean

The Southern Ocean encircles Antarctica and is crucial for global climate regulation, acting as a major carbon sink. It absorbs about 30% of the world’s CO2 emissions, helping to mitigate climate change. The ocean’s unique currents and cold temperatures facilitate this absorption. Recent studies have raised concerns about its diminishing capacity to absorb CO2 due to climate change, making it a focal point in discussions about future carbon management strategies and its role in global warming.

Swell Waves

Swell waves are long, rolling waves generated by distant storms, not local winds. They can travel thousands of kilometres and are typically formed by energy transfer from strong winds during storms. Unlike tsunamis, which are caused by underwater disturbances, swell waves are slower and less destructive. In May 2023, INCOIS warned of high swell waves impacting several Indian states, drawing attention to their potential dangers and the need for precautionary measures along the coast.

Systematically Significant Digital Enterprise (SSDE)

The SSDE designation is a key aspect of the Digital Competition Bill, identifying major digital firms based on their market influence and user base. Companies meeting specific financial criteria, such as a turnover of Rs 4,000 crore in India, can be classified as SSDEs. This classification aims to curb anti-competitive practices by imposing strict regulations. The concept has gained attention as it could impact how large tech companies operate in India, ensuring fair competition in the digital market.

Tactical Nuclear Weapons

Tactical nuclear weapons are designed for use on the battlefield, with a lower yield than strategic nuclear weapons. They include air bombs and warheads for short-range missiles. Recently, Russia announced drills simulating their use, marking the first public acknowledgment of such exercises. This was in response to Western military support for Ukraine, denoting rising tensions. Tactical nuclear weapons are seen as a means to deter adversaries without causing widespread destruction.

Taiwan Strait

The Taiwan Strait is a body of water separating Taiwan from mainland China, approximately 130 kilometres wide at its narrowest point. It is a critical geopolitical area, often cited in discussions about Taiwan’s sovereignty and China’s military activities. The strait has been a flashpoint for tensions, especially with China’s military exercises nearby. Recent events, including Lai’s election, have heightened concerns over potential conflict, drawing international attention and calls for peace from various global leaders.

Treaty of Sugauli

The Treaty of Sugauli, signed in 1815-16, ended the Anglo-Nepalese War and resulted in territorial losses for Nepal to the British East India Company. Article 5 of the treaty specifically addressed the jurisdiction over lands east of the Kali River. This treaty is crucial in understanding the historical context of the current border disputes. It was in recent news as both countries seek to resolve their longstanding territorial disagreements diplomatically.

West Nile Virus (WNV)

West Nile Virus is a mosquito-borne flavivirus first isolated in Uganda in 1937. It primarily spreads through Culex mosquitoes, which become infected by feeding on infected birds. While 80% of those infected show no symptoms, severe cases can lead to neurological diseases. The virus gained attention due to outbreaks in the US since 1999, and recently, cases were reported in Kerala, prompting health alerts and mosquito control measures.

Yana Uplands

The Yana Uplands is a mountainous region in northern Yakutia, Russia, known for its unique geological features and ancient permafrost. It is home to the Batagay Mega Slump, which formed after a hillside collapse. The area is for its rich deposits of ancient ice and sediment, providing vital information about Earth’s climatic history. The Yana Uplands have gained attention due to their role in climate change research, particularly regarding the effects of thawing permafrost on global sea levels.

Zettabyte

A zettabyte (ZB) is a unit of digital information equal to one trillion bytes. It is often used to measure data storage and transmission on a global scale. In 2021, global data traffic reached 3.4 ZB, reflecting the exponential growth of internet usage. This term has been in the news as researchers pointed out the environmental costs of such vast data consumption, linking it to carbon emissions and urging for more sustainable digital practices.