Current Affairs Lexicon for UPSC – March 2024

Aceh Province

Aceh is a province on the northern tip of Sumatra, Indonesia, known for its rich culture and history. It gained international attention after the 2004 tsunami, which devastated the region. Recently, Aceh has been in the news due to its role in rescuing Rohingya refugees. In March 2024, Indonesian authorities saved 69 Rohingya from a capsized boat off its coast.

Adélie Penguin

The Adélie penguin is a small, robust species native to Antarctica, known for its distinctive tuxedo-like appearance. They are highly social and often form large colonies. Adélie penguins are indicators of climate change, as their populations are affected by sea ice conditions. Recently, they were in the news due to construction activities at Rothera Research Station, where trained personnel are required to safely relocate them to prevent harm during runway upgrades.

Africa Carbon Markets Initiative (ACMI)

The Africa Carbon Markets Initiative (ACMI) was launched in November 2022 to enhance carbon credit production across Africa. It aims to tap into the continent’s potential for generating carbon credits, which can be sold in global markets to offset emissions. The initiative seeks to create jobs and stimulate economic growth while addressing climate change. It was highlighted in the news as African countries collaborate with ACMI to boost their presence in carbon markets during the COM2024 conference.

Agaléga Islands

Agaléga is a small group of two islands belonging to Mauritius, located about 650 nautical miles north of the main island. With a population of around 300, these islands have been underdeveloped for years, posing challenges for residents in accessing basic needs. Recently, they have been in the news due to a partnership with India for infrastructure development, including a jetty and airstrip, aimed at enhancing local well-being and improving national security.

Ahmadiyya Muslim Community

The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community is a religious group founded in the late 19th century, known for its belief in the messiahship of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad. Ahmadis face persecution in several Muslim-majority countries, including Pakistan, where they are considered non-Muslims. In the UK, they are often targeted by anti-blasphemy activists who view their beliefs as heretical. The recent counter-terrorism report noted that anti-blasphemy activism in the UK is partly driven by hostility towards the Ahmadiyya community, raising concerns about sectarian violence.

AluY Snippets

AluY snippets, also known as jumping genes, are a type of mobile DNA element that can insert themselves into various locations within the genome. They are prevalent in primates and play a role in genetic diversity. The recent research revealed that AluY’s insertion affected the TBXT gene, leading to the loss of tails in humans and apes. This finding was newsworthy as it provides insight into evolutionary processes and genetic mutations that shape species over millions of years.

Anthropocene Epoch

The Anthropocene Epoch is a proposed geological epoch that highlights the impact humans have had on the Earth, particularly since the Industrial Revolution. Coined by Dutch chemist Paul Crutzen in the early 2000s, it suggests that human activities have altered the planet’s geology and ecosystems. The term has sparked debates among scientists regarding its formal recognition, with discussions centring on its start date and implications for understanding human influence on climate change and biodiversity loss.

Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army (ARSA)

The Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army (ARSA) is a militant group formed in 2012, advocating for the rights of the Rohingya people. It gained notoriety in August 2017 when it launched attacks on Myanmar’s security forces, prompting a brutal military response. The group’s actions have been labelled as terrorism by Myanmar, complicating the humanitarian crisis. ARSA has been in the news for its role in escalating violence, which has led to widespread condemnation and calls for accountability from the international community.

Arambai Tenggol

The Arambai Tenggol is a lesser-known Meitei militant group in Manipur. It has gained notoriety for its violent actions, including the abduction and assault of police officers. The group emerged amid ethnic tensions in Manipur, particularly between the Meitei and Kuki-Zo communities. Recently, it was in the news for its alleged involvement in attacks on state officials and its role in the ethnic conflict, raising concerns about law enforcement and state authority in the region.

Article 105(2)

Article 105(2) of the Indian Constitution provides immunity to Members of Parliament (MPs) for actions taken in the course of their legislative duties, including speeches and votes. This article was pivotal in the Supreme Court’s ruling regarding the bribery case linked to the 1993 no-confidence motion. The interpretation of this article sparked debates about the balance between legislative freedom and accountability, making it a focal point in discussions about corruption and the rule of law in India.

Article 142 of the Constitution

Article 142 of the Indian Constitution empowers the Supreme Court to pass any order necessary to do complete justice in any matter before it. This article was invoked in the Chandigarh mayoral election case to ensure that democracy was upheld despite irregularities. It allows the Court to intervene in situations where legal provisions may not adequately address injustices. The article was in the news as it played a crucial role in the Supreme Court’s decision to declare Kuldeep Kumar as Mayor.

Article 19(1)(g)

Article 19(1)(g) of the Indian Constitution guarantees citizens the right to practise any profession, or to carry on any occupation, trade, or business. This fundamental right is subject to reasonable restrictions. Trivia: This article is often cited in legal disputes involving business operations and government regulations. It was highlighted in the Karnataka hookah ban case, where restaurant owners claimed the ban infringed upon their rights to conduct business legally.

Article 200

Article 200 of the Indian Constitution outlines the powers of a Governor regarding Bills passed by state legislatures. It allows the Governor to either assent, withhold assent, or reserve the Bill for the President’s consideration. The ambiguity in the phrase as soon as possible has led to prolonged delays in legislative processes, prompting several states, including Kerala, to challenge these actions in the Supreme Court. This article has become a focal point in discussions about the balance of power between state and central authorities.

Article 239AB

Article 239AB of the Indian Constitution allows for the imposition of President’s Rule in Union Territories when the constitutional machinery fails. This provision is crucial for maintaining governance in such regions. It was last invoked in Delhi in 2014, leading to an important political shift. The article is currently in the news due to discussions about its potential application following the arrest of Delhi’s Chief Minister, raising concerns about democratic integrity and governance in the capital.

Article 324

Article 324 of the Indian Constitution empowers the President to appoint an Election Commission to oversee elections. It mandates the ECI to supervise, direct, and control the entire process of elections in India. This article has been pivotal in discussions about the independence of the ECI, especially following the Supreme Court’s emphasis on a transparent appointment process. The recent legal challenges regarding the selection of Election Commissioners have brought Article 324 back into the spotlight, highlighting its significance in ensuring electoral integrity.

Article 324A

Article 324A of the Indian Constitution pertains to the Election Commission’s powers regarding the conduct of elections. It allows for the establishment of State Election Commissions to oversee local body elections. The Kovind committee has recommended amendments to this article to enable simultaneous elections for panchayats and municipalities. This proposal has gained attention as it could alter the electoral landscape in India, making the election process more efficient and less burdensome for the government and citizens.

Article 82A

Article 82A is a proposed constitutional amendment that aims to establish a framework for conducting simultaneous elections in India. It outlines the process for synchronising Lok Sabha and state Assembly elections, ensuring that all legislative assemblies end their terms concurrently. This article has gained attention as it could fundamentally alter the electoral process in India, making elections more streamlined. The Kovind Committee’s recommendation to introduce this article has sparked discussions on its potential impact on governance and democracy.

Assam Accord of 1985

The Assam Accord was a pivotal agreement signed in 1985 to resolve the Assam Movement, which sought to address illegal immigration. It established March 24, 1971, as the cut-off date for identifying illegal immigrants. The Accord aimed to protect the cultural identity of Assamese people. The recent protests against the CAA have reignited discussions about the Accord, as many believe the CAA contradicts its provisions, leading to widespread unrest and political mobilisations in Assam.

Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC)

The AMOC is a crucial ocean current system that acts like a conveyor belt, transporting warm water from the tropics to the North Atlantic. It plays a vital role in regulating climate, particularly in Europe, by maintaining milder temperatures. Recent studies have raised concerns about its potential collapse due to increased freshwater from melting ice, which could drastically alter global weather patterns. This topic has been in the news due to its implications for climate change and extreme weather events.

Baku

Baku is the capital of Azerbaijan and is known for its rich history and unique architecture, blending ancient and modern styles. It is home to the Flame Towers, which symbolise the city’s oil wealth. Baku hosted the 29th Conference of Parties (COP29) climate summit, making headlines due to its status as a petrostate amidst global discussions on fossil fuel reduction. The city’s historical significance as one of the first oil fields adds complexity to its role in climate negotiations.

Bamiyan Buddhas

The Bamiyan Buddhas were two monumental statues of standing Buddhas carved into the cliffs of the Bamiyan Valley in Afghanistan. They were destroyed by the Taliban in March 2001, sparking international outrage. The incident is often cited as an important example of cultural destruction. The statues, dating back to the 6th century, symbolised the rich history of Buddhism in Afghanistan. Their destruction has been referenced in discussions about religiophobia and the need to protect cultural heritage.

Beijing Declaration

The Beijing Declaration, adopted in 1995, is a landmark policy agenda aimed at advancing women’s rights globally. It emerged from the Fourth World Conference on Women and outlines critical areas for action, including education, health, and violence against women. The declaration is celebrated for its comprehensive approach to gender equality. It is currently in the news as Saudi Arabia assumes the CSW chairmanship in 2024, marking the 30th anniversary of this influential document, raising concerns about the kingdom’s commitment to its principles.

Berne Convention

The Berne Convention, established in 1886, is an international agreement that protects the rights of creators over their literary and artistic works. It stipulates that copyright lasts for the creator’s lifetime plus 70 years. This convention is as it sets a standard for copyright protection globally. Recently, it has been discussed in relation to Italy’s cultural heritage code, as the latter’s perpetual copyright extension challenges the conventional understanding of public domain, sparking legal debates in the art world.

Bhashini Platform

The Bhashini platform is an innovative language translation tool that facilitates communication between farmers and agricultural services in multiple Indian languages. It allows for the generation of customised advisories based on individual farmer data, ensuring accessibility for diverse linguistic groups. Recently, it gained attention due to its integration with the ICCC, enhancing the reach of agricultural advisories and making them more user-friendly for farmers across India, thereby promoting inclusivity in agricultural technology.

BioCNG

BioCNG, or compressed biogas, is a renewable energy source produced from organic materials like cow dung. It contains 55-60% methane and is used as an alternative to fossil fuels. The BioCNG outlet in Gujarat’s Banaskantha district is India’s first to utilise dung for gas production, generating 550-600 kg daily. This innovative approach not only provides fuel but also supports local farmers by purchasing dung, thus enhancing their income. It was in the news for its sustainable energy model and potential replication across India.

Black Carbon

Black carbon is a particulate matter produced from incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and biomass. It contributes to global warming and health issues, including heart disease and respiratory problems. In India, black carbon emissions are primarily from traditional cooking methods, accounting for 47% of total emissions. The issue gained attention due to its severe health impacts and its role in climate change, prompting initiatives like the Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY) to reduce reliance on traditional fuels.

Blue Revolution

The Blue Revolution refers to the growth and development of aquaculture and fisheries in India, aimed at increasing fish production and improving livelihoods. It has transformed India into the third-largest fish producer globally, with aquaculture contributing a substantial portion of this output. The term was in the news due to concerns over environmental impacts and public health risks associated with rapid aquaculture expansion, leading to calls for better regulations and sustainable practices to ensure the long-term viability of the sector.

Body Mass Index (BMI)

Body Mass Index (BMI) is a measurement that assesses body weight relative to height, calculated by dividing a person’s weight in kilograms by the square of their height in metres. It is widely used to classify individuals as underweight, normal weight, overweight, or obese. The World Health Organisation defines obesity as a BMI of 30 or more. The term gained attention in the news as the Lancet study used BMI to illustrate the rising obesity rates in India, particularly among women and children.

Bonobo

The bonobo, also known as the gracile chimpanzee, is a lesser-known great ape native to the Democratic Republic of Congo. Unlike their more famous relatives, bonobos are known for their peaceful social structures and matriarchal societies. They are classified as endangered, with their habitats threatened by climate change and human activities. Recent studies have indicated that bonobos may be particularly vulnerable to climate impacts, making their conservation increasingly urgent, which has drawn media attention to their plight.

Canine Distemper

Canine distemper is a contagious viral disease affecting dogs and some wild animals, leading to severe respiratory, gastrointestinal, and neurological symptoms. It is particularly concerning in areas where free-ranging dogs interact with wildlife, as it can spread rapidly. In India, the presence of stray dogs has been linked to the transmission of this disease, posing a threat to both domestic and wild canids. The issue has been highlighted in discussions about dog ownership policies and their impact on wildlife conservation efforts.

CD4 and CD8 T Cells

CD4 and CD8 T cells are types of white blood cells essential for the immune response. CD4 T cells, or helper T cells, assist in activating other immune cells, while CD8 T cells, or cytotoxic T cells, directly kill infected cells. The study found that Covishield elicited stronger responses from both CD4 and CD8 T cells compared to Covaxin, which only stimulated CD4 responses in seronegative participants. This information is vital for understanding the overall effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines.

Changpa

The Changpa are a nomadic pastoral community in Ladakh, primarily known for herding goats that produce the highly prized pashmina wool. They have a deep connection to the fragile ecosystem of the region, relying on traditional practices for their livelihood. The Changpa were mentioned in the context of Sonam Wangchuk’s movement, as their way of life is threatened by climate change and development projects. Their plight underscores the need for sustainable practices to protect both their culture and the environment.

Chenab Bridge

The Chenab Bridge, located in Jammu and Kashmir, is the world’s highest single-arch railway bridge, standing at 1,178 feet. It surpasses the Eiffel Tower by 35 metres. Integral to the Udhampur-Srinagar-Baramulla Railway Link project, it cost around Rs 14,000 crore. The bridge is designed to endure extreme weather, earthquakes, and high winds, with a lifespan of 120 years. It was in the news due to its recent completion, symbolising India’s engineering prowess and commitment to infrastructure.

China Plus One Strategy

The China Plus One strategy is a business approach where companies diversify their manufacturing bases to reduce reliance on China. This strategy gained traction due to geopolitical tensions and supply chain disruptions. It was in the news as global firms, including Apple, are increasingly looking to India as an alternative manufacturing hub, presenting an important opportunity for India’s economy to grow and attract foreign investment amidst changing global dynamics.

Cocoa Swollen Shoot Virus

The Cocoa Swollen Shoot Virus (CSSV) is a viral disease that severely affects cocoa trees, causing stunted growth and reduced yields. It is transmitted by mealybugs and can devastate entire plantations. In Ghana, CSSV has led to the loss of harvests from nearly 500,000 hectares, impacting farmers’ livelihoods. The Ghana Cocoa Board has recently secured a $200 million World Bank loan to combat this disease, making it a focal point in discussions about cocoa sustainability and farmer support.

Cold Traps

Cold traps are regions on the Moon that have been shielded from sunlight for billions of years, resulting in extremely low temperatures. These areas are ideal for scientific instruments, particularly infra-red telescopes, as they can operate effectively at temperatures below -200°C. Cold traps may also contain water ice, making them valuable for future lunar bases. The concept was in the news as researchers warned that these fragile environments could be threatened by planned lunar missions, highlighting the need for their protection.

Common Krait

The common krait is a highly venomous snake found in South Asia, particularly in India and Sri Lanka. It is known for its neurotoxic venom, which can cause paralysis and respiratory failure. Interestingly, krait bites may not be immediately painful, with symptoms appearing several hours later. This snake is part of the big four snakes responsible for the majority of snakebite fatalities in India. It was in the news due to rising snakebite incidents linked to climate change and habitat loss.

Comoros

Comoros is an archipelago located in the Indian Ocean, between Madagascar and the African coast. It consists of three main islands and is known for its rich biodiversity and unique culture. The country has faced political instability and economic challenges. Comoros was in the news recently as it signed an agreement to accede to the WTO during the 13th Ministerial Conference, marking an important step for its integration into the global trading system and potential economic development.

Complex Organic Molecules (COMs)

Complex Organic Molecules (COMs) are large, carbon-containing molecules that are essential for life. They are found in various environments, including space, and their origins have puzzled scientists for years. The recent findings from the James Webb Space Telescope suggest that COMs may form in the icy regions around protostars. This discovery was newsworthy as it contributes to the ongoing research into the building blocks of life and the processes that lead to the formation of planets.

Compressed Bio-Methane (CBM)

Compressed Bio-Methane (CBM) is a renewable fuel produced from organic waste through anaerobic digestion. It offers a cleaner alternative to traditional fuels, with lower black carbon emissions. Local production of CBM can enhance energy access in rural areas, addressing the challenges faced by PMUY beneficiaries. The concept has gained traction as a sustainable solution to improve cooking fuel availability and reduce health risks associated with indoor air pollution, making headlines as a potential game-changer for rural energy needs.

Constitutional Bench

A Constitutional Bench in India consists of five or more judges of the Supreme Court, tasked with interpreting the Constitution. These benches address legal issues, often involving fundamental rights or constitutional validity. The recent ruling by a five-judge Constitutional Bench regarding electoral bonds has sparked discussions on political funding transparency. This decision is pivotal as it challenges the anonymity of donors, potentially reshaping the landscape of political donations in India.

Coonoor Forest Range

The Coonoor Forest Range is located in the Nilgiris district of Tamil Nadu. It is known for its rich biodiversity and scenic landscapes, making it a popular destination for nature lovers. The region is part of the Western Ghats, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Recently, it was in the news due to severe forest fires that prompted the Indian Air Force to assist in firefighting efforts, highlighting the increasing frequency of such incidents in India.

Coral Bleaching

Coral bleaching occurs when corals lose their symbiotic algae, called zooxanthellae, due to stress from rising sea temperatures. This process turns vibrant corals white and can lead to their starvation. The phenomenon has been increasingly reported, with the fourth global bleaching event declared by NOAA in 2023. Coral reefs are vital for marine biodiversity and coastal protection, making their decline an important environmental concern. The news highlights the urgent need for climate action to protect these ecosystems.

Coral Polyps

Coral polyps are small, sac-like animals that form the building blocks of coral reefs. Each polyp has tentacles surrounding a mouth and can reproduce asexually, creating genetically identical colonies. Over generations, the exoskeletons they shed accumulate, forming large reef structures. Recent studies have explored how the sounds of healthy coral reefs can encourage polyps to settle in degraded areas, offering a potential method for reef restoration. This innovative approach has gained attention as scientists seek solutions to combat coral decline.

Critical Minerals

Critical minerals are essential raw materials vital for various technologies, including renewable energy, electronics, and defence. Unlike rare earths, they lack a universal definition, with countries identifying them based on specific criteria. In 2023 identified 30 critical minerals to support its decarbonisation goals. The topic gained prominence due to the increasing demand for these minerals in clean energy technologies, with projections indicating a fourfold rise in demand by 2040 to meet climate targets.

Crohn’s Disease

Crohn’s disease is a chronic inflammatory bowel condition that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract. It is known for causing severe abdominal pain, diarrhoea, and malnutrition. Interestingly, it can increase the risk of certain cancers, particularly colorectal cancer, due to long-term inflammation. Crohn’s disease affects approximately 1 in 1,000 people in the UK. It was in the news as Kate Middleton has this condition, which may have contributed to her recent cancer diagnosis.

Dachigam National Park

Dachigam National Park, located near Srinagar, is a protected area known for its diverse wildlife, particularly the hangul. Spanning 141 square kilometres, it was established in 1981 to conserve the hangul and its habitat. The park was temporarily closed to visitors during the rutting season to minimise disturbances. It has faced challenges from human encroachment and climate change, but conservation efforts, including habitat protection and captive breeding, are underway to support the hangul population.

DART (Double Asteroid Redirection Test)

DART is NASA’s pioneering mission aimed at testing asteroid deflection techniques. Launched in November 2021, it collided with Dimorphos on September 26, 2022, at approximately 14,000 mph. This mission was the first of its kind to demonstrate that a spacecraft could change an asteroid’s trajectory through kinetic impact. The success of DART has sparked discussions about future planetary defence strategies, highlighting the importance of preparing for potential asteroid threats to Earth.

Denisovans

Denisovans are an extinct group of hominins known primarily from DNA evidence found in the Denisova Cave in Siberia. They lived over 100,000 years ago and are believed to have interbred with modern humans. Their DNA has been linked to traits in modern populations, such as high-altitude adaptation in Tibetans. Recent studies suggest they may have played an important role in human evolution. They were in the news due to new findings linking them to the Homo longi species.

Desert National Park (DNP)

Desert National Park, located in Rajasthan, is one of the largest national parks in the country, covering over 3,000 square kilometres. It is home to diverse wildlife, including the Great Indian Bustard, and features unique desert ecosystems. The park faces threats from habitat loss and infrastructure development, particularly from power lines. Recent discussions have focused on balancing renewable energy projects with wildlife conservation, making DNP a focal point in the GIB’s survival efforts.

Deshavari Paan

Deshavari paan is a specific variety of betel leaf cultivated primarily in the Mahoba district of India. Known for its unique flavour and quality, it is highly valued in local markets. The recent cold wave and frost have severely damaged this crop, leading to financial losses for farmers. The situation has raised concerns about the future of Deshavari paan cultivation, as many farmers contemplate abandoning it due to the increasing unpredictability of weather patterns.

Dimorphos

Dimorphos is a moonlet orbiting the near-Earth asteroid Didymos. It gained attention after NASA’s DART mission, which successfully altered its trajectory by crashing a spacecraft into it at high speed. This impact not only changed Dimorphos’ orbit but also its shape, transforming it from a plump ball to a more watermelon-like form. The event showcased humanity’s ability to potentially redirect asteroids that could threaten Earth, marking an important milestone in planetary defence.

Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Island

Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Island, formerly known as Wheeler Island, is located off the coast of Odisha. It serves as a key site for missile testing and is named after the former President of India and renowned scientist, Dr APJ Abdul Kalam. The island hosts India’s integrated missile test range, where various missile systems, including the Agni series, are tested. It was in the news recently as the launch site for the Agni-5 missile test, showcasing India’s growing missile capabilities.

Dr Tessy Thomas

Dr Tessy Thomas, known as the Missile Woman of India, is a prominent scientist who played a key role in the development of the Agni missile series. She was the first woman to head a missile project in India and has been instrumental in advancing India’s missile technology. Her leadership in the Agni project has garnered recognition, and her recent involvement in the Agni-5 test highlights the contributions of women in India’s defence sector, inspiring future generations in STEM fields.

Ezhavas

The Ezhavas are a historically marginalised community in Kerala, primarily known for their contributions to social reform and education. They emerged as one of the most educated and organised untouchable communities in Travancore by the early 20th century. The Ezhavas played a crucial role in the Vaikom Satyagraha, advocating for their rights and challenging caste-based discrimination. Their struggle has been highlighted in recent discussions about social justice and the ongoing impact of caste in contemporary India.

Feminisation of Ageing

The term feminisation of ageing refers to the phenomenon where women outlive men, leading to a higher population of older women. This trend is as it raises concerns about the economic and social vulnerabilities faced by elderly women, who often lack financial independence. The concept was highlighted in recent discussions about gender inequality and elder care in India, as the increasing life expectancy of women necessitates urgent attention to their specific needs and rights in society.

Five-Eyes Alliance

The Five-Eyes Alliance is an intelligence-sharing network comprising Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the UK, and the US. Established during World War II, it focuses on global surveillance and intelligence cooperation. Each member shares intelligence on various security issues, including terrorism and cyber threats. Recently, it was in the news due to Canada sharing intelligence regarding the Nijjar killing, raising questions about the alliance’s role in international relations and security matters.

Gangetic River Dolphin

The Gangetic river dolphin is India’s national aquatic animal and is classified as endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. It is one of only four freshwater dolphin species globally. These dolphins are unique as they are blind and use echolocation to navigate and hunt in the Ganga river. Bihar is home to about 50% of the world’s population, estimated at 3,000. The establishment of the National Dolphin Research Centre aims to enhance conservation efforts for this species.

Golden Langur

The golden langur (Trachypithecus geei) is an endangered primate native to India and Bhutan, known for its striking golden fur. It primarily inhabits the forests of Assam, particularly the Manas Biosphere Reserve. Recent surveys estimated their population at 7,396 individuals, an important increase from 6,000 in 2008-09. The species is threatened by habitat fragmentation and human activities. The news highlighted conservation efforts and the need for habitat corridors to protect these unique primates.

Great Ethiopian Renaissance Dam

The Great Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) is a massive hydroelectric project on the Blue Nile River, currently under construction. Once completed, it will be Africa’s largest dam, with a capacity of 6GW. The GERD has sparked tensions between Ethiopia, Sudan, and Egypt over water rights and resource management. Its construction is crucial for Ethiopia’s energy needs, but concerns about its impact on downstream countries have made it a focal point in regional discussions about water sharing and climate resilience.

Great Indian Bustard (GIB)

The Great Indian Bustard is a large bird native to India, classified as ‘Critically Endangered’ by the IUCN. With fewer than 200 individuals left, they primarily inhabit Rajasthan and Gujarat. The GIB is threatened mainly by overhead power lines, which they cannot see well, leading to fatal collisions. The Supreme Court’s recent actions aim to protect this species while balancing renewable energy development, highlighting the urgent need for conservation efforts to prevent its extinction.

Great Potato Famine

The Great Potato Famine, also known as the Irish Famine, occurred between 1845 and 1852, leading to the death of approximately 1 million people and the emigration of another million. The famine was caused by a potato blight that devastated crops, exacerbated by British government policies that failed to provide adequate relief. This historical event is in shaping Irish identity and has fostered empathy towards other oppressed peoples, including Palestinians, as highlighted in recent political discourse.

Green Climate Fund

The Green Climate Fund (GCF) was established to assist developing countries in combating climate change by providing financial support. It aims to mobilise $100 billion annually from developed nations, a commitment made during COP15 in 2009. However, as of now has received only $165 million from this fund. The GCF has been in the news due to ongoing discussions about climate finance equity and the need for developed nations to fulfil their financial obligations to support developing countries.

Green Hydrogen

Green hydrogen is produced through the electrolysis of water, using renewable energy sources. Unlike grey hydrogen, which is derived from fossil fuels, green hydrogen emits no carbon during production. It is gaining attention as a cleaner alternative in industries like steelmaking, where it can replace carbon-intensive fuels. Recently, it was in the news due to various companies, including Tata Steel and Jindal Stainless, launching projects to integrate green hydrogen into their production processes, aiming to reduce carbon emissions .

Greenshoe Option

The greenshoe option is a provision that allows issuers to sell more shares than initially planned, typically up to 15% more. This option helps stabilise the stock price post-IPO by allowing underwriters to buy additional shares if demand exceeds expectations. It was in the news recently as companies increasingly utilise this feature to manage volatility and investor interest during bond issuances, particularly in the context of the growing corporate bond market in India.

Guano Islands

The Guano Islands, located off the coast of Peru, were once the centre of intense resource wars in the late 1800s due to their rich deposits of bird droppings, known as white gold. This natural fertiliser became a valuable commodity, leading to conflicts between Spain and its former colonies. Frank Herbert found inspiration in these islands for the spice in Dune, which serves as a metaphor for resource exploitation. The islands have resurfaced in news as discussions about environmental sustainability and resource management grow more urgent.

Guinea Worm Disease

Guinea worm disease is caused by the parasite Dracunculus medinensis, which is transmitted through contaminated water. It was once prevalent in 21 countries with 3.5 million cases in 1986, but by 2023, cases dropped to just 13. This disease is notable for being the first to be eradicated without vaccines or medicines. It has been in the news due to the Carter Center’s efforts, highlighting the potential for disease elimination as a public health strategy.

Gujarat Sultanate

The Gujarat Sultanate was a Muslim state that ruled parts of western India from the 15th to the 16th centuries. It was known for its rich trade, particularly in textiles and spices. Trivia: The Sultanate was defeated by Mughal Emperor Akbar in 1573, leading to Mughal control over the region. The port city of Surat became a crucial trading hub for the British East India Company. Its historical significance was recently highlighted in discussions about Aurangzeb’s early life and political comparisons.

Gulaal Gota

Gulaal Gota is a traditional Holi item from Jaipur, made of lac and filled with coloured powder. Weighing about 20 grams, these small balls are thrown during the festival, bursting on impact. The craft of making Gulaal Gotas is unique to the Manihaar community, who have been creating them for over 400 years. Recently, they have gained attention due to efforts for a Geographical Indication (GI) tag to protect this cultural heritage and boost local artisans.

Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park (GOMMNP)

The Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park, established in 1986, encompasses 21 uninhabited islands off the southeast coast of India. It is renowned for its rich biodiversity, including various coral species and marine life. The park plays a crucial role in supporting local fisherfolk’s livelihoods. Recently, it was in the news due to alarming reports of coral cover decline, with studies revealing a drop from 37% in 2005 to 27.3% in 2021, primarily due to climate change.

Hadza Hunter-Gatherers

The Hadza are an indigenous group in Tanzania, known for their traditional hunter-gatherer lifestyle. They consume a high-fibre diet, averaging 80 to 150 grammes of fibre daily, which supports a diverse gut microbiome. This contrasts sharply with industrialised populations, who consume less fibre. The Hadza were in the news as a key comparison group in a study examining the impact of diet on gut bacteria, highlighting how modern diets may contribute to declining gut health.

Hangul

The hangul, or Kashmir stag, is a critically endangered deer species native to the Kashmir Valley. It is the state animal of Jammu and Kashmir and has a unique antler structure with 11 to 16 points. Historically, its population plummeted due to habitat loss and conflict, dropping from 2,000 in 1947 to just 183 in 2015. Recently, it was in the news for experiencing a healthy mating season, with numbers expected to exceed 300, marking an important recovery.

Homo longi

Homo longi, also known as Dragon Man, is a recently identified species based on a nearly complete skull found in Harbin, China. Dating back at least 150,000 years, it features a large braincase and distinct facial characteristics. Researchers propose that Denisovans may belong to this species, suggesting a closer evolutionary relationship. The discovery has sparked interest in understanding human evolution and was highlighted in the news for its potential implications on our ancestry.

IceCube Neutrino Observatory

The IceCube Neutrino Observatory is located at the South Pole and is the world’s largest neutrino detector, built to study elusive subatomic particles called neutrinos. It consists of over 5,000 sensors buried in a cubic kilometre of ice, detecting neutrinos that rarely interact with matter. IceCube has made discoveries, including identifying tau neutrinos with over 99.999999% confidence. It was in the news for its groundbreaking findings, enhancing our understanding of cosmic events and fundamental physics.

Indian Laurel Tree (Terminalia tomentosa)

The Indian laurel tree, scientifically known as Terminalia tomentosa, is notable for its ability to store water, especially during summer months. This tree is also referred to as Indian Silver Oak and is valued for its timber. The bark of this tree has a strong smell and sour taste when cut, which is an adaptation to survive in arid conditions. It gained attention recently when forest officials confirmed its water-storing properties, showcasing the significance of traditional ecological knowledge.

Indian Ocean Observation Station

The Indian Ocean Observation Station was a proposed joint project between China and the Maldives, aimed at monitoring oceanic conditions. This initiative, announced in 2017, sparked concern in India regarding national security and regional dominance. Trivia: Although the project has been stalled, it exemplifies China’s strategic ambitions in the Indian Ocean. The recent defence agreement between China and the Maldives has reignited discussions about the potential for military intelligence gathering in the region, further straining India-Maldives relations.

Indo-Pacific Warm Pool

The Indo-Pacific Warm Pool is a vast area of warm ocean water located in the western Pacific and eastern Indian Oceans, with temperatures consistently above 28°C. This region plays a vital role in global weather patterns, acting as a heat engine that influences atmospheric circulation. It has been in the news due to its impact on climate phenomena like El Niño, which affects monsoon patterns and can lead to extreme weather events in the Indian subcontinent.

Indopria

Indopria is a newly discovered genus of parasitoid wasp, named to reflect its Indian origins. The species, Indopria angulata, features unique wing morphology adapted for aquatic habitats. This discovery is as it marks the first new genus of Diapriini wasps in nearly two decades. It was in the news due to its unveiling during India’s 75th Independence Day celebrations, symbolising national pride and scientific achievement. The research highlights the ecological importance of these wasps in controlling pest populations.

INFAAR

The Indian Network for Fishery and Animal Antimicrobial Resistance (INFAAR) is a collaborative initiative aimed at monitoring antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in India’s fisheries and livestock sectors. Established under the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), it includes 20 laboratories. The network’s first report, published in 2023, highlighted alarming resistance trends, particularly in Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli. This report is crucial for shaping policies to combat AMR, which poses an important threat to public health.

Inorganic Arsenic (iAs)

Inorganic arsenic is a toxic form of arsenic found in water and food, particularly rice. It is classified as a Group 1 carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, meaning it is known to cause cancer in humans. Prolonged exposure can lead to serious health issues, including diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. The recent study highlighted the dangers of cooking rice with arsenic-contaminated water, raising awareness about food safety and public health regulations.

INS Jatayu

INS Jatayu is a new naval base being commissioned by the Indian Navy in the Minicoy Islands, Lakshadweep, on March 6. Named after a mythical eagle from Hindu lore, it serves as a strategic forward operating base in the Arabian Sea. This base aims to enhance India’s maritime security against threats like Somali pirates and Houthi militants. It was in the news due to its role in bolstering India’s military presence in a geopolitically sensitive region.

Intangible Cultural Heritage

Intangible Cultural Heritage refers to practices, representations, expressions, and knowledge that communities recognise as part of their cultural heritage. In March 2024, Berlin’s techno culture was inscribed on Germany’s national Registry of Intangible Cultural Heritage, acknowledging its significance in shaping the city’s identity. This designation allows clubs to access government support, crucial for their survival amid rising rents and the impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic, ensuring the continuation of this vibrant cultural phenomenon.

International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA)

The International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA) is a newly established coalition aimed at conserving seven species of big cats, including tigers and leopards. Launched in April 2023 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, it commemorates the 50th anniversary of Project Tiger. The IBCA is headquartered in India and involves 96 countries. It was in the news due to the Union Cabinet’s announcement of a budget of Rs 150 crore to support its initiatives until 2028.

K9 Vajra Howitzer

The K9 Vajra is a self-propelled howitzer developed by South Korea’s Hanwha Defense. It is known for its advanced firepower, mobility, and automation, making it an important asset for modern armies. India has procured these howitzers to strengthen its artillery capabilities. The K9 Vajra was highlighted in the news as part of India’s defence procurement strategy, showcasing the growing military ties between India and South Korea amid regional security concerns.

Kalaripayattu

Kalaripayattu is an ancient Indian martial art originating from Kerala, known for its dynamic movements and weaponry techniques. It is one of the oldest fighting systems in existence, dating back over 3,000 years. Recently, Kalaripayattu has gained recognition as part of the Khelo India initiative, which aims to promote indigenous sports. The inclusion of Kalaripayattu in national events highlights the government’s effort to preserve and popularise traditional sports, making it a topic of interest in discussions about cultural heritage and sports development in India.

Kalat

Kalat is a historical princely state in Balochistan, once ruled by the Khan of Kalat. It played a crucial role during the partition of India in 1947, as its chief, Ahmed Yar Khan, sought independence rather than joining Pakistan. The British initially supported his stance, but political pressures led to Kalat’s forced accession to Pakistan in 1948. This event sparked ongoing insurgencies and has been pivotal in shaping Baloch nationalism, making Kalat a symbol of resistance against perceived oppression.

Kigali Amendment

The Kigali Amendment, adopted in 2016, is an extension of the Montreal Protocol aimed at phasing down HFCs globally. It seeks to reduce HFC consumption by 80% by 2047, addressing their contribution to climate change. Over 150 countries have committed to this amendment, recognising the urgent need to combat global warming. This amendment was highlighted in the news due to its relevance in the context of the illegal smuggling of HFCs by Michael Hart.

Kihoto Hollohan Case

The Kihoto Hollohan v Zachillhu case, decided by the Supreme Court in 1992, is for its ruling on the disqualification of lawmakers. The court struck down a part of the law that was not ratified by the states, reinforcing the importance of state consent in certain constitutional amendments. This case is often cited in discussions about the limits of parliamentary power and the necessity of state involvement in federal matters, especially in light of the recent proposals for simultaneous elections.

Killer Whales

Killer whales, or orcas, are highly intelligent marine mammals known for their striking black and white coloration. They are the largest members of the dolphin family and can live up to 90 years. Interestingly, female killer whales experience menopause, a rare trait among mammals, allowing them to support their offspring and grandchildren. This phenomenon was in the news due to recent research highlighting the evolutionary advantages of menopause in killer whales, shedding light on their social structures and survival strategies.

Kocharab Ashram

Kocharab Ashram, established in 1915, was the first ashram founded by Mahatma Gandhi in India. It was a rented space, not designed according to Gandhi’s vision. The ashram served as a base for his early activities in India, including the Champaran Satyagraha. Recently, it was redeveloped as part of a larger project to restore Gandhi’s legacy. The news highlighted its historical significance and the ongoing efforts to preserve Gandhi’s ideals in modern India.

Konda Reddi Tribe

The Konda Reddi tribe is a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group in India, residing in the Papikonda hill range of Andhra Pradesh. They possess unique indigenous knowledge about local flora and fauna, particularly their understanding of the Indian laurel tree’s water-storing capabilities. This tribe has been in the news for sharing their traditional ecological wisdom with forest authorities, which led to an important discovery about the tree’s ability to store water during dry seasons, highlighting the importance of indigenous knowledge in conservation.

Kos Minar

Kos Minars are medieval milestones erected by Afghan ruler Sher Shah Suri and later by Mughal emperors. They were placed along major highways to mark distances, with each Kos equating to approximately 3 kilometres. Standing around 30 feet tall, these pillars were crucial for communication and travel across the vast Mughal Empire. Recently, the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) announced the delisting of some Kos Minars due to their untraceable status, highlighting concerns over heritage preservation.

Krishna Raja Sagara Reservoir

The Krishna Raja Sagara (KRS) Reservoir, built in 1932, is located in Mandya district and is one of the largest reservoirs in Karnataka. It stores water from the Cauvery River and is crucial for irrigation and drinking water supply. The reservoir has been in the news as it supplies 34 TMC of water to Bengaluru. The BWSSB’s recent measures to manage water supply are partly due to the reservoir’s current capacity and the ongoing water scarcity in the city.

Kulasekarapattinam

Kulasekarapattinam is a coastal town in Tamil Nadu, known for its strategic location for space launches. It is the site of ISRO’s second rocket launchport, which will facilitate small satellite launches. The town’s geographical advantage allows for a direct southward launch trajectory, saving fuel and enhancing payload capacities. Recently, it was in the news due to the foundation stone laying ceremony by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, marking an important step in India’s expanding space capabilities.

Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework

The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework is an international agreement aimed at halting biodiversity loss. Adopted in 2022, it sets ambitious targets, including increasing protected areas to 30% of the Earth’s terrestrial area by 2030. This framework has been in the news as it raises concerns about its implications for indigenous communities, particularly in India, where experts argue that such measures could exacerbate existing challenges faced by these populations in maintaining their land and culture.

Kuttanad

Kuttanad is a low-lying region in Kerala, famous for its paddy cultivation below sea level. It is part of the Vembanad wetland system and was designated a Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System by the FAO. The area is renowned for its picturesque backwaters and unique farming practices. Recently, Kuttanad has been in the news due to severe water shortages and the impact of climate change, leading to droughts and agricultural challenges for local farmers.

Kutupalong Camp

Kutupalong Camp, located in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh, is the world’s largest refugee camp, housing over a million Rohingya refugees. Established in 1991, it has expanded due to the influx of refugees fleeing violence in Myanmar. The camp faces dire conditions, including overcrowding, inadequate sanitation, and vulnerability to natural disasters. It has been in the news for its humanitarian crisis, especially during monsoon seasons, highlighting the urgent need for international aid and support for the refugees.

Kuznets-Lewis Model

The Kuznets-Lewis model is an economic theory that explains the transition of labour from agriculture to higher productivity jobs in industry. Proposed by economists Simon Kuznets and Arthur Lewis, it suggests that as economies develop, rural workers migrate to urban areas for better opportunities. However, the recent India Employment Report indicates that this model has not been realised in India post-2019, with a reversal in job quality and productivity, making it a focal point in discussions about economic development.

Lachit Borphukan

Lachit Borphukan was a 17th-century general of the Ahom Kingdom in Assam, celebrated for his leadership during the Battle of Saraighat in 1671 against the Mughal Empire. He is a symbol of Assamese pride and resistance. His legacy is commemorated in Assam, with a statue unveiled by Prime Minister Modi during his visit. Borphukan’s story is in Assamese history, representing bravery and the fight for sovereignty, making him a focal point in current protests against the CAA.

Lakshadweep Islands

The Lakshadweep Islands, meaning ‘a hundred thousand islands’ in Sanskrit, comprise 36 islands in the Arabian Sea, with only 11 inhabited. They cover a mere 32 square kilometres and are strategically located between India and the Maldives. The islands are known for their unique coral reefs and biodiversity. Recently, they gained attention due to the commissioning of INS Jatayu, highlighting their importance in India’s maritime security strategy and the need to protect their fragile ecology.

Leaf Area Index (LAI)

Leaf Area Index (LAI) is a crucial ecological measure that quantifies the total leaf area of vegetation in a given area, influencing photosynthesis and carbon absorption. It is vital for understanding forest health and productivity. Recent research indicated that while India’s LAI increased by 18.51% from 2001 to 2019, this did not translate into higher CO2 absorption due to warming constraints. This paradox has sparked discussions in scientific circles about forest management and climate strategies, making it a topic of interest in environmental studies.

Lingayats

Lingayats are a religious community primarily found in Karnataka, with roots tracing back to the 12th century AD during the time of Jagadguru Basavanna. They are known for their distinct beliefs and practices, which include a strong emphasis on devotion to Lord Shiva. Historically, they have been influential in Karnataka’s politics and social structure. Recently, they were in the news due to a caste census report that reduced their estimated population, causing unrest within the community.

Lion-Tailed Macaque (LTM)

The lion-tailed macaque is a critically endangered primate native to the Western Ghats of India. Known for its distinctive mane and social behaviour, it plays a crucial role in the ecosystem as a seed disperser. The Sharavathi Valley is home to over 32 distinct groups of LTMs, making it vital for their conservation. The recent controversy surrounding the pumped storage project threatens their habitat, prompting environmentalists to voice concerns about the potential destruction of over 150 hectares of forest.

Los Angeles Declaration on Migration and Protection

The Los Angeles Declaration on Migration and Protection is a regional agreement established in May 2022 to enhance cooperation on migration issues in the Americas. It aims to improve the management of migration flows and provide legal pathways for migrants. The declaration has been in the news as it attempts to address the increasing number of migrants using dangerous routes like the Darien Gap. However, its limitations, such as requiring official documents, have raised concerns about its effectiveness for many vulnerable migrants.

Loss and Damage Fund

The Loss and Damage Fund was established at COP27 in Egypt to provide financial support to countries most affected by climate change. It aims to address the impacts of climate-related disasters, particularly in developing nations. The fund is intended to help vulnerable countries recover from climate-induced losses. It was in the news as African ministers discussed the need for this fund to support their transition to sustainable economies during the recent COM2024 conference in Zimbabwe.

Low-Carbon Action Plan (LCAP)

The Low-Carbon Action Plan (LCAP) is a strategic framework aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions in Bihar’s waste and wastewater sectors. It is the first of its kind in India, showcasing Bihar’s commitment to achieving net-zero emissions by 2070. The plan includes future emission reduction scenarios and aims for 100% treatment efficiency of wastewater by 2070. It was in the news due to its potential to transform waste management and mitigate climate change impacts in the state.

Lucy (Australopithecus afarensis)

Lucy is a 3.2-million-year-old hominid skeleton discovered in Ethiopia’s Afar region in 1974. This remarkable find is one of the oldest and most complete hominid fossils ever unearthed, providing crucial insights into human evolution. Lucy’s discovery has shaped our understanding of early human ancestors and their development. The find was in the news as it continues to attract attention in discussions about human origins and evolutionary biology, highlighting Ethiopia’s importance in the study of anthropology.

Lymphatic Filariasis

Lymphatic filariasis is a parasitic disease caused by filarial worms, leading to severe swelling and disability. India accounts for 40% of the global cases, with efforts to eliminate it initiated by the World Health Assembly in 1997. The disease is transmitted by mosquitoes and can be controlled through drug administration and vector management. It has been in the news as part of India’s commitment to eliminate neglected tropical diseases, reflecting the ongoing global health challenges and initiatives.

M23 Rebels

The March 23 Movement, or M23, is a rebel group in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, formed in 2012. It emerged from the National Congress for the Defence of the People (CNDP) after accusations that the Congolese government failed to integrate Tutsis into the army. M23 has been involved in conflicts, including the capture of Goma in 2012. Recently, it has escalated attacks, leading to increased humanitarian crises and international condemnation, particularly from the U.S. and France.

Manihaar Community

The Manihaar community, primarily Muslim artisans in Jaipur, specialise in making Gulaal Gotas and lac bangles. Their ancestors, who migrated from Afghanistan, learned lac-making from local Hindu artisans. This community has a rich history, with a dedicated market lane named Manihaaron ka Raasta in Jaipur. They have been in the news for their unique craftsmanship and the challenges they face, including competition from cheaper, chemical-based products that threaten their traditional practices.

Marine Heat Waves (MHWs)

Marine Heat Waves (MHWs) are periods when sea surface temperatures rise above average for extended durations. They can lead to severe ecological consequences, including coral bleaching and disruptions in marine food webs. MHWs have doubled in frequency from 1982 to 2016, according to the UN’s IPCC. They were highlighted in the news due to their increasing intensity and frequency, raising concerns about their impact on marine life and coastal communities amid climate change.

Matua Community

The Matua community is a Scheduled Caste group primarily found in West Bengal. They migrated from Bangladesh, especially after the 1971 war. The community has an important historical and cultural background, with roots in the Matua sect founded by Harichand Thakur. Recently, they have been in the news due to concerns over their citizenship status under the Citizenship (Amendment) Act (CAA), as many fear rejection of their applications could lead to detention.

Mekong Delta

The Mekong Delta is a vast region in southern Vietnam, known for its intricate waterways and rich biodiversity. It is a crucial agricultural area, particularly for rice production. The delta has been in the news due to its vulnerability to climate change and environmental degradation. Additionally, it is close to reported outbreaks of H5N1 bird flu, raising alarms about the potential impact on both local wildlife and human populations reliant on the region’s resources.

Melanochlamys droupadi

Melanochlamys droupadi is a newly discovered marine species of head-shield sea slug, named after India’s President Droupadi Murmu. This species is unique to the coasts of West Bengal and Odisha, measuring up to 7 mm in length and featuring a distinctive ruby red spot. It is hermaphroditic and typically found in intertidal zones. The discovery highlights the biodiversity of the region and was in the news due to its significance in marine biology and conservation efforts.

MELLODDY Project

The MELLODDY Project is a collaborative initiative involving the EU Innovative Medicines Initiative and several pharmaceutical companies. Launched to improve predictive models in drug discovery, it employs federated learning and blockchain technology to securely share data while protecting trade secrets. This project is as it aims to enhance the efficiency of drug development processes. It has been in the news for its innovative approach to data sharing in the pharmaceutical industry, addressing challenges in collaboration.

Mendha Village

Mendha is a village in Gadchiroli district, Maharashtra, known for its unique community-driven governance. It is home to around 500 Gond Adivasis who have collectively surrendered their land for community management, making it the first village in India to secure community forest rights. The village’s struggle for self-rule culminated in October 2023 when it was officially recognised as a Gram Panchayat. This news highlights the importance of community rights and sustainable land management in India.

Mesaharati

The mesaharati is a traditional figure in Muslim communities, particularly in Egypt, who wakes people for the pre-dawn meal (suhoor) during Ramadan. This role involves walking through neighbourhoods, often beating a drum and calling out names to rouse the faithful. The mesaharati’s practice is a cherished cultural custom, adding to the festive atmosphere of Ramadan. Recently, there has been a renewed interest in this tradition as communities seek to preserve cultural practices amidst modern changes.

Microplastics

Microplastics are tiny plastic particles less than 5mm in size, originating from larger plastic waste or manufactured products. They have been found in various environments, including oceans and human tissues. Recent studies, including one from the University of New Mexico, detected microplastics in all analysed human placentas, raising concerns about their potential health impacts on both mothers and fetuses. This alarming discovery has sparked discussions about plastic pollution and its effects on human health.

Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) Category

The Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) category is a new classification introduced in the U.S. census to better represent individuals from these regions. Previously, people from MENA countries were often classified as white, which did not accurately reflect their identities. This change aims to acknowledge the unique cultural and ethnic backgrounds of approximately 3.5 million residents. The MENA category was in the news due to its inclusion in the recent revisions to race and ethnicity classifications by the U.S. government.

Middle-Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC)

Middle-Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) is a measurement used to assess malnutrition, particularly in children. It involves measuring the circumference of the upper arm to determine nutritional status. A MUAC below a certain threshold indicates acute malnutrition. This method is quick and effective, especially in emergencies. MUAC was mentioned in the context of the IPC’s data collection methods, which are vital for monitoring malnutrition levels in crisis areas like Gaza, where food insecurity is escalating.

MIRV Technology

MIRV stands for Multiple Independently Targetable Re-entry Vehicle. This technology allows a single missile to carry multiple warheads, each capable of hitting different targets. Developed in the 1960s, it was first used by the US and the Soviet Union in the 1970s. MIRV technology enhances a missile’s effectiveness by complicating interception efforts, as multiple warheads can confuse missile defence systems. It was in the news due to India’s recent successful test of the Agni-5 missile equipped with this technology.

Mishmi Hills

The Mishmi Hills are located in Arunachal Pradesh, and are known for their rich biodiversity and unique ecosystems. This region is home to various endemic species and is part of the Eastern Himalayas, a biodiversity hotspot. The hills are also culturally , inhabited by the Mishmi tribe, who have a rich heritage. The area was in the news due to the recent discovery of the Begonia Narahari plant, showcasing the unexplored flora of the region.

Mivan Technology

Mivan technology is an advanced construction method that utilises monolithic concrete for faster building processes, particularly in high-rise structures. It allows for quicker assembly compared to traditional masonry, making it popular among developers. However, Mivan has raised sustainability concerns due to its high embodied energy, which is 75 times greater than that of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) blocks. This technology was highlighted in discussions about sustainable construction practices in India, as the country seeks to balance speed with environmental responsibility.

Moga Declaration

The Moga Declaration, made in February 1996 by Parkash Singh Badal, marked a pivotal moment for the SAD. It transformed the party’s focus from solely representing the Sikh community to advocating for broader Punjabi interests. This declaration aimed to foster unity and address the socio-political issues in Punjab following a decade of militancy. The declaration is as it laid the groundwork for the SAD-BJP alliance, which has been a topic of discussion in light of recent political developments in the state.

Monsoon Core Zone (MCZ)

The Monsoon Core Zone (MCZ) is a crucial region in central India, stretching from Gujarat to West Bengal, where the southwest monsoon impacts agriculture. This area receives about 70% of India’s annual rainfall, making it vital for Kharif crops. The MCZ was highlighted in the news as scientists focus on understanding its rainfall patterns, which are essential for food security in India. Accurate data from this zone can lead to better agricultural outcomes and climate resilience.

Moyar Valley

Moyar Valley is an important ecological area in Southern India, known for its rich biodiversity, particularly its vulture population. It is located within the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, which is home to various endangered species. The valley has been a focal point for vulture conservation efforts, especially highlighted during the Synchronised Vulture Survey 2024, which reported an increase in vulture numbers. The valley’s unique ecosystem supports both resident and migratory birds, making it crucial for conservation.

Mycoremediation

Mycoremediation is a bioremediation technique that utilises fungi to break down and remove pollutants from the environment. Fungi can digest harmful substances like petroleum and heavy metals, effectively cleaning contaminated soil and water. This emerging field has been highlighted in news for its potential to combat pollution and climate change, with projects worldwide demonstrating fungi’s ability to improve air quality and restore ecosystems. Researchers are optimistic about its expanding applications in environmental restoration.

National Data Governance Framework (NPD Framework)

The NPD Framework is India’s first policy aimed at regulating Non-Personal Data (NPD). It seeks to create a structured approach for the use and sharing of NPD, which can enhance public services. Despite its significance, the framework has been critiqued for lacking enforceable regulations and actionable guidelines. It was in the news due to its potential to transform data governance in India, especially in light of increasing digitisation and the need for effective data management.

National Disaster Response Fund (NDRF)

The NDRF is a fund established by the Indian government to provide financial assistance for disaster management. It was created under the Disaster Management Act of 2005, allowing states to receive aid for natural disasters. The Karnataka government recently sought Rs 18,171 crore from the NDRF due to severe drought conditions. The fund was in the news as the state faced delays in receiving its claims, prompting legal action against the Union government for timely relief.

National Dolphin Research Centre (NDRC)

Inaugurated on March 4, 2024, the NDRC is India’s first dedicated facility for researching the Gangetic river dolphin. Located in Patna, it spans 4,400 square metres and aims to study various aspects of dolphin behaviour and ecology. The centre also plans to train local fishermen on conservation practices. The project, proposed over a decade ago, faced delays but is now operational, marking an important step in dolphin conservation efforts in India, especially in Bihar.

National Green Hydrogen Mission (NGHM)

The National Green Hydrogen Mission (NGHM) was approved by the Indian Union Cabinet in January 2023, with an initial budget of ₹19,744 crore. The mission aims to enhance green hydrogen production and develop associated renewable energy capacities. It plans to achieve a production capacity of at least 5 million tonnes per annum by 2030. The mission was highlighted in the news as part of India’s broader strategy to meet net-zero emissions targets by 2070.

Nattuthodu

Nattuthodu is a canal in the Kuttanad region of Kerala, known for its unique ecosystem and agricultural significance. The canal is currently facing severe pollution and water hyacinth infestation, making the water unfit for consumption. Despite being surrounded by water, residents like P. Shantha struggle to access clean drinking water. Nattuthodu has been in the news due to the ongoing water crisis in Kuttanad, exacerbated by climate change and poor waste management practices.

Nechiphu Tunnel

The Nechiphu Tunnel, measuring 500 metres, is another infrastructure project completed by the BRO on the Balipara-Chariduar-Tawang Road. It became operational in 2022 and serves as a vital link for both military and civilian traffic in Arunachal Pradesh. The tunnel enhances safety by providing an alternative route through challenging terrain. It was mentioned in the news alongside the Sela Tunnel, highlighting the ongoing efforts to improve connectivity in strategically important border regions.

Netravati River

The Netravati River is an important waterway in Karnataka, flowing through Mangaluru and into the Arabian Sea. It is vital for local ecosystems and communities, providing water for agriculture and drinking. The river is also known for its rich biodiversity, including mangroves and various aquatic species. Recently, it was in the news due to concerns over the Netravati Waterfront Promenade Development Project, which threatens its ecological balance and the livelihoods of local residents.

New Collective Quantitative Goal (NCQG)

The New Collective Quantitative Goal (NCQG) refers to the new financial target that developed countries must meet from 2025 onwards to support climate action in developing nations. This goal is crucial as it aims to exceed the previously promised $100 billion annually, which was not fully delivered. The NCQG has been a focal point in climate discussions, especially as countries prepare for COP29 in Baku, highlighting the urgent need for increased climate finance.

NSI (National Sugar Institute)

The National Sugar Institute (NSI) in Kanpur is a premier research and educational institution focused on sugar technology and related fields. It plays a vital role in developing high-yielding, pest-resistant sugarcane varieties. The NSI collaborates with the sugar industry to enhance production efficiency and sustainability. It was mentioned in the news as a key player in addressing the challenges of sugarcane supply and improving ethanol production through research and development initiatives.

Nuclear Transmutation

Nuclear transmutation is the process of converting one chemical element or isotope into another through nuclear reactions. This process is crucial in the context of fast breeder reactors, where fertile materials like U238 are transformed into fissile materials such as Pu239 or U233. The recent news surrounding India’s PFBR emphasised the role of transmutation in enhancing fuel efficiency and sustainability in nuclear power generation, showcasing India’s innovative approach to energy security and resource management.

Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests (NAAT)

Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests (NAAT) are advanced diagnostic tests used to detect TB by identifying the genetic material of the bacteria. They are more sensitive and faster than traditional methods, providing results in hours rather than days. In 2023 conducted 68.3 lakh NAATs, contributing to improved TB case detection. NAATs were highlighted in the news as part of the NTEP’s efforts to enhance diagnostic capabilities and tackle the TB epidemic effectively.

Oceanic Niño Index (ONI)

The Oceanic Niño Index (ONI) is a key measure used to assess the intensity of El Niño events, based on sea surface temperature anomalies in the equatorial Pacific. It is calculated using a three-month running average of sea surface temperatures. An ONI value of +0.5°C or higher indicates El Niño conditions. The ONI was highlighted in recent news as it showed a peak of +2°C during the latest El Niño, indicating climate impacts expected in the coming months.

Omajowa

Omajowa refers to a species of mushroom native to Namibia, cultivated by termites in their mounds. These mushrooms play a dual role: they help decompose leaf material for the termites and create a humid environment that cools the mound. Omajowa mushrooms are also harvested and consumed by local communities. Recently, they have been in the news due to their connection with sustainable building practices, as mycelium from these mushrooms is being explored for construction solutions in housing crises.

OPEC+ Alliance

OPEC+ is a coalition of the Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and other oil-producing nations, including Russia. Formed to coordinate oil production and manage prices, OPEC+ has been pivotal in implementing production cuts to stabilise the market. The alliance has been in the news for extending output cuts to mid-2024, aiming to boost oil prices amid economic uncertainty. The collaboration between OPEC and non-OPEC members like Russia highlights the global interdependence in energy markets.

Operation Indravati

Operation Indravati is a recent Indian government initiative aimed at evacuating its citizens from Haiti amidst escalating violence and chaos. Launched on March 21, 2024, it successfully evacuated 12 Indian nationals to the Dominican Republic. This operation highlights India’s commitment to the safety of its citizens abroad. The mission was in the news due to the severe security crisis in Haiti, where armed gangs have taken control, prompting international concern and emergency responses.

Operation Poomalai

Operation Poomalai was a humanitarian mission conducted by the Indian Air Force in June 1987, which involved airdropping food supplies to Tamil areas in northern Sri Lanka during a military siege. This operation was part of India’s controversial involvement in the Sri Lankan civil conflict. The mission sparked anti-India sentiment among the Sinhalese majority, leading to protests by the JVP. It highlighted the complexities of foreign intervention in domestic conflicts and remains a pivotal moment in Sri Lankan history.

Operation Samudragupta

Operation Samudragupta is an important anti-drug operation conducted by the Indian Navy, targeting drug trafficking networks in the Arabian Sea. In 2022, it led to the seizure of over 3,200 kg of methamphetamine, heroin, and hashish. This operation underscores the growing issue of drug trafficking in the region, particularly from Pakistan. It was in the news due to its impact on national security and the ongoing efforts to combat narcotics smuggling in Indian waters.

Operation Zarb-e-Azb

Operation Zarb-e-Azb was a major military offensive launched by Pakistan in June 2014 against various militant groups, including the TTP, in North Waziristan. The operation aimed to eliminate terrorist strongholds and restore peace in the region. It resulted in the deaths of approximately 3,500 insurgents and displaced many civilians. The operation has been highlighted in recent discussions about Pakistan’s selective military actions against terrorism, especially in light of the TTP’s resurgence and its ties to the Afghan Taliban.

Orans and Rounds

Orans and runds are traditional ecosystems found in Rajasthan, characterised by community-managed forest areas that support biodiversity and local livelihoods. These ecosystems are often under threat from development and land-use changes. The Supreme Court’s recent discussions have highlighted the need to protect such areas, as they play a crucial role in conservation and community welfare. The mention of orans and runds in the context of forest definitions underscores the complexities of balancing ecological preservation with human interests in India.

Paddy-Wheat System

The paddy-wheat system refers to the agricultural practice predominantly used in Punjab and Haryana, where rice and wheat are the main crops cultivated. This system has led to high productivity but also ecological issues, such as groundwater depletion. The Johl Committee reports from 1986 and 2002 highlighted the need for diversification away from this system. Recently, it has been in the news due to calls for Punjab to shift towards more sustainable crops to prevent ecological disaster.

Panama Disease

Panama disease, caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum, is a severe threat to banana crops, particularly the Cavendish variety. It spreads easily through soil and contaminated equipment, leading to crop losses. The disease has devastated banana plantations globally, especially in Latin America, which produces 80% of the world’s traded bananas. The urgency to combat this disease was highlighted at the World Banana Forum, as monocultures like Cavendish lack genetic diversity, making them vulnerable to such threats.

Panthera pardus fusca

Panthera pardus fusca is the scientific name for the Indian leopard, a subspecies of leopard found primarily in India, Nepal, Bhutan, and parts of Pakistan. They are apex predators, crucial for maintaining ecological balance. Unlike tigers, their population has not seen growth, with a marginal increase reported recently. This subspecies was in the news due to a report highlighting its population dynamics and the threats it faces, including poaching and habitat loss.

Papikonda National Park

Papikonda National Park is located in the Alluri Sitharama Raju district of Andhra Pradesh. It is known for its rich biodiversity and is home to various flora and fauna, including the Indian laurel tree. The park has been in the news due to recent experiments conducted by the Andhra Pradesh Forest Department, which validated the Konda Reddi tribe’s claims about the water-storing capabilities of the Indian laurel, emphasising the park’s ecological importance and the need for conservation efforts.

Parboiled Rice

Parboiled rice is rice that has been partially boiled in the husk, which helps to retain nutrients and makes it less sticky when cooked. This method can reduce the absorption of inorganic arsenic compared to white rice. The study found that parboiled rice absorbs more arsenic than brown rice but less than white rice. This cooking method is popular in many Asian countries, and the recent findings have prompted discussions on safer cooking practices to mitigate health risks.

Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary

Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary, located in Assam, is renowned for its high density of one-horned rhinoceroses, with a population of 107 as of 2022. Established in 1998, it spans 38.8 square kilometres and is often called ‘Mini Kaziranga’ due to its similar ecosystem. Recently, it was in the news as the Assam government attempted to de-notify the sanctuary, a move that raised concerns among environmental activists about wildlife protection and local community rights.

Porcine Endogenous Retroviruses (PERVs)

Porcine Endogenous Retroviruses (PERVs) are viruses found in the pig genome that can potentially infect humans receiving pig organs. These retroviruses pose an important risk in xenotransplantation, as they could lead to new infections in human recipients. Scientists have worked to eliminate PERVs through genetic editing, which was a major breakthrough reported in the news. The successful removal of these viruses from the pig genome is crucial for the safety and viability of using pig organs in human transplants.

Production-Linked Investment (PLI) Scheme

The Production-Linked Investment (PLI) Scheme is an initiative by the Indian government aimed at boosting domestic manufacturing across various sectors, including pharmaceuticals. Launched in 2020, it offers financial incentives to companies based on their production levels. The scheme is particularly for the pharmaceutical industry, as it seeks to reduce dependency on imports for active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). It was recently in the news for its role in reviving penicillin production in India, addressing critical shortages in antibiotics.

Project 39A

Project 39A is a research initiative based in India that focuses on the death penalty and its implications. Established by the National Law University, Delhi, it aims to provide data-driven insights into capital punishment. The project conducts extensive research, including annual reports on death penalty statistics, highlighting systemic issues in the criminal justice system. In 2023, its findings revealed a troubling rise in death row prisoners and a high rate of acquittals, drawing attention to the urgent need for reform.

Project GR00T

Project GR00T, or Generalist Robot 00 Technology, is Nvidia’s innovative initiative aimed at revolutionising humanoid robots. It allows these robots to understand natural language and mimic human movements through advanced AI. This project was in the news due to its potential to enhance robotics and embodied AI, making robots more capable of interacting with their environment. Nvidia’s CEO, Jensen Huang, highlighted its importance during the GPU Technology Conference, showcasing its groundbreaking applications.

Project Vartak

Project Vartak is an initiative by the Border Roads Organisation (BRO) aimed at improving infrastructure in border areas of India, particularly in the Himalayas. It focuses on constructing roads and tunnels to enhance connectivity and military readiness. The Sela Tunnel is a key project under this initiative, reflecting India’s commitment to strengthening its border infrastructure. The project has been in the news as it aligns with national security strategies amid ongoing tensions with China over territorial disputes.

Rajakaluves

Rajakaluves are traditional channels in Bengaluru designed to direct rainwater into lakes and wetlands. These channels played a crucial role in maintaining the city’s water management system, allowing for groundwater recharge and flood control. Trivia: The intricate network of rajakaluves was built centuries ago, showcasing advanced engineering for its time. The recent water crisis has highlighted the neglect of these channels, prompting calls for their restoration to improve water flow and mitigate flooding during monsoon seasons.

Regolith

Regolith is a layer of loose, fragmented material covering solid bedrock, found on celestial bodies like the Moon. It consists of dust, soil, and broken rock, formed by meteorite impacts and other geological processes. The Moon’s regolith varies in depth and composition, affecting potential lunar exploration and habitation. The presence of tardigrades in the lunar regolith, following the Beresheet crash, has sparked debates about contamination and the ethical implications of introducing Earth life to other celestial bodies.

Rhodamine-B

Rhodamine-B is a synthetic dye primarily used in textiles and cosmetics, known for its vibrant colours. It has been linked to serious health risks, including cancer, when ingested. This dye is not approved for food use, yet it has been found in various food items, particularly in cotton candy. Recently, it was in the news due to bans imposed by Tamil Nadu and Karnataka on its use in food products, highlighting ongoing concerns about food safety and public health.

Robben Island

Robben Island is a small island off the coast of Cape Town, South Africa, famously known for housing political prisoners during apartheid, including Nelson Mandela. The prison became a symbol of the struggle against apartheid and is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Visitors can tour the prison and learn about its history. The island was in the news due to its association with Jacob Zuma, who, like Mandela, was imprisoned for his anti-apartheid activities, highlighting the ongoing legacy of political imprisonment in South Africa.

Runds

Runds are traditionally conserved open forests in Rajasthan, managed by local communities for sustainable use. They play a crucial role in supporting livestock and providing forest produce essential for daily life. The recent classification of runds as deemed forests has caused anxiety among villagers, who worry about losing access to grazing lands and resources. This decision, part of a broader government initiative, has led to community objections, highlighting the importance of these lands for both ecological balance and cultural identity.

Russell’s Viper

Russell’s viper is another dangerous snake prevalent in South Asia, known for its distinctive pattern and aggressive behaviour. Its venom is vasculotoxic, leading to severe tissue damage and necrosis. This species is responsible for an important number of snakebite deaths in the region. The viper’s presence in the news is tied to the alarming statistics of snakebite fatalities, with calls for better awareness and antivenom accessibility in rural areas where bites are most common.

Rwandan Genocide

The Rwandan genocide occurred in 1994, resulting in the deaths of approximately 800,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus over 100 days. This horrific event led to a massive refugee crisis, with around two million fleeing to neighbouring countries, including the DRC. The aftermath influenced the region’s politics and conflicts, including the rise of armed groups like M23. The genocide’s legacy continues to affect relations between Rwanda and the DRC, as tensions over ethnic divisions remain unresolved.

Sea Buckthorn

Sea buckthorn is a hardy shrub native to the Himalayan region, known for its bright orange berries rich in vitamins and antioxidants. In Ladakh, it has become a lucrative source of income, with locals harvesting the berries for various products. However, overharvesting has raised concerns about ecological balance, as it affects local wildlife and plant health. The economic potential of sea buckthorn has been highlighted in discussions about sustainable development in Ladakh, especially as tourism grows, making it a focal point in environmental news.

Second Thomas Shoal

Second Thomas Shoal is a submerged reef in the South China Sea, claimed by the Philippines as part of its exclusive economic zone (EEZ). It lies approximately 108 nautical miles from Palawan Island. The shoal has been a flashpoint in territorial disputes, particularly with China, which asserts its claims based on the controversial Nine-dash line. The area was in the news following recent confrontations between Philippine and Chinese vessels, highlighting ongoing tensions in the region.

Section 8(3) of The Representation of the People Act, 1951

This section disqualifies individuals convicted of certain offences from holding public office for a specified period. Trivia: It was enacted to ensure that those with serious criminal convictions cannot participate in the democratic process. The recent application of this section in Ponmudy’s case has sparked debates about its implications for political accountability and the powers of state governors, especially in light of the Supreme Court’s recent rulings.

Security And Growth for All in the Region (SAGAR)

SAGAR is India’s maritime vision aimed at fostering security and development in the Indian Ocean region. It emphasises cooperation with smaller nations to enhance their maritime capabilities. The initiative has been in the news as India collaborates with Mauritius on the development of Agaléga, showcasing India’s commitment to regional stability and support for its partners. This approach aims to build trust and strengthen ties, reflecting India’s role as a responsible maritime power.

Sela Tunnel

The Sela Tunnel, located at 13,800 ft, is India’s highest mountain tunnel, strategically designed to enhance military logistics and civilian connectivity in Arunachal Pradesh. It allows the Indian Army to maintain an all-weather route to the disputed border with China, crucial during harsh winters. The tunnel, part of Project Vartak, cost Rs 825 crore and employs advanced safety features. It was in the news due to its inauguration by Prime Minister Modi, marking an important step in border infrastructure development.

Sharavathi River

The Sharavathi River is an important waterway in Karnataka, known for its hydroelectric power generation. It contributes about 40% of the state’s hydropower, producing 1,469.2 megawatts through seven dams. The river is also home to diverse ecosystems, including the Sharavathi Wildlife Sanctuary, which protects endangered species like the lion-tailed macaque. Recently, it was in the news due to a controversial pumped storage project that raised environmental concerns and legal challenges regarding its tendering process.

Sickle Cell Disease (SCD)

Sickle Cell Disease is a genetic blood disorder where red blood cells become crescent-shaped, leading to severe pain and organ damage. It is most prevalent in Africa, and the Middle East, with India having the third-highest number of births affected. Approximately 15,000-25,000 babies are born with SCD annually in India, primarily in tribal areas. The disease was in the news due to the launch of the National Sickle Cell Anaemia Elimination Mission in 2023, aiming to eliminate SCD by 2047.

Signals Technology Evaluation and Adaptation Group (STEAG)

STEAG is a newly formed elite technology unit of the Indian Army, focusing on advanced communication technologies. It aims to enhance the Army’s communication infrastructure by researching AI, 5G, 6G, and quantum technologies. With around 280 personnel, STEAG will collaborate with the private sector and academia to develop tailored solutions. This initiative is crucial as modern warfare increasingly relies on effective communication, making STEAG an important step in adapting to future defence needs.

Sinn Féin

Sinn Féin is a political party in Ireland that advocates for Irish reunification and has a strong presence in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. Founded in 1905, it has historically been associated with the Irish republican movement. Recently, Sinn Féin has gained attention for its vocal support of Palestinian rights and criticism of Israeli actions in Gaza, reflecting a broader sentiment in Ireland that resonates with its own colonial past and struggles for sovereignty.

Solar Wind

Solar wind is a stream of charged particles released from the sun’s corona, primarily consisting of electrons and protons. Discovered in the late 1950s, it plays an important role in space weather, affecting satellites and power grids on Earth. The solar wind can create beautiful auroras but also poses risks during solar storms. Its study is vital for understanding the sun’s influence on the solar system. Recent research, including data from the Parker Solar Probe, has brought solar wind back into the news.

Solstice

A solstice occurs twice a year, marking the extremes of daylight and darkness. The summer solstice, around June 21, has the longest day, while the winter solstice, around December 21, has the shortest. The word solstice comes from Latin, meaning sun stands still, as the sun appears to pause in its path. Recently, solstices have gained attention for their cultural significance, with many communities celebrating festivals that honour the changing seasons and the sun’s return.

Soppina Betta

Soppina betta, or foliage forests, are another type of protected forest land in Karnataka, recognised under the Karnataka Forest Act, 1963. These forests play a vital role in maintaining ecological balance and supporting wildlife. The term soppina translates to foliage in Kannada, highlighting the dense vegetation typical of these areas. The recent illegal allocation of soppina betta land alongside Kan land has drawn attention, leading to legal challenges and the cancellation of unlawful grants by the Karnataka Appellate Tribunal.

Southern Elephant Seal

The Southern elephant seal, known for its large size and distinctive trunk-like nose, is found along the coasts of South America. In late 2023, a catastrophic outbreak of H5N1 led to the death of over 95% of seal pups along a 300 km stretch of the Patagonia coastline. This unprecedented mortality rate raised alarms about the health of marine ecosystems and the potential for the virus to impact other wildlife, making headlines in conservation discussions worldwide.

Space Adaptation Syndrome

Space Adaptation Syndrome (SAS) refers to the physiological changes astronauts experience when transitioning to microgravity. Symptoms include dizziness, nausea, and headaches, similar to motion sickness. SAS occurs as the body adjusts to the absence of gravity, affecting balance and spatial orientation. This phenomenon was highlighted in recent studies, revealing that headaches are common during the initial phase of space missions. Understanding SAS is crucial for preparing astronauts for long-duration flights, such as potential missions to Mars.

Spanish Flu

The Spanish Flu pandemic of 1918-1919 was one of the deadliest in history, infecting about one-third of the world’s population and resulting in an estimated 100 million deaths. Unlike typical flu strains, it disproportionately affected young adults. The pandemic spread rapidly due to troop movements during World War I. It was in the news as a historical parallel to COVID-19, highlighting the importance of public health measures and the impact of global mobility on disease transmission.

Spawning

Spawning is a reproductive phenomenon in corals where they release eggs and sperm into the water, typically occurring once a year after dark. This synchronised event allows for successful fertilisation among different coral colonies. The recent spawning event observed off Cambodia’s coast was particularly notable, as it showcased the resilience of local reefs amidst global declines. Spawning is crucial for coral population replenishment, and witnessing it offers hope for the future of coral ecosystems under threat from climate change.

Streptococcus mutans

Streptococcus mutans is a bacterium primarily responsible for dental caries (tooth decay). It thrives on sugars and is adept at exchanging genetic material, which can enhance its survival and virulence. The recent study reported the first ancient genome of S. mutans from a 4,000-year-old tooth, indicating that this individual had a high risk of cavities. This finding was in the news as it illustrates the long-standing relationship between diet, oral bacteria, and dental health through history.

Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG4)

Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG4) aims to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all by 2030. It is one of the 17 goals established by the United Nations in 2015. The goal focuses on achieving universal primary and secondary education, improving educational facilities, and increasing the number of qualified teachers. It was highlighted in recent news due to UNESCO’s report indicating a severe teacher shortage in sub-Saharan Africa, jeopardising the achievement of SDG4.

Systemically Significant Digital Enterprises (SSDEs)

SSDEs are large digital firms identified by specific criteria, including financial strength and user base, that would be subject to enhanced regulatory oversight under the proposed digital competition law. To qualify as an SSDE, a company must meet thresholds such as a turnover of ₹4,000 crore in India or a global turnover of $30 billion. The concept gained attention as the CDCL seeks to ensure that only the most impactful digital players are regulated, aiming to balance innovation with market fairness.

Taiwan Strait

The Taiwan Strait is a narrow body of water separating Taiwan from mainland China. It is approximately 130 kilometres wide at its narrowest point. The strait is due to its geopolitical tensions, particularly between China and Taiwan, with China claiming Taiwan as part of its territory. The strait has been in the news due to rising military activities and the potential for conflict, which could disrupt global trade and impact countries like India, heavily reliant on stable supply chains.

Talanoa Dialogue

The Talanoa Dialogue is a traditional Fijian process that promotes open and respectful discussions. It was integrated into climate negotiations at COP23, allowing participants to share stories and perspectives. This approach aims to foster empathy and understanding among nations with differing views on climate action. The dialogue was highlighted in the news for its effectiveness in shifting the tone of discussions, showcasing how cultural practices can enhance international negotiations on pressing issues like climate change.

Tardigrades

Tardigrades, also known as water bears, are microscopic animals famous for their extreme resilience. They can survive extreme temperatures, radiation, and even the vacuum of space by entering a state called cryptobiosis. This ability allows them to endure conditions that would be lethal to most life forms. Their presence on the Beresheet probe raised ethical questions about contamination of extraterrestrial environments. Tardigrades have been in the news due to their potential implications for astrobiology and planetary protection.

TBXT Gene

The TBXT gene is crucial for tail development in certain animals. It plays an important role in determining tail length and is present in many vertebrates. Interestingly, this gene is absent in humans due to the insertion of another genetic element, AluY. The recent study highlighted its importance in understanding human evolution and the loss of tails. This discovery was in the news as it sheds light on a long-standing question about human ancestry and genetic changes.

Thermal Coal

Thermal coal is a type of coal used primarily for electricity generation. It is burned to produce steam, which drives turbines to generate power. In India, thermal coal accounts for over 70% of electricity production. The country faces challenges in coal logistics, leading to shortages despite having ample reserves. Recently, the Ministry of Power highlighted the need for better logistics to transport coal to power plants, making thermal coal a focal point in discussions about energy security and supply chain efficiency.

Thrissur Pooram

Thrissur Pooram is a famous temple festival held in Thrissur, Kerala, known for its grand procession featuring beautifully decorated elephants, traditional music, and fireworks. It typically occurs in April or May and attracts thousands of visitors. The festival is organised by two rival temples, Paramekkavu and Thiruvambadi, which compete in showcasing their elephants and cultural performances. Recently, it was in the news due to the Central government’s decision to allow inter-state transportation of elephants, addressing a shortage for the festival.

Tian-Shan Mountains

The Tian-Shan Mountains, located in Central Asia, stretch across Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, and China. They are among the highest mountain ranges in the world, with peaks exceeding 7,000 metres. The name Tian-Shan translates to Heavenly Mountains in Chinese. These mountains are crucial for the region’s water supply, as they house many glaciers that feed rivers. Recently, they were in the news due to the creation of artificial glaciers to combat water shortages caused by climate change.

Tibetan Plateau

The Tibetan Plateau, often referred to as the Roof of the World, is the highest and largest plateau globally, located in Central Asia. It is known for its extreme altitude and harsh climate. Recent research has revealed that modern Tibetans carry Denisovan genes that aid in high-altitude survival. This genetic adaptation has garnered attention in the news as it highlights the impact of ancient human interbreeding on contemporary populations and their ability to thrive in challenging environments.

Tigray Region

Tigray is a region in northern Ethiopia, known for its rugged terrain and historical significance. It has been the centre of a devastating conflict since late 2020, leading to a humanitarian crisis marked by famine and displacement. In 2024, Tigray was highlighted in news reports due to the return of drought conditions, worsening food insecurity, and the impact of climate change on agriculture, affecting millions of people in the region and beyond.

UNEA-6

The Sixth United Nations Environmental Assembly (UNEA-6) is the world’s highest decision-making body on environmental issues, comprising all 193 UN member states. It convenes biennially to shape global environmental policy. UNEA-6 has been in the news for its focus on urgent topics like climate change, biodiversity loss, and pollution, particularly the negotiations for a global treaty to end plastic pollution. The assembly serves as a platform for nations to collaborate on sustainable development goals and environmental protection.

Virtual Digital Assets (VDAs)

Virtual Digital Assets (VDAs) refer to digital representations of value that can be traded or transferred electronically. In India, VDAs are classified distinctly from traditional currencies, which are issued by governments. The Indian government has been cautious about VDAs, focusing on regulation to prevent misuse. Recently, discussions at the G20 summit highlighted the need for a global regulatory framework for VDAs, making it an important topic in the news as countries seek to address the challenges posed by cryptocurrencies.

Vokkaligas

The Vokkaligas are an agricultural community predominantly located in Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. They have a rich history, with some historians suggesting they were linked to ancient dynasties like the Rashtrakutas. Traditionally, they have held political and economic power, especially in the Old Mysore region. The community has been in the news following the caste census report, which also reduced their population estimates, leading to protests and demands for a re-evaluation of the survey.

Walker Circulation

Walker Circulation is an atmospheric circulation pattern in the tropical Pacific Ocean, characterised by rising air over warm waters in the west and descending air over cooler waters in the east. This circulation is crucial for regulating climate in the Indian subcontinent. It has gained attention recently as changes in the Walker Circulation due to El Niño and warming oceans have been linked to extreme weather conditions, including heatwaves and altered rainfall patterns in the region.

Wheat Blast

Wheat blast is a fungal disease that affects wheat crops, first identified in Brazil in 1985. It can cause yield losses, leading to food insecurity. In 2016, a wheat holiday was declared in West Bengal due to wheat blast spreading from Bangladesh, exacerbating agricultural challenges in the region. This event has been in the news as it contributed to the migration of farm labourers and worsened the economic situation for farmers in West Bengal.

World Poverty Clock

The World Poverty Clock is a tool that provides real-time estimates of poverty levels across the globe, tracking progress towards the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It updates data every second, showing how many people escape or fall into extreme poverty, defined as living on less than $2.15 a day. Recently, it was in the news for reporting that India’s extreme poverty rate has dropped below 3%, marking an important milestone in poverty reduction efforts.

Xizang

Xizang is the Chinese name for Tibet, a region known for its unique culture and high-altitude geography. It is often referred to as the Roof of the World due to its vast plateau. The region has a rich history, including the influence of Buddhism and the Dalai Lama. Recently, Xizang has been in the news due to China’s extensive development projects and celebrations marking the 65th anniversary of its democratic reforms, which have raised international concerns about human rights and autonomy.