Current Affairs Lexicon – June, 2024

Abhinavagupta

Abhinavagupta was a prominent philosopher and scholar in Kashmir around the 10th century CE. He is best known for his work, the Tantraloka, which is a comprehensive text on the philosophy of Kashmir Shaivism and tantra. His teachings integrated physical, mental, and spiritual practices, making yoga accessible beyond ascetics. Abhinavagupta’s influence extended throughout India, shaping various spiritual traditions. He was in the news recently due to discussions on the historical significance of yoga in Kashmir, especially during International Yoga Day.

Aedes Albopictus

Aedes albopictus, commonly known as the Asian tiger mosquito, is a species that has spread across Europe since its first detection in the early 2000s. It thrives in warm climates and is a primary vector for diseases like dengue and chikungunya. This mosquito is notable for its distinctive black and white markings. In recent years, its population has surged in southern Europe, contributing to increased dengue cases. Its establishment in urban areas poses an important public health risk.

Aedes Mosquitoes

Aedes mosquitoes are a genus of mosquitoes known for transmitting several viral diseases, including dengue, Zika, and chikungunya. They are particularly aggressive daytime feeders and are found in tropical and subtropical regions. The recent news surrounding Aedes mosquitoes focuses on their role in public health crises, prompting regions like South Florida to adopt drone technology for effective control. Understanding their breeding habits is crucial for preventing outbreaks of the diseases they carry.

Aeronautical Test Range (ATR)

The Aeronautical Test Range in Chitradurga, Karnataka, is a facility used for testing various aerospace technologies, including those developed by ISRO. It provides a controlled environment for flight tests, ensuring safety and precision. The ATR has been crucial for the RLV programme, where the Pushpak prototype will be tested. It gained attention recently as the site for the upcoming LEX-03 mission, which aims to test advanced landing techniques under challenging conditions.

African Rhinoceros

The African rhinoceros, particularly the white and black species, is critically endangered due to poaching for their horns, which are falsely believed to have medicinal properties. In 2023, over 499 rhinos were killed, marking an alarming 11% increase from the previous year. Conservation efforts are ongoing, with innovative methods like embedding radioactive isotopes in their horns to deter poaching. This news marks the urgent need for effective strategies to protect these majestic creatures from extinction.

AI Washing

AI washing refers to the practice where companies exaggerate or misrepresent their use of artificial intelligence to appear more advanced or innovative. This term emerged as businesses began to incorporate AI into their marketing strategies, often without substantial AI capabilities. It has been in the news due to increasing scrutiny from regulators, particularly in the US, where the SEC has charged firms for misleading claims about their AI usage. This phenomenon raises concerns about consumer trust and investment integrity.

AllaKore

AllaKore is a remote access trojan (RAT) used by cybercriminals, particularly in campaigns by groups like SideCopy. It allows attackers to gain control over infected systems, enabling data theft and surveillance. AllaKore is notable for its stealth and effectiveness in bypassing security measures. The recent detection of this malware in multiple campaigns has raised alarms among cybersecurity experts, as it signifies a shift towards more advanced and persistent cyber threats targeting sensitive governmental infrastructure.

Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS)

The Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) is a coalition of small island and low-lying coastal countries, particularly vulnerable to climate change. Established in 1990, AOSIS advocates for the interests of its members in international climate negotiations. The group has been vocal about the need for financial support from wealthier nations to combat climate impacts. Recently, AOSIS has been in the news for denoting the disparity in funding for military versus climate initiatives, stressing the urgency of climate finance.

AlphaFold

AlphaFold is an AI-based software developed by DeepMind that predicts protein structures from amino acid sequences. Launched in 2020, it revolutionised biology by addressing the protein-folding problem, which had puzzled scientists for decades. AlphaFold 2, released in 2021, achieved unprecedented accuracy, while AlphaFold 3, introduced in 2024, expanded its capabilities to predict protein-protein interactions and structures of DNA and RNA. It was in the news for its potential to democratise research and aid drug discovery.

Amyloid Beta

Amyloid beta is a protein that accumulates in the brains of Alzheimer’s patients, forming plaques that disrupt cell function. It is considered a key biomarker for Alzheimer’s disease. The presence of amyloid beta plaques is one of the defining features of the disease. Recent studies have focused on therapies like donanemab that target these plaques. The topic gained attention as researchers explore effective treatments for Alzheimer’s, a condition affecting millions globally, denoting the urgent need for solutions.

Anish Kapoor

Anish Kapoor is a renowned Indian-British artist, celebrated for his large-scale installations and abstract forms. He won the Turner Prize in 1991 and became the first living artist to have a solo exhibition at the Royal Academy of Arts in 2008. Kapoor is known for his unique use of materials, including the exclusive Vantablack pigment, the world’s blackest black. He topped the Hurun India Art List for six consecutive years, denoting his impact on contemporary art.

Annex II Countries

Annex II countries are a group of developed nations listed under the UNFCCC, responsible for providing financial assistance to developing countries for climate change mitigation and adaptation. This group includes 25 countries and the European Economic Community. Recently, there has been debate over whether other nations, like China and South Korea, should also contribute, as they are not part of this list. The discussions around Annex II countries are crucial for determining future climate finance responsibilities.

APOE4 Gene

The APOE4 gene is a variant of the apolipoprotein E gene, linked to an increased risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease. Individuals with two copies of this gene face a higher likelihood of cognitive decline. In recent discussions regarding donanemab, panel members highlighted the need for doctors to be aware of the elevated risks associated with this gene when prescribing the drug. Its mention in the news underscores the importance of genetic factors in Alzheimer’s treatment and patient safety.

Araku Coffee

Araku Coffee is a premium coffee grown in the Araku Valley of Andhra Pradesh, known for its unique flavour and organic cultivation methods. The region is home to tribal farmers who have been trained in sustainable farming practices. Recently, the government announced plans to promote Araku Coffee by establishing dedicated coffee shops across the state. This initiative aims to boost local economies and provide a market for tribal farmers, drawing attention to the cultural and economic significance of this product.

Article 246A

Article 246A of the Constitution of India grants both Parliament and state legislatures the power to legislate on Goods and Services Tax. This provision was pivotal in establishing the GST framework, allowing for a dual tax system. The Supreme Court recently ruled that the GST Council’s recommendations are not binding, emphasising the collaborative nature of GST legislation. This article is as it reflects the balance of power between the Centre and states, and it was in discussions about federalism in India.

Article 352

Article 352 of the Constitution of India allows the President to declare a state of emergency when the security of India is threatened. This provision was controversially invoked in 1975, leading to the suspension of civil liberties and widespread arrests. The Emergency was justified under internal disturbance, a term later removed by the 44th Amendment in 1978. The article remains in discussions about governmental power and civil rights, especially in light of recent debates about emergency provisions in India.

Article 94 of the Constitution of India

Article 94 of the Constitution of India outlines the responsibilities of the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, particularly regarding their tenure during the dissolution of the House. It states that the Speaker remains in office until the first meeting of the new House. This article is as it ensures continuity in parliamentary proceedings. The recent discussions around the election of a new Speaker brought Article 94 into the spotlight, emphasising its role in maintaining legislative stability during transitions.

Article 95(1)

Article 95(1) of the Constitution of India outlines the role of the Deputy Speaker in the Lok Sabha, stating that they perform the Speaker’s duties when the position is vacant. This article is crucial for maintaining parliamentary functions and ensuring continuity in leadership. It has been in recent discussions regarding the absence of a Deputy Speaker in the current Lok Sabha. The lack of a Deputy Speaker has raised concerns about parliamentary efficiency and adherence to constitutional mandates.

Article 99

Article 99 of the Constitution of India outlines the oath or affirmation that Members of Parliament must take before assuming their duties. It emphasises allegiance to the Constitution and the duty to uphold India’s sovereignty. This article is as it ensures that MPs commit to their responsibilities before participating in legislative activities. It was in recent news due to the oath-taking ceremony of the 18th Lok Sabha, underscoring its importance in parliamentary proceedings.

Assumption Island

Assumption Island is part of the Seychelles and has been a focal point in India’s maritime diplomacy. India aims to develop this island to enhance its strategic presence in the Indian Ocean. The project has faced challenges, including local opposition and concerns over sovereignty. It was recently mentioned in the context of India’s efforts to strengthen ties with Seychelles, especially as both nations navigate regional security dynamics and the influence of China in the Indian Ocean.

Atlantic Bluefin Tuna

The Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) is a large fish species known for its speed and size, reaching up to 3 metres long and weighing over 600 kg. It is highly prized in sushi and sashimi, making it a target for overfishing. In recent years, it has been in the news due to studies showing its migration patterns are changing due to warming seas, which could impact marine ecosystems and coastal communities in Ireland.

B V Doshi

B V Doshi is a renowned Indian architect, celebrated for his contributions to modern architecture in India. He was the first Indian recipient of the Pritzker Architecture Prize in 2018. Doshi’s design for the new Nalanda University campus reflects a blend of traditional and contemporary styles, aiming to recreate the ancient university’s spirit. His work has been pivotal in promoting sustainable architecture. The inauguration of the university campus in 2023 highlighted his architectural vision and its cultural importance.

Bandung Conference

The Bandung Conference, held in April 1955 in Indonesia, was a landmark meeting of 29 Asian and African nations. It aimed to promote economic and cultural cooperation and to oppose colonialism. The conference adopted a 10-point declaration that included the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence. It is as it laid the groundwork for the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM). The conference was in the news recently due to discussions on its historical impact on global diplomacy.

Bannerghatta Biological Park (BBP)

Bannerghatta Biological Park, located near Bengaluru, is an important wildlife park that spans over 104 square kilometres. It features a zoo, safari park, and a butterfly park. BBP is known for its diverse flora and fauna, including leopards, tigers, and elephants. The park aims to promote conservation and education about wildlife. Recently, it was in the news for inaugurating South India’s first leopard safari, denoting efforts to manage human-animal conflicts and educate the public.

Bedout Island

Bedout Island is a small, uninhabited island located in the Timor Sea, off the north coast of Australia. It is known for its rich biodiversity, particularly as a breeding ground for seabirds. The island was in the news due to Tropical Cyclone Ilsa, which struck in April 2023, leading to the catastrophic loss of 80-90% of its seabird population. This event highlighted the vulnerability of island ecosystems to climate change and extreme weather events.

Bekaa Valley

The Bekaa Valley is a fertile region in eastern Lebanon, known for its agriculture and wine production. It has strategic importance due to its proximity to the Syrian border and has been a stronghold for Hezbollah. The valley has witnessed military activity, especially during conflicts with Israel. Recently, it has been in the news as Israeli airstrikes targeted Hezbollah positions in the area, reflecting the ongoing military tensions and the broader implications of the Gaza war on regional stability.

Bhitarkanika National Park

Bhitarkanika National Park, located in Odisha, is the second largest mangrove forest in India, after the Sundarbans. It is renowned for its rich biodiversity, including the largest natural population of estuarine crocodiles in the country. The park is also home to the largest heronry in Asia, attracting numerous migratory birds during the monsoon. Recently, it was in the news due to the proposed eco-sensitive zone aimed at protecting its fragile ecosystem and minimising human-wildlife conflict.

Biochar

Biochar is a carbon-rich material produced from biomass through pyrolysis, a process that decomposes organic material at high temperatures in the absence of oxygen. It is used for soil enhancement and carbon sequestration, making it an environmentally friendly option. The recent research indicates that biochar can serve as an alternative to graphene and carbon nanotubes, expanding its utility. It was in the news due to its role in sustainable energy solutions and waste disposal, aligning with global efforts to combat climate change.

Birsa Munda

Birsa Munda (1875-1900) was a prominent tribal leader in India, revered for his role in the Ulgulan movement against British colonial rule. He is affectionately called ‘Dharti ka Abba’ (Father of the Earth) by his followers. Munda advocated for tribal rights and land ownership, leading to reforms like the Chotanagpur Tenancy Act. His legacy is celebrated annually, and he remains a symbol of resistance for tribal communities. His 124th death anniversary was recently commemorated, denoting his enduring impact.

Black Sea

The Black Sea is a body of water bordered by six countries, including Russia and Ukraine. It is strategically important for trade and military operations. The region has been a focal point of geopolitical tensions, especially following Russia’s annexation of Crimea in 2014. Recently, increased U.S. drone activity over the Black Sea has raised alarms in Moscow, leading to warnings of potential military responses. The area remains a hotspot for international military engagement and conflict.

Blue Lagoon

The Blue Lagoon is a renowned geothermal spa in Iceland, famous for its milky blue waters rich in minerals. It is located near Grindavik and attracts tourists for its relaxing and therapeutic properties. The spa has been in the news due to the recent volcanic eruptions, which led to concerns about safety and accessibility. The Blue Lagoon is also notable for its sustainable practices, using geothermal energy for heating and maintaining its facilities, making it a model for eco-tourism.

Botai Culture

The Botai culture, originating in northern Kazakhstan around 3500-2500 BC, is for being one of the earliest known groups to domesticate horses. They primarily used horses for meat and milk rather than transportation. This culture is crucial in understanding the origins of horse domestication, as genomic studies show that modern domestic horses trace back to this group. The Botai culture was in the news due to recent research clarifying the timeline of horse domestication.

Brioni Declaration

The Brioni Declaration, signed on July 19, 1956, by leaders including Jawaharlal Nehru, established the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM). It emphasised collective security and the importance of freedom from domination by superpowers. The declaration was as it represented a unified stance against colonialism and imperialism during the Cold War. It was in the news as part of discussions on the relevance of NAM in today’s geopolitical landscape, especially in light of rising tensions between global powers.

Budapest Memorandum

The Budapest Memorandum, signed in 1994, involved Ukraine, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Russia. It provided security assurances to Ukraine in exchange for giving up its nuclear arsenal. However, the agreement has been widely criticised for failing to prevent Russian aggression against Ukraine, particularly during the annexation of Crimea in 2014. It was in the news as Ukrainian officials referenced it to highlight the inadequacy of past security guarantees compared to the new bilateral agreements being negotiated.

C Rajagopalachari

C Rajagopalachari, an Indian independence leader and the last Governor-General of India, played a crucial role in the Indian National Congress. He was known for his advocacy of non-violence and his efforts in the freedom struggle. Rajagopalachari suggested the presentation of the Sengol to Nehru in 1947, aiming to symbolise the transfer of power. Recently, his name resurfaced in discussions about the Sengol’s significance, as the government seeks to highlight historical narratives that align with contemporary political ideologies.

Camelids

Camelids are a family of animals that includes camels, llamas, alpacas, guanacos, and vicuñas. They are known for their adaptability to harsh environments, particularly deserts and high altitudes. Camelids have been domesticated for thousands of years, providing transport, wool, and food. They are crucial for the livelihoods of many Indigenous communities. The term was in the news due to the UN declaring 2024 as the International Year of Camelids, denoting their importance in combating climate change.

Carnot Cycle

The Carnot cycle is a theoretical model that defines the maximum efficiency of a heat engine. It consists of four stages: isothermal expansion, isentropic expansion, isothermal compression, and isentropic compression. Named after French physicist Sadi Carnot, it illustrates how heat can be converted into work. The cycle is crucial in thermodynamics and serves as a benchmark for real engines. Recently, it has been in the news due to discussions on improving energy efficiency in response to climate change.

Cassini Mission

The Cassini mission was a NASA space probe that orbited Saturn from 2004 until its end in 2017. It provided invaluable data about Saturn, its rings, and moons. The mission’s findings were crucial for testing theories like MOND, as it measured Saturn’s orbit with high precision. Despite expectations, Cassini did not reveal anomalies predicted by MOND, reinforcing the reliability of Newtonian gravity. The mission’s results have sparked ongoing debates about the nature of gravity and dark matter.

Catla (Labeo catla)

Catla is an important freshwater fish species native to the river systems of northern India and surrounding countries. It ranks eighth in global aquatic animal harvests, with over four million tonnes caught in 2022. Traditionally farmed in eastern India, catla has become a staple in aquaculture. The UN report highlighted its importance in food security and economic livelihoods, especially as aquaculture production has surpassed wild capture, reflecting changing fishing practices and sustainability concerns.

Chang’e 6

Chang’e 6 is a Chinese lunar exploration mission that successfully returned to Earth on June 25, 2024, with samples from the Moon’s far side. This mission is as it marks the first time lunar samples have been collected from this region, which has distinct geological features compared to the near side. The mission aims to uncover the reasons behind these differences and enhance our understanding of lunar history. It was in the news due to its groundbreaking findings in lunar science.

Chang’e Missions

The Chang’e missions are China’s lunar exploration programme, named after the moon goddess in Chinese mythology. Launched by the China National Space Administration (CNSA) in 2003, these missions aim to explore the moon’s surface and gather samples. Notably, Chang’e 4 was the first to land on the moon’s far side in 2019. The Chang’e 6 mission, currently in progress, aims to return samples from this unexplored region, marking an important achievement in space exploration.

Chang’e-5

Chang’e-5 is a Chinese lunar lander that successfully returned to Earth in December 2020, bringing back 1,731 grams of lunar samples. This mission marked China’s first sample return from the Moon and made it the third country to achieve this feat, after the USA and the USSR. The samples are expected to provide vital information about the Moon’s geological history and evolution. The mission was in the news for its contribution to lunar science and China’s growing space ambitions.

Chin Communities

The Chin communities are an ethnic group primarily found in Myanmar’s Chin state and parts of India, including Mizoram. They share cultural and linguistic ties with the Mizos, which has led to a strong bond between the two groups. The Chin people have faced persecution in Myanmar, prompting many to seek refuge in Mizoram. Their plight has been in the news as they continue to arrive in large numbers, with local communities providing support and shelter.

Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT)

The Chittagong Hill Tracts is a hilly region in southeastern Bangladesh, known for its diverse ethnic communities, including the Chakma, Marma, and Tripuri. The area has faced long-standing conflicts over land rights and autonomy, leading to displacement. The CHT has been in the news due to the ongoing violence between the Bangladesh army and the Kuki-Chin National Army, prompting many to seek refuge in neighbouring India, particularly in Mizoram.

Circular Polarisation

Circular polarisation refers to the way electromagnetic waves, such as radio waves, can twist as they travel through space. In this phenomenon, the electric field of the wave rotates in a circular motion, which can be right-handed or left-handed. This property is crucial in radio astronomy, as it helps distinguish between different sources of signals. The detection of circularly polarised waves from ASKAP J1935+2148 was , as it provided vital information about the nature of the object and its emission mechanisms, denoting the complexity of cosmic signals.

Clarion-Clipperton Zone

The Clarion-Clipperton Zone (CCZ) is a vast area of the Pacific Ocean, located between Mexico and Hawaii, known for its deep-sea mining potential. It spans approximately 1.7 million square kilometres and is rich in polymetallic nodules, which contain valuable metals like nickel and cobalt. The CCZ has been in the news due to recent discoveries of new marine species, denoting its ecological importance and the need for conservation amidst increasing mining activities.

Coral Bleaching

Coral bleaching occurs when corals lose their vibrant colours due to stress, often from increased water temperatures. This phenomenon can lead to coral death if conditions do not improve. The current global coral bleaching event (GCBE4) is the most severe on record, affecting over 70.7% of coral reefs worldwide. It has been in the news as scientists warn of the long-term consequences for marine life and coastal communities reliant on healthy reefs for sustenance and protection.

Cosmic Dawn

Cosmic dawn refers to the period in the universe’s history, roughly 13.8 billion years ago, when the first stars and galaxies began to form. This era lasted for several hundred million years and is crucial for understanding cosmic evolution. The term marks the transition from a dark universe to one filled with light. It was in the news due to the recent discoveries made by the JWST, which provide vital information about this formative period and the nature of early galaxies.

Cryoconite

Cryoconite refers to sediment found on glaciers and ice sheets, composed of dust, soot, and organic matter. It can create dark patches that absorb sunlight, accelerating ice melting. Cryoconite holes are depressions filled with this sediment, which can host microbial life. The recent research highlighted the presence of giant viruses in cryoconite, indicating their role in the Arctic ecosystem and their potential to influence ice melting processes, making it a topic of interest in climate studies.

Cuban Missile Crisis

The Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 was a pivotal moment in the Cold War, where the US and the Soviet Union faced off over Soviet missiles stationed in Cuba. This confrontation brought the world to the brink of nuclear war. The crisis ended with the US agreeing not to invade Cuba and the USSR withdrawing its missiles. It was referenced in recent news as tensions between Russia and the US rise again, echoing historical conflicts over Cuba.

Cycads

Cycads are ancient seed-bearing plants that have existed for over 300 million years, making them some of the oldest living plants on Earth. They are often mistaken for palms but belong to a different group. Cycads are known for their distinctive cone-like structures and can be found in tropical and subtropical regions. They have been in the news due to their vulnerability to extinction, with efforts underway to conserve species like E. woodii, which face threats from habitat loss and climate change.

Demilitarized Zone (DMZ)

The Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) is a buffer zone between North and South Korea, established in 1953 after the Korean War. It spans approximately 250 kilometres and is about 4 kilometres wide. Despite its name, the DMZ is one of the most militarised borders in the world, heavily fortified on both sides. The area is also a unique ecological zone, home to various wildlife. Recently, discussions about resuming propaganda broadcasts from the DMZ have heightened tensions between the Koreas.

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is a severe form of dengue that can lead to bleeding, organ impairment, and death. It occurs in about 1% of dengue cases and is more common in children. DHF is characterised by high fever, abdominal pain, and bleeding tendencies. The World Health Organization (WHO) has highlighted the increasing incidence of DHF, especially in tropical regions. It was in the news due to the alarming rise in dengue cases, prompting health advisories.

Direct Seeding of Rice (DSR)

Direct Seeding of Rice (DSR) is an innovative agricultural technique that allows rice seeds to be sown directly into the field without prior nursery preparation. This method can save 15-20% water compared to traditional puddling methods and reduces labour requirements. DSR matures 7-10 days faster, providing farmers with more time to manage paddy straw. Despite its benefits, DSR adoption in Punjab remains low due to a lack of awareness and unsuitable soil conditions, making it a topic of recent agricultural discussions.

Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT)

Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) is a digital system for recording transactions across multiple sites, ensuring transparency and security. Unlike traditional databases, DLT does not rely on a central authority, making it resistant to fraud. It is widely known for its application in cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin. Recently, DLT was discussed by TRAI for migrating the 140 series to enhance control over spam calls, showcasing its potential in telecommunications for verifying consent and improving security.

District Mineral Foundation (DMF)

The District Mineral Foundation (DMF) was established in India in 2015 to ensure that mining activities benefit local communities. A percentage of mining royalties is allocated to the DMF for welfare projects. The DMF aims to address issues like health, education, and infrastructure in mining-affected areas. Recently, the DMF was in the news due to new guidelines that restrict fund usage to a 40-km radius from mines, raising concerns about potential misuse and ineffective fund allocation.

Duckworth-Lewis Method

The Duckworth-Lewis method, co-invented by Frank Duckworth and Tony Lewis, is a statistical formula used in cricket to set fair targets in rain-affected matches. First introduced in 1997, it calculates revised scores based on the number of overs and wickets remaining. The method was updated to the Duckworth-Lewis-Stern (DLS) method in 2014 to better reflect modern scoring trends. It was in the news following Duckworth’s recent passing, denoting his contribution to cricket.

Enceladus

Enceladus is one of Saturn’s moons, known for its icy surface and geysers that eject water vapour and ice particles into space. This moon is considered a prime candidate for hosting extraterrestrial life due to its subsurface ocean beneath the ice crust. Enceladus was in the news following NASA’s findings that suggest its plumes contain organic molecules, raising the possibility of life. Its intriguing features make it a focal point for future missions aimed at exploring the potential for life beyond Earth.

Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed

Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed was the fifth President of India, serving from 1974 until his death in 1977. He is notably remembered for officially declaring the Emergency under Article 352 of the Constitution of India. Ahmed’s presidency was marked by political turmoil, and he faced criticism for his role during the Emergency. His actions have been revisited in recent discussions, especially as the 50th anniversary of the Emergency has sparked debates about presidential powers and democratic values in India.

Farakka Barrage

The Farakka Barrage, completed in 1975, is a dam on the Ganges River in West Bengal. It was built to divert water to the River Hooghly, ensuring navigability for the Kolkata port. The barrage plays a crucial role in water management between India and Bangladesh, particularly under the Ganga Water Treaty. Recently, it has been in the news due to tensions surrounding water-sharing agreements, with West Bengal’s Chief Minister expressing concerns over its impact on local livelihoods.

Feni River

The Feni River is a transboundary river flowing between India and Bangladesh. It is approximately 116 km long and plays a crucial role in the region’s ecology and economy. The river is for agriculture and fishing, supporting local livelihoods. The Feni River was in the news due to the construction of the Maitri Setu bridge, which spans it, enhancing connectivity and trade between the two countries, thus fostering regional cooperation.

Fishbone Methodology

Fishbone methodology is a technique used in ecological restoration, particularly for planting mangroves. It involves creating a pattern resembling a fishbone to optimise space and resources for plant growth. This method helps in stabilising soil and improving water retention, making it effective for coastal restoration projects. Recently, it was in the news as part of the mangrove restoration efforts in Tamil Nadu, showcasing innovative approaches to enhance coastal ecosystems and biodiversity.

Flesh-Eating Bacteria

The term flesh-eating bacteria refers to certain bacteria, including group A Streptococcus, that can cause necrotising fasciitis, a severe infection that destroys skin and tissue. This condition can progress rapidly, often requiring surgical intervention. The alarming rise in STSS cases in Japan has brought attention to these bacteria, raising public awareness about the importance of wound care and hygiene. The media coverage has emphasised the need for vigilance against infections that can escalate quickly.

Gahirmatha Marine Sanctuary

Gahirmatha Marine Sanctuary, situated off the coast of Odisha, is famous for being the world’s largest rookery for Olive Ridley sea turtles. Every year, thousands of turtles come ashore to nest, making it a critical site for their conservation. The sanctuary is part of the proposed eco-sensitive zone, which aims to safeguard marine life and habitats. The recent draft notification by the MoEFCC has brought attention to the sanctuary’s ecological significance and the need for protective measures.

Galathea Bay

Galathea Bay is located on the southeastern corner of Great Nicobar Island and is the proposed site for a major International Container Transshipment Terminal (ICTT) and a power plant. This area is for its ecological diversity, including coral reefs and nesting sites for leatherback turtles. The bay has been in the news as the proposed development threatens to disrupt the local marine ecosystem and the habitats of various species, raising alarms among conservationists and tribal councils.

Gallium Selenide

Gallium selenide (GaSe) is a semiconductor material known for its non-linear optical properties, making it useful in photonics and optoelectronics. It is a layered material, similar to graphene, and can be used in devices that manipulate light. GaSe has been researched for applications in frequency conversion and laser technology. The recent news marks its use in the IISc’s innovative device that up-converts infrared light, showcasing its potential in creating more efficient imaging systems for various applications.

Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs)

Gamma-ray bursts are intense flashes of gamma rays, occurring in distant parts of the universe. They can be classified into short and long GRBs, with short bursts lasting less than two seconds, often resulting from neutron star collisions. Long GRBs are linked to the explosive deaths of massive stars. GRBs can emit energy quintillion times that of the Sun, making them crucial for understanding cosmic events. They were in the news due to SVOM’s mission to study them and their implications for the universe.

Geothermal Heat Pumps

Geothermal heat pumps are systems that use the stable temperatures found underground to heat or cool buildings. They work by transferring heat from the ground into a building during winter and vice versa in summer. These systems are gaining popularity in Europe due to their energy efficiency and low carbon footprint. They were in the news recently as countries seek sustainable energy solutions amid rising energy costs and climate change concerns, denoting their potential to reduce reliance on fossil fuels.

Glasgow Leaders’ Declaration on Forests and Land Use

The Glasgow Leaders’ Declaration on Forests and Land Use was launched at COP26 in 2021, where over 130 countries pledged to halt and reverse forest loss by 2030. This declaration aims to address the global climate crisis by protecting forests, which are vital carbon sinks. However, the recent UN report indicated that emissions from deforestation have increased since this commitment, particularly in Latin America. This has drawn attention to the effectiveness of international agreements in achieving environmental goals.

Global Gender Gap Index

The Global Gender Gap Index (GGGI) is an annual report published by the World Economic Forum since 2006. It measures gender equality across four key areas: economic participation, educational attainment, health and survival, and political empowerment. The index ranges from 0 to 1, with 1 indicating complete gender parity. In 2024 ranked 129th out of 146 countries, denoting persistent gender disparities. The GGGI is crucial for tracking progress and raising awareness about gender equality issues globally.

Golden Crescent

The Golden Crescent is a region in South Asia, primarily encompassing parts of Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Iran, known for its opium production. It is one of the world’s largest opium-producing areas, alongside the Golden Triangle in Southeast Asia. The term gained attention due to the ongoing drug trade and its impact on global narcotics. Recent reports highlighted a drastic decline in opium production in Afghanistan, affecting the dynamics of the drug market and trafficking routes.

Golden Rice

Golden Rice is a genetically modified variety designed to combat vitamin A deficiency, particularly in developing countries. It contains beta-carotene, which the body converts into vitamin A. Approved for cultivation in 2021, it has faced controversy and resistance due to safety concerns. In April 2023, a court in the Philippines imposed a moratorium on its production, citing a lack of scientific consensus on its safety. This marks ongoing debates about GMOs and public health.

Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP)

The Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) is a set of emergency measures implemented in Delhi to combat air pollution. It includes various actions based on pollution levels, such as restricting construction activities and promoting public transport. The plan aims to improve air quality, especially during winter months when pollution peaks. It was in the news as the Delhi government prepares for its enforcement, coinciding with the urban development initiatives to ensure compliance and sustainability.

Grand Anicut (Kallanai)

Grand Anicut, also known as Kallanai, is one of the oldest dams in the world, built around 2,000 years ago by the Chola dynasty. It is located on the Cauvery River in Tamil Nadu and plays a vital role in irrigation. The recent news mentioned plans for a museum at this site as part of the Nadanthai Vaazhi Cauvery project, aiming to promote awareness of its historical significance and enhance tourism. The dam is a testament to ancient engineering.

Great Apes

Great apes include species such as chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans, distinguished by their larger size and advanced cognitive abilities. They share a close genetic relationship with humans, having diverged from our lineage 7-20 million years ago. The recent study focused on their sex chromosomes, revealing evolutionary differences. This research is vital for conservation efforts, as all great ape species are endangered. The findings were in the news for their implications on understanding ape evolution and conservation strategies.

Gudleppa Hallikeri

Gudleppa Hallikeri was a prominent freedom fighter and Gandhian from Karnataka, known for his active participation in India’s struggle for independence. He played a crucial role in mobilising local communities against colonial rule. The Gudleppa Hallikeri Memorial Foundation, named in his honour, promotes his legacy through various initiatives, including a photo museum showcasing his life and contributions. The recent establishment of this museum has brought renewed attention to Hallikeri’s role in the freedom movement, making it a focal point for historical education.

Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO)

The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) is part of the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and monitors volcanic activity in Hawaii. Established in 1912, it provides real-time data on eruptions, helping to mitigate risks to life and property. The HVO uses advanced technology, including webcams and seismographs, to track volcanic behaviour. It was in the news recently for raising alert levels in response to Kīlauea’s unexpected eruption, emphasising its role in public safety and environmental monitoring.

HbA1c Test

The HbA1c test measures average blood sugar levels over the past two to three months, providing a broader view of glucose control than a single blood sugar test. It is particularly useful for diagnosing diabetes and prediabetes. In the context of gestational diabetes, it allows for earlier detection and intervention. This test was in the news due to a proposal advocating its use over the traditional oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) for pregnant women, especially in low-resource settings.

Helium Leaks

Helium leaks refer to the unintended escape of helium gas from a system, which can compromise the performance of spacecraft thrusters. In the context of Boeing’s Starliner, five helium leaks have been reported, affecting the capsule’s ability to maintain pressure in its propulsion system. Helium is crucial for pressurising the thrusters. This issue was in the news as it has contributed to delays in the Starliner’s mission, raising concerns about safety and reliability in human spaceflight.

High Seas Biodiversity Treaty

The High Seas Biodiversity Treaty, formally known as the BBNJ Agreement, aims to protect marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdictions. Adopted in June 2023, it seeks to regulate activities like fishing and mining to prevent overexploitation. As of now, only seven countries have ratified it, while 90 have signed. The treaty is crucial for conserving nearly two-thirds of the ocean, which remains largely unprotected. It was in the news due to calls for increased ratification on World Oceans Day 2024.

High Seas Treaty

The High Seas Treaty, formally adopted in May 2023, aims to conserve marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction, covering about two-thirds of the ocean. It was created in response to the urgent need for international cooperation to protect marine life from climate change. The treaty is as it establishes a framework for sustainable use and conservation of marine resources. It has been in the news due to its potential to influence global marine policy and biodiversity protection.

Hollongapar Gibbon Sanctuary

Hollongapar Gibbon Sanctuary, located in Assam, is the only sanctuary dedicated to the protection of hoolock gibbons. Spanning over 2,000 hectares, it is home to the largest population of this species. The sanctuary is rich in biodiversity, featuring tall hollong trees (Dipterocarpus macrocarpus), which are crucial for the gibbons’ habitat. The sanctuary has been in the news due to the construction of canopy bridges to help gibbons safely cross a railway track that divides their habitat.

Iberian Lynx

The Iberian Lynx (Lynx pardinus) is a critically endangered wild cat native to the Iberian Peninsula. It is known for its distinctive tufted ears and short tail. Once on the brink of extinction, its population has surged from just 62 individuals in 2001 to over 2,000 in 2022, thanks to extensive conservation efforts. It was in the news for being reclassified from ‘Endangered’ to ‘Vulnerable’ by the IUCN, marking an important success in wildlife conservation.

iCET (Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technologies)

The iCET is a strategic initiative launched in May 2022 by Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and U.S. President Joe Biden. It aims to enhance collaboration between India and the U.S. in critical technologies, including artificial intelligence and space exploration. The initiative is as it reflects the growing partnership between the two nations in addressing global challenges. Recently, it was in the news due to discussions on astronaut training and joint missions aboard the International Space Station.

Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre (IN-SPACe)

IN-SPACe is a regulatory body established in 2020 to promote and authorise private sector participation in India’s space industry. It aims to facilitate the growth of private space enterprises and enhance India’s position in the global space market. IN-SPACe was in the news for launching the pre-incubation entrepreneurship development programme, which supports early-stage space startups, reflecting India’s commitment to fostering innovation and entrepreneurship in the space sector.

Indo-Mediterranean Initiative (IMI)

The Indo-Mediterranean Initiative (IMI) is a new project aimed at enhancing the partnership between India and Italy. It focuses on studying and promoting economic ties, particularly through the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC). The IMI was announced during the India Forum 2024 in Rome, denoting the growing collaboration between these nations. It was in the news due to its potential impact on international trade and regional stability, especially following the G20 summit discussions.

International Lunar Research Station (ILRS)

The ILRS is a collaborative space project between Russia and China aimed at establishing a research facility on the Moon. It will feature sections on the lunar surface, in orbit, and on Earth, built in two phases, with the first phase expected to be completed by 2035. This initiative is as it marks a major step in international lunar exploration, with 12 other countries also joining the project. It was in the news due to recent agreements and plans for construction.

JADES-GS-z14-0

JADES-GS-z14-0 is the earliest-known galaxy, discovered by the James Webb Space Telescope. It formed just 290 million years after the Big Bang, making it only 2% of the universe’s current age. Measuring about 1,700 light years across, it has a mass equivalent to 500 million suns and forms around 20 new stars annually. This discovery challenges existing theories about galaxy formation and was in the news for pushing the boundaries of our understanding of the early universe.

Joro Spider

The Joro spider, scientifically known as Trichonephila clavata, is a large, colourful arachnid native to East Asia. It can grow up to 4 inches in leg span and is recognised for its striking yellow and grey body. First spotted in Georgia around 2010, it has rapidly spread across the eastern U.S. The spider was in the news due to warnings from pest control experts about its potential invasion of several states, raising concerns about its ecological impact.

Kafala System

The Kafala system is a sponsorship framework used in several Gulf countries, including Kuwait, to manage foreign workers. It grants employers control over their employees, often leading to exploitation and poor working conditions. This system was established during the Gulf’s economic boom to ensure a steady supply of cheap labour. Recently, it has been in the news due to the tragic deaths of Indian workers in a fire, denoting the urgent need for reform and better protections for migrant workers.

Kakodkar Committee

The Kakodkar Committee was established to evaluate railway safety in India and recommend improvements. One key suggestion was to create an independent Railway Safety Authority to oversee operations and ensure accountability. Despite some recommendations being accepted, many remain unimplemented. The committee’s findings gained renewed attention following the recent train accidents, underscoring the ongoing challenges in railway governance and the necessity for reforms to enhance passenger safety.

Kaleshwaram Irrigation Project

The Kaleshwaram Irrigation Project is one of the largest lift irrigation schemes in India, aimed at providing water to drought-prone areas in Telangana. It was inaugurated in 2019 and is designed to utilise water from the Godavari River. The project has been controversial due to its high costs and allegations of corruption. It has been in the news recently as part of the investigations by the Narasimha Reddy Commission, which is examining irregularities in its execution.

KALIA Scheme

The KALIA (Krushak Assistance for Livelihood and Income Augmentation) scheme was launched by the BJD government in 2018 to support small and marginal farmers in Odisha. It provides financial assistance of Rs 4,000 per year for two crop seasons and Rs 12,500 for landless households. Despite its initial success, the scheme faced criticism for discrepancies in fund distribution, leading to discontent among farmers. The recent extension of the scheme for three more years was seen as a political move ahead of elections, raising questions about its effectiveness.

Kamaraj Plan

The Kamaraj Plan, initiated in 1963, aimed to rejuvenate the Indian National Congress by encouraging senior leaders to resign from their posts and work at the grassroots level. Named after K. Kamaraj, the then Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, the plan sought to bring fresh leadership into the party. It was in reshaping Congress’s structure during a challenging political period. The plan was in the news recently as political analysts discussed its impact on contemporary party dynamics and leadership strategies.

Kampa Junapani

Kampa Junapani is a limestone mine situated in the Adilabad district of Telangana. It is included in the list of 11 mines that the state government must auction by June 30, as mandated by the Centre. Limestone from Kampa Junapani is essential for cement production and other industrial uses. The mine has gained attention due to the ongoing political debate over mining rights and the implications of auctioning these resources to private companies versus public sector organisations.

Kapu Caste

The Kapu caste is a prominent social group in Andhra Pradesh, traditionally associated with agriculture and land ownership. They have been politically active, seeking reservations and representation. Trivia: The Kapus played a crucial role in the formation of the Jana Sena Party, as Pawan Kalyan aimed to bridge the gap between them and the Kamma caste, which has historically dominated the Telugu Desam Party (TDP). The caste dynamics have been in recent elections, influencing political alliances and voter behaviour.

Karsandas Mulji

Karsandas Mulji was a pioneering journalist and social reformer from colonial Bombay, known for his advocacy of women’s rights and social justice. He founded the newspaper The Satya Prakash in 1855, which aimed to expose social injustices. Mulji was mentored by Dadabhai Naoroji, a key figure in India’s independence movement. His courageous article in 1860 led to the landmark Maharaj Libel Case, which established important precedents for press freedom in India. Recently, his legacy was highlighted due to the Netflix film Maharaj.

Khartoum Massacre

The Khartoum Massacre refers to the violent dispersal of a pro-democracy sit-in on June 3, 2019, where at least 120 protesters were killed by Sudanese military forces. This event marked an important turning point in Sudan’s struggle for democracy following the ousting of President Omar al-Bashir. The massacre drew international condemnation and highlighted the brutal tactics used by the military to suppress dissent. It remains a symbol of the ongoing fight for civilian rule in Sudan.

Khuntkatti System

The khuntkatti system was a traditional land ownership practice among the Munda tribe, based on customary rights without landlords. This system was disrupted by the British Permanent Settlement Act of 1793, which introduced the zamindari system, displacing indigenous farmers. The khuntkatti system is as it represents the indigenous people’s connection to their land. Recent discussions around land rights and tribal welfare have brought this system back into focus, especially in the context of Birsa Munda’s legacy and ongoing struggles for tribal rights.

Kīlauea Volcano

Kīlauea is one of the most active volcanoes in the world, located on the Big Island of Hawaii. It has erupted continuously since 1983, with a notable pause from 1974 until its recent activity. The volcano is a shield volcano, characterised by its broad, gently sloping sides. Kīlauea is in Hawaiian culture, often associated with the goddess Pele. It was in the news due to its sudden eruption after nearly 50 years of dormancy, raising concerns about safety and environmental impact.

Kinmen Island

Kinmen Island, located near the Taiwan Strait, is a small archipelago that has historical and strategic importance. It was a frontline during the Chinese Civil War and remains a focal point in Taiwan-China relations. Recently, it gained attention when a Chinese citizen dropped propaganda fliers on the island, promoting the idea of a unified China. This incident exemplifies the ongoing cognitive warfare tactics employed by China to influence Taiwanese public opinion and assert its claims over Taiwan.

KP.2 and KP.3 Variants

KP.2 and KP.3 are lesser-known variants of the coronavirus that have recently emerged in the US. They are part of a group of variants causing a surge in Covid-19 cases. These variants are concerning because they may evade immunity from previous infections or vaccinations. The CDC has reported that these variants now account for an important portion of new cases, prompting renewed public health measures and discussions about vaccine effectiveness and booster shots.

Kudikadu

Kudikadu is a village in Cuddalore district, Tamil Nadu, known for its coastal ecosystem. Recently, it gained attention as a site for mangrove restoration under the Green Tamil Nadu Mission. The area was identified for its potential to support mangrove plantations, which are crucial for biodiversity and coastal protection. The initiative aims to enhance mangrove cover by 2030, making Kudikadu a focal point in environmental conservation efforts in the region.

Lachit Maidam

Lachit Maidam is a memorial dedicated to Lachit Borphukan, a legendary Ahom general celebrated for his leadership during the Battle of Saraighat in 1671. Located in Jorhat district, it serves as a symbol of Assamese pride and valor. Recently, it has gained attention as the Assam government plans to develop the site further, including the construction of museums and an indoor stadium, to promote cultural heritage and tourism in the region.

Lalitaditya Muktapida

Lalitaditya Muktapida was a legendary king of Kashmir, reigning from 724 CE to 760 CE. He is celebrated for his military conquests and as a patron of arts and culture, notably commissioning the Martand Sun Temple. His reign marked a golden age for Kashmir, promoting the spread of tantric yoga among the populace. The Rajatarangini, written by Kalhana, provides vital information about his life. He was mentioned in the news for his contributions to Kashmir’s cultural heritage during discussions on yoga’s historical roots.

Lizard Island

Lizard Island is a small island located in the northern part of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. It is renowned for its unique biodiversity and is an important site for marine research. The island is home to the Lizard Island Research Station, which focuses on coral reef studies. Recently, it was in the news due to a severe coral bleaching event, with 97% of its coral affected, denoting the urgent impact of climate change on marine ecosystems.

Maitri Research Station

Maitri is India’s second research station in Antarctica, established in 1989. It plays a crucial role in scientific research, focusing on glaciology, meteorology, and biology. The station is named after the Sanskrit word for ‘friendship’. In 2023 announced plans for Maitri-II, a successor to the original station, to enhance research capabilities. This was in the context of the Antarctic Parliament discussions on governance and environmental protection, denoting India’s commitment to scientific collaboration in the region.

Maitri Setu

Maitri Setu, meaning Friendship Bridge, is an important infrastructure project connecting India and Bangladesh. Inaugurated in March 2021, it spans 1.9 km over the Feni River, linking Ramgarh in Bangladesh to Sabroom in India. This bridge enhances trade and connectivity for India’s Northeast, providing access to the Bay of Bengal. It was in the news due to its strategic importance for cargo movement and the anticipated boost in regional trade and tourism.

Malinivijayottara Tantra

The Malinivijayottara Tantra is an important text in the tradition of Kashmir Shaivism, emphasising the importance of initiation (deeksha) in yoga practice. It outlines the necessary qualities for a yogin, such as mastery over the mind and senses. This text is crucial for understanding the philosophical underpinnings of tantric yoga. It gained attention recently as scholars revisited its teachings in the context of International Yoga Day, denoting the deep historical connections between yoga and Kashmir’s spiritual landscape.

Mariana Islands

The Mariana Islands are a group of islands in the Western Pacific Ocean, known for their rich history and diverse culture. They are a U.S. commonwealth, with Saipan being the largest island. The islands are famous for their natural beauty, including stunning beaches and coral reefs. Recently, they were in the news as the location where Julian Assange appeared in a U.S. federal court to secure his freedom as part of a plea deal, denoting their geopolitical significance.

Matribhasha Satyagrahis

Matribhasha Satyagrahis refers to individuals who participated in the ‘Hindi Aandolan’ of 1957, advocating for the recognition and promotion of Hindi as a mother tongue in Punjab. This movement was as it highlighted linguistic rights and cultural identity. The term gained attention recently due to Haryana’s Chief Minister announcing increased pensions for these activists, reflecting ongoing recognition of their contributions. The movement is a reminder of the importance of language in shaping regional identity.

Minuteman III

The Minuteman III is an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) that became operational in the 1970s. It can travel over 4,000 miles in about 30 minutes, making it capable of reaching targets like Moscow swiftly. This missile is for the US nuclear deterrent strategy, showcasing the country’s ability to respond rapidly to threats. Recently, it was in the news due to a test launch from Vandenberg Space Force Base, denoting ongoing tensions with Russia amid the Ukraine conflict.

Miyawaki Method

The Miyawaki method is a unique Japanese technique for creating dense, native forests quickly. Developed by botanist Akira Miyawaki, it involves planting a variety of indigenous species close together to mimic natural forests. This method can lead to trees growing up to ten times faster than traditional methods. It was in the news as the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) plans to implement this technique for greening national highways, aiming to enhance biodiversity and improve local ecosystems.

Multipolar World

A multipolar world is a global system where multiple countries hold power, as opposed to a unipolar or bipolar world dominated by one or two superpowers. This concept has gained traction as emerging economies like China and India rise in prominence. The term has been in the news as the G7 grapples with its diminishing influence in a multipolar landscape, particularly in light of the Ukraine conflict and China’s military expansion, prompting discussions on how to adapt to this new reality.

National Monetisation Pipeline (NMP)

The National Monetisation Pipeline (NMP) is a government initiative launched in 2020-21 aimed at monetising public assets to generate revenue. The target was to monetise assets worth Rs 6 lakh crore over four years. As of 2023-24, the government has monetised Rs 3.85 lakh crore. The NMP is as it helps improve infrastructure funding and efficiency. It was in the news due to the recent announcement of asset monetisation achievements and future plans.

National Offshore Wind Energy Policy

The National Offshore Wind Energy Policy, notified in 2015, aims to harness India’s vast offshore wind energy potential. It sets the framework for developing offshore wind projects within India’s exclusive economic zone. The policy is as it promotes renewable energy, contributing to India’s climate goals. It was in the news following the Union Cabinet’s approval of 1 GW offshore wind projects, marking a major step in implementing this policy and boosting renewable energy production.

National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority (NPPA)

The NPPA is an Government of India agency established in 1997 to regulate the prices of pharmaceutical products. Its primary role is to ensure that essential medicines are available at reasonable prices. The NPPA monitors drug prices and implements the Drug Prices Control Order (DPCO). Recently, it has been in the spotlight as the government seeks to reform its framework for drug pricing, aiming to enhance the availability of medicines while supporting industry growth and sustainability.

National Quantum Mission

The National Quantum Mission is an initiative launched by the Government of India in April 2023, aimed at advancing quantum technologies. With a budget of Rs 6,000 crore, it focuses on four key areas: quantum computing, communication, sensing, and materials. This mission is as it positions India as a player in the global quantum race. It was in the news due to its alignment with the UN’s International Year of Quantum Science and Technology, promoting international collaboration.

Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs)

Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) are a group of infectious diseases that primarily affect impoverished populations in tropical and subtropical regions. They include diseases like sleeping sickness, schistosomiasis, and leprosy. NTDs often receive less attention and funding compared to other diseases, despite their health impacts. The World Health Organization aims to eliminate at least 100 NTDs by 2030. Chad’s recent success in eliminating gambiense sleeping sickness underscores the importance of targeted interventions and global collaboration in combating these diseases.

Nelson Mandela Award for Health Promotion

Established by the WHO in 2019, the Nelson Mandela Award for Health Promotion honours individuals and organisations that contribute to health promotion. Named after the iconic South African leader, the award aims to inspire global health initiatives. NIMHANS received this prestigious award in 2024, denoting its dedication to mental health. The recognition underscores the importance of mental health in overall health care, especially in the context of global health challenges.

Neodymium-Iron-Boron (NdFeB) Magnets

Neodymium-Iron-Boron magnets are powerful permanent magnets made from an alloy of neodymium, iron, and boron. They are essential in various applications, including electric vehicles and renewable energy technologies. Recently, they have been in discussions about India-U.S. collaboration in advanced materials research. The focus on NdFeB magnets is part of a broader effort to enhance the supply chain of critical minerals, reflecting the growing importance of these materials in the transition to green technologies.

Net Primary Productivity (NPP)

Net Primary Productivity (NPP) refers to the rate at which plants create new organic material through photosynthesis, minus the energy they use for respiration. It is a crucial measure for understanding ecosystem health and carbon cycling. Recent studies suggest that NPP may be as high as 80 petagrammes of carbon per year, exceeding previous estimates. This term was in the news due to its implications for climate models and the effectiveness of nature-based carbon removal strategies.

P-8 Poseidon

The P-8 Poseidon is a military aircraft developed by Boeing for the U.S. Navy, primarily used for anti-submarine warfare and intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance missions. It can carry torpedoes and missiles, making it a versatile asset. Recently, it has been deployed to monitor Russian naval movements near Florida, showcasing its role in modern maritime security. The P-8’s advanced radar and sensor systems allow it to track multiple targets simultaneously, enhancing situational awareness in tense environments.

Panda Diplomacy

Panda diplomacy refers to China’s practice of sending giant pandas to foreign countries as a gesture of goodwill and friendship. This custom began in the 1950s and has been used to strengthen diplomatic ties. The pandas are often loaned for a period of ten years, after which they may be returned to China. Recently, this term was in the news due to China’s announcement of gifting a new pair of pandas to Australia, denoting improved bilateral relations.

Pantanal

The Pantanal is the world’s largest tropical wetland, spanning over 150,000 square kilometres across Brazil, Bolivia, and Paraguay. It is renowned for its rich biodiversity, hosting over 1,000 species of birds, 400 species of fish, and numerous mammals, including the jaguar. The region is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, recognised for its ecological significance. Recently, it has been in the news due to devastating wildfires exacerbated by climate change, threatening its unique wildlife and habitats.

Patagonia

Patagonia is a region located at the southern end of South America, spanning parts of Argentina and Chile. It is known for its stunning landscapes, including mountains, glaciers, and unique wildlife. The area is in palaeontology, as many dinosaur fossils, including K. inakayali, have been unearthed there. Patagonia has been in the news recently due to ongoing discoveries that shed light on the diversity of prehistoric life, contributing to our understanding of Earth’s ancient ecosystems.

Peel Commission

The Peel Commission was established in 1936 by the British government to investigate Arab-Jewish tensions in Palestine. It was led by Lord William Robert Peel and proposed the partition of Palestine into separate Jewish and Arab states. This was as it marked one of the first formal attempts to address the conflict through division. The proposal was rejected by Arab leaders, denoting the deep-seated divisions that continue to affect the region today. It was in the news due to its historical relevance in ongoing discussions about the two-state solution.

Perseverance Rover

The Perseverance rover is a robotic vehicle launched by NASA in 2020, tasked with exploring the surface of Mars. It is equipped with advanced scientific instruments to search for signs of ancient life and collect soil and rock samples. The rover plays a key role in the Mars Sample Return mission by gathering samples that the MAV will eventually launch into orbit. Perseverance has been in the news for its groundbreaking discoveries and contributions to our understanding of Mars.

PRATUSH Telescope

PRATUSH is a proposed large telescope being developed by ISRO and the Raman Research Institute in Bengaluru. It aims to be installed on the moon’s far side, where it would have an unobstructed view of the universe, free from Earth’s interference. This project is as it could enhance astronomical observations and research. The concept gained attention due to the potential for groundbreaking discoveries in astrophysics, especially in light of the ongoing Chang’e missions and the interest in lunar exploration.

Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs)

Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs) are communities identified by the Government of India as particularly vulnerable due to their socio-economic conditions. In Andhra Pradesh, there are 12 such groups, including the Chenchu and Kondareddi. These groups often face challenges like isolation and lack of basic amenities. Recently, the government announced plans to provide housing and essential services to PTGs, denoting their commitment to improving the living conditions of these communities, which has garnered media attention.

Prompt Fission Neutron Spectrum (PFNS)

The Prompt Fission Neutron Spectrum (PFNS) refers to the distribution of neutrons emitted immediately after a fission event. It is crucial for understanding the behaviour of nuclear reactions and improving reactor designs. Recent research in the U.S. reported differences between predicted and measured PFNS for plutonium-240, which could impact various fields, including nuclear medicine and reactor safety. This study was in the news for its implications on nuclear data accuracy and reactor performance.

Pushtimarg Sect

Pushtimarg is a sect of Vaishnavism founded by Vallabhacharya in the 16th century, focusing on devotion to Lord Krishna. It emphasises grace and love over strict rituals, attracting an important following in India, particularly in Gujarat and Maharashtra. The sect has a rich cultural heritage, including music and dance. Recently, it was in the news due to the backlash from its followers against the Netflix film Maharaj, which they claim misrepresents their beliefs and could incite violence against them.

Reverse Transcriptase

Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme that converts RNA into DNA, a process contrary to the traditional flow of genetic information. Discovered independently by Howard Temin and David Baltimore in 1970, it revolutionised molecular biology by enabling the study of RNA viruses like HIV. Its significance surged during the COVID-19 pandemic, as it became essential for developing diagnostic tests. The enzyme’s role in creating DNA from RNA has also been pivotal in understanding viral replication and gene expression.

Rift Valley Fever (RVF)

Rift Valley Fever is a viral disease primarily affecting livestock, transmitted by mosquitoes. It was first identified in Kenya in 1930 and has since caused livestock losses and human fatalities across Africa. The disease is characterised by symptoms like fever and jaundice in humans and can lead to abortions in animals. Recently, RVF has been in the news due to a study revealing its expanding geographical range in eastern Africa, linked to climate change.

Rohu (Labeo rohita)

Rohu is another key freshwater fish species in India, closely related to catla. It is highly valued for its taste and nutritional benefits, making it a popular choice in Indian cuisine. Rohu is extensively farmed in aquaculture, contributing to the country’s fish production. The UN report noted that Rohu, along with catla and Mrigal, forms the backbone of India’s inland fisheries, showcasing the shift towards sustainable aquaculture practices in response to declining wild fish stocks.

Rome Statute

The Rome Statute is the treaty that established the International Criminal Court (ICC) in 1998, aiming to prosecute serious international crimes like genocide and war crimes. Trivia: It came into effect on July 1, 2002, and currently has 123 member states. The statute allows non-member states, like Ukraine, to accept ICC jurisdiction for specific crimes. It was in the news as the basis for the ICC’s arrest warrants against Russian officials for their actions in Ukraine.

Rushikonda Hill

Rushikonda Hill is a prominent geographical feature in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, known for its ecological significance and historical connections. It is believed to be linked to the ‘Sapta Rishi’ (seven holy sages) and has a 150-year-old Lord Shiva temple at its base. The hill is part of the Thotlakonda, Bavikonda, and Pavuralakonda Buddhist heritage circuit, hinting at a rich cultural history. The recent construction activities on the hill have raised serious environmental concerns and sparked public protests.

Satnami Samaj

The Satnami Samaj is a religious community primarily composed of Scheduled Castes in India, particularly in Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh. Founded by Guru Ghasidas, the sect promotes equality and rejects caste discrimination. Historically, the Satnamis were involved in leatherwork but have since diversified. The community has gained political influence, especially in Chhattisgarh, where they represent an important voting bloc. Recent protests over the desecration of a religious site have brought the Satnami Samaj back into the national spotlight.

Seed Fund Scheme

The Seed Fund Scheme, launched in April 2021, has a corpus of Rs 945 crore and aims to support startups in India. It provides financial assistance for various stages, including proof of concept and market entry. The scheme is set to end in 2025, prompting discussions for a new initiative. This scheme is crucial as it helps startups secure necessary capital, which can be a decisive factor in their early growth. It was in the news due to potential budget proposals for its extension.

South Pole-Aitken Basin

The South Pole-Aitken Basin is one of the largest and oldest impact craters on the Moon, measuring about 2,500 kilometres in diameter. It is located on the far side of the Moon, making it a prime target for scientific exploration due to its unique geological features. The basin is believed to hold clues about the Moon’s history and formation. It was in the news as the landing site for China’s Chang’e 6 mission, aimed at collecting lunar samples.

Space MAITRI

Space MAITRI, which stands for Mission for Australia-India’s Technology, Research and Innovation, is a collaborative initiative between India and Australia aimed at enhancing their strategic partnership in space. This mission focuses on sustainable space operations and debris management, addressing the growing concern of space debris. It was in the news due to its significance in fostering closer ties between the two nations’ space sectors, promoting innovation and responsible practices in space exploration.

SPARSH

SPARSH stands for System for Pension Administration (RAKSHA) and is a web-based platform designed to streamline the processing of pension claims for defence personnel. It allows direct crediting of pensions into bank accounts, eliminating intermediaries. Launched by the Ministry of Defence, SPARSH aims to enhance efficiency and transparency in pension management. It was in the news due to recent MoUs signed with four banks to establish service centres, improving access for pensioners, especially in remote areas.

Strait of Hormuz

The Strait of Hormuz is a narrow waterway between Oman and Iran, crucial for global oil transport, as about 20% of the world’s oil passes through it. It has been a flashpoint for geopolitical tensions, particularly involving Iran and the US. In recent news, concerns have risen that Iran might block the strait in response to conflicts involving Hezbollah and Israel, which could lead to skyrocketing oil prices and global economic repercussions.

Straits of Tiran

The Straits of Tiran are a narrow sea passage located between the Sinai Peninsula and Saudi Arabia, connecting the Gulf of Aqaba to the Red Sea. They are strategically important for Israel, as they provide access to the port of Eilat. In May 1967, Egypt’s blockade of these straits was a critical trigger for the Six-Day War, as it severely restricted Israeli shipping. The blockade was an important factor in escalating tensions, leading to Israel’s pre-emptive military action.

Yom Kippur War

The Yom Kippur War occurred in October 1973 when Egypt and Syria launched a surprise attack on Israel during the Jewish holy day of Yom Kippur. This conflict aimed to reclaim territories lost during the 1967 Six-Day War. The war ended with a ceasefire and led to shifts in Middle Eastern politics, including the Camp David Accords. It remains relevant today as it shaped the dynamics of Arab-Israeli relations and is often referenced in discussions about ongoing conflicts in the region.