Current Affairs Lexicon – February, 2024

Agaléga Island

Agaléga Island is a small island in the Indian Ocean, part of Mauritius, located about 1,000 kilometres north of the main island. It consists of two islands, North Island and South Island, and has a population of around 300 people. The island is known for its pristine beaches and rich biodiversity. Recently, it was in the news due to India’s inauguration of an airstrip and jetty, which raised concerns about military implications amid regional tensions with China.

Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies (AFS)

The Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies (AFS) was introduced by the World Trade Organization in June 2022 to combat overfishing and promote sustainable fishing practices. It aims to reduce harmful subsidies that contribute to illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing. The AFS is as it represents a global effort to protect marine ecosystems while balancing economic interests. It was in the news due to ongoing debates about its effectiveness and the need for stricter regulations to ensure compliance.

Agriculture Infrastructure Development Cess (AIDC)

Agriculture Infrastructure Development Cess (AIDC) is an additional tax imposed on certain goods to fund agricultural infrastructure projects in India. Currently, AIDC for gold imports is set at 5%. This cess is part of the government’s strategy to enhance agricultural development while regulating imports. The recent hike in import duties, including AIDC, aims to standardise taxation on gold and silver, reflecting the government’s focus on both economic growth and agricultural support amidst rising gold demand.

Ahatguri

Ahatguri is a town in the Nagaon district of Assam, known for its traditional buffalo fighting events during the Magh Bihu festival. This location has been an important centre for these fights for decades, attracting large crowds. The fights are deeply rooted in local culture and are organised by the Ahatguri Anchalik Moh-jooj aru Bhogali Utsav Udjapan Samiti. Recently, Ahatguri was in the news due to legal challenges regarding the revival of these traditional fights amid animal welfare concerns.

Altocumulus Clouds

Altocumulus clouds are mid-level clouds that typically form between 2,000 and 7,000 metres above sea level. They are characterised by their white or grey patches and often indicate a change in weather. These clouds contain supercooled water droplets, which can lead to the formation of cavum clouds when disturbed by aircraft. NASA’s recent observations of cavum clouds highlighted the significance of altocumulus clouds in understanding cloud formation and the impact of human activity on weather patterns.

Amphipods

Amphipods are small, shrimp-like crustaceans that play a vital role in marine ecosystems. They are important indicators of environmental health and contribute to the marine food web. Amphipods can be found in various habitats, from deep oceans to coastal areas. The recent discovery of new species, including Parhyale odian, has drawn attention to their ecological roles and the impact of climate change on marine biodiversity, emphasising the need for further research and conservation.

Angelshark

The Angelshark (Squatina squatina) is a flat-bodied shark found in the Mediterranean Sea, known for its unique appearance resembling a ray. It is critically endangered due to overfishing and habitat degradation. Historically, it was common in coastal waters, but its population has drastically declined over the past 50 years. Recently, the CMS COP14 adopted a Single Species Action Plan for the Angelshark, aiming to promote its long-term sustainability and address the threats it faces from human activities.

Arakan Army

The Arakan Army (AA) is an ethnic armed group in Myanmar, primarily representing the Rakhine people. Formed in 2009, it seeks greater autonomy for Rakhine State and has been involved in ongoing conflicts with the Myanmar military. The AA gained international attention for its role in the civil unrest following the 2021 coup. Its recent capture of Paletwa has heightened tensions with the Chin ethnic group, complicating the region’s already fragile dynamics.

Article 5

Article 5 of NATO’s founding treaty states that an armed attack against one member is considered an attack against all. This principle is crucial for collective security, but it does not guarantee an automatic military response. The strength of Article 5 relies on political leaders’ commitment to act. Trump’s recent remarks about not defending allies who do not meet defence spending targets have sparked outrage, as they challenge the foundational security assurances that underpin NATO’s collective defence strategy.

Articles 105 and 194

Articles 105 and 194 of the Indian Constitution provide legal immunity to Members of Parliament (MPs) and Members of Legislative Assemblies (MLAs) for actions taken in the course of their duties. This includes protection from prosecution for statements made in Parliament. These articles aim to ensure free speech and a conducive environment for legislative discussions. The recent Supreme Court ruling clarified that this immunity does not extend to bribery, marking an important shift in legal interpretation and accountability for lawmakers.

Badwater Basin

Badwater Basin is the lowest point in North America, sitting at 282 feet (86 metres) below sea level. It is located in Death Valley National Park, which is famous for its extreme temperatures and arid conditions. The basin is primarily a salt flat, formed by the evaporation of water. Recently, it gained attention due to the formation of Manly Lake after Hurricane Hilary, showcasing how unusual weather patterns can temporarily alter this typically dry landscape.

Baleen Whales

Baleen whales are a group of large marine mammals that filter-feed using baleen plates instead of teeth. This adaptation allows them to consume small fish and plankton by taking in large amounts of water and then pushing it out, trapping food in the process. Notable species include the blue whale and humpback whale. They were in the news due to a study revealing their unique vocal adaptations for underwater communication, denoting the impact of human noise pollution on their ability to communicate.

Balfour Declaration

The Balfour Declaration was a statement issued by the British government in 1917, expressing support for the establishment of a national home for the Jewish people in Palestine. This declaration influenced the Zionist movement and Jewish migration to the region. It is often cited as a pivotal moment in the history of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Recently, discussions around the recognition of Palestine have revived interest in the declaration’s historical implications and its role in shaping current geopolitical dynamics.

Bandipur National Park

Bandipur National Park, located in Karnataka, is an important wildlife reserve that was established in 1974. It spans over 874 square kilometres and is part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. The park is home to diverse species, including tigers, elephants, and various birds. It has been in the news due to concerns over a proposed railway line that could disrupt its ecosystem. Environmentalists have rallied under the ‘Save Bandipur’ campaign to protect this vital habitat.

Bannerghatta National Park

Bannerghatta National Park (BNP) is located near Bengaluru, Karnataka, and spans over 104 square kilometres. It is a crucial biodiversity hotspot, home to endangered species such as Asian elephants and Indian gaurs. BNP is unique as it is one of the few national parks located near a major city, allowing for human-wildlife interactions. The park has been in the news due to proposed highway construction that threatens its ecosystem, sparking protests from environmental activists.

Bargur Cattle

Bargur cattle are a traditional breed native to the Bargur forest hills in Tamil Nadu. Known for their strength and adaptability, they are integral to local pastoralist communities. Recently, the grazing rights of these cattle have been threatened due to the establishment of the Thanthai Periyar Sanctuary, which restricts their access to traditional grazing grounds. This situation has highlighted the conflict between wildlife conservation efforts and the rights of indigenous pastoral communities in the region.

Beijing Declaration

The Beijing Declaration, adopted in 1995, is a landmark policy agenda aimed at achieving gender equality and empowering women worldwide. It outlines strategic objectives to improve women’s rights, health, and education. The declaration has influenced global policies and initiatives, including the Sustainable Development Goals. It was in the news as part of discussions on commitments to end practices like FGM, emphasising the need for collective action to uphold women’s rights and promote gender equality.

Bhadla Industrial Solar Park

The Bhadla Industrial Solar Park, located in Rajasthan, is the world’s largest solar park, boasting a capacity of 2,245 MW. It covers an area of about 14,000 acres and is an important contributor to India’s solar energy goals. The park was in the news for its role in showcasing India’s commitment to renewable energy and its potential to meet the country’s growing power demands sustainably, especially as the government pushes for increased solar capacity.

Bhagwan Birsa Biological Park

Situated in Ormanjhi village, Ranchi, the Bhagwan Birsa Biological Park is a prominent zoo and conservation centre in Jharkhand. It houses a diverse range of flora and fauna, including endangered species. The park has been in the news due to its role in supplying 300 herbivores for the Palamu Tiger Reserve’s prey augmentation project. This collaboration marks the importance of zoos in wildlife conservation efforts, particularly in enhancing the natural prey base for predators like tigers.

Bhavantar Bhugtan Yojana

The Bhavantar Bhugtan Yojana is a price deficiency payment scheme launched in Madhya Pradesh to support farmers by compensating them for the difference between the market price and the MSP. It was introduced during the 2017-18 kharif season for various crops. Despite registering millions of farmers, the scheme faced challenges due to lack of central support. It has been in the news as a model for other states, showcasing a potential solution to farmers’ income issues amid ongoing protests for MSP guarantees.

Bhuinhari Land

Bhuinhari land refers to a specific type of land tenure in Jharkhand, protected under the Chotanagpur Tenancy Act. This law prohibits the transfer or sale of such land, which is traditionally owned by local tribes. Hemant Soren claimed that the disputed land was Bhuinhari, asserting that it could not be legally owned by him or anyone else. The concept is crucial in understanding land rights in Jharkhand and has been central to the ongoing legal disputes involving Soren.

Biodiversity Heritage Site (BHS)

A Biodiversity Heritage Site (BHS) is a designated area that is recognised for its unique biodiversity and ecological significance. These sites are protected to conserve their rich flora and fauna, often involving local communities in conservation efforts. Odisha’s recent declaration of Gupteswar Forest as a BHS is part of a broader initiative to safeguard biodiversity. The news marks the government’s commitment to environmental conservation and the importance of preserving natural habitats for future generations.

Blue Carbon

Blue carbon refers to the carbon captured and stored in coastal and marine ecosystems, particularly in mangroves, salt marshes, and seagrasses. These ecosystems can sequester carbon at rates up to four times higher than terrestrial forests. The term gained prominence as scientists and policymakers recognised the role of coastal habitats in climate change mitigation. It was in the news due to increasing efforts to protect these ecosystems as part of global climate strategies, denoting their importance in reducing atmospheric CO₂ levels.

Bomb Cyclone

A Bomb Cyclone is a rapidly intensifying storm that drops at least 24 millibars in pressure within 24 hours. This phenomenon can lead to severe weather, including heavy snowfall and strong winds. The term gained attention during the January 2018 Bomb Cyclone, which caused widespread disruption across the East Coast. The recent Nor’easter was compared to this event, as both types of storms can result in damage and emergency situations for affected regions.

Bubonic Plague

The bubonic plague is a severe bacterial infection caused by Yersinia pestis, primarily transmitted through fleas from infected rodents. It is infamous for causing the Black Death in the mid-1300s, which decimated Europe’s population. Today, it remains rare but treatable with antibiotics. In the US, around seven cases are reported annually, mostly in rural areas. The recent case in Oregon highlighted the ongoing risk, especially from pets that may come into contact with infected wildlife.

Camp David Accords

The Camp David Accords were a series of agreements signed in 1978 between Egypt and Israel, facilitated by US President Jimmy Carter. They led to the Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty, marking the first peace agreement between Israel and an Arab country. The accords are for establishing diplomatic relations and returning the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt. Recently, they were mentioned in discussions about Egypt’s potential response to Israeli military actions in Gaza, denoting the delicate balance of regional politics.

CAR-T Cell Therapy

CAR-T cell therapy is a revolutionary cancer treatment that modifies a patient’s T-cells to better fight cancer. It involves collecting T-cells, genetically altering them to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), and infusing them back into the patient. This therapy is particularly effective for B-cell cancers like leukaemia and lymphoma. It was in the news as the Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO) approved its commercial use in India in October 2023, marking an important advancement in cancer treatment.

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is a technology designed to capture carbon dioxide emissions from sources like power plants and store it underground. It involves three main methods: post-combustion, pre-combustion, and oxyfuel combustion. CCS aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and combat climate change. Recently, it was in the news as Germany announced its support for CCS to meet carbon neutrality goals by 2045, denoting its role in global climate strategies.

Cartosat-2

Cartosat-2 is a high-resolution imaging satellite developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). Launched on January 10, 2007, it was designed for urban planning and monitoring. Weighing 680 kg, it operated in a sun-synchronous orbit at 635 km altitude. In February 2024, it successfully re-entered Earth’s atmosphere, marking an important achievement in space debris management. This event highlighted ISRO’s commitment to sustainable space practices, as it reduced collision risks and complied with international guidelines.

Cavum Clouds

Cavum clouds, also known as hole-punch clouds, are formed when aircraft pass through altocumulus clouds, causing supercooled water droplets to freeze into ice crystals. These crystals fall out, creating a distinctive hole in the cloud layer. They have been studied for over 13 years, with research indicating that various aircraft types can generate them. Recently, NASA shared images of these clouds, denoting their unique formation process and the role of aeroplanes in their creation.

Central Asian Flyway

The Central Asian Flyway is a crucial migratory route for over 600 species of birds, spanning from Siberia to the Maldives. It includes countries like Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and India. This flyway is vital for the ecological connectivity of migratory birds, many of which are culturally to local communities. Recently, it was in the news due to the adoption of the Initiative for the Central Asian Flyway at CMS COP 14, aimed at conserving these migratory species.

Challakere

Challakere is a town in Karnataka, known for its aerospace and defence research facilities. It is home to the CSIR-National Aerospace Laboratories, where advancements in unmanned aerial vehicles are being made. The recent successful test of the HAPS took place here, denoting Challakere’s growing importance in India’s aerospace sector. The town is also noted for its proximity to the Indian Institute of Science and various research institutions, making it a hub for innovation and technology.

Climate Tipping Points

Climate tipping points are critical thresholds in natural systems that, once crossed, can lead to irreversible changes. For example, if global temperatures rise too high, a rainforest might turn into a dry savannah. These points are concerning because breaching one can trigger others, creating a domino effect. The Global Tipping Points Report published in December 2023 highlighted that five major tipping points are currently at risk, raising alarms about potential catastrophic impacts on societies.

Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA)

Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) is a concept introduced by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in 2010. It focuses on sustainable farming practices that enhance productivity while reducing environmental impact. CSA includes techniques like improved seeds, zero tillage, and agroforestry. It was in the news due to recent research from India showing a strong link between CSA practices and farm productivity, denoting the importance of training and awareness in adopting these methods for climate resilience.

Cloudbursts

Cloudbursts are sudden, intense rain events that can produce extreme rainfall rates, often exceeding 100 mm per hour. They are characterised by larger raindrops, which can lead to severe flooding and landslides. In 2023, the frequency of cloudbursts in Himachal Pradesh surged, causing destruction. This phenomenon gained attention as it highlighted the increasing severity of weather events linked to climate change, particularly in the Himalayan region, where such occurrences have devastating impacts on communities.

CO2 Fertilisation

CO2 fertilisation is the phenomenon where increased carbon dioxide levels enhance plant growth and photosynthesis. This process has been observed globally, with implications for agriculture and ecosystems. While it can boost crop yields, it may also reduce the nutritional quality of food. The topic has been in the news due to concerns over food security and the health impacts of nutrient-deficient diets, denoting the complex relationship between climate change, agriculture, and human health.

Coal Gasification

Coal gasification is a process that converts coal into gas, which can then be used for energy production. This method allows for the extraction of useful gases like hydrogen and carbon monoxide, but it is not considered a clean energy solution. Recently, it was in India’s interim budget, where plans were announced to establish coal gasification capacity by 2030. This move aims to reduce dependence on imported fuels, although it raises concerns about environmental impacts.

Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS)

The Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) programme is an initiative by NASA to collaborate with private companies for lunar exploration. Under CLPS, NASA funds firms to deliver payloads to the moon, fostering innovation in space technology. This programme is crucial for establishing a sustainable human presence on the moon. It has been in the news as it represents a shift towards commercial partnerships in space exploration, enabling private firms like Intuitive Machines to contribute to lunar missions.

Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP)

The Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP) is an Government of India body that recommends MSP for various crops. Established in 1965, it operates under the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare. CACP evaluates factors like production costs, market trends, and demand-supply dynamics to determine fair prices for farmers. It has been in the news recently due to its role in the farmer protests, as farmers are advocating for the implementation of CACP’s recommendations for better income security.

Common Agricultural Policy (CAP)

The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is a European Union policy that provides financial support to farmers, ensuring food security and sustainable agriculture. Established in 1962, it allocates around €55 billion annually. CAP has faced criticism for favouring large farms, leading to an important decline in the number of smaller farms. Recently, it has been in the news due to farmers protesting against new green policies that they believe threaten their livelihoods and competitiveness.

Common But Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR)

Common But Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR) is a principle in international environmental law that acknowledges different countries’ varying capabilities and responsibilities in addressing environmental issues. Trivia: It was first established in the 1992 Rio Declaration. CBDR was mentioned in the context of India’s negotiations at the WTO, as it seeks to ensure that agreements on fisheries subsidies consider the unique needs of developing nations, promoting sustainable practices while protecting local fishing communities.

Common Pool Fund (CPF)

The Common Pool Fund (CPF) is a financial mechanism introduced in Karnataka’s new temple tax legislation. It requires temples with high incomes to contribute a portion of their earnings to support various social initiatives, including aid for priests and educational programmes. The CPF aims to ensure that wealth generated by religious institutions benefits the broader community. The fund has been in the news due to the controversy surrounding the tax implications for temples and the management of religious funds.

Conger Ice Shelf

The Conger Ice Shelf is located in East Antarctica and is part of the larger Antarctic ice system. In 2022, it gained attention when unusually warm rain caused it to collapse almost overnight, denoting the vulnerability of ice shelves to climate change. Ice shelves act as barriers, holding back glaciers from flowing into the ocean. Their rapid disintegration can lead to increased sea-level rise, making this event in discussions about global warming and its impacts.

Congo Basin Rainforest

The Congo Basin Rainforest is one of the largest tropical rainforests in the world, spanning six countries in Central Africa. It is a biodiversity hotspot, home to thousands of species, including endangered ones like the bonobo and forest elephant. This rainforest acts as an important carbon sink, helping to mitigate climate change. Recently, it was in the news due to discussions at a conference aimed at fostering collaboration among scientists and local communities to study and protect this vital ecosystem.

Convention on Migratory Species (CMS)

The Convention on Migratory Species (CMS) is an international treaty aimed at conserving migratory species and their habitats. Established in 1979, it encourages countries to work together to protect migratory animals, particularly those that cross international borders. The CMS is for its role in fostering global cooperation on wildlife conservation. It was in the news due to the recent CMS COP14 meeting in Samarkand, where crucial action plans for migratory species were adopted.

Cryogenic Engine

A cryogenic engine operates at extremely low temperatures, using liquid hydrogen and oxygen as fuel. This technology is complex, as hydrogen must be liquefied at -250°C, and oxygen at -90°C. ISRO’s GSLV rockets use a reverse-engineered cryogenic engine originally based on Russian designs. The development of indigenous cryogenic technology has been an important achievement for India, allowing for greater control over rocket launches. This engine’s performance is critical for future missions, including the upcoming NISAR satellite.

Diego Garcia

Diego Garcia is a remote atoll in the Chagos Archipelago, located in the Indian Ocean. It is known for its strategic military base and pristine coral reefs. The area is for marine research, particularly for studying hawksbill turtles, which nest there. Recent studies have highlighted its importance as a foraging ground for these turtles, revealing that they migrate to deeper waters for food. The atoll has been in the news due to ongoing conservation discussions and its unique marine biodiversity.

Dikshitar Community

The Dikshitar community is a hereditary group of Brahmins known for their role as priests at the Chidambaram Temple in Tamil Nadu. They have maintained control over the temple’s administration for centuries, successfully challenging government attempts to impose external management. In 2014, the Supreme Court ruled in their favour, affirming their rights as a separate denomination under Hinduism. This community has been in the news due to ongoing conflicts with the government over temple governance and recent allegations of caste discrimination within temple practices.

Dog-legging

Dog-legging is a manoeuvre used in rocket launches to alter a spacecraft’s trajectory mid-flight. This technique is essential when launching from locations like Sriharikota, where flying over populated areas or geopolitical boundaries poses safety concerns. By changing direction, rockets can avoid flying over Sri Lanka when launching polar satellites. This method can reduce payload capacity due to increased fuel consumption. It was in the news as part of the discussion on the need for a new spaceport to improve launch efficiency.

Donbas Region

The Donbas region, located in eastern Ukraine, comprises the Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts. It has been a focal point of conflict since 2014, with pro-Russian separatists declaring independence. The area is rich in coal and industrial resources, making it strategically . Recently, it has been in the news as Russian forces intensified their efforts to capture and consolidate control over this region, leading to heavy fighting and humanitarian crises.

Edwards Syndrome

Edwards syndrome, also known as trisomy 18, is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra 18th chromosome. It leads to severe developmental delays and is often fatal within the first year of life. The condition is rare, occurring in about 1 in 5,000 live births. It was in the news due to the recent discovery of a prehistoric case, marking the first identification of this syndrome in ancient remains, shedding light on historical genetic disorders.

Ergosphere

The ergosphere is a unique region surrounding a rotating black hole, known as a Kerr black hole. It allows objects to enter and exit while gaining energy, unlike the event horizon, from which nothing can escape. The term derives from the Greek word ‘ergon’, meaning ‘work’, denoting its potential for energy extraction. Recently, scientists have discussed harnessing this feature for theoretical space travel, making it a topic of interest in astrophysics and energy research.

Five Eyes

The Five Eyes is an intelligence alliance comprising Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the UK, and the US. Established during World War II, it facilitates shared intelligence and security cooperation among member nations. The alliance is particularly focused on signals intelligence and cyber threats. Recently, the Five Eyes nations have been alerted to the Volt Typhoon cyber operation, denoting the interconnected nature of their security. The alliance was in the news as it responded to the growing threat of Chinese cyber activities targeting its members.

Free Movement Regime (FMR)

The Free Movement Regime (FMR) was an agreement between India and Myanmar, allowing border residents to travel 16 km into the neighbouring country without a visa. Introduced in 2018, it aimed to facilitate cultural exchange and trade. However, it became a concern due to illegal activities and security threats, particularly after the military coup in Myanmar in 2021. The recent scrapping of the FMR was in the news as part of India’s efforts to enhance border security and demographic integrity.

Gahirmatha Marine Sanctuary

Gahirmatha Marine Sanctuary, located in Odisha, is the largest marine sanctuary in the country and a critical nesting site for Olive Ridley sea turtles. Established in 1997, it spans over 1,435 square kilometres and is home to diverse marine life. The sanctuary has been in the news due to ongoing issues with illegal fishing practices and pollution, which threaten the turtle population and the overall marine ecosystem, denoting the need for stricter enforcement of conservation measures.

Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs)

Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) occur when glacial lakes overflow or burst due to rapid melting or heavy rainfall. These floods can be catastrophic, sweeping away infrastructure and causing loss of life. The recent GLOF in Sikkim in October 2023 resulted in over 400 fatalities, drawing media attention to the dangers posed by climate change and glacial retreat in the Himalayas. GLOFs are a growing concern as they threaten communities living downstream of glacial lakes.

Global Brightening

Global brightening refers to the increase in sunlight reaching the Earth’s surface due to reduced cloud cover since the late 1980s. This phenomenon has been linked to rising daytime temperatures, as more sunlight leads to increased heating. Factors influencing cloud cover include natural events and human activities. Global brightening was in recent discussions about climate change, as it contributes to the widening gap between day and night temperatures, affecting weather patterns and ecosystems.

Global Green Credit Initiative

The Global Green Credit Initiative is a collaborative effort between India and the UAE aimed at promoting sustainable development and climate action. Launched during the COP28 climate summit, it focuses on creating a framework for green financing and carbon credit trading. This initiative is crucial as both nations seek to address climate change and enhance their environmental commitments. It was in the news due to its potential impact on global climate policies and the strengthening of India-UAE relations.

Global Greening

Global greening refers to the increase in green vegetation on Earth, observed through satellite data. Despite deforestation and climate change, studies show a 5% rise in leaf area since the 1980s, equivalent to the Amazon rainforest’s size. This phenomenon is largely driven by increased carbon dioxide levels, which act as a fertiliser for plants. It was in the news due to its implications for climate change mitigation and the paradox of more greenery amidst environmental degradation.

Global Initiative on Digital Health (GIDH)

The GIDH is a new platform launched by the WHO to enhance digital health across countries. It aims to share knowledge and digital tools, focusing on the needs of the Global South. The initiative includes a country needs tracker and a resource portal. It was in the news as an important outcome of India’s G20 presidency in 2023, denoting the importance of digital health in improving healthcare access and efficiency globally.

Global Innovation Index (GII)

The Global Innovation Index (GII) is an annual ranking that measures the innovation performance of countries based on various indicators, including research and development, education, and technology. Launched in 2007, it aims to provide vital information about the innovation landscape and help policymakers improve their countries’ innovation capabilities. In 2023 ranked 40th, an important rise from 81st in 2015, reflecting its growing influence in global research and technology. This improvement has garnered attention for showcasing India’s potential in the innovation ecosystem.

Global Partnership on Ecological Connectivity (GPEC)

The Global Partnership on Ecological Connectivity (GPEC) aims to protect and connect natural areas critical for migratory species. Launched at COP14, it addresses habitat destruction and fragmentation caused by infrastructure development. GPEC seeks to ensure that migratory species can access essential sites across national boundaries. This initiative is vital for maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem services, as it promotes the restoration of ecological connectivity, which is increasingly threatened by human activities and climate change.

Global Stocktake (GST)

The Global Stocktake is a mechanism under the Paris Agreement that evaluates collective progress towards climate goals every five years. The first GST occurred in 2022, culminating at COP28 in December 2023. It aims to identify gaps in climate action and guide future efforts. The GST was in the news as countries requested the IPCC to align its upcoming AR7 reports with the stocktake, ensuring that nations can measure their progress against the latest scientific assessments.

Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam

The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) is Africa’s largest hydroelectric project, located on the Blue Nile River. Once completed, it will generate 6,450 MW of electricity, boosting Ethiopia’s power supply. The dam has been a source of regional tension, particularly with downstream countries like Egypt and Sudan, over water rights. It was in the news as Ethiopia’s debt crisis raises concerns about the dam’s funding and the country’s ability to manage its ambitious energy projects.

Gravitational Singularity

A gravitational singularity is a point in space where gravitational forces cause matter to have infinite density, leading to the breakdown of known physics, particularly general relativity. Singularities are found at the centre of black holes, where the laws of physics as we understand them cease to function. They have been in the news due to ongoing research in black hole physics and the quest to unify general relativity with quantum mechanics, which could reshape our understanding of the universe.

Greenstone Belts

Greenstone belts are geological formations primarily composed of volcanic and sedimentary rocks, often found in ancient cratons. They are crucial for studying the Earth’s early history, particularly during the Archaean era. These belts typically contain mafic rocks, rich in magnesium, and provide evidence of ancient tectonic and volcanic activity. Recent research has focused on their role in understanding early Earth conditions, making them newsworthy as scientists explore their significance in the context of life’s origins.

Guanaco

The guanaco (Lama guanicoe) is a camelid native to South America, closely related to the llama. It thrives in arid and semi-arid regions and plays a vital role in its ecosystem by grazing on vegetation. The guanaco was in the news as it was proposed for inclusion in Appendix II of the Convention on Migratory Species, due to its fragmented populations and threats from human activities, aiming to enhance its conservation and habitat protection.

Guano

Guano is the accumulated excrement of seabirds and bats, historically used as a potent fertiliser due to its high nitrogen content. In the 19th century, it became a valuable commodity, leading to the establishment of a massive guano industry in Latin America. The term guano comes from the Quechua word wanu, meaning fertiliser. It was in the news due to its historical significance in agriculture and the environmental concerns surrounding its harvesting.

Gupteswar Forest

Gupteswar Forest, located in Koraput district, Odisha, is a newly declared Biodiversity Heritage Site, covering 350 hectares. It is adjacent to the Gupteswar Shiva temple and is known for its sacred grooves, which are traditionally worshipped by local communities. The forest is home to 608 faunal species, including unique mammals and birds. It was in the news due to its recent designation as a BHS, denoting the importance of biodiversity conservation in the region.

HAPS (High-Altitude Pseudo-Satellite)

HAPS stands for High-Altitude Pseudo-Satellite, a type of unmanned aerial vehicle designed to operate in the stratosphere, around 20 km above the Earth. These vehicles can remain airborne for extended periods, offering advantages over traditional drones and satellites. They are particularly useful for surveillance and disaster management. Recently, HAPS technology gained attention due to the successful test flight by India’s National Aerospace Laboratories, showcasing the potential for long-duration monitoring capabilities.

Harit Nauka Initiative

The Harit Nauka initiative, launched by India’s Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways, aims to transition inland vessels to green fuels. The guidelines mandate that 50% of passenger fleets use green fuels by 2034, increasing to 100% by 2045. This initiative is part of India’s broader strategy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote sustainable practices in the shipping industry. The recent launch of the hydrogen fuel cell ferry aligns with this initiative, emphasising India’s commitment to environmental sustainability.

Hawksbill Turtle

The Hawksbill Turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) is a critically endangered sea turtle known for its beautiful shell, which has led to illegal trade. It primarily inhabits coral reefs in tropical waters. The species was listed as critically endangered by the IUCN in 2008 due to habitat loss and exploitation. In recent news, the CMS COP14 adopted a Single Species Action Plan to enhance conservation efforts for this turtle, denoting the urgent need for protective measures against its declining population.

Heat Shock Proteins

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are a group of proteins that help protect cells from stress, including high temperatures. They act as molecular chaperones, stabilising other proteins and preventing damage. HSPs are crucial for maintaining cellular function, especially during extreme heat. When temperatures remain high, HSPs can become overwhelmed, leading to cellular breakdown and increased susceptibility to infections. Recent studies have emphasised their role in health, particularly in how extreme heat affects young children and pregnant women.

Hybrid Annuity Model (HAM)

The Hybrid Annuity Model (HAM) is a financing approach for infrastructure projects that combines elements of both public and private funding. Introduced in 2016, it allows the government to share revenue risks with developers, providing fixed annuity payments for 15 years. This model has gained traction, accounting for 58% of the Bharatmala programme, as it requires lower capital commitment from developers compared to BoT. Its success has prompted discussions on its potential to attract more private investment in highways.

Hydrogen Fuel Cell

Hydrogen fuel cells generate electricity through a chemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen, producing only water as a by-product. They are efficient and have no moving parts, leading to lower maintenance needs. The technology is gaining traction in various sectors, including transportation. Recently launched its first hydrogen fuel cell ferry, marking an important step in green technology. This initiative aligns with global trends towards sustainable energy solutions and supports India’s National Green Hydrogen Mission.

I2U2

I2U2 is a strategic partnership involving India, Israel, the United States, and the UAE, aimed at enhancing cooperation on various issues, including economic development and security. Formed in 2021, it focuses on joint projects in areas like technology, infrastructure, and food security. The grouping gained attention during Modi’s visit to the UAE, as it represents an important geopolitical alliance in the Middle East, showcasing the collaborative efforts of these nations to address regional challenges and promote stability.

IMEC (India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor)

The India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) is a proposed trade route designed to enhance connectivity between India, the Middle East, and Europe. It aims to facilitate trade and economic cooperation through a network of rail and shipping routes. The project gained attention after the recent geopolitical tensions in the Middle East, particularly following the Hamas attack on Israel. Indian officials have expressed renewed interest in the IMEC, viewing it as a strategic initiative to strengthen economic ties amidst changing global dynamics.

IN-SPACe

The Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre (IN-SPACe) was established in 2020 to promote private sector participation in India’s space industry. It aims to facilitate the growth of private companies in satellite manufacturing, launch services, and data products. IN-SPACe plays a crucial role in implementing the Indian Space Policy and the Geospatial Guidelines. It was in the news due to recent reforms allowing 100% foreign direct investment in the space sector, enhancing India’s competitive edge.

Incheon Declaration

The Incheon Declaration, adopted in 2015 during the World Education Forum in Incheon, South Korea, aims to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education for all by 2030. It emphasises the need for education systems to be accessible and responsive to diverse needs. The declaration has been pivotal in shaping global education policies, including India’s educational strategies. Recently, it has been in the news due to concerns that budget cuts in India contradict its goals of equitable education.

Indian Biological Data Centre (IBDC)

The Indian Biological Data Centre (IBDC) is a facility located in Faridabad, designed to store and manage biological data, including genomic information. It plays a pivotal role in the Genome India Project by housing nearly 80,000 GB of data from genome sequencing. The IBDC aims to facilitate research and ensure data accessibility for scientists. It was mentioned in the news as the storage site for the vast genetic database, emphasising India’s advancements in biotechnology and data management.

Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF)

The Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF) is a strategic initiative launched by the US in 2022 to strengthen economic ties with countries in the Indo-Pacific region. It focuses on trade, supply chains, clean energy, and digital economy cooperation. The framework aims to counter China’s influence and enhance regional stability. IPEF has been in the news due to its role in fostering US-India relations and addressing critical emerging technologies, reflecting the US’s commitment to a collaborative economic approach in Asia.

INS Kattabomman

INS Kattabomman is India’s first Very Low Frequency Communication Station, operational since 1990 in Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu. It serves as a vital communication link for submarines, ensuring secure military operations. The station employs around 800 personnel and their families, contributing to local economies. Recent discussions about the new VLF station in Vikarabad have referenced INS Kattabomman to address public concerns about environmental impacts, as the Indian Navy claims no adverse effects have been observed at this facility.

INS Vikrant

INS Vikrant is India’s first indigenously designed and built aircraft carrier, commissioned in 2022. It measures 262 metres in length and 62 metres in width, with a displacement of over 40,000 tonnes. The carrier can accommodate 30 aircraft and represents an important leap in India’s naval capabilities, placing it among an elite group of nations. It was in the news for symbolising Prime Minister Modi’s ‘Aatmanirbhar’ initiative, promoting self-reliance in defence.

INSAT-3DS

INSAT-3DS is a new-generation meteorological satellite launched by ISRO to enhance weather monitoring and climate prediction in India. It is designed to improve early warning systems and disaster management services. This satellite complements existing satellites INSAT-3D and INSAT-3DR. The launch was as it marked a step forward in India’s capabilities to monitor environmental changes. It was in the news due to its successful deployment, which bolstered India’s space technology reputation.

International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD)

ICIMOD is a regional intergovernmental organisation based in Kathmandu, Nepal, focusing on sustainable mountain development in the Hindu Kush Himalaya region. Established in 1983, it aims to promote regional cooperation and knowledge sharing among member countries. Recently, ICIMOD hosted the Third Lead Authors meeting of the IPBES nexus assessment, denoting the urgent need for action against biodiversity loss. The organisation’s work is vital as it addresses the interconnectedness of ecosystems, climate change, and human livelihoods in mountainous areas.

Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)

The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) is a region near the equator where the trade winds from the Northern and Southern Hemispheres meet. This zone is crucial for global weather patterns, influencing rainfall and climate. The ITCZ has been linked to the glacial retreat in East Africa, as shifts in moisture regimes have contributed to drier conditions. It was recently mentioned in studies discussing the impact of climate change on tropical glaciers, underscoring its importance in environmental research.

Jaunsari Tribe

The Jaunsari tribe is an indigenous community from the Jaunsar-Bawar region of Uttarakhand, known for its unique culture and traditions. They primarily speak Jaunsari, a dialect of Hindi, and have a rich heritage of folk music and dance. The tribe has been in the news due to the UCC draft, which proposes to exempt tribal communities like the Jaunsari from certain provisions, denoting the balance between modern legal frameworks and traditional practices in India.

Kaas Plateau

The Kaas Plateau, located in Maharashtra, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site known for its unique biodiversity, particularly its endemic flora. Often perceived as barren, it hosts numerous rare species that thrive in its grassland ecosystem. The plateau is famous for its stunning wildflower blooms during the monsoon season. It was in recent discussions about the ecological importance of grasslands, as experts argue that such areas should not be classified as ‘degraded’ under new environmental policies.

Kali Tiger Reserve

Kali Tiger Reserve, situated in Uttara Kannada district, Karnataka, is a protected area known for its rich biodiversity and tiger population. Established in 2007, it encompasses the former Anashi National Park and is crucial for wildlife conservation. The reserve has been in the news due to the recent translocation of spotted deer, aimed at enhancing the herbivore population and maintaining ecological balance. The reserve’s diverse habitats support various species, making it a vital area for conservation efforts in India.

Katchatheevu Islet

Katchatheevu is an uninhabited islet located in the Palk Bay, approximately 14 nautical miles from Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu. It was ceded to Sri Lanka in 1974, leading to ongoing disputes over fishing rights. The islet is for its annual St. Anthony’s Church festival, which fosters cultural ties between Indian and Sri Lankan fishermen. Recently, it was in the news due to protests by Indian fishermen against the arrest of their peers by Sri Lankan authorities.

Kerr Black Holes

Kerr black holes are a type of rotating black hole, named after mathematician Roy P. Kerr, who first described them in 1963. Unlike non-rotating black holes, Kerr black holes have an ergosphere and can theoretically allow for energy extraction. They are in understanding the dynamics of black holes and their effects on surrounding matter. The study of Kerr black holes has gained attention due to advancements in gravitational wave detection, providing vital information about their existence and behaviour.

Kessler Effect

The Kessler Effect is a theoretical scenario where the density of objects in low Earth orbit is high enough that collisions between satellites and debris create more debris, leading to a cascade of further collisions. This phenomenon poses an important risk to satellite operations and space exploration. It was in the context of potential nuclear weapons in space, as increased debris from such weapons could exacerbate the Kessler Effect, threatening the sustainability of space activities.

Kessler’s Syndrome

Kessler’s Syndrome is a theoretical scenario where the density of objects in low Earth orbit is high enough that collisions between objects could create a cascade of further collisions, generating even more debris. This phenomenon could render space activities extremely hazardous, potentially trapping humanity on Earth. It was named after NASA scientist Donald J. Kessler, who proposed the idea in 1978. The concept has been in the news due to increasing concerns about space debris from various countries’ space missions.

Kilimanjaro

Kilimanjaro is the highest mountain in Africa, standing at 5,895 metres. It is a dormant volcano located in Tanzania and is famous for its snow-capped peak. The glaciers on Kilimanjaro have been retreating rapidly, losing over 90% of their area since the early 20th century. This phenomenon is as it marks the impacts of climate change. Recently, it was in the news due to a study revealing the alarming rate of glacier loss, prompting global concern.

Kisan Drone Scheme

The Kisan Drone Scheme aims to empower farmers by providing drones for agricultural purposes, such as monitoring crop health and spraying fertilisers. Launched as part of the government’s efforts to modernise agriculture, it offers incentives and subsidies to farmers. The scheme is as it promotes the use of technology in farming, potentially increasing productivity. It gained attention recently as the government plans to provide drones to over 15,000 Self Help Groups (SHGs) led by women.

Kunbi Caste

The Kunbi caste is a sub-group within the Maratha community, traditionally associated with agriculture. They are classified as Other Backward Classes (OBC) in Maharashtra, allowing them access to certain reservations. The Maharashtra government has issued Kunbi caste certificates to eligible Marathas, enabling them to benefit from OBC reservations. This classification has been a focal point in the ongoing discussions about the Maratha reservation law, as it raises questions about the distribution of benefits among different communities, making headlines in recent political debates.

Launch Vehicle Mark-3

The Launch Vehicle Mark-3 (LVM-3) is a heavy-lift rocket developed by ISRO, designed to carry larger payloads into space. It is crucial for the Gaganyaan mission, as it will transport astronauts to orbit. The LVM-3 successfully launched the GSAT-19 satellite in 2017, showcasing its capabilities. The rocket’s development is for India’s ambitions in space, and it has been in the news as ISRO prepares for upcoming test flights in support of the Gaganyaan mission.

Long March 5B

The Long March 5B is a Chinese heavy-lift rocket designed to carry large payloads into orbit. It gained attention for its uncontrolled reentry in 2022, raising concerns about space debris. This rocket is crucial for China’s space ambitions, including the construction of the Tiangong space station. The incident highlighted the risks associated with space debris and the need for better international cooperation in space safety. The controversy surrounding its reentry has sparked debates on space governance.

Loss and Damage Fund

The Loss and Damage Fund was announced during the 2022 Conference of Parties (COP) of the UNFCCC in Dubai. It aims to provide financial support to countries most affected by climate change, particularly those with limited resources. The fund addresses the disparity in responsibility for emissions, as wealthier nations contribute more to global warming. Its establishment has been a crucial step towards climate justice, denoting the need for accountability among the richest nations in combating climate change.

Medaram Jathara

The Medaram Jathara, often referred to as the Telangana Kumbh Mela, is the largest tribal fair in Asia, held every two years in the Medaram village. It celebrates the goddesses Sammakka and Saralamma, attracting millions of devotees. The festival features rituals, cultural performances, and offerings. The Telangana government announced school closures in Mulugu district during the Jathara, which was in the news due to its massive scale and the importance of preserving tribal traditions and culture in the region.

MethaneSAT

MethaneSAT is a satellite developed by the Environmental Defense Fund in partnership with Google, set to launch in March 2024. Its purpose is to monitor and quantify methane emissions from oil and gas operations globally. The satellite will utilise AI to create detailed maps of infrastructure, helping identify major sources of leaks. This initiative is as it aligns with global efforts, like the Global Methane Pledge, to reduce methane emissions and combat climate change effectively.

Methylmercury

Methylmercury is the most toxic form of mercury, known for its ability to bioaccumulate in aquatic food webs, particularly affecting fish and marine mammals. It is formed when inorganic mercury is converted by microorganisms in water. Methylmercury poses health risks to humans, especially through seafood consumption, leading to neurological and developmental issues. Recent studies have highlighted concerns about increased methylmercury levels from decaying North Sea pipelines, prompting calls for urgent research on its environmental impact.

Minamata Convention

The Minamata Convention is an international treaty aimed at reducing mercury pollution, named after Minamata Bay in Japan, where industrial wastewater caused severe mercury poisoning. This led to neurological damage and death among local populations consuming contaminated seafood. The convention, adopted in 2013, seeks to protect human health and the environment from mercury’s harmful effects. It was in the news due to concerns about mercury release from decaying North Sea pipelines, denoting the ongoing global challenge of mercury contamination.

Mission Basundhara

Mission Basundhara is an Assam government initiative aimed at regularising land for cultivators and occupants without titles. Launched in 2021, it allows citizens to apply for government land if they meet specific criteria, such as proving residency for three generations. The scheme has been controversial, particularly regarding its implementation, which has faced accusations of discrimination against Bengali-origin Muslims. Recent discussions in the Assam Assembly highlighted these issues, making it a focal point in the ongoing debate about land rights and community identity.

Monarch Butterflies

Monarch butterflies are known for their remarkable migration, travelling up to 2,800 miles from North America to Mexico for winter. They are the only butterflies that undertake such a long journey. Their population has drastically declined, with the latest figures showing a 60% drop from the previous winter. This decline is attributed to climate change, which affects their breeding grounds and food sources. The issue was in the news due to alarming population statistics and calls for conservation efforts.

Monteverde Cloud Forest

Monteverde Cloud Forest is a unique ecosystem located in Costa Rica, known for its rich biodiversity and misty environment. It is home to over 400 species of birds, including the resplendent quetzal, and numerous plant species. The cloud forest is a popular destination for ecotourism, attracting researchers and nature enthusiasts alike. Recently, it was in the news due to a study conducted there, revealing how artificial light confuses insects, impacting their behaviour and survival.

Montreal Protocol

The Montreal Protocol, established in 1987, is an international treaty designed to phase out substances that deplete the ozone layer. It has been hailed as one of the most successful environmental agreements, leading to recovery of the ozone layer. The Protocol has also contributed to climate action by reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Recently, it has gained attention for its role in addressing climate change and its ongoing efforts to tackle new challenges, such as plastic pollution and harmful chemicals.

Mycobacterium leprae

Mycobacterium leprae is the bacterium that causes leprosy, also known as Hansen’s disease. It is a slow-growing organism with a long incubation period, often taking years for symptoms to appear. This bacterium primarily affects the skin and peripheral nerves. Interestingly, it cannot be cultured in a laboratory, making it unique among pathogens. It was in the news as part of discussions on leprosy’s resurgence in India, where the government is focusing on better detection and treatment strategies to combat the disease.

Myristica Bambootail (Phylloneura westermanni)

The Myristica Bambootail is the only previously described species in the genus Phylloneura, known for its association with myristica swamps. It is considered near-threatened according to the IUCN Red List. This species lays its eggs on the roots of riparian trees, contrasting with the newly discovered Cliffside Bambootail. The recent discovery of a second species has drawn attention to the ecological importance of the Western Ghats and the need for further research on its unique fauna.

Nilambur

Nilambur, located in Kerala, is renowned for being the site of the world’s first teak plantation, established in 1842 by Conolly and Chotu Menon. This pioneering effort marked an important development in forestry practices. Nilambur is also famous for its rich biodiversity and scenic beauty, attracting eco-tourists. Recently, it has been in the news due to initiatives aimed at promoting sustainable teak cultivation and addressing the challenges faced by local farmers in managing teak plantations effectively.

Nile Tilapia

Nile tilapia is a popular freshwater fish species native to Africa, particularly the Nile River. It is a versatile feeder, consuming various organisms, which makes it susceptible to ingesting microplastics. Nile tilapia is crucial for local economies, providing a source of protein and income for many communities. The species was in recent research that found alarming levels of microplastics in their digestive tracts, prompting discussions about food safety and environmental pollution in African waters.

North Atlantic Right Whale

The North Atlantic right whale is one of the world’s most endangered marine mammals, with fewer than 350 individuals remaining. They are known for their distinctive callosities on their heads and slow reproductive rates. Recent news highlighted the deaths of five right whales, prompting calls for stricter shipping regulations to protect them from vessel strikes. Their plight underscores the urgent need for conservation efforts to ensure their survival in the face of increasing maritime traffic.

Northern Ireland Protocol

The Northern Ireland Protocol is a key part of the Brexit agreement, implemented on 1 January 2021. It established new customs checks on goods moving from Great Britain to Northern Ireland to avoid a hard border with the Republic of Ireland. This protocol has been controversial, leading to political unrest and the DUP’s boycott of the power-sharing government. It was in the news due to ongoing debates about its impact on trade and political stability in Northern Ireland.

Northern White Rhino

The northern white rhino is a subspecies of the white rhino, once widespread in central Africa. Due to poaching and habitat loss, it is now functionally extinct, with only two individuals remaining, Najin and Fatu. These rhinos are under constant protection at Ol Pejeta. The recent IVF breakthrough, where scientists successfully impregnated a southern white rhino, has brought attention to the plight of the northern white, denoting the urgent need for conservation efforts to save this subspecies.

Olive Ridley Turtles

Olive Ridley turtles are a species of sea turtle known for their unique nesting behaviour called arribada, where thousands nest simultaneously. They are classified as endangered by the IUCN, with an important population decline of 50% since the 1960s. These turtles primarily feed on jellyfish, which helps control jellyfish populations in the ocean. They were in the news due to the recent revival of nesting sites in Karnataka after a 29-year hiatus, denoting successful conservation efforts.

Oslo Accords

The Oslo Accords were a series of agreements between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in the 1990s aimed at achieving peace. They marked the first time both parties officially recognised each other. The accords led to the establishment of the Palestinian Authority and limited self-governance in parts of the West Bank and Gaza. They were in the news recently as discussions about the future of Gaza and Israeli settlements reignited concerns over the peace process.

Panama Canal

The Panama Canal is a vital waterway that connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, reducing travel time for ships. It plays a crucial role in global trade, with about 22% of foreign trade volumes from countries like Chile and Peru relying on it. Recently, the canal has faced challenges due to decreasing water levels, raising concerns about its operational capacity. The news highlighted its importance in maintaining global supply chains amid ongoing disruptions in other key shipping routes.

Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTG)

PVTG refers to specific tribal communities in India that are recognised as particularly vulnerable due to their socio-economic conditions. The Government of India has included PVTG farmers in the PM-Kisan scheme, ensuring they receive financial support. This inclusion marks efforts to address inequalities and uplift marginalised communities. Recently, during the Viksit Bharat Sankalp Yatra, over 6 lakh PVTG farmers were added to the scheme, showcasing the government’s commitment to inclusive development and support for vulnerable populations.

Pathalgadi Movement

The Pathalgadi movement is a tribal rights movement in Jharkhand, advocating for the recognition of tribal autonomy and land rights. It emerged in response to perceived government encroachments on tribal lands and culture. Activists erect stone plaques (pathals) in villages, asserting their rights under the Constitution. The movement has been in the news for its protests against state policies and its role in raising awareness about tribal issues, denoting the struggle for rights and recognition in India’s democratic framework.

Perennial Sea Ice

Perennial sea ice refers to ice that survives multiple summer melt seasons, typically thicker and more stable. In the Arctic, this ice has been declining since the mid-1990s, with a shift towards thinner, seasonal ice. This change reduces the ice’s ability to reflect solar radiation, contributing to warmer ocean temperatures. The news spotlighted this phenomenon as it plays a crucial role in climate regulation and is a key indicator of climate change impacts in the Arctic.

Planetary Boundaries Framework

The Planetary Boundaries Framework is a scientific concept that defines the environmental limits within which humanity can safely operate. It identifies nine critical Earth systems, such as climate change and biodiversity loss, and marks the risks of exceeding these boundaries. As of now, six boundaries have been crossed, indicating ecological stress. This framework was in the news due to its role in guiding global climate discussions, particularly at the World Economic Forum, emphasising the need for urgent action.

Polonium-210

Polonium-210 is a highly radioactive element that gained notoriety for its role in the assassination of Alexander Litvinenko, a Russian defector, in 2006. It is extremely toxic, with a lethal dose being just a few micrograms. Polonium-210 occurs naturally but can also be produced in nuclear reactors. Its presence in discussions about North Sea pipelines raises alarms about potential radioactive contamination in marine ecosystems, as scientists warn of its risks to marine life and food chains.

Prosopis juliflora

Prosopis juliflora, commonly known as mesquite, is a tree native to the Americas but has become invasive in many tropical and subtropical regions. It is known for its ability to thrive in arid conditions, often displacing native vegetation and altering ecosystems. In India, it has invaded areas, particularly in savannas and dry forests. The recent IPBES report highlighted its impact on local biodiversity and economies, drawing attention to the urgent need for management strategies to control its spread.

Prunus Africana

Prunus Africana is a tree native to Africa, particularly found in Cameroon. Its bark is used to produce medicines for prostate cancer, making it a valuable resource in biomedicine. The tree is also for its role in traditional medicine. Despite its importance, local communities receive minimal financial benefits from its commercialisation, with foreign companies profiting . The recent adoption of the Nagoya Protocol in Cameroon aims to rectify this imbalance, bringing attention to the need for fair compensation for local communities.

Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP)

Representative Concentration Pathways are scenarios used by climate scientists to project future climate conditions based on varying levels of greenhouse gas emissions. The RCPs help in understanding potential climate outcomes, with RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 representing moderate and worst-case scenarios, respectively. These pathways have been in the news as researchers, including Randhir, use them to predict the future of species like rhinos, emphasising the need for immediate climate action to prevent dire consequences.

Rwenzori Mountains

The Rwenzori Mountains, also known as the Mountains of the Moon, are located on the border between Uganda and the Democratic Republic of Congo. They are renowned for their unique biodiversity and glacial features. The glaciers in this range have shrunk , with only three mountains retaining ice by the 1990s. The Rwenzori Mountains were in recent news for their rapid glacial retreat, which serves as a critical indicator of climate change in East Africa.

Save Bannerghatta Campaign

The ‘Save Bannerghatta’ campaign is an environmental movement aimed at protecting Bannerghatta National Park from proposed infrastructure projects. Activists argue that the construction of a six-lane highway will disrupt wildlife habitats and increase human-wildlife conflict. The campaign has gained traction on social media, denoting the need for sustainable development. It has been in the news as it rallies public support against the National Highways Authority of India’s plans, advocating for alternative routes that do not harm the park.

Seamounts

Seamounts are underwater mountains formed by volcanic activity, rising from the ocean floor but not reaching the surface. They are often hotspots for marine biodiversity, providing habitats for various species, including corals and fish. The recent discovery of seamounts by the Schmidt Ocean Institute adds to our understanding of oceanic geography. These formations are crucial for marine ecosystems, as they influence ocean currents and nutrient distribution, making them for both ecology and fisheries.

Singhbhum Craton

The Singhbhum Craton is an ancient geological formation located in Odisha, dating back approximately 3.5 billion years. It is for its greenstone successions, which are volcanic and sedimentary rock assemblages. Recent studies have highlighted its similarities with cratons in South Africa and Australia, revealing vital information about early Earth processes. This craton was in the news due to research that enhances our understanding of ancient volcanic activity and its implications for the emergence of life on Earth.

South Commission

The South Commission was established in 1987 to address the economic and social challenges faced by developing countries. It aimed to promote cooperation among these nations and advocate for their interests in global forums. Manmohan Singh served as its Secretary General, where he focused on issues like trade, development, and debt relief. The Commission’s work highlighted the disparities between the Global North and South. It was in the news due to Singh’s role in shaping economic policies upon his return to India.

Spherical Tokamak for Energy Production (STEP)

The Spherical Tokamak for Energy Production (STEP) is a UK government initiative aimed at developing the world’s first fusion power plant, with operations expected to begin in the 2040s. This project represents an important step towards commercialising fusion energy, which promises limitless, clean power. The STEP initiative is part of the UK’s broader strategy to lead in fusion technology, especially after Brexit, as the country seeks to establish its own nuclear research programmes independent of the EU.

Strait of Hormuz

The Strait of Hormuz is a strategically important waterway through which approximately 21% of the world’s LNG transits. It connects the Persian Gulf to the Arabian Sea and is crucial for global energy supply. Recent geopolitical tensions, particularly involving Iran, have raised shipping insurance premiums and heightened fears of conflict. The Strait has been in the news due to its vulnerability to regional instability, which could disrupt LNG shipments and impact global energy markets .

Strategic Oil Reserves (SOR)

Strategic Oil Reserves (SOR) are emergency stockpiles of crude oil maintained by countries to ensure energy security during supply disruptions. India has SOR facilities in Mangaluru and Vishakhapatnam, designed to hold 5.33 million tonnes of crude oil. The Finance Minister’s recent budget cuts for SOR have sparked discussions about the necessity of these reserves, especially as global oil demand peaks. This topic gained attention amid concerns over climate change and shifting energy policies.

Super Pollutants

Super pollutants are short-lived climate pollutants that have an important impact on global warming and air quality. Key examples include methane, black carbon, and hydrofluorocarbons. They are termed super because they are much more potent than carbon dioxide in trapping heat in the atmosphere. The Climate and Clean Air Conference 2024 highlighted the urgent need to phase out these pollutants to improve public health and combat climate change, making it a focal point in environmental discussions.

SWATI

SWATI stands for Science For Women: A Technology & Innovation. It is a portal aimed at creating a comprehensive database of women in science in India. Launched on February 11, 2024, coinciding with International Day for Girls and Women in Science, SWATI seeks to address the gender gap in STEM fields. The initiative was previously announced in 2021 but faced delays. Its recent revival has sparked discussions about inclusivity and transparency in supporting women and non-binary individuals in science.

Tannirbhavi Beach

Tannirbhavi Beach, located near Mangaluru in Karnataka, is one of the newly identified nesting sites for Olive Ridley turtles. This beach had not seen nesting since 1985, primarily due to pollution and human activity. The recent discovery of 12 nesting sites here marks an important environmental recovery. The beach is now being actively protected by local communities and forest officials, showcasing a collaborative effort in wildlife conservation, which has garnered media attention for its positive implications.

Thermohaline Circulation

Thermohaline circulation refers to ocean currents driven by differences in temperature and salinity. It plays a vital role in regulating the Earth’s climate by redistributing heat across the oceans. The AMOC is one of the two major components of thermohaline circulation. This concept gained attention recently as scientists highlighted its importance in climate stability, especially in light of the alarming findings regarding the AMOC’s weakening and potential collapse, which could disrupt global weather patterns.

Thirukkural

Thirukkural is an ancient Tamil text composed by the poet Thiruvalluvar, consisting of 1,330 couplets that cover various aspects of life, ethics, and governance. It is highly regarded for its wisdom and moral teachings. Vijay referenced Thirukkural in his political party’s ideology, emphasising universal kinship and virtues like compassion and respect for life. This connection to Thirukkural marks the cultural significance of Tamil literature in contemporary politics, especially as Vijay aims to resonate with the Tamil populace.

Tokamak

A Tokamak is a device used to confine plasma in a magnetic field for nuclear fusion research. The name is derived from Russian, meaning toroidal chamber with magnetic coils. Tokamaks are essential for studying fusion reactions, which could provide a nearly limitless source of energy. The ITER project in France is the most Tokamak project globally. In the news, IPR’s Tokamak research faced delays, with one project taking 95 months instead of the planned 74 months, prompting scrutiny from the CAG.

Tokenisation

Tokenisation is the process of converting text into smaller units called tokens, which can be words, parts of words, or characters. For example, the sentence The capital of India is New Delhi translates to 8 tokens. This process is essential for AI models to understand and generate text. It was in the news as OpenAI showcased its tokenisation tool, allowing users to see how their text is broken down, enhancing understanding of AI text processing.

Trans-Atlantic Military Compact

The Trans-Atlantic Military Compact refers to the military alliance and cooperation between North America and Europe, primarily through NATO. This framework has been strengthened due to Russia’s actions in Ukraine, leading to increased military spending and collaboration among member states. The compact is as it ensures collective defence and security in the face of external threats. Recent discussions have focused on its resilience amid geopolitical tensions, particularly with the rise of far-right parties in Europe and the ongoing war in Ukraine.

Uranium-Lead Radiometric Dating

Uranium-lead (U-Pb) radiometric dating is a method used to determine the age of rocks by measuring the decay of uranium isotopes into lead. This technique is highly reliable and has been instrumental in establishing geological timelines, particularly for ancient rocks. It was in the news as researchers employed U-Pb dating to analyse samples from the Singhbhum Craton, providing crucial vital information about the timing of volcanic eruptions and the geological processes that shaped early Earth.

Urban Mining

Urban mining refers to the process of reclaiming raw materials from existing buildings and infrastructure, rather than extracting new resources. This method helps conserve resources and reduces environmental impact. It has gained popularity in the context of the circular economy, especially in construction. Urban mining was recently in discussions about sustainable building practices, as it offers a solution to the waste generated by the real estate sector while promoting resource conservation and recycling.

Vyommitra

Vyommitra is a gynoid (feminine robot) designed for the Gaganyaan mission. Equipped with sensors, it will monitor conditions inside the crew module, track radiation effects, and sound alarms during emergencies. Vyommitra represents an important advancement in robotics for space missions, as it can perform various tasks to assist astronauts. The robot was in the news due to its unique role in ensuring astronaut safety and operational efficiency during India’s first crewed spaceflight.

Windsor Framework

The Windsor Framework, announced in February 2023, is an agreement between the UK and the EU to amend the Northern Ireland Protocol. It introduced a dual-lane system for goods entering Northern Ireland: a green lane for goods staying in Northern Ireland and a red lane for those destined for the EU. This framework aims to simplify trade and reduce checks, addressing unionist concerns. It has been in discussions about post-Brexit arrangements and was in recent negotiations between the UK and EU.

Xiaokang Villages

Xiaokang, meaning well-off in Chinese, refers to model border defence villages built by China along its borders, particularly with India. Since 2019, 628 such villages have been constructed, featuring spacious double-storey buildings. These villages serve dual purposes: civil and military. Their establishment has raised concerns in India regarding territorial claims and security. The villages were in the news due to their recent occupation by residents, denoting escalating tensions along the Line of Actual Control (LAC).