Current Affairs Lexicon – April, 2024

Academic Bank of Credit (ABC)

The Academic Bank of Credit (ABC) is a digital repository where students can store and manage their earned academic credits. This system is designed to facilitate credit transfer and recognition across different educational institutions. The ABC is linked to the student’s APAAR ID and DigiLocker, ensuring secure access to their academic records. It gained attention recently as part of the NCrF initiative, which aims to enhance the flexibility and recognition of diverse learning experiences.

Adélie Penguins

Adélie penguins are a species native to Antarctica, known for their distinctive tuxedo-like appearance. They are crucial indicators of environmental health in their habitat. Recently, scientists discovered the carcasses of 532 Adélie penguins, suspected to be victims of avian influenza. This alarming find suggests a much larger die-off may be occurring. The situation has drawn attention to the impact of bird flu on wildlife and the potential for broader ecological consequences in the Antarctic Peninsula region.

Adi-Dharma Movement

The Adi-Dharma movement, founded by Babu Mangu Ram Mugowalia in the early 20th century, aimed to uplift Dalits and challenge the caste system in Punjab. It sought to create a distinct identity for Dalits, asserting their rights and dignity. The movement played a crucial role in mobilising support for anti-caste initiatives and influenced later leaders like Dr BR Ambedkar. The movement has gained attention recently as activists draw parallels between its goals and current struggles against caste discrimination.

African Catfish

The African catfish, scientifically known as Clarias gariepinus, was introduced to India for aquaculture. It has since spread to major rivers and lakes, becoming invasive. This species disrupts local ecosystems by preying on native fish and birds, as noted in Keoladeo Park, Rajasthan. A 2019 study reported its widespread presence, raising alarms about its ecological impact. The economic cost of invasive species like the African catfish is , affecting local fisheries and biodiversity.

African Meningitis Belt

The African Meningitis Belt is a region in sub-Saharan Africa where meningitis epidemics are common, particularly during the dry season. This area includes 26 countries, with Nigeria being one of the most affected. The belt is characterised by a high prevalence of meningococcal disease, leading to morbidity and mortality. The recent increase in meningitis cases in Africa, including Nigeria’s outbreak, has highlighted the urgent need for effective vaccination strategies in this vulnerable region.

Agni-Prime

Agni-Prime is a medium-range ballistic missile developed by India, capable of striking targets 1200-2000 kilometres away. It features solid fuel, which allows for long-term storage and quick launch readiness. The missile is canisterised, protecting it from environmental damage and requiring less maintenance. It was in the news for its successful test firing on April 3, 2023, which validated its performance and marked an important advancement in India’s missile capabilities.

Aral Sea

The Aral Sea was once the fourth-largest lake in the world, located between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. It has drastically shrunk since the 1960s due to Soviet irrigation projects that diverted rivers feeding it. This ecological disaster has led to severe environmental and health issues in the region. The Aral Sea is often cited as a cautionary tale of human impact on nature. It has been in the news as a symbol of climate change and water mismanagement, denoting ongoing ecological challenges in Central Asia.

Aralkum Desert

The Aralkum Desert emerged from the drying of the Aral Sea, covering approximately 60,000 square kilometres. It is now one of the most human-made sources of dust globally, containing harmful residues from past agricultural practices. The desert’s dust has been linked to health risks and climate change, affecting regions far beyond its borders. It gained attention in recent news as researchers presented findings on its impact on air quality and global weather patterns at a scientific conference.

Article 244(A)

Article 244(A) of the Constitution of India allows for the creation of an autonomous state within Assam, specifically for tribal areas like Karbi Anglong. It was introduced in 1969 to enhance local governance and legislative powers beyond what the Sixth Schedule provides. This article has been a focal point in the Diphu constituency, where candidates promise its implementation. The demand for autonomy has been a long-standing issue, often leading to political unrest and insurgency in the region.

Article 293

Article 293 of the Constitution of India allows States to borrow money within limits set by their legislatures. It also gives the Union government the power to impose conditions on State borrowings, particularly when previous loans are outstanding. This article is as it marks the balance of power between the Centre and States regarding fiscal management. It was in the news due to Kerala’s challenge against the Centre’s borrowing regulations, raising questions about federalism and fiscal autonomy.

Article 31C

Article 31C is a provision in the Constitution of India that was introduced by the 25th Amendment in 1971. It aimed to protect laws that promote the distribution of material resources for the common good, preventing them from being challenged in court based on fundamental rights. It was in the news due to a Supreme Court case questioning its current validity, which could impact property rights and socio-economic reforms in India.

Article 39(b) of the Constitution of India

Article 39(b) mandates the state to ensure that the ownership of material resources serves the common good. It is part of the Directive Principles of State Policy, which guide law-making but are not enforceable in courts. This article has been pivotal in legal cases concerning resource distribution and property rights, particularly in Mumbai’s housing context. Its relevance has surged recently as the Supreme Court deliberates on its interpretation in relation to privately owned resources.

Article 47

Article 47 of the Constitution of India mandates the State to improve public health and nutrition standards. It is part of the Directive Principles of State Policy, which, while not enforceable by courts, guide the State in governance. The article was in the Karnataka High Court’s ruling against hookah bars, as it was used to justify restrictions on individual rights for the greater public good. This article underscores the State’s responsibility towards citizens’ health.

Article 81

Article 81 of the Constitution of India outlines the composition of the Lok Sabha, stating it should not exceed 550 members, with a maximum of 20 representing Union Territories. This article is as it governs the allocation of seats based on population ratios among states. It was in the news due to the ongoing debate about the freeze on seat allocation since 1976 and the implications for future delimitation processes after 2026.

Atmospheric Perturbations surrounding Eclipse Path (APEP)

APEP refers to a NASA project involving sounding rockets launched during solar eclipses to study atmospheric changes. The project aims to understand how the ionosphere, a layer of Earth’s atmosphere, is affected by sudden decreases in sunlight. This research is crucial for predicting disruptions in communication systems. APEP was in the news due to its upcoming launch on April 8, 2024, coinciding with a total solar eclipse, denoting its significance in atmospheric science.

Balfour Declaration

The Balfour Declaration was a statement issued by the British government in 1917, expressing support for a national home for the Jewish people in Palestine. This declaration was pivotal in the establishment of Israel and is often cited as a key moment in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. It was controversial as it conflicted with promises made to Arab leaders. The declaration was in the news due to its historical significance in the ongoing tensions between Israelis and Palestinians.

Bioturbation

Bioturbation is the process by which soil-dwelling organisms, such as earthworms and insects, mix and aerate the soil. This natural activity influences nutrient cycling and soil structure. Recent research indicates that bioturbation also affects the distribution of microplastics within soil profiles, impacting their persistence and ecological effects. As microplastics accumulate in soils, understanding bioturbation becomes essential for assessing their environmental impact. This topic has gained attention as scientists seek solutions to mitigate soil contamination from plastic pollution.

Blood Minerals

Blood minerals refer to natural resources extracted from conflict zones, where their trade fuels violence and human rights abuses. In the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), minerals like tantalum, tin, tungsten, and gold are termed blood minerals due to their association with armed conflict and exploitation. The DRC government has recently warned Apple about sourcing these minerals, denoting the ongoing human rights violations linked to their extraction. This issue has gained attention due to the legal threats against major corporations.

Bordetella pertussis

Bordetella pertussis is the bacterium responsible for whooping cough. It was first identified in 1906 and is known for its ability to evade the immune system. The bacterium attaches to the ciliated cells of the respiratory tract, producing toxins that cause inflammation and coughing. Recent mutations, particularly in Australia, have led to the emergence of pertactin-deficient strains, complicating vaccine effectiveness. This has been a focal point in discussions about rising whooping cough cases globally, especially post-pandemic.

Brent Crude

Brent crude is a major trading classification of crude oil originating from the North Sea. It serves as a global benchmark for oil prices, influencing the cost of oil worldwide. Recently, Brent crude prices surged to over $89 a barrel, the highest since October, due to concerns about supply tightness and geopolitical tensions. This increase affects economies reliant on oil imports, such as India, where rising prices can lead to higher fuel costs for consumers.

Camp David Agreement

The Camp David Agreement, signed in 1978, was a historic peace treaty between Israel and Egypt, brokered by U.S. President Jimmy Carter. It marked the first time an Arab country recognised Israel, leading to Israel’s withdrawal from the Sinai Peninsula. The agreement is as it set a precedent for future peace negotiations in the region. It was in the news recently as a reference point for U.S. diplomatic efforts in the ongoing Israeli-Palestinian conflict, showcasing the challenges of achieving lasting peace.

Carbon Footprint

The carbon footprint refers to the total greenhouse gas emissions caused directly or indirectly by an individual, organisation, event, or product, typically measured in carbon dioxide equivalents. In healthcare, travel for medical appointments contributes to carbon emissions. The LVPEI study revealed that teleconsultations could reduce travel-related emissions by 176.6 kg over three months for patients, denoting a crucial intersection of health and environmental sustainability. This topic has gained prominence as healthcare systems seek to achieve carbon neutrality amidst rising global concerns about climate change.

Chabahar Port

Chabahar Port is a strategically important seaport in Iran, located on the Gulf of Oman. It serves as a gateway for India to access Afghanistan and Central Asia, bypassing Pakistan. The port is crucial for India’s efforts to enhance trade and energy security in the region. In recent news, Chabahar has been highlighted as a key element in India’s strategy to maintain ties with Iran amidst escalating tensions with Israel, showcasing its importance in regional geopolitics and economic corridors.

Chang Chenmo Valley

Chang Chenmo Valley is a remote area in eastern Ladakh, known for its rugged terrain and strategic significance. It has been a site of military confrontations, particularly during the 2020 standoff between India and China. The valley is crucial for patrolling routes and has seen PLA intrusions that have complicated the security situation. It was in the news due to the ongoing military tensions and the need for both nations to establish a stable disengagement process in the region.

China+1

China+1 is a strategy adopted by companies to diversify their supply chains away from China, aiming to reduce dependency on Chinese manufacturing. This term gained traction as nations sought alternatives due to geopolitical tensions and supply chain disruptions. Despite its popularity, data shows that China has actually increased its export market share by 1.7% over the past five years, contradicting the intended effects of the China+1 strategy. This has sparked discussions on the effectiveness of such diversification efforts.

Chital

Chital, also known as spotted deer, are native to mainland India but were introduced to the Andaman Islands by the British in the early 20th century. They have no natural predators in the islands, allowing their population to explode. This has raised concerns about their impact on local flora and fauna, as they consume seeds and seedlings, hindering the regeneration of native plants. Their invasive nature has been in studies examining biodiversity threats.

Cloud Seeding

Cloud seeding is a weather modification technique that involves dispersing substances like silver iodide into the atmosphere to encourage precipitation. The UAE has employed cloud seeding to enhance rainfall in its arid climate. On April 16, 2024, it was speculated that cloud seeding may have intensified the heavy rainfall in Dubai, which recorded its highest rainfall in 75 years. This technique has sparked debate over its effectiveness and environmental impact, making headlines during the recent extreme weather events.

Codex Alimentarius

Codex Alimentarius, established in 1963 by the FAO and WHO, is a collection of internationally recognised food standards. It aims to ensure food safety, quality, and fairness in international food trade. The Codex sets MRLs for pesticides, which are used as benchmarks by countries. The recent FSSAI order highlighted the importance of Codex standards, as India’s pesticide regulations were questioned for lacking adequate field trial data, raising concerns about food safety and international trade implications.

Compulsory Licences (CLs)

Compulsory Licences (CLs) allow governments to authorise the production of patented drugs without the consent of the patent holder, primarily to ensure public access to essential medications. India granted its first CL in 2012 to Natco Pharma for Bayer’s cancer drug Nexavar, based on the drug’s unaffordability. The recent amendments to patent laws have raised alarms about the dilution of these provisions, which could hinder access to life-saving treatments, especially during health crises like the COVID-19 pandemic, making this an important topic in public health discussions.

Copper Substitute Polyoxometalate (Cu-POM)

Copper Substitute Polyoxometalate (Cu-POM) is a type of metal-oxide cluster that acts as a catalyst in chemical reactions. It is known for its ability to facilitate the degradation of organic pollutants when exposed to UV light. Cu-POM is in environmental chemistry for its role in breaking down harmful substances. The IISc team incorporated Cu-POM into their hydrogel to enhance its efficiency in removing microplastics, making headlines for its innovative approach to addressing a global environmental crisis.

Core Heatwave Zone (CHZ)

The Core Heatwave Zone (CHZ) in India includes central, northern, and peninsular regions, stretching from Gujarat to West Bengal. This area is particularly vulnerable to heatwaves from March to June, with states like Rajasthan, Punjab, and Delhi frequently affected. The IMD monitors these conditions closely, declaring heatwaves when temperatures exceed specific thresholds. Recently, the CHZ has been in the news due to an unusually hot April, denoting the increasing severity of heatwaves in traditionally affected regions.

Crime GPT

Crime GPT is a customised large language model created by Staqu Technologies to assist law enforcement in India. Trained on over 900,000 criminal records, it can process natural language queries and retrieve relevant information from unstructured data. This innovative tool has been in the media for its potential to revolutionise police work, enabling officers to quickly access detailed suspect histories and streamline investigations. Its development addresses the unique challenges faced by Indian police forces in managing data.

David’s Sling

David’s Sling is a missile defence system designed to intercept medium- to long-range threats, such as tactical ballistic missiles and some aircraft. Developed by Israel’s Rafael Advanced Defense Systems and Raytheon, it can engage targets at distances between 100 to 200 km. The system is part of Israel’s multi-layered defence strategy. It has gained attention recently as part of the ongoing military support from the US amid rising tensions in the region.

Dawoodi Bohra

The Dawoodi Bohra community is a sect of Shia Islam, primarily known for its entrepreneurial spirit and strong community ties. With over 1.5 million members globally, they are distinguished by their unique customs, including a focus on education and social welfare. The community is led by the al-Dai al-Mutlaq, a title held by Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin since 2014. The recent court ruling regarding his leadership was as it resolved a decade-long dispute over succession within the community.

Deep Sea Conservation Coalition (DSCC)

The DSCC is a global campaigning network advocating for the protection of deep-sea ecosystems. It plays a crucial role in raising awareness about the potential environmental impacts of deep-sea mining. Recently, the DSCC was in the news for opposing Nauru’s proposals to limit protest activities against mining operations, emphasising the importance of peaceful protest in environmental advocacy. The coalition’s efforts reflect growing concerns over biodiversity loss and the need for sustainable practices in ocean resource management.

Depsang Plains

Depsang Plains is a strategically important area in eastern Ladakh, located near the LAC. It has been a flashpoint for military confrontations, particularly since 2009, when the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) began aggressive incursions. The Shyam Saran Report of 2013 revealed that India lost 640 sq km of territory due to PLA’s area denial tactics. Depsang was in the news for its ongoing tensions, as both countries continue to negotiate and manage military presence in the region.

Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI)

Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) refers to the technology systems that enable citizens to access government services digitally. In India, DPI has revolutionised service delivery, allowing millions to receive social benefits without bureaucratic hurdles. The initiative has reduced delays in payments, such as maternal health cash transfers. DPI was recently in the news for its role in transforming rural communities through digital innovation, showcasing how technology can drive inclusion and economic growth in developing nations.

Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC)

Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) refers to organic matter dissolved in water, which can affect water quality . High DOC levels can lead to acidity, taste issues, and promote harmful microbial growth. The recent study highlighted the importance of managing DOC during ASR to prevent groundwater contamination. As water crises escalate, understanding and mitigating DOC’s impact has become crucial, making it a key topic in environmental discussions and research on sustainable water practices.

Dugong Creek

Dugong Creek is located in the Little Andaman tehsil of South Andaman district and is predominantly inhabited by the Onge tribe. This area is a reserved forest, reflecting the rich biodiversity of the region. During the recent Lok Sabha elections, it was noted that nearly 91% of eligible voters in this area participated, showcasing the engagement of indigenous communities in the electoral process. The creek’s significance was in news reports focusing on tribal voting rights.

Electric Mobility Promotion Scheme (EMPS)

The Electric Mobility Promotion Scheme (EMPS) was launched in India on April 1, 2024, to boost the adoption of electric two-wheelers and three-wheelers. It offers demand incentives but has an importantly reduced budget of ₹500 crore for four months. This scheme follows the FAME II initiative, which had a larger budget and broader targets. EMPS has been in the news due to concerns about its impact on vehicle prices and the challenges manufacturers face in meeting new registration requirements.

Emperor Penguin

The emperor penguin is the largest of all penguin species, native to Antarctica. They are known for their distinctive black and white plumage and their remarkable breeding behaviour, where males incubate eggs on their feet. Recent studies revealed catastrophic breeding failures due to melting sea ice, threatening over 90% of colonies by the century’s end. This news has raised concerns about the species’ survival and the broader implications of climate change on Antarctic ecosystems.

English Channel

The English Channel is the body of water separating southern England from northern France. It is known for its treacherous conditions, making it a perilous route for migrants attempting to reach the UK. In recent months, numerous tragic incidents have occurred as refugees have drowned while crossing in small boats. The Channel has been in the news due to the increasing number of deaths and the UK government’s response to the ongoing migrant crisis.

Estate Duty

Estate duty was an inheritance tax in India, introduced in 1953 and abolished in 1985. It imposed progressive rates from 5% to 40% on estates exceeding a certain value. The tax aimed to reduce wealth inequality but faced criticism for high administrative costs and low revenue yield. In 1985, Finance Minister V P Singh highlighted its inefficiency, stating it did not achieve its goals. The topic resurfaced in discussions about wealth redistribution, especially during recent debates on taxation reforms.

Gacaca Courts

The Gacaca courts were community-based justice systems established in Rwanda after the genocide to address the overwhelming number of cases. They aimed to promote reconciliation by allowing local communities to participate in the trials of genocide suspects. Over 12,000 courts were set up, and around 800,000 to 1 million people were tried. The Gacaca system was in the news as it officially closed in 2012, marking the end of a unique approach to post-genocide justice and reconciliation.

Gaia

Gaia is an ancient Greek concept that personifies the Earth as a living entity, embodying all life within its interconnected systems. This idea suggests that the Earth functions as a self-regulating organism, where all components are interdependent. The Gaia hypothesis, popularised by scientist James Lovelock, posits that life affects the Earth’s environment. The concept was mentioned in the context of environmentalism and climate change, emphasising the need to restore balance between humanity and nature, a topic increasingly relevant in today’s discussions on sustainability.

Ghepang Ghat Glacial Lake

Ghepang Ghat is a glacial lake located in Himachal Pradesh, at an elevation of 4,068 metres. It has experienced a remarkable 178% increase in size from 36.49 hectares to 101.30 hectares between 1989 and 2022. This lake is for studying climate change impacts, as its expansion reflects the broader trends of glacial retreat in the Himalayas. It was in the news due to its rapid growth, denoting the urgent need for climate monitoring.

Global Plastic Treaty

The Global Plastic Treaty is an international effort aimed at reducing plastic pollution through binding agreements among nations. The treaty negotiations began in 2021, with the goal of establishing comprehensive measures to manage plastic waste effectively. It seeks to address the entire lifecycle of plastics, from production to disposal. The treaty was in the news as the fourth round of negotiations is set to take place in Ottawa, Canada, amid rising concerns over plastic waste and its environmental impact.

Great Indian Bustard (GIB)

The Great Indian Bustard is a critically endangered bird species native to India, primarily found in the states of Gujarat and Rajasthan. It is one of the heaviest flying birds, weighing up to 15 kg. The GIB is known for its impressive courtship displays and is a symbol of wildlife conservation in India. Its population has drastically declined due to habitat loss and collisions with overhead power lines. The Supreme Court’s recent ruling marks its protection amid climate change concerns.

Green Sourcing

Green sourcing refers to the practice of selecting materials that are environmentally friendly, recyclable, and ethically produced. This approach is crucial in industries like metal manufacturing, where opting for recycled materials can reduce environmental impact. Green sourcing not only helps preserve natural resources but also enhances a company’s brand reputation. Recently, it has gained attention as businesses strive to meet sustainability goals and respond to increasing consumer demand for eco-friendly products.

Gujjar and Bakerwal

Gujjar and Bakerwal are two ethnic groups primarily found in the Jammu region of India. They are traditionally nomadic pastoralists, known for their sheep herding and dairy farming. These communities are classified as Scheduled Tribes (ST) and have distinct cultural practices. Recently, they were in the news as the BJP government implemented the Forest Rights Act to address their long-standing demands, aiming to secure their support in the Anantnag-Rajouri constituency during elections.

Gulf of Guinea

The Gulf of Guinea is an important body of water located along the west coast of Africa, bordered by countries like Ghana, Nigeria, and Ivory Coast. It is crucial for the region’s fishing industry, providing livelihoods for millions. However, the Gulf has been in the news due to a dramatic decline in fish catches, attributed to factors like climate change and illegal fishing practices, particularly by foreign trawlers. This situation threatens food security and economic stability for coastal communities.

Havana Syndrome

Havana syndrome is a collection of unexplained health symptoms reported by US diplomats and intelligence officials, first noted in Cuba in 2016. Symptoms include headaches, nausea, and memory loss. Theories suggest it may be caused by directed energy attacks, possibly involving microwaves. The syndrome has been reported globally, with over 130 cases linked to US personnel. It gained media attention due to investigations implicating Russian military intelligence in potential attacks on US officials.

Helmand River Basin (HRB)

The Helmand River Basin is the largest river basin in Afghanistan, covering an important area and producing about 11.7 billion cubic metres of water annually. It originates near Kabul and flows 1,150 km to seasonal lakes along the Afghanistan-Iran border. The HRB is essential for agriculture in the region. The recent study emphasised its importance in Afghanistan’s water management, especially as the country faces severe droughts and water stress, making effective resource planning critical.

Hepatitis B and C

Hepatitis B and C are viral infections that primarily affect the liver, leading to serious health issues, including liver cancer. Hepatitis B can be prevented through vaccination, while Hepatitis C is treatable with antiviral medications. In India, the prevalence of these diseases is alarming, with millions affected and an important number undiagnosed. The WHO report has brought attention to the urgent need for improved diagnostic and treatment facilities to tackle these public health challenges effectively.

Hepatitis C

Hepatitis C is a viral infection that primarily affects the liver, often leading to chronic disease without immediate symptoms. It can be transmitted through blood, often via shared needles among drug users. Unlike Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C is curable with a treatment duration of 12 to 24 weeks, achieving a cure rate of 80-90%. The WHO report revealed that 0.55 crore people in India are infected, prompting discussions on improving diagnosis and treatment access, which was in recent news.

Himadri

Himadri is India’s research station located in the International Arctic Research Base at Svalbard, Norway. Established in 2008, it serves as a hub for scientific research in the Arctic region. Himadri has primarily hosted summer missions until the recent winter expedition in December 2023, marking an important milestone for India. The station focuses on studying climate change, glaciology, and Arctic ecosystems. Its recent winter operations were in the news due to India’s growing interest in Arctic research and geopolitics.

Himalayan Griffon Vulture

The Himalayan griffon vulture (Gyps himalayensis) is a large bird of prey found in the Himalayas and surrounding regions. It has a wingspan of up to 3.1 metres, making it one of the largest vultures in the world. These vultures primarily feed on carrion and play a crucial role in the ecosystem by cleaning up dead animals. Recently, they were in the news due to research revealing that they are still at risk from diclofenac poisoning, despite living in protected areas.

Himalayan Monal

The Himalayan monal, also known as Lophophorus impejanus, is a striking bird native to the Himalayas. It is the national bird of Nepal and is known for its vibrant plumage, particularly the iridescent green and blue feathers of the male. This bird plays a crucial role in the ecosystem as a seed disperser. Recently, it has been in the news due to habitat loss and climate change, which threaten its population and the delicate balance of its mountainous habitat.

Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S)

Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) is a colourless gas known for its foul odour, reminiscent of rotten eggs. It is highly toxic and can cause asphyxia, leading to death in high concentrations. The gas is often produced by the breakdown of organic matter in anaerobic conditions, such as in sewers. The Giaspura gas leak incident raised concerns about H2S exposure, prompting investigations into its potential sources and the safety of local industrial practices.

INCOIS

The Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) is an autonomous institution under the Ministry of Earth Sciences. It focuses on oceanographic research and provides services like the Swell Surge Forecast System, which offers early warnings for coastal flooding. INCOIS was in the news for its role in predicting the recent Kallakkadal events in Kerala, emphasising the importance of scientific research in mitigating the effects of natural disasters on vulnerable communities.

Indian Strategic Petroleum Reserves Ltd (ISPRL)

ISPRL is a government-owned company responsible for creating and managing India’s strategic petroleum reserves. Established in 2006, it aims to enhance energy security by storing crude oil for emergencies. The reserves are crucial as India imports over 85% of its oil. Recently, ISPRL has been in the news for inviting bids to construct a new storage facility at Padur, Karnataka, as part of its Phase-II expansion, denoting India’s proactive approach to energy security.

International Seabed Authority (ISA)

The ISA is an intergovernmental organisation established under the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). It regulates mineral resource exploitation in the deep sea, ensuring environmental protection. The ISA has issued 31 exploration contracts covering 1.5 million square kilometres of seabed. Recently, it was in the news for its ongoing negotiations to develop a mining code, amid concerns over environmental impacts and the rights of member states regarding deep-sea mining activities.

Kármán Line

The Kármán line is an internationally recognised boundary between Earth’s atmosphere and outer space, located at an altitude of 100 kilometres (62 miles). It is named after Hungarian-American engineer Theodore von Kármán, who calculated that conventional aircraft cannot maintain flight above this altitude. The line is for defining space tourism parameters, as sub-orbital flights must cross it. It was mentioned in the news as part of discussions on space tourism and the NS-25 mission’s objectives.

Katchatheevu

Katchatheevu is a small, uninhabited island located in the Palk Strait between India and Sri Lanka. It covers 285 acres and is known for its annual St Antony’s Church festival, attracting fishermen from both nations. The island was ceded to Sri Lanka in 1974 as part of a maritime boundary agreement, which has since led to disputes over fishing rights. Recently, it has been in the news due to political debates surrounding its historical cession and fishermen’s rights.

Kodaikanal Solar Observatory (KoSO)

Founded in 1899, the Kodaikanal Solar Observatory is renowned for its extensive solar research. It was the first dedicated solar observatory in India, housing advanced telescopes and instruments. KoSO is famous for discovering the Evershed Effect, which describes the radial motion of sunspots. Recently, it has been in the news for its 125th anniversary, denoting its vast digital repository of solar images, which is invaluable for studying solar activity and its effects on Earth.

Kongu Vellalar

Kongu Vellalar is a prominent agricultural and mercantile community in Tamil Nadu, particularly in the western region. They have played a crucial role in the state’s industrialisation, especially in textiles and engineering. Many successful businesses, such as Suguna Foods and CRI Pumps, are founded by members of this community. The Kongu Vellalar have been in the news for their contributions to Tamil Nadu’s economy and their influence in local politics, particularly in the context of entrepreneurship and job creation.

Kuru Disease

Kuru is a neurodegenerative disease that affected the Fore people due to their cannibalistic practices. It is a form of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, causing severe neurological symptoms and was linked to the consumption of infected human brain tissue. The disease led to mortality among the Fore until they ceased their cannibalistic rituals in the 1960s. Kuru was mentioned in the news as part of the discussion surrounding Biden’s remarks, illustrating the complex history of cannibalism and its consequences in Papua New Guinea.

Lesser Florican

The Lesser Florican is another endangered bird species found in India, particularly in grasslands of Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh. It is known for its unique mating dance, where males leap into the air to attract females. This species is listed as endangered due to habitat destruction and agricultural expansion. The Supreme Court’s judgement on April 6, 2024, included the Lesser Florican, emphasising the need for conservation efforts in light of climate change and human activities affecting its habitat.

Lunar Effects on Agricultural Flora (LEAF)

LEAF is a scientific payload selected for NASA’s Artemis III mission, aimed at studying plant growth on the Moon. It will investigate how lunar conditions affect crops, focusing on photosynthesis and stress responses to space radiation. This research is crucial for future lunar colonisation, as it could enable sustainable food production. LEAF was in the news due to its role in exploring agricultural possibilities on the Moon, denoting the intersection of space exploration and food science.

Mahad Satyagraha

The Mahad Satyagraha of 1927 was a pivotal protest led by Ambedkar, aimed at securing the right for Dalits to access public water sources. This event marked the first major collective action by the untouchables against caste discrimination. It was for its organised approach and Ambedkar’s leadership. The Satyagraha is often regarded as the foundational event of the Dalit movement, inspiring future protests against caste oppression. It was recently commemorated for its historical importance in the fight for equality.

Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs)

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are advanced materials composed of metal ions linked by organic molecules, forming porous structures. They are highly effective in gas storage and separation, making them ideal for capturing carbon dioxide. MOFs can enhance the efficiency of catalysts used in chemical reactions. Mehlana’s research utilises MOFs to develop materials that selectively capture CO2 from industrial emissions. This technology is gaining attention as a potential solution for reducing greenhouse gases and promoting sustainable energy practices.

Mizrahi Jews

Mizrahi Jews are Jews from Middle Eastern and North African countries, often referred to as Eastern or Oriental in Hebrew. They make up the largest ethnic group in Israel today. Historically, they enjoyed high status in their countries of origin but faced discrimination upon arriving in Israel, where Ashkenazi Jews dominated. The term Mizrahi was coined in the 20th century. Their struggles and solidarity with Palestinians have been in recent discussions about identity and coexistence in Israel.

National Credit Framework (NCrF)

The National Credit Framework (NCrF) is an educational initiative introduced in India as part of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020. It allows students to earn credits for various activities beyond traditional classroom learning, including sports and vocational training. This framework aims to integrate different levels of education, from school to PhD. It was in the news due to the CBSE’s pilot implementation for classes 6, 9, and 11 starting in the 2024-25 academic session.

National Viral Hepatitis Control Programme (NVHCP)

The NVHCP was launched in India in 2018 to combat the rising cases of Hepatitis B and C. Its goal is to eliminate Hepatitis C by 2030 and reduce Hepatitis B morbidity and mortality. Despite its noble aims, the WHO report marks that the programme has not reached most patients, with less than 30% of Hepatitis C cases detected. The NVHCP is crucial for improving public health and reducing the burden of liver diseases in India.

Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)

Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) are commitments made by countries under the Paris Agreement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Each country outlines its plans to combat climate change and contribute to global efforts. India’s NDCs include targets for increasing renewable energy capacity and reducing emissions intensity. The concept was in the recent report discussing India’s path to net-zero emissions by 2070, stressing the importance of forestry and tree cover in offsetting emissions as part of these commitments.

Nine-Dash Line

The Nine-Dash Line is a demarcation line used by China to assert its claims over approximately 90% of the South China Sea. This line has no basis in international law, as ruled by the Permanent Court of Arbitration in 2016, which favoured the Philippines. Despite this, China continues to enforce its claims aggressively, leading to heightened tensions with neighbouring countries and the United States. The line represents an important point of contention in regional geopolitics and maritime security discussions.

Nor’wester

A Nor’wester is a type of storm that occurs in the Indian subcontinent, particularly in West Bengal and Bangladesh. It is characterised by strong winds, heavy rainfall, and sometimes hail. These storms typically form in the pre-monsoon season and can cause damage to property and agriculture. Recently, a Nor’wester hit Jalpaiguri, resulting in five deaths and extensive damage, prompting political leaders to visit the area and offer support to the victims.

Oceanic Niño Index (ONI)

The Oceanic Niño Index (ONI) measures sea surface temperature anomalies in the central and eastern Pacific Ocean, crucial for predicting El Niño and La Niña events. An ONI above 0.5 degrees indicates El Niño, while below -0.5 degrees signals La Niña. The ONI was in the news as it showed an important probability of transitioning to La Niña, which is associated with increased rainfall in India, potentially alleviating food inflation pressures.

Pacific Island Climate Mobility Framework

The Pacific Island Climate Mobility Framework, established in November 2023, aims to facilitate legal migration for people affected by climate change in the Pacific region. It encourages labour migration schemes and safe movement between island nations. This framework is as it represents a proactive approach to climate-induced displacement, addressing the urgent need for legal pathways for affected populations. It was in the news for being a pioneering effort to create sustainable migration solutions in response to climate challenges.

Pacific Small Island Developing States (PSIDS)

The Pacific Small Island Developing States (PSIDS) is a group of nations in the Pacific Ocean facing unique challenges due to climate change and environmental issues. This group includes countries like Fiji, Samoa, and the Solomon Islands. PSIDS have been vocal in international forums, advocating for sustainable practices and reduction targets for plastic use. They were recently in the news for agreeing to reduction targets in the UNEA negotiations, showcasing their commitment to combatting plastic pollution despite their limited resources.

Paira Cropping System

The Paira cropping system is a traditional agricultural practice in Odisha where pulse crops are sown in standing paddy fields before harvest. This method utilises residual moisture and requires minimal intervention, making it cost-effective. However, climate change has led to a decline in this practice. The recent focus on reviving Paira cropping through rice fallow management has garnered attention, as it aims to enhance productivity and sustainability in farming, addressing both economic and environmental challenges faced by farmers.

Periphery Doctrine

The Periphery Doctrine was a strategic approach adopted by Israel in the 1950s, aimed at forming alliances with non-Arab states to counter Arab hostility. Initiated by Prime Minister David Ben Gurion, it sought partnerships with countries like Iran and Turkey, which shared a common orientation towards the West. This doctrine was during the early years of Israel’s existence, as it helped to secure diplomatic and economic ties with Iran before the 1979 revolution severed those relations, reshaping regional dynamics.

Pirpur Committee

The Pirpur Committee was established in March 1938 by the Muslim League to investigate grievances against Congress-ruled provinces in India. It accused these governments of bias against Muslims, claiming they faced discrimination and injustices. The committee’s report played a crucial role in galvanising support for the demand for Pakistan, as it highlighted perceived injustices Muslims faced under a Hindu-dominated Congress. This historical context has resurfaced in contemporary discussions about Muslim representation in Indian politics, particularly regarding the BJP.

Project Nimbus

Project Nimbus is a $1.2 billion cloud services contract awarded to Google and Amazon in 2021 to support the Israeli government. It aims to enhance various sectors, including healthcare and education, through advanced data analysis and AI training. The project has been controversial, as critics argue it facilitates military applications. It was in the news due to protests by Google employees opposing the contract, claiming it supports the Israeli military amid ongoing conflict with Gaza.

Quds Force

The Quds Force is a special unit of Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), responsible for extraterritorial operations, including military and intelligence activities. Established in 1979, it plays a crucial role in Iran’s foreign policy, particularly in supporting allied groups like Hezbollah. The Quds Force has been designated a terrorist organisation by the US since 2019. It was in the news due to the recent killing of General Mohammad Reza Zahedi, a key figure in its operations, in an Israeli airstrike.

Ryukyu Islands

The Ryukyu Islands are a chain of islands in the East China Sea, stretching from Taiwan to Japan’s Kyushu. This archipelago includes Okinawa, known for its unique culture and history, as well as US military presence. The islands are famous for their biodiversity and traditional crafts. Following the earthquake in Taiwan, a tsunami alert was issued for the Ryukyu Islands, denoting their vulnerability to seismic activity and the interconnectedness of regional natural disasters.

Sea of Okhotsk

The Sea of Okhotsk is a marginal sea of the western Pacific Ocean, bordered by Russia and Japan. It is known for its rich marine biodiversity, including various fish species and marine mammals. The sea has been experiencing changes due to climate change, with a reported 30% loss in sea ice thickness over 30 years. This has raised concerns about disrupted migratory patterns for fish, impacting local fishing communities, including the Ainu, who rely on these resources for their livelihoods.

Second Thomas Shoal

Second Thomas Shoal is another contested area in the South China Sea, where the Philippines has intentionally grounded a rusty warship, the BRP Sierra Madre, since 1999. This act was meant to reinforce its territorial claims. The shoal is strategically important and has been the site of numerous confrontations between Chinese and Philippine vessels. Recent resupply missions to the ship have faced aggressive tactics from China, including the use of water cannons, escalating tensions in the region.

Seine River

The Seine River flows through Paris, France, and is known for its picturesque views and historical significance. Spanning approximately 777 kilometres, it has been a vital trade route since ancient times. The Seine will play a central role in the Paris 2024 Olympic Games, as the opening ceremony will feature a parade of athletes on boats along the river. This unique setting aims to bring the Games into the heart of the city, making it a memorable experience for spectators.

Shinkansen

The Shinkansen, or bullet train, is Japan’s high-speed rail system, known for its punctuality and speed, reaching up to 320 km/h. Launched in 1964, it revolutionised rail travel and has become a symbol of Japanese engineering excellence. The Shinkansen has been in the news as India plans to use its technology for its own bullet train project between Ahmedabad and Mumbai, denoting international collaboration in modernising India’s railway infrastructure.

Shompen Tribe

The Shompen tribe is a particularly vulnerable tribal group from the Great Nicobar Islands, with a population of just 229 as per the 2011 census. They are semi-nomadic and traditionally rely on hunting and gathering. Recently, they made headlines by voting for the first time in the Lok Sabha elections, marking an important step in their integration into the democratic process. Their participation marks efforts to empower indigenous communities in India.

Strait of Hormuz

The Strait of Hormuz is a narrow waterway between Oman and Iran, crucial for global oil transportation. Approximately 20% of the world’s oil passes through this strait, making it a strategic chokepoint. Recent tensions in the region have raised concerns about trade and energy security. The strait was in the news due to its potential impact on India’s energy imports, as any disruption could lead to increased oil prices and affect the country’s economic stability.

Striped Hyena

The striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena) is a lesser-known carnivore found in parts of Africa and Asia, including India. Unlike their spotted relatives, they have a distinctive striped coat and a more timid nature. They play a crucial role as scavengers, helping to clean up ecosystems by consuming carrion. Recently, they have been in the news due to conservation efforts in Purulia, West Bengal, where their population is threatened by habitat loss and human conflict, prompting urgent protective measures.

Svalbard Treaty

The Svalbard Treaty, signed in 1920, is an international agreement that recognises the sovereignty of Norway over the Svalbard archipelago while allowing citizens of signatory countries equal rights to access and exploit its resources. This treaty is as it laid the groundwork for international cooperation in Arctic research. India’s involvement in the treaty marks its long-standing interest in Arctic affairs. The treaty was in the news as India ramps up its Arctic engagement amid changing climate conditions and geopolitical tensions.

Tashkent Declaration

The Tashkent Declaration was a peace agreement signed on January 10, 1966, between India and Pakistan, aimed at restoring peace after the 1965 war. It was signed by Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri and Pakistani President Ayub Khan in Tashkent, Uzbekistan. The declaration called for the withdrawal of forces and the return of prisoners of war. It gained attention as it was signed just a day before Shastri’s unexpected death, marking an important moment in Indo-Pak relations.

TBXT Gene

The TBXT gene is crucial for tail development in vertebrates. It is known to be involved in the formation of the tail during embryonic development. In the recent study by NYU scientists, a defective version of the TBXT gene was linked to tail loss in apes. This gene’s segments are separated by ‘junk’ DNA, which allows for flexible protein production. The discovery of its role in tail loss has provided vital information about the genetic basis of evolutionary changes in apes.

Thirukkural

The ‘Thirukkural’ is a revered Tamil text consisting of 1,330 couplets that encapsulate moral and ethical teachings. Attributed to the sage Thiruvalluvar, it covers various aspects of life, including virtue, wealth, and love. The text is considered a cornerstone of Tamil literature and is often compared to other great works like the Bhagavad Gita. It has been in the news due to political attempts to appropriate Thiruvalluvar’s legacy, denoting its cultural significance in contemporary Tamil Nadu.

Tiger Landscapes Investment Fund

The Tiger Landscapes Investment Fund is a new financial initiative introduced at the Sustainable Finance for Tiger Landscapes Conference. Its goal is to promote businesses that positively impact tigers, biodiversity, and local communities. This fund aims to attract private sector investment to support conservation efforts. It was in the news as part of a broader commitment by Asian countries to raise $1 billion for tiger habitat protection, denoting innovative financial solutions for environmental challenges.

Tomahawk Cruise Missiles

Tomahawk cruise missiles are long-range, all-weather, subsonic missiles used primarily by the US Navy. They can be launched from ships and submarines, capable of striking land targets with high precision. Japan’s recent deal to acquire up to 400 Tomahawk missiles marks an important shift in its defence strategy, moving towards greater military autonomy. This development was in the news as Japan aims to enhance its deterrent capabilities amid regional security threats from China and North Korea.

Trickle-Down Effect

The trickle-down effect is an economic theory suggesting that benefits for the wealthy will eventually benefit the broader population. Critics argue it often fails to reach lower-income groups. This concept was discussed in the context of the India Employment Report 2024, which questioned whether economic growth truly benefits the working class, especially in urban areas where unemployment remains high despite rising wages, prompting calls for more equitable economic policies.

UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD)

The UNCRPD, adopted in 2006, is a landmark international treaty aimed at protecting the rights of persons with disabilities. It emphasises that individuals with disabilities should enjoy their rights on an equal basis with others. India ratified this convention in 2007, committing to uphold these principles. The treaty has been pivotal in advocating for disability rights globally, and its reaffirmation by the UN Committee in 2019 highlighted ongoing concerns about India’s compliance, keeping disability rights in the news.

United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA)

The United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA) is the world’s highest-level decision-making body on the environment, comprising 193 member states. It convenes every two years to discuss and set global environmental policies. UNEA has been pivotal in addressing pressing issues like plastic pollution and climate change. Recently, it was in the news for its negotiations on a treaty to combat plastic pollution, reflecting the urgent need for international cooperation to tackle environmental challenges and promote sustainable practices globally.

United Nations Resolution on Artificial Intelligence

The United Nations Resolution on Artificial Intelligence is a landmark document that addresses the global risks associated with AI systems. Adopted in 2023, it emphasises the need for responsible AI use to achieve the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The resolution marks concerns about unethical AI applications impacting the workforce, particularly in developing countries. It was in the news for marking an important step towards international cooperation in AI regulation, reflecting a growing global consensus on the need for oversight.

Utkal Sammilani

The Utkal Sammilani, founded in 1903, was an important organisation in the fight for Odisha’s statehood. It aimed to unite Odia speakers and promote their cultural and political rights. Under the leadership of Madhusudan Das, the Sammilani became a platform for voicing grievances and aspirations of the Odia people. Its activities were crucial in mobilising support for the creation of Odisha as a separate state in 1936. The organisation was mentioned in recent news as part of Odisha Day celebrations, recognising its historical impact.

Viral Hepatitis

Viral hepatitis refers to liver inflammation caused by five different viruses: A, B, C, D, and E. Hepatitis B and C are blood-borne and can lead to chronic diseases, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. In 2022, an estimated 1.3 million deaths were attributed to viral hepatitis globally. The WHO’s Global Hepatitis Report 2024 highlighted India’s burden, with 29 million cases of hep B and 5.5 million of hep C, prompting calls for improved diagnosis and treatment.