Current Affairs Lexicon – January 2024

100,000 Genomes Project

The 100,000 Genomes Project is an important initiative in the U.K. aimed at sequencing the genomes of 100,000 individuals, focusing on patients with rare diseases and cancer. Launched in 2012, the project seeks to enhance understanding of genetics in health and disease, ultimately transforming patient care. Recently, findings from this project indicated that integrating genomic data with clinical information could lead to more effective cancer treatments. This has placed the project back in the news as it highlights the future of personalised medicine.

1992 Consensus

The 1992 Consensus is a political agreement between Taiwan’s Kuomintang (KMT) and China’s Communist Party (CCP) asserting that there is one China, though both sides interpret what China means differently. This consensus serves as a framework for cross-strait relations, aiming to foster dialogue and reduce tensions. It has been a focal point in Taiwan’s elections, particularly for KMT candidates like Hou Yu-ih, who endorse it. The term was in the news as it represents a key issue influencing voter sentiment amid rising tensions with China.

Aadhaar Based Payment System (ABPS)

The ABPS is a payment mechanism introduced by the Indian government that requires linking Aadhaar numbers (a unique identification number) to bank accounts for receiving benefits under various schemes, including MGNREGS. Implemented in January 2023, it aims to streamline payments and reduce fraud. However, the system has faced criticism for excluding millions from benefits due to technical issues, leading to financial hardships for many, as highlighted by the recent deletion of job cards tied to this system.

ABADHA Initiative

The Augmentation of Basic Amenities and Development of Heritage and Architecture (ABADHA) initiative is a comprehensive plan by the Odisha government to enhance infrastructure in Puri, particularly around the Jagannath Temple. With an investment of Rs 4,200 crore, it includes 22 projects aimed at improving facilities for pilgrims and preserving the city’s heritage. The initiative has been in the news as it represents an important government effort to rejuvenate Puri post-Cyclone Fani and to counter political narratives surrounding temple renovations ahead of upcoming elections.

Abraham Accords

The Abraham Accords are a series of agreements brokered by the United States in 2020, normalising relations between Israel and several Arab nations, including the UAE and Bahrain. These accords aimed to foster economic collaboration and peace in the region. They were in news as a backdrop to the evolving geopolitical landscape, particularly in relation to IMEC and the potential for increased trade links between Israel and Arab countries, despite ongoing tensions from the Gaza conflict.

Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS)

Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) is a sophisticated technique used to measure isotopes, including carbon-14. It involves ionising a sample and accelerating the ions to separate them based on mass-to-charge ratios. AMS is highly sensitive, allowing researchers to date very small samples (as little as 50 mg) with great precision. This method has advanced radiocarbon dating , enabling more accurate dating of geological and archaeological samples. It was highlighted in recent news for its role in refining dating techniques and improving our understanding of historical timelines.

Acinetobacter baumannii

Acinetobacter baumannii is a type of bacteria that can cause serious infections, particularly in healthcare settings. It is known for being resistant to many antibiotics, making infections difficult to treat. This bacterium can lead to pneumonia, sepsis, and other severe conditions, especially in immunocompromised patients. It has been in the news due to its increasing prevalence and resistance, prompting urgent research into new treatments, such as the recently discovered antibiotic, zosurabalpin.

Acworth Committee

The Acworth Committee was established in 1920-21 to examine the Indian railway system and recommend improvements. It suggested separating the Railway Budget from the General Budget to ensure focused financial planning for railways. The committee’s recommendations led to the first separate Railway Budget in 1924, which lasted until the merger in 2017. The Acworth Committee’s work was crucial in shaping railway financing in India, and its legacy still influences budgetary practices today, highlighting the importance of dedicated funding for essential services.

Adaptation Finance

Adaptation finance refers to financial resources allocated to help countries, particularly developing ones, adapt to the impacts of climate change. This includes funding for infrastructure, agriculture, and disaster preparedness. The topic gained attention during COP28, where discussions highlighted the need for increased adaptation finance for the Global South. The final Global Stocktake text acknowledged this need but moved related references to the Finance section, reflecting the ongoing debate about how best to support vulnerable nations in adapting to climate change.

Adi Shankara

Adi Shankara was an influential Indian philosopher and theologian born around 788 CE in Kalady, Kerala. He is best known for consolidating the doctrine of Advaita Vedanta, which emphasises non-dualism and the unity of the individual soul (atman) with the ultimate reality (Brahman). Shankara travelled extensively across India, establishing mathas and challenging various philosophical traditions. His legacy includes numerous commentaries on key Hindu texts. His life and teachings remain relevant, particularly in discussions surrounding Hindu identity and spirituality, especially during events like the Ayodhya temple inauguration.

Aditya L-1

Aditya L-1 is India’s first dedicated solar observatory mission, launched by ISRO to study the sun’s outer layers, including the corona and solar winds. It aims to enhance our understanding of solar activities and their impact on Earth’s climate and space weather. The spacecraft is positioned at the Lagrange Point 1 (L1), which allows continuous observation of the sun without any interruptions. This mission was in the news due to its significance in advancing solar science and its potential implications for space weather forecasting.

Adivasi Mahasabha

The Adivasi Mahasabha, formed in 1938, is a political organisation representing the interests of Adivasis (indigenous tribes) in India. Led by Jaipal Singh Munda, a prominent leader and former hockey captain, the Mahasabha aimed to address the grievances of the Adivasi population, particularly their demand for a separate tribal state. The organisation played a crucial role in advocating for Adivasi rights and autonomy, especially during the tumultuous period surrounding India’s independence. It was in the news due to its historical significance in the Kharsawan massacre context.

Agenda for Sustainable Development 2030

The Agenda for Sustainable Development 2030 is a global initiative established by the United Nations in September 2015. It comprises 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aimed at addressing various global challenges, including poverty, inequality, and climate change. These goals serve as a blueprint for promoting peace, prosperity, and sustainability for people and the planet. The agenda is significant as it replaced the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and focuses on a broader range of issues to be achieved by 2030.

Agha Khan III

Sir Sultan Muhammad Shah, known as Agha Khan III (1877-1957), was the spiritual leader of the Nizari Ismaili community and a prominent political figure in India. He founded the All-India Muslim League and advocated for Muslim rights in the Indian political landscape. Agha Khan was known for his efforts to promote education and social welfare among Muslims. He was in the news for his role in the political negotiations between Indian leaders and the British government, particularly in discussions about India’s future governance.

Agreed Framework

The Agreed Framework was a 1994 agreement between the United States and North Korea aimed at freezing North Korea’s nuclear programme in exchange for aid in developing peaceful nuclear energy. This deal was significant as it marked a diplomatic effort to curb North Korea’s nuclear ambitions during a tense period. However, it ultimately collapsed in 2002 when North Korea was accused of developing a secret uranium enrichment programme, leading to a resurgence in missile tests and nuclear developments that continue to pose global security risks.

AI Governance Alliance (AIGA)

The AI Governance Alliance (AIGA) is a multi-stakeholder group formed to address the challenges of regulating artificial intelligence technologies. Launched by the World Economic Forum, AIGA aims to create policies that promote responsible AI development while ensuring innovation is not stifled. It brings together regulators, businesses, and academia to discuss and implement adaptive regulatory frameworks. AIGA was in the news due to its recent summits focusing on ethical AI development and bridging the digital divide between developed and developing nations.

Aichi Targets

The Aichi Targets were a set of biodiversity goals established during the Convention on Biological Diversity in 2010. They aimed to halt biodiversity loss by 2020 but were largely unsuccessful due to a lack of clear implementation plans. The failure to meet these targets has raised concerns about the effectiveness of future biodiversity agreements, including the Global Biodiversity Framework. The Aichi Targets are often cited in discussions about the urgency and necessity of establishing actionable plans for biodiversity conservation.

Akash Missile System

The Akash is a surface-to-air missile (SAM) system developed by India’s Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). It is noteworthy for its ability to engage four aerial targets simultaneously at a range of 25 km. The missile is designed to protect critical areas from air attacks and features electronic counter-countermeasures to counter enemy jamming. Its mobile configuration enhances survivability, allowing rapid repositioning after firing. The Akash has gained international interest, with countries like Brazil and Egypt considering its purchase.

Alamatti Dam

The Alamatti Dam, located on the Krishna River in Karnataka, has a gross capacity of approximately 130 TMC (thousand million cubic feet). It is one of the largest reservoirs in north Karnataka and is vital for irrigation and drinking water supply. In September 2023, it faced severe water shortages, with live storage recorded at less than 2 TMC for the first time in five years. This situation underscored the ongoing water crisis in Karnataka, prompting government measures to restrict water outflow and prioritise drinking water needs.

Alexander von Humboldt

Alexander von Humboldt was a German polymath born in 1769, known for his extensive contributions to various fields, including geography, geology, and biology. He is often regarded as the father of modern geography and ecology. Humboldt’s explorations in South America led to significant insights about the relationship between climate and biodiversity. His work laid the foundation for biogeography and inspired future scientists. Recently, Humboldt’s theories have resurfaced in discussions about biodiversity, particularly in relation to climate change and mountain ecosystems.

Aligarh Muslim University (AMU)

Aligarh Muslim University (AMU) is a prestigious institution in India, established in 1920, originally as the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College in 1877 by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan. It was created to promote education among Muslims and to preserve Islamic values. AMU has been at the centre of legal disputes regarding its minority status and reservation policies for Muslim students. Recently, it has been in the news due to a Supreme Court case determining its entitlement to minority status under Article 30 of the Indian Constitution.

Alkire-Foster Method

The Alkire-Foster method is a statistical approach used to calculate the Global Multidimensional Poverty Index. It evaluates poverty by considering multiple deprivations a household may face rather than relying solely on income. This method allows for a nuanced understanding of poverty, taking into account factors like health, education, and living conditions. The method gained attention recently as India reported a substantial decrease in multidimensional poverty, showcasing the efficacy of this approach in measuring social issues.

Alpine Ibex

The Alpine ibex (Capra ibex) is a wild goat species native to the European Alps. These animals are known for their impressive climbing abilities and distinctive curved horns. Traditionally, they are diurnal, being most active during the day. However, recent studies reveal that due to climate change, they are shifting to nocturnal behaviour to avoid the heat. This change exposes them to increased predation risks, notably from wolves, raising concerns about their long-term survival and population stability.

Alternative Wetting and Drying (AWD)

Alternative Wetting and Drying (AWD) is a water management technique used in rice cultivation that involves alternating between wet and dry conditions in the field. This method can reduce water usage and improve rice yields while also decreasing methane emissions. AWD has not been widely adopted in South Asia, despite its benefits, due to a lack of awareness and support. It was highlighted in the recent paper as one of the CSA practices that could help address food security issues in the region.

Amaterasu

Amaterasu is the name given to a high-energy cosmic ray event discovered by Japanese scientist Toshihiro Fujii in May 2021. Named after the sun goddess from Japanese mythology, it is the second-highest-energy cosmic ray detected, with an energy of 240 exa-electron-volts (EeV). This discovery was significant because it could provide insights into the origins of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays, which remain largely mysterious. It was in the news due to its potential to reshape understanding in astrophysics and particle physics.

Amazon River Dolphins

Amazon river dolphins, also known as boto, are freshwater dolphins native to the Amazon River and its tributaries. They are known for their distinctive pink colour and are considered endangered due to habitat loss, pollution, and fishing. These dolphins play a vital role in the Amazon ecosystem. The recent study highlighted the alarming deaths of at least 178 Amazon river dolphins linked to the drought, which caused low oxygen levels in the water, drawing attention to the ecological impact of climate change.

Amazon Security and Sovereignty Plan

Brazil’s Amazon Security and Sovereignty Plan was introduced to combat deforestation and protect the Amazon rainforest from illegal activities such as land grabs and mining. Announced in 2023, it aims to curb environmental degradation and enhance the enforcement of environmental laws. The plan was highlighted in the news as it contributed to an important reduction in deforestation rates, reaching a five-year low. This initiative underscores Brazil’s commitment to balancing economic development with environmental conservation, particularly as it prepares for its G20 presidency.

Ambotik

Ambotik is a traditional Goan dish made from shark meat, often prepared with spices and coconut. It reflects the culinary heritage of Goa, a coastal state in India known for its seafood cuisine. The dish has gained popularity among locals and tourists alike. The study revealed that both local Goans and foreign visitors enjoy Ambotik, contributing to the rising demand for shark meat in the region. This trend poses a risk to the sustainability of shark populations, prompting calls for conservation measures.

Ammonical Nitrogen

Ammonical nitrogen refers to nitrogen compounds that contain ammonia and are commonly found in polluted water. High concentrations can be harmful to aquatic life and pose risks to human health. In the context of the Wazirabad Water Treatment Plant, the ammonia level in the water reached 5.9 ppm, above the acceptable limit of 1 ppm. This issue has been in the news due to its impact on water quality and the subsequent challenges faced by treatment facilities in Delhi.

Anthropoquinas

Anthropoquinas is a proposed term for rock formations that include human-made materials, particularly plastics, in their composition. This term reflects the influence of human activities on geological processes, emphasising the significant role of anthropogenic factors in shaping the Earth’s landscape. The discussion around anthropoquinas has gained attention as researchers investigate the implications of plastic pollution on geology and environmental health. Its relevance in current news highlights the urgent need to address the growing crisis of plastic waste globally.

Aragonite

Aragonite is a type of carbonate mineral, a crystalline form of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), commonly found in marine environments. It is essential for many marine organisms, like molluscs and corals, as they use it to form their shells and skeletons. The study highlighted that the rising acidity of oceans could lead to a widespread undersaturation of aragonite, making it difficult for these organisms to thrive. This issue was in the news due to concerns over the impact of climate change on marine ecosystems.

Arakkal Kingdom

The Arakkal Kingdom was the only Muslim dynasty to rule in Kerala, controlling Lakshadweep during the 16th century. This kingdom played a crucial role in the region’s history, notably resisting European colonial powers like the Portuguese. The Arakkal rulers maintained a degree of autonomy, allowing Lakshadweep to develop its unique cultural identity insulated from external influences. The kingdom’s legacy is significant in understanding the socio-political dynamics of the islands and their historical interactions with mainland India. Recent news highlighted its historical importance amid discussions on Lakshadweep’s cultural heritage.

Arambai Tenggol

Arambai Tenggol is a radical Meitei organisation formed in 2020, meaning spear wielders, reflecting the ancient war tactics of Meitei warriors. It has gained significant influence in Manipur, particularly after the violent clashes with Kuki groups. The organisation reportedly has around 2,000 armed members and thousands of volunteers, and it has been involved in violent confrontations, including looting arms and defending Meitei villages. Its growing prominence was highlighted when political leaders took an oath at a meeting called by the group.

Arawak People

The Arawak people are an indigenous group from the Caribbean and South America, known for their agricultural practices and peaceful nature. They were among the first Native Americans encountered by Christopher Columbus in 1492. The Arawak initially welcomed Columbus and his crew, but relations soured due to violence and resource exploitation. They were mentioned in the news due to their historical interaction with Columbus, particularly during the 1504 lunar eclipse, which he manipulated to gain food supplies from the fearful Arawak.

Arctic Amplification

Arctic amplification refers to the phenomenon where the Arctic warms at a faster rate than the global average due to climate change. This warming can lead to changes in weather patterns, including disruptions to the polar vortex. Recent studies suggest that Arctic amplification may increase the likelihood of extreme cold events, despite overall global warming trends. This concept was discussed in the news as researchers explore its implications for winter weather, particularly in relation to the recent cold snap in the US.

Arribada

Arribada is a Spanish term meaning arrival, used to describe the extraordinary phenomenon of mass nesting among Olive Ridley turtles. During this event, females come ashore in large numbers to lay their eggs, often occurring on specific beaches during the same time frame each year. This natural occurrence is crucial for the species’ reproduction. The term was highlighted in the news as experts noted the likelihood of another significant arribada at the Rushikulya river mouth due to favourable climatic conditions this season.

Artemis Accords

The Artemis Accords are a set of international agreements initiated by the United States to establish principles for the safe and responsible exploration of the Moon and beyond. Launched in 2020, the accords promote transparency, peaceful exploration, and cooperation among nations. As of now, 33 countries have signed these accords, but notable absences include Russia and China. The accords are in the news due to their potential to shape international space policy amid rising geopolitical tensions and the increasing presence of private space entities.

Artemis Project

The Artemis Project, led by agricultural scientist David Guerena, utilises an app to facilitate phenotyping, which is the study of plant characteristics to breed new crop varieties. This project aims to improve agricultural productivity by helping researchers and farmers understand plant traits that are essential for resilience and yield. The Artemis Project has been in the news for its innovative approach to crop improvement, showcasing how technology can play a crucial role in enhancing food production amidst global challenges like climate change.

Article 131 of the Constitution

Article 131 of the Indian Constitution grants the Supreme Court original jurisdiction in disputes between the central government and states. This means such cases can only be heard by the Supreme Court and not any other court. It aims to resolve conflicts that may arise in the federal structure of governance. The Punjab government invoked this article in December 2021 to challenge the BSF’s expanded jurisdiction, arguing it infringed on state powers concerning policing and public order.

Article 341

Article 341 of the Indian Constitution empowers the President to specify the Scheduled Castes for the purpose of reservation. It aims to protect the rights of historically disadvantaged groups by providing them with affirmative action. This article has been central to legal discussions regarding the sub-classification of Scheduled Castes, particularly in the context of whether states can create their own lists. Its interpretation is crucial in the current Supreme Court case, as it determines the limits of state power in reservation policies.

Article 6 of the Paris Agreement

Article 6 of the Paris Agreement outlines mechanisms for countries to cooperate in achieving their climate targets, particularly through carbon markets. It allows for the trading of carbon credits, enabling countries to offset emissions by investing in projects elsewhere. The focus on Article 6 has gained prominence as countries explore ways to meet Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). Recent discussions have raised questions about the integrity and transparency of these carbon credit transactions, especially in developing nations.

Article IV Consultation

The Article IV Consultation is a process conducted by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to assess the economic health of its member countries. This involves annual meetings where the IMF reviews a country’s economic policies and provides recommendations. The findings are documented in a report, which addresses various issues, including fiscal policy, exchange rates, and financial stability. Recently, this process highlighted concerns about India’s debt sustainability and the management of its exchange rate, prompting reactions from the Indian Government.

Asiatic Society of Bengal

The Asiatic Society of Bengal, founded in 1784, is a scholarly institution in Kolkata that aimed to promote research in the humanities and social sciences. It played an important role in the early collection and dissemination of meteorological data in India. The society advocated for the establishment of a dedicated meteorological office, leading to the formation of the IMD. It was mentioned in the context of the IMD’s 150th anniversary as a key player in pushing for organised meteorological observations in the country.

Atmospheric River

An atmospheric river is a narrow corridor of concentrated moisture in the atmosphere that transports water vapour from tropical regions to other parts of the world. In March 2022, an important atmospheric river formed over East Antarctica, driven by tropical heat and moisture. This phenomenon contributed to the extreme heatwave and had drastic effects on the region, including unusual rainfall and snow accumulation. Its occurrence underscores the interconnectedness of global weather patterns and the impact of climate change on extreme weather events.

AUKUS

AUKUS is a trilateral security pact between Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States, announced in September 2021. It aims to enhance military cooperation, particularly in the Indo-Pacific region, and includes provisions for Australia to acquire nuclear-powered submarines. The pact was controversial, leading to tensions with France, which had an important submarine deal with Australia that was cancelled. AUKUS has been in the news for its implications on global security dynamics and its impact on France-India relations, highlighting the need for strong partnerships.

Axis of Resistance

The Axis of Resistance refers to a coalition of groups in the Middle East that oppose Israeli and U.S. influence in the region. This coalition includes prominent organisations like Hezbollah in Lebanon, Hamas in Palestine, and the Houthis in Yemen, among others. Established largely through Iranian support, these groups share a common ideology rooted in Shi’ite Islam. The term was in the news due to escalating tensions and military actions involving these groups amid ongoing conflicts in Gaza and Lebanon.

Ayutthaya

Ayutthaya was a historic kingdom in Thailand, founded in 1351 and known for its grandeur and cultural richness. The kingdom is believed to have been inspired by Ayodhya from the Ramayana. Its capital city, also named Ayutthaya, featured architecture that mirrored the mythical city of Ayodhya. The kingdom played a crucial role in trade and cultural exchange in Southeast Asia. Recently, Ayutthaya gained attention due to efforts to preserve its historical sites and the continuing exploration of its connection to the Ramayana.

Bab al-Mandab Strait

The Bab al-Mandab Strait is a narrow waterway connecting the Red Sea to the Gulf of Aden, situated between Yemen on the Arabian Peninsula and Djibouti and Eritrea in Africa. This strategic strait is crucial for global maritime trade, as it serves as a gateway for vessels travelling to and from the Suez Canal. The strait has been in the news due to increased military activity, particularly from the Houthis, who have threatened shipping routes, raising concerns over global supply chain disruptions.

Baily’s Beads

Baily’s Beads is a phenomenon that occurs during a solar eclipse when the rugged topography of the moon allows beads of sunlight to shine through in some places while being blocked in others. This effect is visible just before and after totality, creating a stunning visual display. It was mentioned in the news as part of the unique experiences people can expect during the upcoming eclipse, adding to the excitement and anticipation surrounding this astronomical event.

Bangaram Island

Bangaram is an uninhabited island in Lakshadweep, known for its stunning beauty and pristine beaches. It is part of a group of islands that are popular for their coral reefs and lagoons. The island has a limited capacity for tourism, with the potential for just 200 cottages, making it a site for exclusive and eco-friendly tourism. Recently, it was highlighted due to Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s visit, which sparked discussions about tourism development in Lakshadweep amid environmental concerns.

Baryonic Acoustic Oscillations (BAOs)

Baryonic Acoustic Oscillations (BAOs) are sound waves from the early universe that should create patterns in the distribution of galaxies, typically appearing as spherical shells. However, the Big Ring’s immense size and non-spherical shape challenge this concept. This discrepancy has led scientists to explore alternative explanations for the formation of such large structures. BAOs are significant in cosmology as they help researchers understand the evolution of the universe, and their relationship to the Big Ring raises fundamental questions about cosmic structure formation.

Battle of George Square

The Battle of George Square, also known as Bloody Friday, occurred in January 1919 when thousands of workers clashed with police while demanding reduced working hours. This significant event symbolised the tensions between the working class and authorities during the Red Clydeside movement. The British government responded by deploying troops, fearing a revolution. This battle is remembered as a pivotal moment in Glasgow’s history, drawing attention recently as part of commemorations for the struggles faced by workers in the early 20th century.

Berbera Port

Berbera is a strategic port located on the coast of Somaliland, along the Red Sea. It serves as a vital trade gateway for Ethiopia, which is landlocked and has been seeking access to maritime routes since losing its Red Sea ports in the early 1990s. The port’s significance has increased with the recent agreement between Ethiopia and Somaliland, allowing Ethiopia to lease land near Berbera. This development has sparked tensions with Somalia, which views the agreement as a violation of its sovereignty.

Bhabar Belt

The Bhabar Belt is a geographical region in India, particularly in the foothills of the Himalayas, known for its unique topography. It consists of alluvial deposits that result in low groundwater levels, making it prone to water scarcity. This area is crucial for agriculture but faces challenges due to climate change, leading to drought-like conditions. The term was in the news as communities in this belt, like those in Udalguri, struggle with severe water shortages exacerbated by changing weather patterns.

Big Crunch

The Big Crunch is a theoretical scenario for the ultimate fate of the universe, where the expansion of the universe eventually reverses, leading to a collapse back into a singularity. This concept is rooted in the dynamics of gravity and the density of the universe. If the universe’s density is high enough, gravitational forces could overcome the expansion. The Big Crunch has been discussed in scientific circles as a possible fate of the universe, especially in light of new studies regarding dark matter and cosmic expansion, making it a topic of interest in cosmology.

Big Ring

The Big Ring is a newly discovered massive cosmic structure located about 9.2 billion light-years away from Earth. Measuring approximately 1.3 billion light-years across, it challenges current cosmological theories due to its size and shape. If visible, it would span the night sky, covering an area equivalent to 15 full Moons. This discovery was significant as it raises questions about the formation of large-scale structures in the universe and was presented at the 243rd meeting of the American Astronomical Society.

Billion Tree Tsunami Project

The Billion Tree Tsunami Project, launched in 2014 in Pakistan, aims to restore 350,000 hectares of degraded land by planting trees. This initiative is expected to sequester over 148 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent over ten years, contributing to climate change mitigation. The project has garnered international attention as part of Pakistan’s broader commitment to combat climate change and enhance environmental sustainability. It aligns with the country’s goal to derive 60% of its energy from renewable sources, promoting ecological balance.

Biodiversity Credit Alliance

The Biodiversity Credit Alliance is a collaborative initiative launched during the 15th Conference of Parties (CoP15) to promote biodiversity credits (biocredits). It aims to facilitate private investment in biodiversity conservation and restoration projects, addressing the financial challenges outlined in the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework. This alliance was in the news as it seeks to mobilise funds necessary for biodiversity protection, particularly in light of the estimated $200 billion needed annually for conservation efforts.

Biological Ice Nucleation

Biological ice nucleation is a natural phenomenon where certain organisms, such as bacteria and fungi, facilitate the formation of ice at temperatures above the normal freezing point of water. This process involves the production of specific proteins that act as nucleation sites, allowing water molecules to arrange into a crystalline structure. It was in the news due to recent studies highlighting how fungi like Fusarium acuminatum can efficiently trigger ice formation, potentially impacting weather patterns and applications in snow-making.

Biome Fund

The Biome Fund is a proposed financial initiative aimed at supporting conservation efforts in Brazil’s biomes, particularly the Cerrado. Similar to the Amazon Fund, it would gather resources from foreign governments and international organisations to promote environmental protection and sustainable land use. The fund is part of a broader strategy to address deforestation and biodiversity loss by providing financial incentives for landowners to preserve natural habitats. It has gained attention as Brazil’s government seeks new ways to combat rising deforestation rates in less protected areas.

BioRescue Consortium

The BioRescue consortium is an international team focused on saving the critically endangered northern white rhinoceros from extinction. Formed by scientists and conservationists, this group employs advanced reproductive technologies like in-vitro fertilisation to create embryos. The consortium has been in the news due to its recent success in transferring embryos, which offers hope for the future of this subspecies. The team is backed by the German government and aims to produce northern white rhino calves in the coming years.

Black Sea Grain Initiative

The Black Sea Grain Initiative was a landmark agreement signed on July 22, 2022, between Russia and Ukraine, facilitated by the United Nations and Turkey. This deal aimed to resume Ukrainian grain exports, crucial for global food supply, particularly wheat and sunflower oil. The initiative allowed safe passage for ships through the Black Sea, amidst the ongoing conflict. However, in July 2023, Russia chose not to renew the agreement, impacting global grain markets and food security, which was highlighted in recent news.

Blended Finance

Blended finance refers to the strategic use of public or philanthropic funds to attract private investment in sustainable development projects. This approach combines different types of capital, including grants and equity, to mitigate risks and encourage investment in high-impact sectors like synthetic biology. Recently, blended finance has been highlighted as a crucial mechanism for scaling up investments in climate solutions. By de-risking early-stage investments, it aims to bridge funding gaps and accelerate the transition to sustainable technologies.

Bletchley Declaration

The Bletchley Declaration is a commitment signed by China, the European Union, and 27 other countries at the world’s first AI Safety Summit in November 2023. This agreement aims to establish evolving standards for artificial intelligence, focusing on safety and ethical considerations in AI deployment. The declaration is significant as it reflects a growing international consensus on the need for collaborative frameworks to manage AI’s risks and benefits. It was in the news due to its role in fostering cooperation amidst geopolitical tensions.

Bloemfontein

Bloemfontein is one of South Africa’s three capital cities, serving as the judicial capital. It is located in the Free State province and is known for its historical significance and cultural heritage. The city hosts various educational institutions and museums, including the National Museum and the Anglo-Boer War Museum. In the context of the Under-19 ICC World Cup, Bloemfontein is significant as it will host all group stage matches involving India, making it a focal point for cricket fans during the tournament.

Blood Moon

A blood moon refers to a total lunar eclipse when the Earth’s shadow completely covers the moon, causing it to appear red or ruddy brown. This phenomenon occurs when the sun, Earth, and moon align, allowing some sunlight to filter through Earth’s atmosphere and cast a reddish hue on the moon. The next blood moon is set for March 13/14, 2025. It was in the news due to its striking visual impact and the historical context of past blood moons, like the Beaver Blood Moon of November 2022.

Blue Carbon

Blue Carbon is a subsidiary of Global Carbon Investments, owned by Sheikh Ahmed Dalmook Al Maktoum from Dubai’s ruling family. The company focuses on carbon offset agreements involving large areas of land for environmental projects like reforestation and conservation. In 2023, Blue Carbon signed several significant agreements in Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe, which attracted attention during the COP28 conference. The news highlighted concerns over transparency and the potential impact on local communities and ecosystems.

Blue Tigers

The Blue Tigers is the nickname for the Indian national football team, symbolising their blue kit and representing the country’s pride in football. The team has a rich history, having participated in several international tournaments, including the AFC Asian Cup. The nickname reflects the team’s spirit and determination on the field. The Blue Tigers were in the news following their recent match against Australia in the AFC Asian Cup 2023, where they faced a tough loss but still have chances to progress.

Bonn Challenge

The Bonn Challenge is a global initiative launched in 2011 aimed at restoring 150 million hectares of deforested and degraded land by 2020, with a long-term goal of 350 million hectares by 2030. It encourages countries to commit to restoring their forest landscapes. India set a target of 26 million hectares under this challenge, which has been controversial due to the lack of scientific basis for its forest cover goals. It has drawn attention for the challenges it poses to biodiversity and local livelihoods.

BRAC

BRAC is a prominent non-governmental organisation based in Bangladesh, known for its innovative approaches to alleviating poverty and empowering communities. Founded in 1972, BRAC focuses on various sectors, including education, healthcare, and agriculture. It works closely with smallholder farmers, providing them with seeds, training, and access to finance. Recently, BRAC has been in the news for its efforts to pilot crop insurance and microfinance solutions to help farmers adapt to climate change and secure their livelihoods.

Brood XIII

Brood XIII is a group of periodical cicadas that emerges every 17 years, with the latest appearance occurring in Northern Illinois. This brood is notable for its dense population, which can create an important ecological impact when it emerges. The cicadas aerate the soil during their underground life and provide a food source for various predators upon their emergence. This year, Brood XIII has gained attention as it emerged simultaneously with Brood XIX for the first time in 200 years.

Brown Dwarfs

Brown dwarfs are celestial objects that are too massive to be classified as planets but not massive enough to sustain hydrogen fusion like stars. They typically have masses between 13 and 80 times that of Jupiter. Brown dwarfs emit very low levels of light and heat, making them difficult to detect. They are significant in astrophysics as they provide insights into star formation and the evolution of galaxies. Recently, they have been in the news due to discoveries that suggest they may play a role in the future of star formation.

Budhabalang River

The Budhabalang river, located in Odisha, India, is an important waterway for local ecosystems. It serves as a habitat for various aquatic species, including the endangered Gangetic dolphin. The forest department plans to release the recently rescued dolphin into this river, as it provides a more suitable environment than ponds. The Budhabalang river’s health is essential for the survival of freshwater species, making it a focal point for conservation efforts in the region.

Cabo Verde

Cabo Verde, also known as Cape Verde, is an archipelago of 10 islands located in the Central Atlantic Ocean. It has a rich cultural heritage influenced by African, Portuguese, and Brazilian elements. The islands are known for their volcanic landscapes, beautiful beaches, and unique Creole culture. Recently, Cabo Verde gained international attention after being certified as malaria-free by the World Health Organization (WHO) on January 12, 2023, marking an important achievement in public health for the nation.

Cape of Good Hope

The Cape of Good Hope is a rocky headland located on the Atlantic coast of South Africa. Historically significant as a key navigational point, it marks the point where ships must navigate around the southern tip of Africa to travel between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Due to recent attacks in the Red Sea, many cargo ships are now rerouting around the Cape, leading to longer transit times and increased shipping costs. This shift has garnered attention as it impacts global trade dynamics and supply chain logistics.

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is a technology designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It captures carbon dioxide (CO2) produced from industrial processes, such as power generation, preventing it from entering the atmosphere. The captured CO2 is then transported to a storage site, often deep underground. CCS has been in the news due to its potential role in achieving net-zero emissions and meeting global climate targets, especially as industries seek to decarbonise and reduce their carbon footprints.

Carbon Sequestration

Carbon sequestration is the process of capturing and storing atmospheric carbon dioxide to mitigate climate change. In grassland ecosystems, deep-rooted plants play an important role in this process by storing carbon below ground, making it less susceptible to release through fires or other disturbances. This natural method of carbon capture is vital for maintaining climate stability. The concept was highlighted in the news as part of broader discussions on sustainable practices and the importance of preserving grasslands to combat climate change effectively.

Carbon Tax

A carbon tax is a financial charge imposed on companies for emitting carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. It aims to incentivise businesses to reduce their emissions by making fossil fuels more expensive. Countries like Canada have successfully implemented this tax, which is now widely accepted and contributes to lowering emissions while addressing inequality. It has been in the news due to debates around its effectiveness in climate policy and the balance between environmental action and economic impacts.

Carceral Feminism

Carceral feminism is a term that describes the advocacy for women’s rights through punitive measures within the criminal justice system. Coined by Elizabeth Bernstein, it highlights the paradox of relying on state mechanisms that can perpetuate patriarchal control. In India, this concept has gained traction as feminists push for stricter laws against sexual violence while often overlooking the systemic issues within the justice system that deter women from reporting crimes. The recent discussions surrounding Bilkis Bano’s case have brought this concept to the forefront, urging a reevaluation of feminist strategies in addressing violence against women.

Catamarca

Catamarca is a province located in northwest Argentina, known for its rich mineral resources, particularly lithium. The region has become a focal point for lithium exploration due to its vast lithium brine deposits. The recent agreement between KABIL and Argentina’s state-owned mining company involves the exploration and development of five lithium blocks in Catamarca, covering approximately 15,703 hectares. This partnership is significant for India as it aims to secure a stable lithium supply, essential for the production of batteries in electric vehicles and renewable energy technologies.

Cerrado

The Cerrado is South America’s second-largest biome, spanning over 7,800 square kilometres, primarily in Brazil. This tropical savanna is notable for its high biodiversity, housing numerous unique species like the maned wolf and giant anteater. The Cerrado plays a crucial role in carbon storage and water replenishment, supporting eight of Brazil’s twelve watershed basins. Unfortunately, it has lost about 52% of its area, mainly due to agricultural expansion. The Cerrado has been in the news due to rising deforestation rates and calls for increased protection.

Cervavac

Cervavac is India’s first indigenous HPV vaccine, developed by the Serum Institute of India in Pune. It aims to prevent cervical cancer and other HPV-related cancers. Cervavac has been found to be safe and shows similar immunogenicity to Gardasil, a well-known HPV vaccine. The introduction of Cervavac into India’s national immunisation programme is expected to reduce the burden of cervical cancer . Its recent news coverage highlights the government’s efforts to improve public health and provide affordable vaccination options for young girls.

Chabahar Port

Chabahar Port is Iran’s first deepwater port, located at the Gulf of Oman. It serves as a strategic maritime gateway for India, facilitating trade routes to Afghanistan and Central Asia while bypassing Pakistan. The port comprises two main sections: Shahid Beheshti and Shahid Kalantari. India’s involvement began in 2002, and the first phase of Shahid Beheshti was inaugurated in 2017. The port has been in the news due to its geopolitical significance amid tensions between the US, Iran, and regional players.

Cheetah Conservation Project

The Cheetah Conservation Project in India aimed to reintroduce cheetahs into the wild after their extinction in the country. In 2022, 20 cheetahs were imported from Namibia and South Africa. However, the project faced criticism due to the unexpected deaths of six cheetahs, attributed to health issues related to climate adaptation. The project highlights the challenges of wildlife translocation and the complexities of managing species in new environments. It was in the news due to the ongoing debate about its effectiveness and ethical implications.

Chicxulub Crater

The Chicxulub Crater is a large impact crater located on the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico, formed about 66 million years ago when a 10 km-wide asteroid struck Earth. This event is widely believed to be a major factor in the mass extinction of the dinosaurs. The impact released immense energy, causing global cooling and darkness, which disrupted ecosystems. The crater itself is over 150 km in diameter and has become an important site for research into Earth’s geological history and extinction events.

Chimera in Financial Context

In finance, the term chimera is used metaphorically to describe a complex entity that embodies multiple characteristics or functions. In the context of the stock market, it refers to the big tech companies that appeal to diverse economic conditions, balancing fears of a slowing economy with opportunities in innovation. The chimera represents the dual nature of these firms, which thrive on both economic resilience and technological advancement. This concept was highlighted in discussions about market dynamics and investor sentiment amid changing economic indicators.

Chir Pine

Chir pine (Pinus roxburghii) is a tree species found in the Himalayan region, particularly in Himachal Pradesh. It is known for its tall stature and long needles. Chir pine forests cover approximately 15% of Himachal’s total forest area, making them vulnerable to wildfires due to their flammable resin. The tree plays a crucial role in the local ecosystem but poses an important fire risk, especially during dry spells. Recently, the increase in forest fires in Himachal has highlighted the dangers associated with chir pine.

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are man-made compounds once commonly used in refrigeration, air conditioning, and aerosol propellants. They are potent greenhouse gases and have been linked to ozone layer depletion. CFCs can trap heat in the atmosphere more effectively than carbon dioxide, contributing to global warming. Their use has been largely phased out due to international agreements like the Montreal Protocol. CFCs were mentioned in the context of their impact on climate change and their historical role in greenhouse gas emissions.

Circular Economy

The circular economy is an economic model focused on reusing resources, minimising waste, and creating a closed-loop system where products are designed for longevity and recyclability. This concept has gained traction as businesses aim to reduce their environmental impact and enhance sustainability. In 2023, organisations began to invest more in circular economy practices, recognising their potential to drive innovation and efficiency. The shift towards this model is significant as it offers a pathway to sustainable growth amid increasing climate challenges.

Circular Flow Model

The circular flow model is an economic concept that illustrates how money moves through an economy between households and businesses. It emphasises the interconnectedness of different sectors and the importance of resource allocation. Recently, this model has been referenced in discussions about the economy’s dependence on the environment, particularly in the context of climate change. Understanding this model helps highlight the need for sustainable practices and the impact of economic activities on the biosphere, making it relevant in current climate discussions.

Climate Deception Lawsuits

Climate deception lawsuits are legal actions taken against fossil fuel companies for allegedly misleading the public about the dangers of climate change. These lawsuits claim that companies have engaged in deceptive practices to downplay the impact of their activities on the environment. They have gained traction in recent years, with numerous cases filed by local and state governments. These lawsuits were in the news due to recent victories in court, which could set important precedents for future climate litigation.

Climate Justice

Climate justice is the concept that addresses the ethical dimensions of climate change, focusing on the disproportionate impacts on vulnerable populations, particularly in low-income countries. It advocates for equitable distribution of resources and responsibilities related to climate change. The news highlighted climate justice as the Global North contributes more to greenhouse gas emissions, while the Global South suffers the most from climate impacts. This ongoing discourse calls for policies that prioritise the needs of the most affected communities in climate action plans.

Climate Tipping Points

Climate tipping points refer to critical thresholds in the Earth’s climate system, beyond which significant and often irreversible changes occur. These can lead to severe consequences, such as rapid sea-level rise or disruption of vital ecosystems. The concept has gained attention due to its potential to exacerbate extreme weather events and ecological breakdowns. The Global Risks Report 2024 warned that these tipping points could impact economic growth and food and water security over the next decade, highlighting the urgency of addressing climate change.

Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA)

Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) is an approach aimed at transforming and reorienting agricultural systems to effectively support food security under climate change. CSA focuses on three main objectives: increasing productivity, enhancing resilience to climate change, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Despite its potential benefits, CSA practices have seen low adoption rates in South Asia due to various barriers, including inadequate government support and inequitable information dissemination. It was in the news due to a recent paper highlighting these challenges and the need for improved strategies.

Clouded Leopard

The clouded leopard is a medium-sized wild cat found in Southeast Asia, known for its distinctive cloud-like markings. It is elusive and primarily arboreal, making it difficult to study. Breeding clouded leopards in captivity poses unique challenges; they often exhibit aggressive behaviour towards mates, resulting in fatalities. The species is considered vulnerable due to habitat loss and poaching. The clouded leopard was mentioned in the news as an example of the difficulties faced in captive breeding of big cats.

Coking Coal

Coking coal, also known as metallurgical coal, is a type of coal used primarily in steel production. It is heated in the absence of air to produce coke, a porous material essential for blast furnaces. India relies heavily on imported coking coal, mainly from Australia and Russia, to meet its steel manufacturing needs. The demand for coking coal has been significant due to India’s growing steel industry. It was in the news as part of discussions on India’s energy mix and the challenges posed by reliance on imported raw materials.

Cold Stress Syndrome

Cold Stress Syndrome is a condition that affects manatees when they are exposed to temperatures below 16°C (60°F). This syndrome leads to reduced blood flow to extremities, causing potential skin loss or injury, particularly to their tails. Manatees have a thin layer of body fat, making them sensitive to cold. The phenomenon was highlighted in news reports as researchers noted that an important drop in water temperatures led to manatees flocking to warmer springs, emphasising the impact of temperature on their health and survival.

Colombo Security Conclave

The Colombo Security Conclave is a regional security initiative involving India, the Maldives, and Sri Lanka, aimed at enhancing cooperation on security issues in the Indian Ocean. It focuses on counter-terrorism, maritime security, and other strategic interests. The Maldives’ recent decision to skip the conclave has been seen as a setback for India, indicating a potential shift in Maldives’ foreign policy under President Muizzu. This development has been closely monitored as it reflects the changing dynamics of security collaboration in South Asia.

Combined Joint Task Force — Operation Inherent Resolve

The Combined Joint Task Force — Operation Inherent Resolve is a military coalition formed in 2014 to defeat ISIS in Iraq and Syria. This mission focuses on advising and assisting local partner forces, such as the Iraqi military and the Syrian Democratic Forces, to ensure the lasting defeat of ISIS. Although the coalition has achieved significant success in dismantling ISIS’s territorial control, the group remains active in various forms across the globe. The operation has been in the news recently due to the shifting dynamics in Iraq, particularly concerning the presence of US forces and the response to Iranian-linked militias.

Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP)

The CPTPP is a trade agreement involving 11 countries, including Canada, Japan, and Australia. It aims to reduce tariffs and enhance trade among member nations, promoting economic integration. The UK joined the CPTPP in March 2023, allowing for tariff-free trade on various products. However, individual trade agreements can override CPTPP rules, which is why the UK seeks direct deals with member states. The CPTPP was in the news as it represents an important shift in the UK’s post-Brexit trade strategy.

Concordat

A concordat is a formal agreement between the Pope and a sovereign state regarding the regulation of church and state relations. In the Dominican Republic, the government holds a concordat with the Vatican, which reinforces Catholicism as the official religion, despite constitutional provisions for freedom of worship. This relationship influences national policies, including those related to education and reproductive rights. The concordat has been in the news due to its role in the ongoing debates about abortion laws in the country.

Conger Ice Shelf

The Conger Ice Shelf is a floating ice formation located in East Antarctica. It is part of the larger Antarctic ice system and plays a crucial role in stabilising the ice sheets behind it. In March 2022, this ice shelf collapsed due to an unprecedented heatwave, marking an important event in climate science. The collapse raised concerns about the potential for increased ice melt and subsequent sea-level rise, highlighting the vulnerability of Antarctic ice structures to climate change.

Constitutional AI

Constitutional AI is a training approach used by Claude to ensure that its responses adhere to a set of predefined ethical principles. This method allows the AI to critique and improve its own answers based on a constitution of values, rather than relying solely on human feedback. This innovative approach aims to enhance the safety and reliability of AI interactions. It has been a topic of discussion in the AI community, particularly as concerns about AI safety and ethical use continue to rise.

Cooch Behar Trophy

The Cooch Behar Trophy is a prestigious four-day national cricket tournament for under-19 players in India, established in 1945. It serves as a platform for young talent to showcase their skills and gain recognition. The tournament is named after Maharaja of Cooch Behar, and it has a rich history in Indian cricket. Recently, it gained attention due to Prakhar Chaturvedi’s record-breaking performance, marking an important milestone in the tournament’s history as he became the first to score over 400 runs in a final.

Copernicus

Copernicus is the European Union’s Earth observation programme, named after the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus. It provides comprehensive data on climate change, land use, and natural disasters through satellite monitoring. The programme aims to support environmental policy and improve public safety. In 2023, Copernicus was in the news for reporting that global temperatures reached an unprecedented 1.48 degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels, marking the warmest year on record. This data highlights the urgency of addressing climate change.

Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S)

The Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) is a European Union initiative that provides authoritative information about climate change. It offers data on climate trends, impacts, and projections to support decision-making and policy development. C3S uses satellite observations and climate models to monitor climate variables and extreme weather events. It was in the news recently due to its announcement that 2023 was the warmest year on record since 1850, highlighting the urgent need for climate action.

Copyright Shield

The ‘copyright shield’ is a legal protection offered by companies like OpenAI to safeguard their enterprise users against copyright infringement lawsuits that may arise from using their AI tools. This initiative aims to reassure businesses that they will not face legal repercussions for content generated by models like ChatGPT. The concept has gained attention as it reflects the growing concerns about copyright issues in AI, especially following lawsuits like the one filed by NYT against OpenAI for alleged misuse of its content.

Core Inflation

Core inflation is a measure of the long-term trend in prices, excluding volatile items like food and energy. It reflects the underlying inflation trend and is less affected by temporary price changes. Policymakers often focus on core inflation to assess the effectiveness of monetary policy. It was in the news as the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) highlighted its steady decline, suggesting that monetary policy measures are effective in controlling inflation without the noise from volatile food and energy prices.

Coronal Mass Ejection

A Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) is an important release of plasma and magnetic field from the solar corona into space. These eruptions can disrupt space weather, affecting satellites and communication systems on Earth. CMEs can lead to geomagnetic storms, which may cause power outages and impact technology. The study of CMEs is crucial for understanding solar activity and its effects on Earth. Aditya-L1 aims to gather data on CMEs, making it a focal point in recent discussions about solar research and space weather forecasting.

Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI)

The Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) is an annual ranking published by Transparency International that assesses the perceived levels of public sector corruption in 180 countries. The index uses a scale from 0 (highly corrupt) to 100 (very clean) based on expert assessments and business surveys. In 2023, India’s score was 39, indicating persistent corruption issues. The CPI was in the news due to India’s low ranking and the implications for governance ahead of upcoming elections.

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Corynebacterium diphtheriae is a Gram-positive bacterium responsible for causing diphtheria, a severe respiratory illness. This club-shaped bacillus produces potent toxins that can lead to serious complications, including airway obstruction and damage to vital organs like the heart and kidneys. Diphtheria was largely controlled through vaccination; however, recent outbreaks in regions with low vaccination rates have highlighted its persistence. The bacterium was in the news due to a resurgence of diphtheria cases in West Africa, particularly in Guinea, where vaccination efforts have faltered.

COSIRI

COSIRI, or the Consumer Sustainability Industry Readiness Index, is a pioneering sustainability maturity index aimed at manufacturing industries. It evaluates sustainability performance across various dimensions, including governance, practices, and tools. By providing both qualitative and quantitative insights, COSIRI helps companies identify strengths and weaknesses in their sustainability efforts. It has been in the news for its collaboration with the World Economic Forum and Capgemini Invent to promote sustainable transformation in industries facing pressure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Critical Tiger Habitat (CTH)

Critical Tiger Habitats are designated areas within India’s forests specifically created to protect tigers and their ecosystems. Established under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, CTHs aim to ensure that tigers have sufficient space to thrive while also addressing the rights of local forest-dwelling communities. The concept has been in the news due to ongoing conflicts between conservation efforts and the rights of indigenous peoples, particularly regarding land use and the impact of conservation policies on their livelihoods.

Critically Important Antimicrobials (CIAs)

Critically Important Antimicrobials (CIAs) are a classification of antibiotics that are deemed essential for treating serious infections in humans. The World Health Organization (WHO) categorises these antibiotics based on their importance in human medicine and the urgency required to preserve their effectiveness. CIAs include various classes of antibiotics, such as cephalosporins and aminoglycosides. The recent NCDC survey highlighted concerns regarding the overuse of CIAs in both healthcare and food animal production, raising alarms about potential antimicrobial resistance.

Crocus sativus L

Crocus sativus L, commonly known as the saffron crocus, is a flowering plant whose stigma is harvested to produce saffron, the world’s most expensive spice. This plant thrives in specific climatic conditions, making the Kashmir region particularly suitable for its cultivation. However, the delicate nature of the flower makes it vulnerable to pollution, especially from cement dust. The decline in saffron cultivation due to industrialisation has made this plant a focal point in discussions about environmental sustainability and agricultural practices in Kashmir.

Cross-Strait Relations

Cross-Strait relations refer to the political and economic interactions between Taiwan and mainland China. These relations have been complex and often contentious, particularly due to China’s claim over Taiwan and Taiwan’s push for sovereignty. Under President Xi Jinping, China has increased military pressure on Taiwan, while Taiwan seeks to maintain its autonomy. The topic gained prominence following William Lai’s election, as his presidency is expected to influence future interactions, potentially escalating tensions between the two sides amid China’s assertive stance.

CubeSats

CubeSats are small, modular satellites designed for various applications, including Earth observation and environmental monitoring. They are typically cost-effective and can be deployed in large numbers, providing valuable data for scientific research. In the context of air quality management, CubeSats can enhance monitoring capabilities by offering detailed insights into pollutant levels and distribution. The concept was mentioned in relation to India’s air quality strategies, as leveraging CubeSats could improve data collection and analysis, thus supporting better policy decisions and environmental management.

Custodian of Enemy Property of India (CEPI)

The Custodian of Enemy Property of India (CEPI) is a government body responsible for managing enemy properties in India. Established under the Enemy Property Act, CEPI oversees the administration, preservation, and monetisation of these assets, which include land and company shares. With over 13,000 enemy properties valued at over Rs 1 lakh crore, CEPI plays a crucial role in safeguarding these assets. The recent decision to sell enemy property shares has brought CEPI back into the spotlight.

Cyclone Freddy

Cyclone Freddy was a devastating tropical cyclone that struck Malawi in 2023, affecting over two million people, which is about 10% of the country’s population. It lasted an unprecedented 34 days, making it the longest-lasting tropical cyclone ever recorded. The cyclone caused significant economic damage, costing around $17 per person, with total recovery expenses estimated at $680 million. Cyclone Freddy highlights the disproportionate impact of climate change on low-income countries, as Malawi contributes minimally to global greenhouse gas emissions.

Cyclone Sidr

Cyclone Sidr was a devastating tropical cyclone that struck Bangladesh in November 2007, causing widespread destruction and loss of life. With wind speeds exceeding 240 km/h, it resulted in over 3,000 fatalities and affected millions more. The cyclone’s aftermath left lasting impacts, particularly on agriculture, as salt residue from storm surges rendered vast areas of farmland non-arable. This phenomenon has been highlighted in recent discussions about the long-term effects of climate change on Bangladesh’s agricultural sector and the resilience of its farming communities.

CYP2D6 Gene

The CYP2D6 gene is crucial for metabolising approximately 25% of all medications, including opioids and antidepressants. Variants of this gene can cause individuals to metabolise drugs either too quickly or too slowly, affecting drug efficacy and safety. For instance, in Ethiopia, an important portion of the population rapidly metabolises codeine into morphine, leading to respiratory distress. This gene was highlighted in recent discussions about the need for more diverse genetic research to understand drug reactions across different populations.

D2D (Direct-to-Device) Satellite Programs

Direct-to-Device (D2D) satellite programs are initiatives that enable mobile devices to communicate directly with satellites, bypassing traditional cellular networks. Companies like SpaceX and AST SpaceMobile are at the forefront of this technology, aiming to provide global connectivity. The D2D market is still evolving, with questions about its financial viability and sustainability. This concept was in the news recently due to ongoing developments and launches aimed at expanding satellite communication capabilities in 2024.

Dahej Special Economic Zone

The Dahej Special Economic Zone (SEZ) is a designated area in Gujarat, India, aimed at promoting industrial growth. Established to attract investments, the SEZ has become a hub for petrochemical industries, including major players like Adani. The area has faced criticism for environmental degradation and health issues among local residents due to pollution. It was in the news due to ongoing protests from locals about the adverse effects of industrial activities on their health and livelihood.

Dalwai Committee

The Dalwai Committee, officially known as the National Commission on Farmers, was established in 2004 to address the challenges faced by farmers in India. Chaired by Dr. M.S. Swaminathan, it aimed to enhance farmers’ livelihoods and ensure sustainable agricultural practices. One of its key recommendations was to achieve a 10% annual growth in farmers’ income. Despite its important proposals, the committee’s recommendations have not been fully realised, leading to ongoing discussions about agricultural policies and farmer welfare. It was in the news due to the ongoing scrutiny of farmers’ income growth rates in relation to the committee’s goals.

DAMUs

District Agromet Units (DAMUs) are specialised units that provide agrometeorological advisories to farmers at district and block levels in India. Established under the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) and the Indian Institute of Agricultural Research (ICAR), they offer tailored weather forecasts and agricultural advice based on local conditions. Recently, the Indian government announced the closure of these units due to financial and administrative issues, raising concerns about the impact on farmers who rely on their services for effective agricultural planning.

Dandakaranya

Dandakaranya is a geographical region in India, primarily spanning parts of Chhattisgarh and Odisha, known as a stronghold for Maoist insurgents. It is significant as it houses the Dandakaranya Special Zonal Committee (DKSZC), which is a central hub for Maoist activities, including recruitment and operational planning. The government has identified it as a crucial area for counter-insurgency efforts. Recent escalations in violence and attacks against security forces in this region have heightened concerns and prompted a focused response from Indian authorities.

Data Encryption Standard (DES)

The Data Encryption Standard (DES) is a symmetric-key algorithm for the encryption of digital data. Developed in the 1970s, it uses a 56-bit key to encrypt data in 64-bit blocks. While it was widely adopted, DES is now considered insecure due to advancements in computing power that allow for brute-force attacks. Its significance in the news stems from its historical role in shaping encryption standards and the ongoing evolution of cryptographic techniques that have emerged in response to its vulnerabilities.

Dead Internet Theory

The Dead Internet Theory posits that much of today’s online content is generated by bots and AI, rather than real users. It gained traction on the forum 4Chan in the late 2010s and was popularised in 2021 by a lengthy post on Agora Road’s Macintosh Cafe. The theory suggests a loss of genuine human interaction online, replaced by algorithm-driven content. It was recently in the news due to rising concerns about bot activity on platforms like X (formerly Twitter), highlighting the theory’s relevance.

Deccan Traps

The Deccan Traps is a massive volcanic province in India, covering around 500,000 square kilometres. Formed by extensive volcanic eruptions around the same time as the dinosaur extinction, it consists of layered basaltic lava flows. The eruptions released large quantities of gases, contributing to climate change and environmental stress. This phenomenon was in the news as scientists explored its role in conjunction with the asteroid impact, examining how both events may have collectively contributed to the extinction of the dinosaurs.

Demat Accounts

Demat accounts are electronic accounts that hold securities such as stocks and bonds in a digital format, making trading more efficient. As of November 2023, the number of demat accounts in India reached 10 crore, indicating an important rise in retail investor participation in the stock market. This surge is attributed to increased awareness and accessibility of investment options. The growth of demat accounts has been pivotal in driving the current market rally, as more individuals are investing in equities through mutual funds and direct stock purchases.

Desuung

Desuung, or Guardians of Peace, is a volunteer programme initiated by King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck in 2011. It trains young Bhutanese in various skills, including disaster management and community service. The volunteers, known as desuups, wear distinctive orange jumpsuits and play a crucial role in national events, helping maintain order and provide assistance. Recently, they were active during the National Day celebrations, distributing hot porridge and ensuring the smooth flow of crowds. Their involvement highlights the spirit of community service in Bhutan.

DF-21D

The DF-21D is a Chinese anti-ship ballistic missile, often referred to as a carrier killer. It is designed to target large naval vessels, particularly aircraft carriers, using advanced guidance systems to improve accuracy. The DF-21D can travel at high speeds and is believed to be capable of evading missile defence systems. Its development has significant implications for naval strategy, especially concerning US naval dominance in the Asia-Pacific region. The missile’s capabilities were mentioned in context with the recent Huthi missile launch, illustrating global military dynamics.

Digambar Badge

Digambar Badge was a key figure in the trial of Nathuram Godse, serving as a witness for the prosecution. He was alleged to be one of the conspirators involved in Gandhi’s assassination and admitted his role during his detention. Badge’s testimony was crucial in implicating Godse and his associates, shedding light on the conspiracy behind the assassination. His involvement exemplifies the complex nature of political and ideological conflicts in India during that period, which continues to resonate in contemporary discussions.

Disease X

Disease X is a term used by the World Health Organisation (WHO) to represent an unknown pathogen that could potentially lead to a future pandemic. It serves as a cautionary symbol for the global community to prepare for unforeseen infectious diseases, which could be more devastating than Covid-19. The WHO aims to raise awareness and encourage research and development to mitigate the effects of such threats. It has been in the news due to discussions on pandemic preparedness at global forums like the World Economic Forum.

Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI)

Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI) refers to initiatives aimed at promoting a diverse workforce and ensuring fair treatment and opportunities for all individuals, regardless of their race, ethnicity, gender, or other characteristics. DEI has gained significant attention as many corporations seek to create more representative workplaces. Recently, it was in the news due to a public disagreement between Elon Musk and Mark Cuban, where Musk labelled DEI as a form of racism, sparking widespread debate on the topic.

DMH-11 Mustard Hybrid

DMH-11 is a genetically modified mustard hybrid developed by the Centre for Genetic Manipulation of Crop Plants (CGMCP) at Delhi University. It was created to enhance yield and resistance to pests. The hybrid received conditional approval from the GEAC for environmental release in 2022, sparking significant public debate and legal challenges regarding its safety and potential environmental impact. The Supreme Court’s scrutiny of the approval process has brought DMH-11 into the spotlight, reflecting ongoing concerns about GM crops in India.

Dongs

Dongs are traditional, community-built canals found in Northeast India, particularly in Assam. These canals are designed to channel water from rivers into agricultural fields and villages, supporting local irrigation practices. However, due to climate change and deforestation, many dongs have dried up or become blocked with silt, affecting water availability. The news highlighted how the drying of dongs has contributed to agricultural distress and water scarcity in rural areas, impacting food security and livelihoods.

Draft Evasion

Draft evasion refers to the act of avoiding conscription into military service, especially during wartime. In Ukraine, since the declaration of martial law in February 2022, there have been approximately 9,000 criminal cases opened related to draft evasion. The government is now proposing stricter penalties, including fines and potential jail time, to deter this behaviour. The issue has gained prominence in the news as the Ukrainian government seeks to bolster its military ranks in light of ongoing conflict with Russia.

Dunaliella salina

Dunaliella salina is a type of halophilic green algae that thrives in high-salinity environments, such as Lake Retba. It is responsible for the lake’s distinctive pink colour due to its high concentration of carotenoid pigments, which serve as antioxidants. This microalga is vital for the lake’s ecosystem, as it supports a few other microorganisms. Recent studies have highlighted its role in the lake’s declining health, as fluctuations in salinity impact its growth and the overall ecological balance of the area.

Dwarf Planet Ceres

Ceres is the largest object in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter and is classified as a dwarf planet. It has garnered interest due to its potential for hosting organic molecules, which are essential for life. Recent studies suggest that Ceres may have conditions suitable for life, such as water beneath its surface. This discovery has been in the news as researchers continue to explore its geology and atmosphere, seeking clues about the possibility of alien life in our solar system.

Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary

Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary is located in Arunachal Pradesh, India, and is part of the Eastern Himalayas. It is known for its rich biodiversity, including numerous bird species, some of which are endemic to the region. The sanctuary is characterised by montane forests and varied elevations, making it a critical habitat for wildlife. The sanctuary was in the news due to a study highlighting how bird species are shifting to higher elevations in response to climate change and habitat loss in logged forests.

Earth Decides

Earth Decides is a new initiative launched by the World Economic Forum’s Centre for Nature and Climate. It aims to galvanise action against climate change by fostering informed optimism among leaders across public, private, and philanthropic sectors. The initiative seeks to address critical environmental issues such as biodiversity loss and ecosystem collapse by promoting collaboration and strategic foresight. It was in the news due to its launch during the 2024 Annual Meeting, highlighting urgent responses to the climate crisis.

Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)

The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) is a regional political and economic union of 15 West African countries, established in 1975. Its primary goals are to promote economic integration, peace, and stability in the region. ECOWAS has been involved in various peacekeeping missions and has imposed sanctions on member states following coups. Recently, ECOWAS has been in the news due to tensions with Niger, Mali, and Burkina Faso, which announced their intention to withdraw from the bloc after facing sanctions.

El Geneina

El Geneina is a city in the West Darfur region of Sudan, which has recently been the epicentre of severe ethnic violence. In 2023, it witnessed the deaths of between 10,000 and 15,000 people due to attacks primarily attributed to the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF) and allied militias targeting the Masalit tribe. This city has become a symbol of the broader humanitarian crisis in Sudan, drawing international attention and condemnation due to the scale of violence and the resultant displacement of its population.

Elasmobranch

Elasmobranchs are a subclass of cartilaginous fish that includes sharks and rays. They are characterised by their skeletons made of cartilage rather than bone. This group of fish plays a vital role in marine ecosystems as apex predators, helping maintain the balance of marine life. Unfortunately, many elasmobranch species are threatened due to overfishing and habitat loss. The recent study highlighted their increasing consumption in India, raising concerns about sustainability and the impact on their populations.

Embodied Carbon

Embodied carbon refers to the total greenhouse gas emissions produced during the entire lifecycle of a building, including the extraction, manufacturing, transportation, and installation of materials, as well as the construction process itself. It is distinct from operational carbon, which is related to the energy consumed during a building’s use. The term has gained attention recently due to its significant impact on climate change, as addressing embodied carbon can lead to substantial reductions in overall emissions, particularly in the construction sector.

End-to-End (E2E) Encryption

End-to-End (E2E) encryption is a method of data transmission where only the communicating users can read the messages. In this system, messages are encrypted on the sender’s device and only decrypted on the recipient’s device, preventing intermediaries, including service providers, from accessing the content. E2E encryption has been in the news due to ongoing debates about privacy, security, and government surveillance, particularly concerning messaging apps like WhatsApp and Signal, which use this technology to protect user communications.

Enemy Property

Enemy property refers to assets left behind by individuals who migrated to countries considered enemies, such as Pakistan and China. This concept is governed by the Enemy Property Act of 1968, which prevents heirs of these individuals from claiming rights to the property. The Act was enacted following the Indo-China and Indo-Pak wars. Recently, the Indian government announced plans to sell shares of enemy properties, which has sparked discussions about property rights and historical injustices.

eNodeB Modems

eNodeB modems are advanced communication devices used in Starlink satellites, functioning similarly to traditional cell towers but located in space. These modems facilitate direct satellite communication with smartphones, enabling broadband connectivity anywhere on the planet. They connect over laser backhaul to the Starlink constellation, ensuring global coverage. The introduction of eNodeB modems has garnered attention as they play a crucial role in Starlink’s new direct-to-cell technology, which aims to provide connectivity to users without the need for new devices.

ERNIE

ERNIE (Enhanced Representation through kNowledge Integration) is a large AI model developed by the Chinese company Baidu. Launched in late 2023, ERNIE has 23 billion parameters and is trained on approximately 150 million image-text pairs in Chinese. This model exemplifies China’s advancements in AI technology, showcasing its capability to handle complex tasks and compete with Western counterparts. ERNIE was highlighted in the news as part of the broader narrative on AI development, particularly regarding China’s ambition to lead in AI by 2030.

EU AI Act

The EU AI Act is a legislative framework proposed by the European Union to regulate the use of artificial intelligence in its member states. Introduced in late 2023, it aims to ensure that AI systems are safe, transparent, and respect fundamental rights. The Act categorises AI applications based on risk levels and sets requirements for high-risk systems. It has been in the news as governments worldwide are looking to tighten regulations on AI, especially in light of concerns about misinformation and ethical usage.

European Green Deal

The European Green Deal is a comprehensive policy initiative by the European Commission aimed at making Europe climate-neutral by 2050. It includes legislation to mobilise at least €1 trillion in sustainable investments over the next decade. The deal was in the news during the Davos meeting, where political leaders discussed its future amidst challenges from upcoming elections. The initiative reflects Europe’s commitment to tackling climate change while ensuring economic growth and social equity.

Eutrophication

Eutrophication is a process where water bodies become overly enriched with nutrients, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen, leading to excessive growth of algae. This phenomenon can deplete oxygen levels in water, creating dead zones that harm aquatic life. It is mainly caused by agricultural runoff, sewage, and waste. Eutrophication was in the news as part of the ongoing discussions about reducing phosphorus pollution and its detrimental effects on ecosystems and biodiversity, particularly during the upcoming United Nations Environment Assembly.

Extended Fund Facility (EFF)

The Extended Fund Facility (EFF) is a financial support programme by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) designed to help countries facing economic challenges. Sri Lanka entered into an EFF agreement worth $2.9 billion in March 2023 to stabilise its economy after a severe crisis. The EFF focuses on fiscal and governance reforms, which are crucial for restoring economic stability. It was in the news as the IMF approved disbursements based on Sri Lanka’s satisfactory performance, highlighting the country’s ongoing recovery efforts.

Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR)

Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) is a policy approach that holds producers accountable for the entire lifecycle of their products, including post-consumer waste management. In the fashion industry, EPR schemes propose that brands pay a financial levy for each item produced, contributing to recycling and waste management initiatives. This concept has been in the news as part of discussions on how to reduce textile waste and emissions. Advocates argue that effective EPR legislation is essential for promoting sustainability and addressing the environmental impact of fashion.

Eyjafjallajökull

Eyjafjallajökull is a glacier-capped volcano in Iceland that gained global attention during its 2010 eruption. The eruption caused massive ash clouds, disrupting air travel across Europe for weeks. It is one of Iceland’s most famous volcanoes, with a history of significant eruptions. The volcano was mentioned in the news as a reference point for the potential travel chaos caused by volcanic ash, highlighting the impact of volcanic activity on tourism and air travel.

Falcon 9 Rocket

The Falcon 9 is a two-stage rocket developed by SpaceX, primarily used for launching payloads into orbit. It is known for its reusability, reducing the cost of access to space. The Falcon 9 is equipped with nine engines in its first stage, allowing it to lift heavy payloads. It was in the news as it is the launch vehicle for Crew-8, demonstrating SpaceX’s capability to support human spaceflight and contribute to NASA’s missions.

Faster Adoption & Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles (FAME) Scheme

The FAME scheme is an Indian government initiative aimed at promoting electric vehicles through financial incentives and subsidies. It encourages the adoption of EVs by providing support for manufacturing and infrastructure development. The scheme has gone through various phases, with the upcoming budget expected to introduce a third phase that aims to bolster mass transportation and alternative fuels. The FAME scheme was in the news as it is crucial for the growth of the EV market in India, especially in light of the projected sales increase.

Financial Action Task Force (FATF)

The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) is an intergovernmental organisation established in 1989 to combat money laundering and terrorist financing. It sets global standards and promotes effective implementation of legal, regulatory, and operational measures to combat these financial crimes. The FATF’s recommendations are recognised internationally, and its member countries are expected to comply. It was in the news due to its role in establishing guidelines for regulating virtual digital assets (VDAs) and addressing their use in illicit activities.

Fine Soil-Like Material (FSLM)

Fine soil-like material (FSLM) is a byproduct generated from the biomining of legacy waste dumpsites, consisting of particles smaller than 6 mm. While FSLM can be used for various applications, such as road construction and land reclamation, it often contains harmful contaminants like heavy metals. It has gained attention in recent years due to its potential as a resource, but concerns over its safety and compliance with environmental standards have sparked discussions about the need for rigorous testing before use.

Fiscal Drag

Fiscal drag is a phenomenon where inflation and wage growth push taxpayers into higher income tax brackets, resulting in increased tax liabilities without a corresponding increase in real income. This occurs when tax thresholds are frozen, as in the current UK situation, meaning that more individuals are pulled into paying higher rates over time. It was in the news as critics labelled it a stealth tax, highlighting concerns that many low-income earners will ultimately be worse off despite national insurance cuts.

FIU-Ind

The Financial Intelligence Unit of India (FIU-Ind) is an autonomous government agency responsible for combating money laundering and terrorist financing. It operates under the Ministry of Finance and monitors financial transactions to ensure compliance with laws like the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA). Recently, FIU-Ind issued notices to foreign cryptocurrency exchanges for non-compliance, prompting Apple to remove their apps from the App Store in India. This highlights the increasing regulatory scrutiny of cryptocurrency activities in the country.

Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC)

The Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) is a platform established in 2000 to promote dialogue and cooperation between China and African nations. It aims to enhance political, economic, and cultural exchanges. FOCAC has become a key mechanism for China to strengthen its ties with Africa, focusing on trade, investment, and development assistance. The upcoming ninth session in 2024 is significant as it will further define the future of Sino-African relations, especially in light of recent geopolitical developments.

Fractional Orbital Bombardment System (FOBS)

A Fractional Orbital Bombardment System (FOBS) is a type of missile system that allows a weapon to be launched into a low Earth orbit before descending towards its target. This method can bypass traditional missile defence systems, as it provides adversaries with less reaction time. FOBS can combine a glide vehicle with a missile, enhancing its manoeuvrability. It was in the news as North Korea’s recent missile tests aim to develop capabilities that could include FOBS, raising concerns about military advancements.

Free Movement Regime (FMR)

The Free Movement Regime (FMR) was established in the 1950s, allowing Indian and Burmese citizens to cross the border without passports or visas, initially up to 40 km. This was intended to facilitate familial and social ties between communities on both sides. However, due to rising insurgency and misuse by illegal immigrants and drug traffickers, the distance was reduced to 16 km in 2004. The recent news highlighted plans to scrap the FMR amid concerns over security and ethnic violence in Manipur.

Fugitive Economic Offenders Act (FEOA)

The Fugitive Economic Offenders Act (FEOA), enacted in 2018, allows Indian authorities to confiscate assets of individuals who flee India to escape prosecution for economic crimes. It aims to deter offenders from evading justice by leaving the country. The ED is the primary agency responsible for implementing this law. The FEOA has gained attention in the news as it underscores the government’s efforts to tackle economic offences, particularly in high-profile cases involving significant financial fraud.

Fusarium Acuminatum

Fusarium acuminatum is a fungal plant pathogen known for its ability to act as an ice-nucleator. This fungus produces small extracellular proteins that can initiate ice formation at temperatures as mild as minus 2 degrees Celsius. Unlike bacterial nucleators, these proteins are released into the environment, making them more stable and easier to study. This fungus was recently in the news due to research examining its unique ice-nucleating properties, which may have implications for climate science and agricultural practices.

Gangetic Dolphin

The Gangetic dolphin, also known as Platanista gangetica, is an endangered freshwater dolphin native to the rivers of the Indian subcontinent, particularly the Ganges and Brahmaputra. These dolphins are virtually blind and rely on echolocation to navigate and hunt. They are known for their playful behaviour, often seen leaping out of the water. Their population has been declining due to habitat loss and pollution. The dolphin was highlighted in the news as part of the ‘Greater Kaziranga programme’ aimed at promoting wildlife tourism.

Gargantua

Gargantua is the fictional black hole featured in Christopher Nolan’s film Interstellar. It is depicted as a rotating black hole with an accretion disk and is notable for its scientific accuracy, thanks to the guidance of physicist Kip Thorne. Gargantua’s portrayal has sparked public interest in black holes and their properties. The film illustrates concepts like time dilation and gravitational lensing, making complex astrophysical phenomena accessible to a wider audience. Its representation has contributed to ongoing discussions about black holes in both scientific and popular culture.

GAVI the Vaccine Alliance

GAVI, or the Vaccine Alliance, is a public-private partnership aimed at increasing access to immunisation in poor countries. Established in 2000, GAVI plays a crucial role in providing vaccines to millions of children globally, especially in low-income nations. The organisation has been pivotal during health crises, including the COVID-19 pandemic, by facilitating vaccine distribution. It was mentioned in the recent WEF report as a key player in delivering lifesaving vaccines, underscoring its importance in global health cooperation.

Gelephu

Gelephu is a town in southern Bhutan that is set to become a special administrative region aimed at attracting investment. The government plans to enhance its economic potential as part of its Five Year Plan. Gelephu’s development is crucial for improving infrastructure and creating job opportunities, especially in light of the youth unemployment crisis in Bhutan. The town’s strategic location will also facilitate connectivity projects, linking it to Assam’s Kokrajhar by rail, further integrating Bhutan’s economy with India.

Genocide Convention

The Genocide Convention is an international treaty adopted by the United Nations in 1948, aimed at preventing and punishing the crime of genocide. It defines genocide as acts committed with the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group. The Convention obligates signatory states to prevent genocide and to prosecute individuals responsible for such acts. Recently, it has been cited in legal actions against Israel regarding its actions in Gaza, highlighting concerns over potential genocidal conduct.

Gini Coefficient

The Gini coefficient is a statistical measure of income inequality within a population, ranging from 0 (perfect equality) to 1 (perfect inequality). It is widely used to assess economic disparities and social fairness. The SBI report highlighted a reduction in the Gini coefficient of taxable income in India, suggesting improved income equality. However, critics argue that this measure is based on a small, non-representative sample of the population, raising questions about the validity of its conclusions regarding overall economic health.

Girmitiya

Girmitiya refers to Indian indentured labourers who were sent to various countries, including Fiji and Trinidad, after the abolition of slavery in the 19th century. The term derives from agreement, as these workers signed contracts to labour on plantations. Most girmitiyas came from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Their migration impacted cultural preservation, as they carried religious texts like Tulsidas’s Ramcharitmanas, which became symbols of nostalgia and identity in their new homes. This migration was in the news due to ongoing discussions about the Indian diaspora’s cultural legacy.

Global Biodiversity Framework

The Global Biodiversity Framework, established in 2022, is an international agreement aimed at reversing biodiversity loss by 2030 and achieving a nature-positive state by 2050. It emerged as a response to the urgent need for global action to protect biodiversity, which has been declining rapidly. The framework is often referred to as a Paris Agreement for nature, reflecting its ambition to unite countries in conservation efforts. It has been in the news due to ongoing discussions about its implementation and effectiveness.

Global Cooperation Barometer

The Global Cooperation Barometer is a report released by the World Economic Forum (WEF) that assesses global cooperation across various sectors using 42 indicators. It focuses on five key pillars: trade and capital, innovation and technology, climate and natural capital, health and wellness, and peace and security. The 2024 edition, released on January 8, 2024, highlights the decline in global cooperation since 2020, particularly in health and wellness, amid ongoing challenges like the COVID-19 pandemic.

Global Good Alliance for Gender Equity and Equality

The Global Good Alliance for Gender Equity and Equality is an initiative aimed at promoting women’s health, education, and economic empowerment. Launched with the support of the WEF and the Government of India, it seeks to bring together best practices and investments to address gender disparities. This year, it gained attention at the WEF for its potential to boost the global economy by $1 trillion annually by 2040, highlighting the importance of women’s contributions to economic growth and development.

Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)

The Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) is a tool developed by the Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiative to measure poverty beyond just income. It assesses poverty through three dimensions: health, education, and living standards, using 12 specific indicators. This comprehensive approach highlights various challenges faced by the poor, such as malnutrition and lack of sanitation. The MPI was in the news due to India’s significant progress in reducing multidimensional poverty, as reported by Niti Aayog.

Global Point Prevalence Survey (PPS)

The Global Point Prevalence Survey (PPS) is a methodology developed by the WHO to assess antibiotic use and resistance patterns in healthcare settings. It helps in gathering data on how antibiotics are prescribed, aiming to identify trends over time and improve prescribing practices. The PPS is especially important in low- and middle-income countries where data on antibiotic consumption is scarce. It was mentioned in the news as part of efforts to address the lack of comprehensive data on antimicrobial consumption in India, supporting better healthcare policies.

Global Risks Report

The Global Risks Report is an annual publication by the World Economic Forum that assesses global risks over the short and long term. It categorises risks into economic, environmental, geopolitical, societal, and technological areas. The 2024 edition, launched on January 10, highlighted extreme weather as the most severe risk for the next decade. It was in the news for its alarming findings on the potential impacts of climate change and the urgent need for global preparedness and action.

Global Stocktake (GST)

The Global Stocktake (GST) is a process established under the Paris Agreement to assess collective progress towards climate goals. It occurs every five years, with the first assessment starting in 2023. The GST aims to evaluate how countries are meeting their commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to climate change. It was in the news due to the recent COP28 meeting in Dubai, where the final text of the GST faced criticism for its ambiguous language regarding fossil fuel phaseout.

Global Sustainable Development Report 2023

The Global Sustainable Development Report 2023 is a comprehensive assessment published by the United Nations, authored by leading scientists and experts. It evaluates the progress made towards achieving the 17 SDGs since their inception in 2016. The report highlights that the world is currently off track to meet these goals, with alarming projections for poverty, hunger, and education. Its release has drawn attention to the urgent need for transformative actions, especially in light of setbacks caused by the Covid pandemic and ongoing conflicts.

Global Sustainable Tourism Council (GSTC)

The Global Sustainable Tourism Council (GSTC) is an organisation that establishes and manages global standards for sustainable tourism. It aims to promote sustainable practices across the travel and tourism industry by providing certification for hotels and destinations that meet its criteria. The GSTC has gained recognition as a benchmark for sustainability in tourism, with countries like Turkey and Greece adopting its standards. It was highlighted in recent discussions about the industry’s shift towards responsible tourism and sustainability commitments.

Global Tipping Points

Global Tipping Points refer to critical thresholds in the Earth’s systems that, if crossed, could lead to irreversible and catastrophic changes. The recently released Global Tipping Points report indicates that five important natural thresholds are at risk, with three more potentially crossed by the 2030s if global temperatures rise by 1.5°C. This concept is crucial in understanding how interconnected climate risks can exacerbate environmental crises. It was highlighted in discussions surrounding the 2024 Global Risks Report.

Golden Corridor

The Golden Corridor is a major roadway in Gujarat, connecting industrial hubs and ports, including Dahej. This corridor facilitates the transport of goods, particularly from the petrochemical industries. It has been instrumental in the economic growth of the region but has also been associated with increased pollution and health hazards for nearby communities. The corridor was mentioned in the news as part of discussions on the environmental impact of industrial activities along its route.

Gradual Decline Hypothesis

The Gradual Decline Hypothesis suggests that dinosaurs were experiencing a slow decline in diversity and abundance before the catastrophic events of the late Cretaceous. Factors such as continental fragmentation, competition from mammals and birds, and changes in vegetation likely contributed to this decline. This hypothesis has gained attention as researchers investigate the conditions leading to the mass extinction, highlighting the possibility that dinosaurs were already vulnerable before the asteroid impact and volcanic activity exacerbated their situation.

Graph Neural Network (GNN)

A Graph Neural Network (GNN) is a type of artificial neural network designed to process data structured as graphs. In the context of drug discovery, GNNs represent molecules where atoms are nodes and chemical bonds are edges. This structure allows GNNs to capture complex relationships and interactions within molecular data effectively. The recent study employed GNNs to identify potential new antibiotics, demonstrating their capability in predicting antibiotic properties based on molecular substructures. This innovative approach is significant for expediting drug discovery processes.

Greater Kaziranga Programme

The Greater Kaziranga programme, launched in October 2023, aims to expand tourism in Assam’s Kaziranga National Park beyond its core rhino habitats. It promotes diverse activities such as boat rides to observe Gangetic dolphins, nature walks, and jeep safaris. This initiative seeks to relieve tourist pressure on popular areas and highlight the park’s lesser-known natural wonders. The programme was in the news as a sustainable approach to enhance tourism while ensuring the protection of wildlife and local ecosystems.

Greater Serengeti-Mara Ecosystem (GSME)

The Greater Serengeti-Mara Ecosystem (GSME) spans across Tanzania and Kenya, encompassing two iconic wildlife areas: Serengeti National Park and Maasai Mara Reserve. This region is renowned for its rich biodiversity, particularly large mammals like lions, elephants, and wildebeests. The GSME is significant for its annual migration phenomenon, where millions of herbivores move in search of food and water. Recent studies highlighted the impact of human activities and pastoralism on wildlife behaviour within this ecosystem, drawing attention to the need for effective conservation strategies.

Green Bonds

Green bonds are fixed-income financial instruments specifically earmarked to raise funds for projects with positive environmental impacts, such as renewable energy and energy efficiency initiatives. They attract investors who want to support sustainable development while earning returns. Recently, green bonds have gained attention as a key source of climate finance, particularly in Asia, where the demand for sustainable investment is growing. However, concerns about the credibility of green characteristics in these bonds have emerged, impacting investor confidence.

Green Corridors

Green corridors are landscaped areas designed to enhance biodiversity in urban environments. They provide natural shade and help mitigate heat through evapotranspiration, where plants release water vapour into the air. Medellín, Colombia, has effectively utilised green corridors to reduce its average temperature by 2°C, demonstrating the benefits of integrating nature into urban planning. This concept was in the news as cities worldwide seek innovative solutions to combat rising temperatures exacerbated by climate change and urban heat island effects.

Green Hydrogen

Green hydrogen is produced through the electrolysis of water, using renewable energy sources, rather than from fossil fuels like grey hydrogen. This process is crucial for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, as it emits no carbon dioxide. In India, the National Green Hydrogen Mission aims to produce at least 5 million tonnes of green hydrogen per year by 2030. It was in the news due to the need for cost reduction strategies to compete with cheaper grey hydrogen.

Green Iguanas

Green iguanas are large, herbivorous lizards native to Central and South America. They were introduced to Florida in the 1960s and 1970s as pets, but their population has surged in recent years, causing ecological concerns. These reptiles are known for their vibrant green colour and can grow over 1.5 metres long. They can enter a state of torpor in cold weather, leading to paralysis and falling from trees. Recently, their plight during cold snaps has gained attention on social media.

Greenium

Greenium refers to the phenomenon where green bonds offer lower yields compared to conventional bonds, reflecting their environmental benefits. This yield gap arises because investors often accept reduced returns in exchange for supporting sustainable projects. In the context of India’s sovereign green bonds, the finance ministry indicated that these bonds should yield below 6.8%, compared to traditional bonds yielding between 7-7.2%. The concept was significant in discussions about the attractiveness of green bonds to investors, especially in the recent bond issuances.

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is a non-invasive geophysical method used to investigate subsurface structures. It employs radar pulses to image the subsurface and is widely used in archaeology, engineering, and environmental studies. In the context of the Gyanvapi mosque, GPR was utilised by the Archaeological Survey of India to conduct a detailed survey without causing damage to the site. The use of GPR was significant in the ongoing legal dispute, as it aimed to uncover evidence regarding the mosque’s historical foundations.

GSTR-3B

GSTR-3B is a monthly self-declaration form that registered taxpayers in India must file under the Goods and Services Tax (GST) regime. It summarises the total sales and purchases, along with the tax liability for the month. The information provided in GSTR-3B is crucial for calculating the Input Tax Credit (ITC) that businesses can claim. It was in the news due to disputes arising from comparisons between GSTR-3B and GSTR-2A, leading to ITC denials and legal complications.

Gujjar-Bakarwal Tribes

The Gujjar-Bakarwal tribes are semi-nomadic communities in Jammu and Kashmir, traditionally known for their livestock herding and seasonal migration. Historically, they have shown strong support for the Indian constitution and security forces. However, recent events, including alleged civilian casualties, have raised concerns about their waning support for the Indian Army. This shift has been highlighted in news reports, as it may indicate local complicity with terrorist groups operating in the Poonch-Rajouri region, posing challenges for security operations.

Gulf of Tonkin Incident

The Gulf of Tonkin Incident occurred in August 1964 and involved reported attacks on US naval vessels by North Vietnamese forces. This event was pivotal in escalating US military involvement in Vietnam. The incident was later revealed to be exaggerated or fabricated, leading to widespread controversy. It serves as a historical example of how disinformation can shape foreign policy and public perception. The recent references to this incident in discussions about current conflicts underscore the ongoing relevance of misinformation in politics.

Gwadar Port

Gwadar Port, located in Pakistan, is a deep-sea port developed by China as part of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). It is strategically positioned near the Strait of Hormuz, making it vital for maritime trade. The port serves as a gateway for China to access Middle Eastern markets and is viewed as a competitor to Chabahar Port. Gwadar has been in the news due to its implications for regional geopolitics, especially concerning India and Iran’s efforts to counterbalance Chinese influence in the region.

Haber–Bosch Process

The Haber–Bosch process is a method for synthesising ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen, developed in the early 20th century. It operates under high temperatures and pressures, making it energy-intensive and costly. This process is vital for producing fertilisers that feed billions globally. However, its environmental impact and energy consumption have led researchers to seek alternatives. Recent studies suggest that water microdroplets could provide a more sustainable method for ammonia synthesis, which has sparked significant interest in the scientific community.

Halobacterium

Halobacterium is a genus of halophilic bacteria that coexist with Dunaliella salina in salty environments like Lake Retba. These bacteria are crucial for the lake’s ecosystem, as they contribute to the unique biochemical processes that sustain life in such extreme conditions. They thrive in environments with high salt concentrations, playing a role in the lake’s characteristic pink hue. Recent discussions have focused on how pollution and urbanisation threaten these microorganisms, which could further destabilise the delicate balance of the lake’s ecosystem.

Hambantota Port

Hambantota Port is a strategic seaport in southern Sri Lanka, leased to China in 2017 after the Sri Lankan government struggled to repay loans for its construction. The port is significant due to its location along busy shipping routes, making it a key asset in China’s Belt and Road Initiative. The lease agreement has drawn scrutiny from India, which perceives it as a potential military foothold for China in the region. Recent discussions about Sri Lanka’s debt restructuring have brought renewed attention to the port’s implications for regional security dynamics.

Hang Seng Index

The Hang Seng Index is a stock market index that tracks the performance of the largest companies listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange. It is a key indicator of the Hong Kong stock market and the overall health of the economy. Recently, the Hang Seng Index experienced a decline of about 32-33% over the past year due to various factors, including stringent COVID-19 measures and regulatory changes in China, which have diminished investor confidence and capital inflow.

Harakat al-Nujaba (HaN)

Harakat al-Nujaba is a Shia militant group in Iraq, linked to Iran, that emerged during the fight against ISIS. Established in 2013, it has been involved in various operations against US forces and has a reputation for launching attacks on American installations in Iraq and Syria. The group is considered part of the Popular Mobilization Forces (PMFs), which are officially integrated into the Iraqi military. Recently, HaN has been in the news due to the killing of its leader, Abu Taqwa, by US forces, escalating tensions in the region.

Haritha Haram

Haritha Haram is a tree plantation programme initiated by the state of Telangana in India. Launched in 2015, its primary goal is to increase the state’s green cover and improve the environment. The initiative aims to plant millions of trees across urban and rural areas, involving local communities in the process. It has been in the news due to its significant contribution to Telangana’s forest cover, with over 136,100 hectares added by 2021, showcasing a successful model of afforestation.

Hashad al-Shabi

Hashad al-Shabi, or the Popular Mobilisation Forces, is an umbrella group of mostly Shia militias in Iraq, formed to combat the Islamic State. Backed by Iran, it has played an important role in Iraqi politics and security. Hashad al-Shabi has been involved in numerous confrontations with U.S. forces in Iraq. Recently, it made headlines for launching attacks against U.S. troops, leading to retaliatory airstrikes by the U.S. This escalation highlights the complex dynamics of regional security involving Iran and its allied militias.

Heat Dome

A heat dome is a weather phenomenon where a high-pressure system traps warm air in a region, leading to elevated temperatures. This occurs when descending air inhibits cloud formation and allows solar radiation to heat the surface. The heat dome event in June 2021 was unprecedented, particularly affecting Western North America. It was in the news due to its extreme temperatures, which were linked to climate change, raising concerns about the increasing frequency of such events.

Henley Passport Index

The Henley Passport Index is an annual ranking that evaluates the world’s passports based on the number of destinations their holders can visit without a prior visa or with a visa on arrival. It is published by Henley & Partners, a global citizenship and residence advisory firm based in London. The latest index for 2024 was released recently, highlighting the most and least powerful passports. The index is significant as it influences travel freedom and international mobility for passport holders.

Herbicide-Tolerant Mustard

Herbicide-tolerant mustard refers to genetically modified mustard plants that can withstand specific herbicides. This modification is intended to simplify weed control for farmers. However, concerns have arisen regarding the health risks associated with the herbicides used, particularly glufosinate. The Coalition for a GM-Free India has raised alarms about the potential negative impacts on human health and the environment. This issue gained attention during recent court hearings where the coalition challenged the government’s stance on the safety of GM mustard.

Herd Immunity

Herd immunity is a concept in public health where a sufficient portion of a population is vaccinated, reducing the spread of infectious diseases. When enough individuals are immune, the entire community is protected, including those who cannot be vaccinated. The recent rise in measles cases in the U.S. highlights the importance of maintaining high vaccination coverage to achieve herd immunity. Health officials are concerned that declining vaccination rates jeopardise this protection, leading to outbreaks that can affect vulnerable populations.

Herero and Nama Genocide

The Herero and Nama genocide refers to the systematic extermination of the Herero and Nama people by German colonial forces in what is now Namibia between 1904 and 1908. An estimated 60,000 Herero and 10,000 Nama were killed through violence, starvation, and concentration camps. This event is often called the first genocide of the 20th century. The topic gained renewed media focus after Namibia’s president highlighted Germany’s historical accountability in light of its recent actions regarding Israel and Gaza.

Hezbollah

Hezbollah is a Shiite Muslim militant group and political party based in Lebanon, formed in 1982 in response to the Israeli invasion. It is known for its military strength and significant influence in Lebanese politics. Over the years, Hezbollah has been involved in multiple conflicts with Israel, including the devastating 2006 war. Recently, it has engaged in cross-border rocket attacks during the Gaza conflict, raising fears of a broader war. Its actions reflect the ongoing regional tensions and alliances with Iran.

Himachal Pradesh Tenancy and Land Reforms Act 1972

The Himachal Pradesh Tenancy and Land Reforms Act 1972 is a legislative framework designed to protect agricultural land in Himachal Pradesh from being purchased by non-farmers, especially outsiders. Section 118 of this Act restricts land purchases to farmers and requires government permission for any non-agricultural use. This Act was introduced to safeguard small holdings and prevent the conversion of agricultural land. It gained attention recently when the Supreme Court upheld its provisions, influencing Uttarakhand’s decision to formulate similar laws.

Himalayan Goral

The Himalayan goral, also known as ghurad, is a goat-like deer native to the Himalayan region. It inhabits steep, rocky terrains and is known for its agility. Recently, locals in Uttarkashi have observed an increase in goral sightings as wildlife has begun to migrate closer to human settlements in search of food. This change in behaviour is attributed to the scarcity of food in their natural habitats, exacerbated by invasive species and changing land use. The goral’s presence highlights the shifting dynamics of wildlife in response to environmental pressures.

Hiuen Tsang

Hiuen Tsang, also known as Xuanzang, was a Chinese Buddhist monk and scholar who travelled to India in the 7th century. His journey aimed to acquire Buddhist texts and understand Indian culture. Hiuen Tsang documented his experiences in a travelogue, which provides valuable insights into ancient Indian society, religion, and geography. His name surfaced in the context of the recent discussions about India’s identity, as he referenced the name Bharat in his writings, underscoring the historical significance of the term.

Houthi Armed Group

The Houthi armed group, officially known as Ansar Allah, is a Yemeni political and military movement backed by Iran. It emerged in the 1990s, advocating for the Zaidi Shia community’s rights. The group gained prominence during Yemen’s civil war, particularly after the 2014 takeover of the capital, Sanaa. Recently, the Houthis have targeted commercial shipping in the Red Sea, escalating tensions amid the ongoing conflict in Gaza. Their actions have impacted global trade routes, drawing international attention and concern.

HPAI H5N1

HPAI H5N1, or Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1, is a severe strain of bird flu that affects various bird species and can be transmitted to mammals. Since 2021, a specific variant known as clade 2.3.4.4b has caused widespread outbreaks, leading to millions of bird deaths globally. It was in the news due to its recent emergence in the sub-Antarctic region, impacting penguins and seals, and raising alarms about potential ecological disasters in wildlife populations across remote areas like South Georgia.

HT Mustard DMH-11

HT Mustard DMH-11 is India’s first genetically modified food crop, developed to be herbicide-tolerant. It received government approval in October 2022, leading to field trials. The crop aims to increase yield and reduce farming costs. However, its approval has faced significant opposition from environmental activists and organisations concerned about potential ecological impacts and health risks. The Supreme Court’s recent hearings reflect ongoing debates regarding GMOs and their implications for India’s agricultural biodiversity and food safety.

Humboldt’s Enigma

Humboldt’s enigma refers to the observation that biodiversity does not always decrease as one moves away from the tropics, particularly in mountainous regions. This concept highlights how certain areas, like mountains, can be incredibly biodiverse despite being outside tropical zones. Modern biogeographers have revisited Humboldt’s ideas using advanced analytical methods, suggesting that geological and climatic factors drive this diversity. The term gained attention as researchers explored its implications for conservation and understanding biodiversity patterns in the context of global environmental changes.

Hunga-Tonga-Hunga-Ha’apai Volcano

The Hunga-Tonga-Hunga-Ha’apai volcano, located in the southern Pacific Ocean, erupted in January 2022, creating a massive underwater explosion. This eruption released significant amounts of water vapour into the atmosphere, contributing to global warming in 2023. The phenomenon has drawn attention due to its unexpected impact on climate patterns, particularly in relation to El Niño events. Scientists are studying its effects to better understand how volcanic activity can influence weather systems and climate change, making it relevant in recent climate discussions.

Hwange National Park

Hwange National Park is Zimbabwe’s largest game reserve, covering 14,600 square kilometres. It is home to approximately 45,000 elephants, making it a critical habitat for wildlife. The park hosts over 100 mammal and 400 bird species, including diverse large herbivores and carnivores. Recently, the park has been in the news due to severe drought conditions exacerbated by climate change, leading to the deaths of over 160 elephants and many other wildlife species, highlighting urgent conservation needs.

Hwasong-11 Family

The Hwasong-11 family of missiles includes various North Korean ballistic missiles, notably the KN-23 and KN-24. These missiles are characterised by their solid-fuel propulsion and design features that allow them to evade missile defence systems. The Hwasong-11 missiles are believed to be indigenous developments, not directly related to Russian missile systems. Their recent use in the Ukraine conflict has raised concerns about North Korea’s military capabilities and the implications of its arms trade with Russia.

Hype Cycle

The Hype Cycle is a concept developed by the Gartner Group to illustrate the maturity and adoption of technologies. It describes a progression from inflated expectations through disillusionment to a plateau of productivity. As AI technologies, including ChatGPT, gained immense popularity, user expectations soared. However, when the technology did not meet these heightened expectations, disillusionment followed. This cycle explains why many users are now perceiving ChatGPT as less effective, as they may have expected too much from its capabilities.

Hypersonic Glide Vehicle (HGV)

A Hypersonic Glide Vehicle (HGV) is a type of weapon that travels at speeds exceeding five times the speed of sound, while also manoeuvring through the atmosphere. Unlike traditional ballistic missiles, HGVs can change their trajectory, making them harder to detect and intercept. In 2021, China successfully tested an HGV that circled the globe before descending towards its target. The development of HGVs is significant in the context of global military advancements, as they pose new challenges for defence systems.

India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC)

IMEC is a proposed trade corridor aimed at enhancing connectivity between India, the Middle East, and Europe. It seeks to create a more efficient route for goods, reducing reliance on the Suez Canal. The corridor includes rail and road links, alongside hydrogen pipelines, to support decarbonisation efforts. IMEC was in the news due to its potential to reshape trade dynamics amidst ongoing conflicts in Yemen and Gaza, highlighting the need for alternative routes in global trade.

Indian Mission Control Centre (INMCC)

The Indian Mission Control Centre (INMCC) is a facility operated by ISRO, responsible for managing satellite operations and monitoring distress signals sent from the sea. It decodes alerts from the Distress Alert Transmitter (DAT) to identify the location and identity of fishing boats in distress. The information is then forwarded to Maritime Rescue Coordination Centres (MRCCs) for timely search and rescue operations. Recently, it has gained attention due to its involvement in enhancing safety measures for fishermen using the new DAT-SG technology.

Indian Monsoon Data Assimilation and Analysis (IMDAA)

The Indian Monsoon Data Assimilation and Analysis (IMDAA) project is an initiative that collects and analyses high-resolution meteorological data related to the Indian monsoon. It aims to improve understanding of monsoon dynamics and enhance weather forecasting accuracy. The IMDAA dataset, covering four decades, was crucial for the recent CEEW study that examined shifting rainfall patterns across various tehsils in India. The findings underscore the influence of climate change on monsoon behaviour, which has significant implications for agriculture and water resources.

Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD)

The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) is a climate phenomenon that affects the sea surface temperatures in the Indian Ocean. It has two phases: positive and negative. The positive phase typically brings increased rainfall to East Africa and drier conditions to Australia, while the negative phase has the opposite effects. The IOD was mentioned in the news due to its interaction with El Niño, as its weakening may influence weather patterns along the west coast of India, including Kerala.

Indian Stamp Act, 1899

The Indian Stamp Act, 1899 is a historical piece of legislation that established a framework for stamp duty in India. It governs the taxation of various financial transactions, requiring certain documents to be stamped to be legally valid. The Act has remained largely unchanged for over a century, leading to challenges in adapting to modern financial practices. It was in the news due to the proposed Indian Stamp Bill, 2023, which aims to replace this outdated law with a more contemporary framework.

Indra Sawhney Verdict

The Indra Sawhney verdict, issued by the Supreme Court in 1992, established a cap on reservations in India at 50%. This landmark ruling has been pivotal in shaping policies regarding caste-based reservations. It restricts the total percentage of reservations that can be granted to various communities, leading to legal challenges when states attempt to exceed this limit. The recent Maratha quota law faced scrutiny under this verdict, causing significant legal and political ramifications, thus drawing attention to the ongoing reservation debate in Maharashtra.

Indus River Dolphin

The Indus River dolphin (Platanista gangetica minor) is a freshwater dolphin species endemic to the Indus River in Pakistan. Unlike other dolphins, they have elongated noses and are functionally blind, relying on echolocation to navigate murky waters. Their population has faced severe decline due to hunting, habitat loss, and river modifications. Currently, approximately 2,100 individuals remain, classified as endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Recent news highlights their recovery efforts and ongoing conservation challenges amid climate change.

INDUS X (Defence Acceleration Ecosystem)

INDUS X, or the Defence Acceleration Ecosystem, is a strategic initiative designed to enhance defence cooperation between India and the US. It aims to integrate defence supply chains, promote startups, and encourage the development of new technologies within the defence sector. This initiative is crucial for fostering innovation and ensuring that both countries can respond effectively to emerging security threats. It gained attention in the news as part of broader efforts to deepen military ties amid rising regional tensions.

Infant Industry Argument

The Infant Industry Argument is an economic theory suggesting that new or emerging industries may require protection from foreign competition until they become mature and competitive. This protection can be through tariffs, subsidies, or other measures. In the context of India’s toy industry, the argument has been invoked to justify the rising protectionism, as it is believed to allow domestic manufacturers to develop capabilities. This concept was discussed in the news as policymakers evaluate the impact of protectionist measures on the industry’s growth.

INSAT 3D

INSAT 3D is an Indian meteorological satellite launched in 2013. It plays a crucial role in weather monitoring and forecasting by providing images and data on atmospheric conditions. The satellite uses a red-green-blue (RGB) imager to analyse solar reflectance and brightness temperature, which helps in identifying different cloud types and weather phenomena. Recently, it has been in the news due to its role in tracking heavy fog across North India and providing timely alerts through the India Meteorological Department (IMD).

Integrated Island Management Plan

The Integrated Island Management Plan is a framework recommended by a Supreme Court-appointed panel to address the environmental challenges faced by Lakshadweep. It emphasises sustainable development, conservation of ecosystems, and community involvement in decision-making. The plan seeks to regulate tourism and infrastructure development to protect the fragile ecology of the islands. It gained attention in the context of the recent calls for increased tourism in Lakshadweep, highlighting the need for careful planning to avoid ecological degradation.

Interlocked Granite Stones

Interlocked granite stones are massive stones used in the construction of the Ram Temple, with each weighing over 3000 kg. Over 23,000 of these stones were carefully arranged to form the temple’s structure, contributing to its strength and stability. The interlocking method enhances the building’s durability and resistance to seismic activity, making it suitable for the area’s geological conditions. This innovative use of granite stones was a focal point during the temple’s inauguration, showcasing a blend of traditional craftsmanship and modern engineering.

International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA)

The International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA) was launched in April 2023 to promote the conservation of the world’s seven major big cats, including tigers and cheetahs. This initiative aims to foster international cooperation among 97 countries and organisations to protect these endangered species. The IBCA was established during the 50th anniversary of Project Tiger, reflecting India’s commitment to wildlife conservation. It garnered attention for its ambitious goal of uniting global efforts to address the threats faced by big cats.

International Commission of Jurists (ICJ)

The International Commission of Jurists (ICJ) is a global organisation dedicated to promoting human rights and the rule of law. Founded in 1952, it comprises judges, lawyers, and legal scholars who work to ensure justice and accountability worldwide. The ICJ has recently been in the news for its criticism of India’s FCRA amendments, labelling them as incompatible with international law. This highlights the growing tension between national laws and international human rights standards, particularly regarding civil society’s operational freedom.

International Court of Justice (ICJ)

The International Court of Justice (ICJ) is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations, established in 1945. It settles disputes between states and gives advisory opinions on international legal issues. The ICJ operates in The Hague, Netherlands, and is distinct from the International Criminal Court (ICC), which prosecutes individuals for war crimes. South Africa has recently sought the ICJ’s jurisdiction to address allegations of genocide against Palestinians, marking an important legal move in international relations and human rights advocacy.

International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)

The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) was established by the United Nations in 1993 to prosecute serious crimes committed during the Yugoslav Wars. It was the first tribunal since Nuremberg to hold individuals accountable for war crimes, including genocide. The ICTY has contributed to international law by establishing precedents for prosecuting such crimes. It remains relevant in discussions about justice for victims, particularly in light of ongoing cases and the need for accountability in current conflicts.

International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC)

The INSTC is a multi-modal transportation project aimed at connecting the Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf to the Caspian Sea and further to Northern Europe via Russia. This corridor is significant for enhancing trade and transport efficiency among member countries, including India, Iran, and Russia. It provides an alternative route for India to access Central Asia and Europe, reducing reliance on traditional routes through Pakistan and Afghanistan. The INSTC was highlighted in news reports due to its potential to reshape regional trade dynamics.

International Solar Alliance

The International Solar Alliance (ISA) is a coalition of countries aimed at promoting solar energy usage worldwide. Co-founded by India and France in 2015, it focuses on reducing the cost of solar technology and increasing its deployment in solar-rich countries. The ISA seeks to mobilise over $1 trillion in investments for solar energy by 2030. It was in the news due to its role in global climate discussions and India’s commitment to renewable energy, highlighting the collaborative effort between India and France.

Iron Dome

The Iron Dome is an air defence system developed by Israel to intercept and destroy short-range threats, such as rockets and artillery shells. It uses radar to detect incoming projectiles and launches interceptor missiles to neutralise them mid-air. The system is highly effective, with a success rate of around 90% in intercepting threats. The Akash missile system has been compared to the Iron Dome due to its advanced capabilities in aerial defence, particularly as both systems aim to protect against airborne attacks.

Irwin Declaration

The Irwin Declaration was a statement made by the then Viceroy of India, Lord Irwin, in 1929, suggesting that India would eventually be granted dominion status. This announcement was initially welcomed by Indian leaders but faced backlash in Britain, leading to Irwin retracting his promise. This backtracking intensified the Indian National Congress’s resolve for full independence. The declaration was significant as it highlighted the disconnect between British promises and Indian aspirations, contributing to the growing momentum for complete independence, which was widely discussed in the context of the freedom struggle.

Ivory Coast

Ivory Coast, also known as Côte d’Ivoire, is a West African country bordered by Ghana, Burkina Faso, Mali, Guinea, and Liberia. Its capital is Yamoussoukro, while Abidjan is the largest city. Known for its diverse culture and economic significance, Ivory Coast is a leading producer of cocoa and coffee. The nation is set to host AFCON 2023, which has garnered attention due to the tournament’s prestige and the country’s rich football history, including two AFCON titles.

Jabalia Refugee Camp

The Jabalia refugee camp is located in the northern Gaza Strip and is one of the largest refugee camps in the region. Established in 1948, it houses thousands of Palestinian refugees who fled their homes during the Arab-Israeli conflict. The camp has faced numerous challenges, including overcrowding, poverty, and frequent violence. Its mention in the news relates to the plight of individuals like Abdallah Alhamadni, who originate from Jabalia and are now trying to relocate their families due to the ongoing military actions in Gaza.

Jazari Language

Jazari is one of the three main languages spoken in Lakshadweep, alongside Malayalam and Mahl. It reflects the islands’ unique cultural blend, influenced by Arabic due to historical trade connections with Arab merchants. Jazari is not widely spoken outside the islands, making it a key part of Lakshadweep’s linguistic diversity. The presence of multiple languages showcases the islands’ rich cultural tapestry and their historical isolation from mainland India. Jazari has been mentioned in recent discussions about preserving local languages and cultural identities in the face of modernisation.

Jenu Kuruba Tribe

The Jenu Kuruba tribe is an indigenous community from the Mysuru district in Karnataka, known for their rich cultural heritage and traditional practices. They primarily reside in forested areas and have historically depended on forest resources for their livelihood. Somanna, a member of this tribe, has been actively involved in advocating for their rights and welfare, especially concerning land and forest access. The tribe’s struggles for recognition and rights have gained attention recently, particularly through Somanna’s efforts, culminating in his Padma Shri award.

John Stuart Mill

John Stuart Mill was a 19th-century British philosopher and political economist, known for his contributions to liberal thought and utilitarianism. His ideas emphasised individual liberty, the importance of personal freedoms, and the need for checks on governmental power. Mill’s counsel against excessive trust in authority has been referenced in contemporary discussions about the balance between state power and individual rights. His thoughts were cited in the context of the recent legislative changes in India, highlighting concerns over potential overreach by the government regarding citizens’ liberties.

K-shaped Recovery

K-shaped recovery is an economic term that describes a situation where different sectors of the economy recover at varying rates after a recession. While some industries rebound quickly, others lag behind, leading to increased inequality. This concept has gained attention in India post-pandemic, as debates arise over the uneven recovery of various economic segments. The recent SBI study has claimed to debunk the notion of a K-shaped recovery, sparking discussions about its implications for economic policies and societal inequality.

Kadaknath Chicken

Kadaknath is an indigenous breed of chicken native to India, particularly known for its unique jet-black feathers and meat. This breed is highly valued for its nutritional benefits, being rich in protein and low in cholesterol. Kadaknath chickens are also more expensive than regular chickens, with prices ranging from Rs 1,200 to 1,300 per kilogramme. The breed has gained attention recently as farmers like Vinod Kumar transition to livestock farming due to climate challenges affecting traditional agriculture.

Kangla Fort

Kangla Fort, located in Imphal, Manipur, is a historic site that served as the royal palace of the Manipuri kings. It holds cultural and historical significance for the Meitei community. Recently, it became a focal point for political gatherings, including a controversial meeting where MLAs and MPs took an oath in response to the demands of the Arambai Tenggol group. The fort’s role in these political developments underscores its importance in the current socio-political landscape of Manipur amid ongoing ethnic tensions.

KARSAP (Kerala Anti-Microbial Resistance Strategic Action Plan)

KARSAP is Kerala’s comprehensive action plan established in 2018 to tackle antimicrobial resistance (AMR) across multiple sectors, including human health, animal health, and environmental concerns. It reflects a collaborative approach, involving various stakeholders, including the Centre for Science and Environment. KARSAP aims to promote responsible antibiotic use and awareness campaigns, such as the Antibiotic Literate Kerala Campaign. The plan has positioned Kerala as a leader in India’s fight against AMR, setting a precedent for other states to follow in addressing this critical health issue.

Kashmiri Kesar

Kashmiri Kesar, or saffron, is renowned for its deep colour and high crocin content, which gives it unique medicinal and culinary properties. It is a vital ingredient in traditional Kashmiri dishes such as Wazwan and Kehwa. The price of Kashmiri Kesar can reach up to Rs three lakhs per kilogramme, reflecting its premium quality. Recently, its market value has declined due to reduced production and pollution from cement industries, leading to economic challenges for saffron farmers in Kashmir.

Keeladi

Keeladi is an archaeological site near Madurai, Tamil Nadu, where recent excavations have uncovered artifacts that suggest the existence of a sophisticated urban settlement dating back to 600 BC. This discovery has significant implications for the understanding of Tamil history and culture, pushing back the timeline of the Sangam Era. The findings have ignited debates between Dravidian historians and Hindutva supporters regarding the historical roots of Tamil culture, making Keeladi a focal point in the ongoing discussions about identity and heritage in Tamil Nadu.

Ken-Betwa Link Project

The Ken-Betwa Link Project is one of the first river interlinking projects in India, aimed at transferring water from the Ken River in Madhya Pradesh to the Betwa River in Uttar Pradesh. The project is designed to provide irrigation, drinking water, and hydropower benefits. It has gained attention as it is currently the only interlinking project that has reached the implementation stage, with a budget of approximately Rs 44,605 crore. Its progress was highlighted during discussions on India’s water management strategies.

Kharsawan

Kharsawan is a small town in Jharkhand, India, historically significant for the Kharsawan massacre on January 1, 1948. During a protest against the merger of Kharsawan with Orissa, police opened fire on a large gathering of Adivasis, resulting in a tragic loss of life. The town, which had a population of less than 7,000 in 2001, has since become a site of remembrance for the Adivasi community, with many observing New Year’s Day as a day of mourning.

Kicchu Haisodu

Kicchu Haisodu is a unique tradition observed during the Pongal festival in Karnataka, where farmers dress their cattle in ornate costumes and jewels. The cattle then jump over a large pit of fire, showcasing their strength and agility. This event is a celebration of the agricultural community’s bond with their livestock, highlighting their importance in farming. This year, it was highlighted in the news as part of the broader cultural festivities associated with Pongal, showcasing the rich traditions of rural India.

Kigali Amendment

The Kigali Amendment, adopted in 2016, is an extension of the Montreal Protocol aimed at phasing down hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), potent greenhouse gases used in refrigeration and air conditioning. This amendment introduces legally binding commitments for countries to reduce HFC consumption, thereby helping to mitigate climate change. The Kigali Amendment incorporates trade measures to encourage participation and compliance, making it a model for future climate agreements. Its relevance was highlighted during COP28 as a successful approach to tackle climate issues.

Kiingitanga

The Kiingitanga, or Māori king movement, was established in 1858 to unite Māori tribes under a single sovereign. It arose during a period of increasing British settlement and political marginalisation of Māori. The movement aims to preserve Māori culture and land rights amidst colonisation. While it holds no legal power, the Kiingitanga’s monarch is regarded as a paramount chief by several iwi. Recently, it called a national meeting due to tensions with the new government regarding Māori rights and policies.

King Penguins

King Penguins are the second-largest penguin species, native to sub-Antarctic islands, including South Georgia. They are known for their striking orange and yellow markings on their heads and necks. Unlike their close relatives, Emperor Penguins, they do not breed in extreme winter conditions. King Penguins are highly social and can form large colonies. Recently, they were in the news due to confirmed deaths from bird flu in South Georgia, raising concerns about the impact of the disease on their populations.

Konbaung Dynasty

The Konbaung Dynasty was the last ruling dynasty of Burma, reigning from 1752 until the British conquest in 1885. Founded by King Alaungpaya, it oversaw a period of expansion and cultural development in Burma. The dynasty faced significant challenges, including internal strife and external threats, notably from the British Empire. Theebaw Min, the last king, was a member of this dynasty, and his reign marked the end of Burmese sovereignty. The dynasty’s legacy is often discussed in the context of colonialism and national identity in Myanmar today.

Koobi Fora

Koobi Fora is an important paleoanthropological site located near Lake Turkana in Kenya. It is renowned for its rich deposits of hominid fossils, including the famous 2-million-year-old skull of Homo habilis, discovered by Richard Leakey in 1972. This site is crucial for understanding human evolution and is often referred to as the cradle of mankind. Its importance was highlighted during discussions about Kenya’s cultural heritage and tourism potential, especially following President Ruto’s announcement regarding visa policies.

Kuki Tribes

The Kuki tribes are a group of ethnic communities primarily found in Manipur, India, and parts of Myanmar. They are recognised as Scheduled Tribes (ST) in India, which allows them certain rights and benefits. The Kuki people have a distinct cultural identity and language. Recently, they have been at the centre of a political debate regarding their classification as STs, with calls for their delisting from the ST list, which has intensified ethnic tensions in Manipur.

Kuki-Zo Communities

The Kuki-Zo communities are a group of ethnic tribes primarily found in the North Eastern states of India, except Arunachal Pradesh. They are recognised as Scheduled Tribes, which allows them access to affirmative action benefits. The Kuki-Zos have been involved in ethnic conflicts with the Meitei community in Manipur, particularly over issues of tribal status and rights. Their situation has been in the news due to ongoing violence and political demands for their delisting from Scheduled Tribe status, leading to heightened tensions.

Kuno National Park

Kuno National Park, located in Madhya Pradesh, India, is the designated habitat for the reintroduction of cheetahs from Africa. The park was chosen for its suitable environment for these big cats, aiming to restore their population in India. Since September 2022, Kuno has been the site of various breeding efforts, with the recent births of cheetah cubs highlighting its role in conservation. However, concerns have arisen regarding the delayed release of these cheetahs into the wild, affecting their natural behaviour.

La Niña

La Niña is a climate pattern characterised by cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern Pacific Ocean. It influences global weather, including increased rainfall in some regions and droughts in others. During the late summer of 2022, La Niña conditions contributed to the warming of the Indian Ocean, which played a role in triggering the heatwave in Antarctica. The phenomenon is significant as it demonstrates how climate patterns can have far-reaching effects, impacting weather systems across the globe.

Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council (LAHDC)

The Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council (LAHDC) is a local governing body responsible for the development and administration of the Ladakh region. There are two councils: LAHDC-Kargil and LAHDC-Leh, which focus on micro-governance issues. Established to empower local populations, these councils play a crucial role in addressing regional needs. Recently, they have been at the forefront of demands for greater autonomy and legislative powers, reflecting the ongoing socio-political tensions in Ladakh following its designation as a Union Territory.

Lagrange Point 1

Lagrange Point 1 (L1) is a unique position in space where the gravitational forces of the Earth and the Sun balance each other, allowing spacecraft to maintain a stable orbit. Located approximately 1.5 million km from Earth, L1 is one of five such points in the Earth-Sun system. This stability makes it an ideal location for solar observation missions like Aditya L1. It was highlighted in the news as the destination for India’s solar mission, facilitating continuous monitoring of solar activities.

Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF)

LULUCF refers to the sector that encompasses changes in land use, such as deforestation or afforestation, and its impact on greenhouse gas emissions. In India, LULUCF acts as an important carbon sink, removing 20% of CO2 emissions in 2019. It includes forests, croplands, and settlements. The sector’s performance was highlighted in the news as India reported a 58% increase in emissions removal since 2016, despite challenges like wildfires exacerbated by climate change.

Lantana

Lantana is a flowering plant native to tropical regions, but it has become a notorious invasive species in many parts of the world, including the Western Ghats of India. It spreads rapidly and forms dense thickets, which restrict the movement of wildlife and displace native plants. In Bandipur National Park, Lantana has overtaken 75% of the area, leading to significant ecological disruption and increased human-wildlife conflict. It was in the news due to its devastating impact on local ecosystems and ongoing efforts to control its spread.

Large Multi-Modal Models (LMM)

Large Multi-Modal Models (LMM) are advanced artificial intelligence systems that can process various types of data, including text, images, and videos. They are designed to perform tasks like human communication and decision-making without explicit programming. LMMs have rapidly gained popularity in healthcare for applications such as diagnosis, patient interaction, and administrative tasks. The WHO’s recent guidance on LMMs highlights their potential benefits and risks, underscoring the need for ethical governance as their use in healthcare expands.

LIGO-India Project

The LIGO-India project is an ambitious initiative to establish a gravitational wave observatory in Maharashtra. Approved in 2023, it will be the third arm of the existing LIGO observatories in the USA, which first detected gravitational waves in 2015. This project aims to advance research in astrophysics and contribute to the global scientific community. Its approval was notable as it positions India among a select group of countries engaged in cutting-edge gravitational wave research, enhancing its scientific prestige and capabilities.

Like-Minded Developing Countries (LMDC)

The Like-Minded Developing Countries (LMDC) is a coalition of developing nations that advocate for their interests in climate negotiations. Formed to ensure that the voices of developing countries are heard, the LMDC focuses on issues such as climate finance and equitable responsibilities in emission reductions. At COP28, the LMDC, represented by Saudi Arabia, opposed the inclusion of fossil fuel phaseout language in the Global Stocktake, highlighting the ongoing tensions between developed and developing nations regarding climate commitments.

Liquefaction

Liquefaction is a phenomenon where saturated soil loses its strength and behaves like a liquid, often triggered by seismic activity or stress. In the context of the Fundão dam disaster, the saturated sand in the dam walls underwent liquefaction, contributing to the dam’s collapse. This process is particularly dangerous in areas with unstable earth structures, as it can lead to catastrophic failures, especially in infrastructure like dams and buildings. The disaster raised awareness about the risks of liquefaction in mining operations.

Lithium-ion Batteries

Lithium-ion batteries are rechargeable energy storage devices widely used in electric vehicles, smartphones, and renewable energy systems. Known for their high energy density, long lifespan, and low environmental impact, these batteries are essential for the transition to cleaner energy. The growing demand for electric vehicles has intensified the need for lithium, which is a key component in these batteries. The recent agreement between India and Argentina to explore lithium resources highlights the importance of securing lithium supplies for India’s ambitious green energy goals and reducing reliance on imports.

Lunar Polar Exploration Mission

The Lunar Polar Exploration Mission is a collaborative project between India and Japan, aiming to explore the Moon’s polar regions. India is set to provide the lander, while Japan will contribute its expertise and technology. This mission is significant as it seeks to understand the lunar environment better, particularly in areas that may contain water ice. It was mentioned in the context of JAXA’s SLIM mission, as lessons learned from SLIM will inform future lunar exploration efforts, enhancing international collaboration in space.

Macrocylclic Peptide (MCP)

Macrocyclic peptides (MCPs) are a class of compounds characterised by their cyclic structure, which can enhance their stability and biological activity. They are known for their potential in drug development, particularly as antibiotics due to their ability to bind selectively to target proteins. In the context of zosurabalpin, the MCP was engineered to specifically attack Acinetobacter baumannii. The discovery and optimisation of MCPs like this one are significant, as they offer innovative approaches to combat antibiotic resistance, a growing global health concern.

Madiga Community

The Madiga community is one of the Scheduled Castes in India, primarily residing in Telangana. They represent approximately 50% of the SC population in the state and have historically faced marginalisation in accessing government benefits. The community has been vocal about being overshadowed by the more dominant Mala community, which has led to calls for sub-categorisation of SCs. This issue gained prominence recently as Prime Minister Modi promised to address their grievances, prompting the formation of a high-level committee to evaluate their needs.

Malacca Strait

The Malacca Strait is a narrow waterway between the Malay Peninsula and the Indonesian island of Sumatra. It is one of the busiest shipping lanes in the world, with about 25% of global trade passing through it. The strait is known for its vulnerability to piracy and congestion. It has been highlighted in recent discussions about maritime security, especially as disruptions in other choke points, like the Suez Canal, have raised concerns over global supply chain stability and security.

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are designated regions in oceans where human activities are restricted to conserve marine biodiversity and ecosystems. They aim to protect vulnerable species and habitats from overfishing, pollution, and climate change. The recent study emphasised the importance of MPAs in the Antarctic region, as they could help mitigate the effects of rising ocean acidity. The news highlighted ongoing efforts to establish new MPAs in Antarctica to safeguard its unique marine life from environmental changes.

Marion Island

Marion Island, part of the Prince Edward Islands, is located in the Southern Ocean, approximately 2,300 km south of South Africa. It has a volcanic origin and features a rugged terrain with varying vegetation types. The island is crucial for the breeding of wandering albatrosses, hosting about half of their global population. Recent studies have highlighted the impact of climate change on this ecosystem, as rising temperatures and changing weather patterns threaten the availability of suitable nesting sites for these birds.

Meitei Community

The Meitei are an ethnic group predominantly residing in the Imphal Valley of Manipur. They are primarily Hindu and have a rich cultural heritage, including their own language, Manipuri. The Meitei have historically been involved in agriculture and trade. Recently, they have been at the centre of ethnic violence against the Kuki-Zo communities, leading to significant unrest in Manipur. Their struggle for political recognition and rights has been highlighted in the news due to ongoing conflicts and displacement.

Melanistic Tiger

Melanistic tigers are a rare variant of the Bengal tiger, characterised by an excess of melanin, resulting in a darker coat with black and yellow stripes. This genetic condition, known as melanism, is caused by a mutation in the Taqpep gene. In Similipal Tiger Reserve, Odisha, approximately 37% of tigers exhibit this phenotype, making it a unique habitat for these big cats. The announcement of a melanistic tiger safari aims to promote conservation and tourism around this rare species.

Minicoy Islands

Minicoy Islands is part of the Lakshadweep archipelago, located 425 kilometres off the southwestern coast of India. It is one of the southernmost islands of the group, known for its unique culture, beautiful lagoons, and strategic maritime location. The Indian Air Force plans to establish a forward fighter airbase here to enhance national security and monitor crucial sea lanes. The news highlights its potential role in countering regional threats and bolstering India’s defence capabilities.

Mission Punganur

Mission Punganur is an initiative launched by the Andhra Pradesh government in 2020 to revive the endangered Punganur cow breed. The mission aims to increase their population using advanced reproductive technologies like IVF. With a budget of Rs 69.36 crore, the project seeks to enhance the reproductive efficiency of these cows . This initiative was highlighted in the news due to its importance in conserving a unique breed and ensuring the sustainability of traditional dairy farming practices in the region.

Monocropping

Monocropping is the agricultural practice of growing a single crop species over a large area for consecutive seasons. This method can lead to increased efficiency and simplified farming processes but often results in soil nutrient depletion, reduced biodiversity, and greater vulnerability to pests and diseases. In Telangana, the study indicated that farmers are more inclined to adopt monocropping, particularly paddy, when reliant on surface irrigation. The issue gained attention due to its environmental implications and the urgent need for crop diversification in India.

Monoculture Plantations

Monoculture plantations are forests dominated by a single species of tree, often fast-growing types like conifers. While these plantations can be economically beneficial, they are more susceptible to damage from extreme weather events compared to mixed-species forests. Recent research indicated that monocultures could be up to 35% less resilient during storms. The increasing frequency of severe weather events, such as Storm Isha, has raised concerns about the sustainability of monoculture practices in forestry.

Montreal Protocol

The Montreal Protocol is an international treaty established in 1987 to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the use of ozone-depleting substances, primarily chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). It is widely regarded as one of the most successful environmental agreements, leading to an important recovery of the ozone layer. The Protocol’s effectiveness lies in its binding obligations and trade restrictions, which encourage compliance among participating countries. It was mentioned in the context of COP28 to highlight successful strategies for climate agreements.

Mount Pinatubo

Mount Pinatubo is a stratovolcano located in the Philippines. It erupted dramatically in June 1991, one of the largest eruptions of the 20th century. The eruption released vast amounts of ash and gases, particularly sulfur dioxide, into the atmosphere. This led to a temporary global temperature drop of about 0.5 degrees Celsius for a couple of years. The event was significant in climate studies, illustrating how volcanic activity can influence global temperatures, albeit temporarily. It was in the news due to its lasting impact on climate science.

Mycelium-Based Materials

Mycelium-based materials are innovative products made from the root structure of fungi, known as mycelium. These materials are biodegradable and can be used as sustainable alternatives in construction, packaging, and textiles. Mycelium’s ability to sequester carbon makes it an attractive option for environmentally conscious industries. Recently, mycelium-based construction materials have been in the news for their potential to reduce carbon footprints in the building sector, aligning with global efforts to achieve net-zero emissions and promote sustainable practices.

National Green Hydrogen Mission

The National Green Hydrogen Mission, launched in India in 2022, aims to promote the production of green hydrogen to decarbonise hard-to-abate sectors and achieve net-zero emissions by 2070. With an investment of Rs 19,744 crore, the mission targets the production of 5 million tonnes of green hydrogen annually by 2030. It was in the news for its ambitious goals and the need for significant cost reductions to make green hydrogen competitive with grey hydrogen.

National Surgical, Obstetric, and Anaesthesia Plan (NSOAP)

The National Surgical, Obstetric, and Anaesthesia Plan (NSOAP) is a framework designed to improve surgical care access and outcomes in countries, especially in LMICs. It aims to assess and strengthen surgical systems, ensuring that essential surgical services are available and safe. Since 2015, several countries have initiated NSOAPs to address surgical care deficits. This plan was highlighted in the news as a vital step towards achieving universal health coverage, particularly in regions with significant surgical care gaps.

Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)

Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) are climate action plans that outline how countries intend to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to climate change. Each country submits its NDC to the UNFCCC, which reflects its commitment to the Paris Agreement. India’s updated NDCs aim to reduce emissions intensity by 45% by 2030 and achieve 50% of installed power capacity from non-fossil sources. This was in the news as India showcased its climate commitments at the UNFCCC conference.

Nine-Degree Channel

The Nine-Degree Channel is an important maritime route located between Suheli Par Island and Minicoy Islands. It is approximately 200 kilometres wide and facilitates vital shipping between Europe, the Middle East, and Asia. This channel is crucial for global trade, with substantial traffic passing through it, including vessels en route to the Malacca Straits. The area has been in the news due to India’s strategic plans to strengthen its naval presence and protect these key sea lanes from potential threats.

Northeast African Cheetah

The Northeast African Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus soemmeringii) is a subspecies of cheetah found primarily in the Horn of Africa. It is characterised by a slender physique and distinctive coat pattern. Recent studies indicate that its population is critically low, with estimates of mature individuals ranging from 260 to 590. The subspecies is threatened by illegal trafficking, habitat loss, and human-wildlife conflict. The call to reclassify it as ‘endangered’ reflects urgent conservation needs amid declining numbers and genetic diversity.

Olive Ridley Turtles

Olive Ridley turtles are a species of sea turtle known for their unique mass nesting behaviour called arribada, where thousands of females come ashore simultaneously to lay eggs. They are classified as endangered due to habitat loss, poaching, and accidental capture in fishing gear. These turtles are primarily found in warm waters and are crucial for marine ecosystems. They were in the news due to an expected increase in nesting numbers at the Rushikulya river mouth in Odisha, attributed to favourable environmental conditions.

Operation Bajrang

Operation Bajrang was a military offensive launched by the Indian government in 1990 against the ULFA in Assam. The operation aimed to suppress the insurgency and restore peace in the region, which had been declared disturbed due to ULFA’s violent activities. It involved extensive counter-insurgency measures, including the arrest of ULFA members. The operation was significant as it highlighted the Indian government’s determination to tackle separatist movements and maintain territorial integrity. It remains a critical moment in Assam’s ongoing conflict history.

Operation Bluestar

Operation Bluestar was a military operation conducted by the Indian Army in June 1984 to remove Sikh militants, led by Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale, from the Golden Temple complex in Amritsar. The operation resulted in significant casualties and damage to the holy site, leading to widespread outrage among Sikhs. It has remained a controversial event in Indian history, symbolising the tensions between the Sikh community and the Indian government. The operation’s legacy continues to influence politics and communal relations in India today.

Operation Sarpvinash

Operation Sarpvinash was an important counter-insurgency operation conducted by the Indian Army in Jammu and Kashmir, starting in April 2003. It aimed to eliminate foreign terrorists who had infiltrated from Pakistan and established camps in the forests south of the Pir Panjal range. The operation involved around 10,000 troops and lasted approximately three months, resulting in the death of about 100 terrorists and the destruction of numerous hideouts. It was in the news due to its historical significance in combating terrorism in the region.

Opium Wars

The Opium Wars were two conflicts in the mid-19th century between China and Western powers, primarily Britain, over trade imbalances and the opium trade. The First Opium War (1839-1842) was sparked by China’s attempts to suppress opium imports, leading to British military intervention. The Second Opium War (1856-1860) further entrenched British influence in China. These wars resulted in significant territorial concessions, including Hong Kong, and marked the beginning of China’s century of humiliation. They were in the news due to ongoing discussions about colonial legacies and their impacts on modern China.

Organoid Neural Network

An organoid neural network is a groundbreaking biocomputing system that incorporates live brain organoids—three-dimensional clusters of brain cells—into computational processes. These organoids are created from human pluripotent stem cells, which can develop into various cell types. The recent research demonstrated that this system could recognise speech and solve mathematical problems, marking an important advancement in neuromorphic computing. It was in the news due to its potential to revolutionise artificial intelligence and enhance our understanding of brain functions.

Oslo Accords

The Oslo Accords were a series of agreements between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) aimed at achieving a peace process and establishing Palestinian self-governance. The first accord was signed in 1993, marking the first time both parties recognised each other. The agreements established the Palestinian Authority and aimed to resolve key issues such as borders and refugees. However, the peace process has faced numerous challenges, and the Accords are often cited as a turning point that ultimately failed to deliver lasting peace.

Pacific Ring of Fire

The Pacific Ring of Fire is a horseshoe-shaped zone around the edges of the Pacific Ocean, known for its high seismic and volcanic activity. This region is home to about 75% of the world’s active and dormant volcanoes and experiences frequent earthquakes due to the movement of tectonic plates. Japan sits directly on this ring, making it particularly susceptible to earthquakes and tsunamis. The recent earthquake swarm in Japan has drawn attention to the dangers posed by this geologically active area, reminding the world of its ongoing seismic threats.

Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park (PNHZP)

The Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park is located in Darjeeling, India, and is renowned for its successful breeding of snow leopards. Established in 1958, it focuses on the conservation of Himalayan fauna. PNHZP has bred 77 snow leopards since the 1980s, making it one of the leading facilities for this endangered species. The park was in the news for its significant contribution to snow leopard conservation, highlighting the challenges of breeding wild cats in captivity.

Parthenium

Parthenium, commonly known as Congress grass, is an invasive plant species that originated in the Americas. It is known for its rapid growth and ability to thrive in disturbed environments. In the Western Ghats, Parthenium has contributed to the decline of native flora and has adverse effects on human health, causing allergies and respiratory issues. The plant gained media attention as communities and forest officials struggled to manage its invasion, which has compounded the ecological crisis caused by other invasive species like Lantana.

Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTG)

Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTG) are a category of tribes identified by the Indian government that are at a higher risk of socio-economic disadvantage and cultural extinction. These groups often have limited access to resources and face significant challenges in terms of health, education, and income. The Status of Adivasi Livelihoods Report 2022 revealed alarming levels of food insecurity among PVTG households. This term has gained attention recently as efforts to address the needs of these communities become increasingly important in policy discussions.

Plastiglomerate

Plastiglomerate is a term coined by geologist Patricia Corcoran to describe a type of rock formed from a combination of plastic waste and natural materials. It was first identified in Hawaii nearly a decade ago and has since been found in various locations worldwide. This phenomenon highlights the intersection of human activity and geological processes, raising concerns about plastic pollution’s long-term impact on the environment. It has been in the news due to its implications for global ecosystems and human health.

Plastron

A plastron is a bubble of air that some aquatic insects, including water striders, carry around their bodies, allowing them to breathe while submerged. This adaptation helps them to survive underwater for extended periods. The plastron can be compromised by external forces, such as raindrop impacts, which may lead to submersion. Recent studies have investigated how repeated impacts affect the plastron’s effectiveness, providing insights into the resilience of water striders amid environmental challenges like microplastic pollution.

Polar Vortex

The polar vortex is a large area of low pressure and cold air surrounding the Earth’s poles. It typically keeps frigid air contained within the Arctic region. When the polar vortex is stable, cold air remains trapped; however, disruptions can cause it to weaken, allowing cold air to plunge southward. This phenomenon has been in the news due to its role in recent severe winter weather events, including the current Arctic blast affecting the U.S., which has drawn attention to the impacts of climate change.

Prem Behari Narain Raizada

Prem Behari Narain Raizada was the calligrapher responsible for hand-writing the Indian Constitution. He was a graduate of St Stephen’s College in Delhi and learned calligraphy from his grandfather. Raizada’s meticulous work involved writing on parchment sheets in both Hindi and English. Notably, he completed this monumental task in about six months without charging a fee, requesting only to have his name featured on each page. His work has been in the news due to the Constitution’s 75th anniversary celebrations.

Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme

The Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme is a government initiative aimed at boosting domestic manufacturing in India by providing financial incentives to companies. Launched in 2021, it covers 14 sectors, including electronics and pharmaceuticals, with a total outlay of Rs 1.97 lakh crore. The scheme encourages investment and enhances competitiveness by linking incentives to production levels. Recently, it was in the news due to the disbursement of Rs 4,415 crore, raising concerns about job creation relative to investments.

Prosopis Juliflora

Prosopis juliflora, commonly known as mesquite, is an invasive plant species that has spread aggressively in Tamil Nadu’s forests. Originally introduced for its fast growth and ability to withstand drought, it has detrimental effects on local ecosystems. This species outcompetes native plants for resources, reducing biodiversity and food availability for wildlife, particularly herbivorous animals like elephants. It was in the news due to Tamil Nadu’s efforts to remove it from critical elephant corridors to restore natural habitats and improve food sources.

Pseudomonas Syringae

Pseudomonas syringae is a type of bacteria that acts as a plant pathogen and is also known for its role in biological ice nucleation. It produces ice nucleation proteins (INPs) that facilitate ice formation at temperatures just below freezing. This bacterium has been studied since the 1970s and is significant in agricultural contexts, as it can affect crop health. It was mentioned in the news because of its use in commercial snow-making products, demonstrating its practical applications in creating artificial snow for ski resorts.

Pteropods

Pteropods, often referred to as sea butterflies, are small, marine gastropods known for their delicate, wing-like structures used for swimming. They play a crucial role in ocean ecosystems as a food source for various marine animals. The study raised alarms about the future of pteropods due to ocean acidification, which could hinder their ability to form aragonite shells. The news underscores the potential threats that climate change poses to these organisms and the broader marine food web.

Punganur Cows

Punganur cows are a rare and small breed of cattle native to Punganur in Andhra Pradesh, standing only 70-90 cm tall. They are known for their high-fat milk, which contains 8% fat compared to 3-4% in other breeds. This milk is rich in nutrients and has medicinal properties. Punganur cows are drought-resistant and have a docile temperament, making them suitable for small-scale and organic farming. They were in the news due to PM Modi’s gesture of feeding them during Makar Sankranti, highlighting their significance.

Qanat System

The qanat system is an ancient method of water management that taps into underground aquifers. It involves a series of underground tunnels that transport water using gravity over long distances, often from mountainous regions to lower-lying areas. This communal system, which dates back to the first millennium BC, promotes cooperation among users and has been crucial for irrigation in arid regions. Recently, it has gained attention as a sustainable alternative to modern water extraction methods, especially amidst increasing water shortages in Africa.

Quail Farming

Quail farming involves breeding quails for their meat and eggs, which are considered highly nutritious and profitable. Compared to traditional poultry, quails require less space and have a shorter incubation period, starting to lay eggs within 50 days. Farmers like Paan Singh Parihar have reported that quail farming can yield profits four times higher than chicken farming. This practice has been in the news as an example of how farmers in Uttarakhand are diversifying their livelihoods in response to climate-induced agricultural challenges.

Quasi-Stationary Rossby Waves

Quasi-stationary Rossby waves are a type of planetary wave that can remain in the same position for extended periods, influencing weather patterns. They are characterised by their high amplitude and can lead to prolonged weather extremes, such as heatwaves. The 2021 heat dome was associated with these waves, which contributed to record-breaking temperatures. Their significance in climate studies has increased, as they may not be adequately represented in current climate models, prompting concerns about future weather extremes.

Raja Serfoji

Raja Serfoji was a Maratha ruler of Thanjavur in the early 19th century, known for his contributions to culture and arts. He is credited with bringing the craft of doll-making to Thanjavur, which has since become an important cultural heritage. Under his reign, the region flourished in arts, including music and dance. His legacy continues to influence local artisans today. The mention of Raja Serfoji in recent news highlights the importance of historical figures in preserving traditional crafts amidst modern challenges.

Ramakien

The Ramakien is Thailand’s national epic, derived from the Indian Ramayana. It incorporates local elements and characters, reflecting the cultural adaptation of the original story. The Thai version is known for its unique interpretations, with many character names rooted in Tamil rather than Sanskrit. The Ramakien is performed in various traditional art forms, showcasing its significance in Thai culture. It was in the news as part of discussions on how the Ramayana’s influence persists in Southeast Asian literature and performing arts.

Ranyakeshi River

The Ranyakeshi River is a tributary of the Ghataprabha River in Karnataka. It plays a crucial role in the region’s water supply, particularly during the monsoon season. In September 2023, heavy rains in central Maharashtra caused the Ranyakeshi River to flood, resulting in an important influx of water into the Dakal reservoir. This event highlighted the interconnectedness of water systems in the region and the impact of rainfall patterns on local reservoirs, which are critical for agriculture and drinking water supply.

Replacement Rate

The replacement rate is the average number of children each woman must have to maintain a stable population without immigration. In developed countries, this rate is typically around 2.1 children per woman. China’s current TFR of 1.3 is far below this threshold, leading to concerns about an ageing population and a shrinking workforce. The concept gained attention in the news as experts discussed its implications for China’s future economic growth and societal structure amidst declining birth rates.

RTS,S Malaria Vaccine

The RTS,S malaria vaccine, also known as RTS,S/AS01, is the first vaccine developed against malaria, specifically targeting the Plasmodium falciparum parasite. It was created after 35 years of research and is designed for children from five months old, administered in four doses. Recently, Cameroon became the first country to integrate it into its national immunisation programme. The vaccine aims to reduce malaria cases, which are particularly deadly for children under five, and is part of a broader effort to combat malaria globally.

Rushikulya River Mouth

The Rushikulya river mouth, located in Odisha’s Ganjam district, is a vital nesting site for Olive Ridley turtles. It is one of the country’s major rookeries, where millions of turtles gather annually for mass nesting. The area has been well-preserved this season, contributing to the anticipated rise in turtle populations. The river mouth was in the news because of the successful conservation efforts leading to a record number of over 637,000 eggs laid during the last nesting season.

SAGAR Initiative

The SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region) initiative is an Indian government policy aimed at enhancing maritime security and fostering economic growth in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR). Launched in 2015, it focuses on cooperation with neighbouring countries to ensure stability and security. The initiative has been significant in strengthening India’s ties with countries like the Maldives. The recent tensions between India and the Maldives highlighted the importance of this initiative in maintaining regional partnerships and security.

Sagarmitra

Sagarmitra is a web-based network management system developed by ISRO to support the Indian Coast Guard in maritime operations. It maintains a comprehensive database of registered Distress Alert Transmitters (DAT-SG) and provides real-time information about fishing boats in distress. This system aids the Maritime Rescue Coordination Centres (MRCCs) in coordinating rescue efforts efficiently. Sagarmitra has been highlighted in the news for its crucial role in improving response times during emergencies at sea, thereby enhancing the safety of fishermen.

Sahel Region

The Sahel region is a semi-arid zone in Africa, stretching across countries like Mali, Niger, and Chad. It faces numerous challenges, including food insecurity, climate change, and armed conflicts. Recently, the Sahel has been in the news due to an important food and nutrition crisis affecting over 26.5 million people between March and May 2022. The region’s vulnerability to drought and conflict has exacerbated these issues, highlighting the critical need for humanitarian assistance and sustainable development initiatives to improve living conditions.

Sakhalin-1

Sakhalin-1 is a major oil and gas project located on Sakhalin Island in Russia, operated by ExxonMobil and involving several international partners. It produces Sokol crude and has been pivotal in supplying oil to markets like India. However, the project has encountered operational challenges since Western sanctions were imposed on Russia following the invasion of Ukraine. In December 2023, Sakhalin-1 faced delays in securing banking arrangements for payments, affecting its ability to fulfil contracts with Indian refiners.

Sapinda Marriage

A sapinda marriage refers to a union between individuals who are related within specific degrees of kinship, as defined by the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955. According to Section 3(f)(ii), individuals are considered sapindas if one is a lineal ancestor of the other or if they share a common ancestor within certain generational limits. This prohibition aims to prevent incestuous relationships. The issue gained attention when a woman challenged the constitutionality of this section, arguing it violated her right to equality.

Secretarybird (Sagittarius serpentarius)

The secretarybird is a large, mostly terrestrial bird of prey native to Africa, known for its long legs and distinctive crest of feathers. It primarily hunts snakes and other small animals, using its powerful legs to kill prey by stomping. The species is endemic to the African savannah and is renowned for its unique hunting technique. Recently, it has been in the news due to significant population declines, with habitat loss and human activities threatening its survival.

Senna spectabilis

Senna spectabilis, commonly known as the weeping cassia, is an invasive plant species that has impacted Kerala’s biodiversity. Introduced in the 1980s, it has spread rapidly, infesting around 23% of the Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary. The plant alters soil chemistry, making it less suitable for native species and depriving herbivores of food. Recent studies have shown its detrimental effects on local ecosystems, contributing to the decline of herbivore and carnivore populations, which has been a focus of conservation discussions.

Shola Sky Islands

Shola Sky Islands are unique montane ecosystems located in the Western Ghats of India. These isolated patches of forest are characterised by a distinct climate and biodiversity, hosting ancient plant and animal species. The Shola grasslands and forests are crucial for maintaining ecological balance and supporting endemic species. They have been in the news due to ongoing conservation efforts aimed at protecting these fragile ecosystems from climate change and habitat loss, as well as their role in understanding biodiversity patterns in mountainous regions.

Siam Weed

Siam weed, or Chromolaena odorata, is a flowering shrub native to the Americas, introduced to South Asia as an ornamental plant. It has become invasive, particularly in Assam, where it has been identified as a major threat to grassland ecosystems. A study showed an important increase in its density in Golaghat district. Despite its toxicity to cattle, researchers believe it could be used as an insect repellent. Its spread is concerning due to its impact on local biodiversity and agriculture.

Similipal Tiger Reserve

Similipal Tiger Reserve is located in the Mayurbhanj district of Odisha. Established in 1973, it is part of the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves since 2009. The reserve is home to a diverse range of flora and fauna, including the Bengal tiger, elephants, and various bird species. It covers an area of approximately 845 square kilometres and features unique ecosystems. The reserve was in the news due to the recognition of the geographical identity tag for the local chutney, highlighting its cultural significance.

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was a prominent Muslim reformer and educator in 19th-century India, known for his efforts to promote modern education among Muslims. He founded the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College, which later became AMU, to address educational backwardness and uphold Islamic values. His work aimed to bridge the gap between traditional Islamic education and modern scientific knowledge. Recently, his legacy has been highlighted in discussions about AMU’s founding principles and their relevance to the current legal debates regarding minority rights in education.

Sixth Schedule

The Sixth Schedule of the Indian Constitution provides for the administration of tribal areas in certain northeastern states, including Meghalaya. It allows for the establishment of Autonomous District Councils, which grant self-governance and protect the rights of indigenous communities. This provision is crucial for preserving tribal identity and culture. The Sixth Schedule was mentioned in the context of the ongoing debate about the state anthem, as it underscores the need for proper representation of all tribes, including the Jaintias, in governmental decisions.

SLIM (Smart Lander for Investigating Moon)

SLIM is a lunar probe developed by the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), launched in September 2023. It aims to land on the Moon with high precision, using a novel technique that allows for landing in less favourable terrains. If successful, SLIM will mark Japan as the fifth nation to achieve a lunar landing. The mission is significant as it demonstrates advanced landing technology and contributes to future lunar exploration efforts, including the planned Lunar Polar Exploration probe (LUPEX).

Small-Clawed Otter

The small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinereus) is the world’s smallest otter species, known for its partially webbed feet and short claws. This otter is primarily found in freshwater habitats across India and Southeast Asia, where it feeds on fish, crustaceans, and mollusks. It is an agile hunter, adept at navigating aquatic environments. The small-clawed otter gained attention recently as it was photographed in Kaziranga National Park, highlighting the biodiversity of the area and the success of wildlife conservation efforts.

Snow Leopard Cell

The Snow Leopard Cell is a proposed dedicated unit within the Wildlife Institute of India (WII) in Dehradun. Its primary aim is to monitor snow leopard populations and conduct organised studies and field surveys. The establishment of this cell has been highlighted as crucial for effective conservation strategies for snow leopards in India, given that an important portion of their habitat remains unprotected. The need for this cell was underscored in a recent report, emphasising the urgency of addressing conservation challenges.

Snow Water Equivalent (SWE)

Snow Water Equivalent (SWE) is a measurement used to quantify the amount of water contained within a snowpack. It indicates how much water will be released as the snow melts. SWE is vital for understanding water resources, especially in regions dependent on snowmelt for agriculture and drinking water. The concept was highlighted in recent studies showing significant declines in SWE due to climate change, which could lead to severe water shortages and food insecurity in vulnerable areas like the Himalayas and Europe.

Sodium-ion Batteries

Sodium-ion batteries are an emerging technology that uses sodium ions instead of lithium ions for energy storage. They are considered a potential alternative to lithium batteries, offering advantages such as lower cost and abundant raw materials. Sodium-ion batteries are gaining attention as a solution to reduce dependence on lithium, which is dominated by China in global supply chains. This technology was mentioned in the context of future innovations that could disrupt existing battery markets and facilitate a more sustainable energy transition, particularly in the face of geopolitical tensions.

Sokol Crude

Sokol crude is a high-quality oil grade produced in Russia’s Far East, specifically from the Sakhalin-1 oil field. It has gained attention due to its increasing role in India’s oil imports, particularly after the Ukraine conflict led to Western sanctions on Russian oil. In December 2023, India faced significant challenges in importing Sokol crude, marking the first month without any deliveries. The sanctions and payment issues led to tankers idling near Indian waters, impacting supply chains and trade dynamics.

Southern Annular Mode (SAM)

The Southern Annular Mode (SAM) refers to the variability of atmospheric pressure patterns in the Southern Hemisphere, influencing weather conditions in southern Australia and surrounding regions. It can be positive or negative, affecting rainfall and temperature distributions. A positive SAM is typically associated with increased rainfall in some areas. Recently, the BOM noted that the presence of a positive SAM contributed to unusual rainfall events in Australia during the El Niño phase, which is typically associated with drier conditions.

Sovereign Green Bonds

Sovereign green bonds are government-issued securities specifically designed to fund projects that have positive environmental impacts. They differ from traditional bonds as their proceeds are exclusively allocated to initiatives aimed at reducing carbon emissions and promoting sustainability. India entered the sovereign green bonds market in January 2022, with plans to issue ₹20,000 crore worth for the fiscal year 2023. These bonds were in the news due to recent bidding for new tranches, highlighting the government’s commitment to green financing.

Square Kilometre Array (SKA)

The Square Kilometre Array (SKA) is an international project aimed at building the world’s largest radio telescope. It involves a network of radio antennas situated in South Africa and Australia, designed to observe celestial phenomena and galaxies. The project will operate in two frequency ranges and is expected to gather unprecedented data on the universe’s evolution. It was in the news as India recently committed Rs 1,250 crore to participate in this groundbreaking scientific endeavour.

Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar

Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar was an Indian-American astrophysicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1983. He is renowned for his work on the structure and evolution of stars, particularly his theory that stars exceeding 1.4 times the mass of the Sun would eventually collapse into white dwarfs. His insights laid the groundwork for understanding black holes and neutron stars. The Chandra X-ray Observatory, named in his honour, continues to be a vital tool for astronomers studying high-energy phenomena in the universe, keeping his legacy alive in modern astrophysics.

Sympatric Wildlife Species

Sympatric wildlife species refer to different species that live in the same geographical area and share similar habitats. In the context of the study, these species include various herbivores like zebras, wildebeests, and Grant’s gazelles, which coexist in the same environment. The research investigated how their activity patterns are influenced by the presence of livestock and human disturbances. This topic was in the news as it sheds light on the complexities of wildlife behaviour in shared habitats, emphasising the need for balanced land-use practices.

Thanjavur Dolls

Thanjavur dolls are traditional handcrafted toys from Tamil Nadu, India, known for their unique bobble-head (thalaiyatti) and roly-poly (uruttu) designs. Made primarily from papier-mâché and clay, these dolls have been a part of local culture since the early 19th century. They gained a Geographical Indication (GI) tag in 2009, highlighting their cultural significance. Recently, the craft has faced challenges due to competition from plastic toys and a decline in skilled artisans, prompting discussions on preserving this traditional art form.

Torpor

Torpor is a state of decreased physiological activity in animals, characterised by reduced metabolic rate, body temperature, and responsiveness. This condition allows species to conserve energy during extreme weather conditions. Cold-blooded animals, like iguanas, enter torpor when temperatures drop , causing them to lose muscle control temporarily. The phenomenon has been highlighted recently due to the increased visibility of iguanas falling from trees in Florida, leading to public awareness about their vulnerability during cold spells.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The Total Fertility Rate (TFR) is a demographic measure indicating the average number of children a woman is expected to bear during her lifetime. In China, the TFR has been declining since 2016, dropping to 1.3 births per woman according to the 2020 Census, below the replacement rate of 2.1. This decline has raised concerns about future population sustainability and economic stability. The TFR was in the news due to its role in China’s ongoing demographic challenges and the implications for its economy.

Treaty of Nanking

The Treaty of Nanking was signed in 1842, marking the end of the First Opium War between Britain and China. This treaty forced China to cede Hong Kong to Britain, open five ports for British trade, and grant extraterritorial rights to British citizens. It symbolised the beginning of a series of unequal treaties that weakened China’s sovereignty. The treaty is significant in discussions about colonialism and its effects on global trade. It has been in the news as Hong Kong’s historical injustices are re-examined amid contemporary political struggles.

Treaty of Yandaboo

The Treaty of Yandaboo, signed in 1826, marked the end of the First Anglo-Burmese War, establishing the boundary between British India and Burma (now Myanmar). This treaty was significant as it formalised territorial divisions that have continued to impact ethnic communities, splitting families and villages across the border. The treaty’s historical context is crucial, as it set the stage for ongoing cultural and political issues in the northeastern states of India, particularly concerning the Nagas and Kuki-Chin-Mizo communities.

Tropical Carbon Sink

A tropical carbon sink refers to areas in tropical forests that absorb more carbon dioxide than they release, helping to mitigate climate change. These forests, including those in the Amazon, Africa, and south-east Asia, store vast amounts of carbon in their biomass. The recent study highlighted the importance of these forests in global carbon storage, especially as they face rapid environmental changes. Understanding their structure and species composition is crucial for effective conservation and climate change mitigation strategies.

Utah Array

The Utah Array is an early brain-computer interface device that was first demonstrated in a human in 2004. It consists of a grid of electrodes implanted in the brain to capture neural signals. While it paved the way for further developments in neurotechnology, Neuralink distinguishes itself by using over 1,000 electrodes, more than the Utah Array. The device’s design and functionality were highlighted in discussions about Neuralink’s advancements, underscoring the competition in the field of brain implants.

Vajra Scheme

The Vajra (Visiting Advanced Joint Research Faculty) scheme, initiated in 2018, encourages foreign scientists to collaborate with Indian institutions for short periods. Unlike the Vaibhav Fellowship, which focuses on Indian diaspora scientists, Vajra is open to all foreign faculty. It aims to enhance research capabilities in India through international collaboration. Both schemes have distinct objectives but share the goal of strengthening India’s scientific community. The Vajra scheme has successfully attracted various foreign researchers to Indian institutions.

Western Equine Encephalitis Virus (WEEV)

Western Equine Encephalitis Virus (WEEV) is a mosquito-borne virus that causes inflammation of the brain, primarily affecting horses and occasionally humans. It belongs to the Togaviridae family and has a single-stranded RNA genome. The virus is transmitted to humans through mosquito bites, and while most infections are asymptomatic, severe cases can occur, leading to neurological complications. The recent outbreak in Argentina, with 21 confirmed human cases, has raised concerns due to its rarity, as the last reported cases were over two decades ago.

Wet Bulb Global Temperature (WBGT)

Wet Bulb Global Temperature (WBGT) is a measure of heat stress that accounts for temperature, humidity, wind speed, and cloud cover. It is crucial in assessing the potential for heat-related illnesses, as higher WBGT values indicate greater heat stress risks. Currently, Singapore’s WBGT is 26.6°C, but projections suggest it could rise by the end of the century. The WBGT was highlighted in the news because its increase could lead to severe health impacts, necessitating urgent public health responses.

Windsor Framework

The Windsor Framework is an agreement made in 2022 aimed at addressing post-Brexit trade issues in Northern Ireland. It replaced the Northern Ireland Protocol and sought to simplify trade between Northern Ireland and the rest of the UK while maintaining compliance with EU rules. The framework was celebrated as a breakthrough by UK Prime Minister Rishi Sunak and EU leaders. It has been in the news due to ongoing debates about its effectiveness and its implications for Northern Ireland’s political stability and trade relations.

X-59

The X-59 is an experimental supersonic aircraft developed by NASA in partnership with Lockheed Martin. Designed to fly at speeds of 1.4 times the speed of sound, it features a unique shape that minimises sonic booms, an important barrier to commercial supersonic flight. The aircraft is part of NASA’s Quesst mission, aimed at gathering data to inform regulatory changes regarding supersonic flights over land. Its recent news coverage highlights its potential to change air travel and improve public acceptance of supersonic flights.

X-ray Polarimeter Satellite (XPoSat)

X-ray Polarimeter Satellite (XPoSat) is India’s first mission focused on studying the polarisation of X-rays from bright celestial bodies. Launched to operate in low Earth orbit, XPoSat features two key payloads: POLIX and XSPECT. The mission aims to observe various astronomical phenomena, including magnetars and black holes, over an estimated lifespan of five years. Recently in the news, XPoSat represents an important advancement in X-ray astronomy, enabling polarisation measurements that were previously unexplored in the medium energy band.

X-ray Polarimetry

X-ray polarimetry is a technique used to measure the polarisation of X-rays emitted by high-energy cosmic sources, such as black holes and neutron stars. This method helps scientists understand the behaviour of matter in extreme gravitational fields and the nature of radiation from these celestial objects. The Indian Space Research Organisation’s XPoSat mission aims to advance this research, providing valuable data that could enhance our understanding of the universe’s origins and the fundamental physics governing these phenomena. This mission is significant for both scientific exploration and technological advancement.

XBB Variant

XBB is a subvariant of the omicron strain of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which has been an important contributor to COVID-19 cases in the United States. It has shown characteristics that may allow it to evade immune responses more effectively than previous variants. As of early January 2023, XBB was linked to a substantial proportion of COVID cases. The variant was in the news due to its increased transmissibility and the ongoing need for updated vaccines to combat its spread.

Zero Tillage

Zero tillage is an agricultural practice in which the soil is not ploughed before planting crops. This method helps to reduce soil erosion, increase water retention, and improve soil health. It can lead to higher crop yields and lower greenhouse gas emissions compared to conventional tillage. Despite its advantages, zero tillage has seen limited adoption in South Asia, partly due to conflicting government subsidies for traditional tillage methods. The practice was mentioned in the news as part of the CSA discussion, stressing the need for better incentives.

Zojila Pass

Zojila Pass is a high mountain pass that connects Ladakh with the Kashmir Valley, playing a crucial role in transportation and trade. It is often closed during harsh winter months due to heavy snowfall, making it difficult for locals to access essential supplies. This year, it has remained open, allowing for smoother travel and supply routes. However, the lack of snowfall has raised concerns among residents about future agricultural productivity and water availability, making this development a double-edged sword.

Zomi Tribes

The Zomi tribes are an ethnic group mainly residing in the hill areas of Manipur. Like the Kuki, they are also classified as Scheduled Tribes. The Zomi people share cultural ties with the Kuki and have their own unique traditions and languages. The recent push to reconsider their status as STs has brought attention to their historical presence in Manipur and sparked significant political discussions, as their delisting could further exacerbate ongoing ethnic conflicts in the region.

Zoo Hypothesis

The Zoo Hypothesis is a theory suggesting that advanced extra-terrestrial civilisations are aware of humanity but choose not to make contact, akin to animals in a zoo. This idea stems from the Fermi Paradox, which questions why, despite the high probability of alien life, we have not encountered any. The hypothesis gained attention recently as scientists propose it might explain the apparent silence from the cosmos, highlighting the potential for intelligent life to observe without interference.