1. Consider the following statements :
- Adenoviruses have single-stranded DNA genomes whereas retroviruses have double-stranded DNA genomes.
- Common cold is sometime caused by an adenovirus whereas AIDS is caused by a retrovirus.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (UPSC Prelims 2021)
[A] 1 only
[B] 2 only
[C] Both 1 and 2
[D] Neither 1 nor 2
Show Answer
Correct Answer: B [2 only]
Notes:The correct answer is
[B] 2 only. This question distinguishes between the genetic structures and the diseases associated with different classes of viruses.
- Statement 1 (Incorrect): This statement incorrectly describes the genomic structure of both viruses.
- Adenoviruses actually have double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genomes. They are non-enveloped viruses known for causing respiratory, gastrointestinal, and eye infections.
- Retroviruses (like HIV) have single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) genomes, not DNA. They are unique because they use an enzyme called reverse transcriptase to convert their RNA into DNA once they enter a host cell.
- Statement 2 (Correct): This accurately identifies the causative agents for these common conditions.
- Common Cold: While Rhinoviruses are the most frequent cause, Adenoviruses are a well-known cause of “cold-like” symptoms, sore throats, and bronchitis.
- AIDS: It is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), which is a classic example of a Retrovirus.
2. Which of the following diseases can be transmitted from one person to another through tattooing?
- Chikungunya
- Hepatitis B
- HIV-AIDS
Select the correct answer using the codes given below. (UPSC Prelims 2013)
[A] 1 only
[B] 2 and 3 only
[C] 1 and 3 only
[D] 1, 2 and 3
Show Answer
Correct Answer: B [2 and 3 only]
Notes:The correct answer is
[B] 2 and 3 only. The transmission of diseases through tattooing occurs when contaminated needles or ink carry blood-borne pathogens from an infected individual to another.
- Hepatitis B (Statement 2 is Correct): Hepatitis B is a viral infection that attacks the liver and is transmitted through contact with the blood or other body fluids of an infected person. Because the virus can survive outside the body for at least seven days, unsterilized tattooing equipment is a high-risk vector for transmission.
- HIV-AIDS (Statement 3 is Correct): Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a blood-borne virus. Any procedure involving skin penetration—such as tattooing or piercing—with needles that have not been properly sterilized or are reused can potentially transmit the virus if the previous user was HIV-positive.
- Chikungunya (Statement 1 is Incorrect): Chikungunya is a viral disease transmitted to humans by the bite of infected mosquitoes, specifically Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. It is not transmitted through person-to-person contact, blood transfusions, or shared needles in a typical setting. Therefore, tattooing is not a recognized mode of transmission for Chikungunya.
3. ಕೆಳಗಿನ ಸ್ಥಿತಿಗಳನ್ನು ಪರಿಗಣಿಸಿ:
1. ಊದಿಕೊಂಡ ಲಸಿಕೆ ಗ್ರಂಥಿಗಳು
2. ರಾತ್ರಿ ಬೆವರುವುದು
3. ಸ್ಮರಣೆ ನಷ್ಟ
4. ತೂಕ ಇಳಿಕೆ
ಇವುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ AIDSನ ಲಕ್ಷಣಗಳು ಯಾವುವು?
[A] 1 ಮತ್ತು 2
[B] 2, 3 ಮತ್ತು 4
[C] 1, 2 ಮತ್ತು 3
[D] 1, 2, 3 ಮತ್ತು 4
Show Answer
Correct Answer: D [1, 2, 3 ಮತ್ತು 4]
Notes:
AIDS ಒಂದು ವೈರಲ್ ರೋಗವಾಗಿದ್ದು, ರೋಗನಿರೋಧಕ ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆಯನ್ನು ದುರ್ಬಲಗೊಳಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ಊದಿಕೊಂಡ ಲಸಿಕೆ ಗ್ರಂಥಿಗಳು, ರಾತ್ರಿ ಬೆವರುವುದು, ಸ್ಮರಣೆ ನಷ್ಟ ಮತ್ತು ತೂಕ ಇಳಿಕೆ ಇದರ ಪ್ರಮುಖ ಲಕ್ಷಣಗಳಾಗಿವೆ.
4. HIV/AIDSಗೆ ಜಾಗತಿಕ ಆಂಟಿರೆಟ್ರೋವೈರಲ್ ಔಷಧಿಗಳ ಪೂರೈಕೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಭಾರತದ ಪ್ರಸ್ತುತ ಪಾಲು ಎಷ್ಟು?
[A] 70–80%
[B] 50–60%
[C] 40–45%
[D] 25–30%
Show Answer
Correct Answer: A [70–80%]
Notes:
HIV/AIDS ಚಿಕಿತ್ಸೆಗೆ ಬಳಸಲಾಗುವ ಜಾಗತಿಕ ಆಂಟಿರೆಟ್ರೋವೈರಲ್ (ARV) ಔಷಧಿಗಳ ಪೂರೈಕೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಭಾರತವು ಸುಮಾರು 70–80% ಪಾಲನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದೆ. ಭಾರತವು ಜಾಗತಿಕ ಮಟ್ಟದಲ್ಲಿ ಜೆನೆರಿಕ್ ARV ಔಷಧಿಗಳ ಪ್ರಮುಖ ಉತ್ಪಾದಕವಾಗಿದೆ. 2023ರ ವೇಳೆಗೆ, ಭಾರತೀಯ ಔಷಧ ನಿರ್ಮಾಣ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆಗಳು WHO-GMP ಪ್ರಮಾಣಿತ ARV ಔಷಧಿಗಳನ್ನು ತಯಾರಿಸಿ 100ಕ್ಕೂ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ದೇಶಗಳಿಗೆ ರಫ್ತು ಮಾಡುತ್ತಿವೆ. ಜಾಗತಿಕವಾಗಿ 30.7 ಮಿಲಿಯನ್ ಜನರು ಭಾರತದಲ್ಲಿ ಉತ್ಪಾದಿತ ARV ಔಷಧಿಗಳಿಂದ ಚಿಕಿತ್ಸೆ ಪಡೆಯುತ್ತಿದ್ದಾರೆ.
5. Consider the following statements :
- Hepatitis B is several times more infectious than HIV/AIDS
- Hepatitis B can cause liver cancer
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (UPSC Prelims 2010)
[A] 1 only
[B] 2 only
[C] Both 1 and 2
[D] Neither 1 nor 2
Show Answer
Correct Answer: C [Both 1 and 2]
Notes:
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is 50-100 times more infectious than HIV, transmitted via blood, semen, and other fluids, with higher risk from needle sticks (30% vs. 0.3% for HIV). HBV causes chronic infection in 5-10% adults, leading to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer), classified as Group 1 carcinogen by IARC. WHO confirms HBV causes 80% of liver cancers worldwide; vaccination prevents both infection and cancer.
6. ಯಾವ ದಿನವನ್ನು ವಿಶ್ವ AIDS ದಿನವೆಂದು ಆಚರಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ?
[A] 1 ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್
[B] 10 ಜನವರಿ
[C] 6 ಮಾರ್ಚ್
[D] 19 ಏಪ್ರಿಲ್
Show Answer
Correct Answer: A [1 ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್]
Notes:
1 ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್ ಅನ್ನು ವಿಶ್ವ AIDS ದಿನವಾಗಿ ಆಚರಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.
7. ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ಏಷ್ಯಾದಲ್ಲಿ HIV/AIDS ರೋಗನಿರ್ಣಯಗೊಂಡ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿಗಳ ವಿರುದ್ಧ ತಾರತಮ್ಯವನ್ನು ಕಾನೂನಿನ ಮೂಲಕ ನಿಷೇಧಿಸಿದ ಮೊದಲ ದೇಶ ಯಾವುದು?
[A] ಭಾರತ
[B] ಶ್ರೀಲಂಕಾ
[C] ಮಾಲ್ಡೀವ್ಸ್
[D] ಬಾಂಗ್ಲಾದೇಶ
Show Answer
Correct Answer: A [ಭಾರತ]
Notes:
Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (Prevention and Control) Act, 2017 ಮೂಲಕ HIV/AIDS ರೋಗನಿರ್ಣಯಗೊಂಡ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿಗಳ ವಿರುದ್ಧ ತಾರತಮ್ಯವನ್ನು ಕಾನೂನಿನ ಮೂಲಕ ನಿಷೇಧಿಸಿದ ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ಏಷ್ಯಾದ ಮೊದಲ ದೇಶ ಭಾರತವಾಗಿದೆ.
8. Match the following tribal revolts with their leaders:
- Khasi Uprising → Tirot Sing
- Mizo (Lushai) raids → Local chieftains of Lushai Hills
- Moamoria Rebellion → Local Chieftains of Patkai Hills
Select the correct option from the codes given below:
[A] 1 and 2 only
[B] 2 and 3 only
[C] 1 and 3 only
[D] 1, 2, and 3
Show Answer
Correct Answer: A [1 and 2 only]
Notes:
The Khasi Uprising was led by Tirot Sing against British expansion. The Mizo (Lushai) raids were conducted under local chieftains resisting British penetration. The Moamoria Rebellion was not led by Birsa Munda but by the Mayamara Sattra sect. Hence, only matches 1 and 2 are correct.
9. Which Ahom ruler introduced the Posa system to stop tribal raids?
[A] Pratap Singha
[B] Sudangphaa
[C] Sukhampha
[D] Supaatphaa
Show Answer
Correct Answer: A [Pratap Singha]
Notes:
Pratap Singha introduced the Posa system in the Ahom kingdom, assigning villages to provide goods to tribes in exchange for tax exemption, thus preventing tribal raids on frontiers.
10. Which literary work by Shri Krishna Mishra aids Madhya Pradesh historical research?
[A] Prabandh Chintamani
[B] Biddhshal Manjika
[C] Prabodh Chandroday
[D] Malti Madhav
Show Answer
Correct Answer: C [Prabodh Chandroday]
Notes:
Prabodh Chandroday by Shri Krishna Mishra is a key text for Madhya Pradesh’s history, highlighting cultural and social aspects. It supports archaeological and historical research by recording regional events, traditions, and governance during its period, enriching the understanding of Madhya Pradesh’s past.
