New Malaria Control Compounds
Scientists have discovered compounds that target the Plasmodium falciparum parasite during its development in Anopheles mosquitoes. This breakthrough could enhance malaria control efforts, particularly in resource-poor regions where the disease is prevalent.
Current Malaria Landscape
In 2023, the World Health Organisation reported 263 million malaria cases, a 4.3% increase from 2022. Most cases and fatalities occurred in African nations. Despite India exiting the WHO’s High Burden to High Impact group in 2024, malaria remains a concern. Approximately 95% of India’s population lives in areas where malaria is endemic.
Vaccines and Preventative Measures
The rollout of WHO-recommended vaccines, RTS,S and R21, has improved malaria prevention. However, insecticide-treated nets remain important tool. Unfortunately, the effectiveness of these nets diminishes as mosquitoes develop resistance. New research aims to address this limitation.
Innovative Compounds
Researchers have identified specific compounds that can be sprayed on insecticide-treated nets. These compounds are designed to target P. falciparum directly rather than killing mosquitoes. By embedding potent antiplasmodial drugs in polymer fibres, these compounds can provide long-lasting protection against malaria.
Research Methodology
The research involved screening 81 compounds known for their antimalarial properties. The focus was on the early developmental stages of P. falciparum within mosquitoes. After applying the compounds to female Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes, the researchers assessed the parasite burden a week later.
Promising Candidates
Out of the screened compounds, 22 showed potential in reducing parasite infections. Notably, endochin-like quinolones (ELQs) demonstrated efficacy. ELQ-456 completely blocked infections, while ELQ-331 reduced the spread of the infection. These compounds proved effective even against insecticide-resistant mosquito strains.
Application in Bed Nets
The researchers incorporated ELQ compounds into polyethylene films similar to those used in insecticide-treated nets. These films inhibited parasite development effectively, even after being stored for a year. This suggests a practical application for malaria control in various settings.
Resistance and Safety
The study assessed the potential for antimicrobial resistance in the parasites. Importantly, the ELQ compounds did not induce cross-resistance, meaning they remain effective even against mutated strains of the parasite.
Cost-Effectiveness and Future Prospects
The straightforward synthesis of these compounds indicates potential cost-effectiveness. With further optimisation and bulk production, these compounds could become a valuable addition to malaria prevention strategies, especially in competitive markets.
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