Lantana Camara Invasion in Himachal Pradesh
Lantana camara, an invasive alien species, has increasingly infested forests in Himachal Pradesh. Covering over 3,25,000 hectares, it poses a serious threat to the State’s native biodiversity. Despite efforts by the Forest Department to clear large areas, ecologists urge faster and more integrated action to control this noxious weed.
Background and Spread
Lantana camara is native to Central and South America. It was introduced to India in the early 18th century as an ornamental plant. Since then, it has spread widely across tropical regions, including Himachal Pradesh. Surveys in 2010-11 and 2015-16 showed infestation in seven territorial circles – Dharamshala, Nahan, Hamirpur, Chamba, Bilaspur, Mandi, and Shimla. Recent data from the India State of Forest Report 2023 estimates infestation at approximately 3,252.82 sq. km.
Ecological Impact
Lantana camara forms dense thickets, especially at forest edges with sparse canopy. It releases allelochemicals that inhibit the growth of native plants beneath it. This results in the replacement of diverse native flora with homogeneous vegetation. Such dominance reduces biodiversity and disrupts local ecosystems.
Control Measures Undertaken
Since 2009-10, the Forest Department has cleared over 51,000 hectares using the ‘cut root stock’ method. This involves cutting the plant at its root to prevent regrowth. Cleared areas are replanted with native species to restore forest health. The department targets eradicating about 1,000 hectares annually.
Challenges and Recommendations
The infestation is spreading from lower to higher elevations, which is a growing concern. Experts recommend prioritising eradication at higher altitudes to contain the spread. A multi-stakeholder approach involving locals, industries, and civil society is essential. This would also create livelihood opportunities linked to lantana biomass utilisation.
Utilisation of Lantana Biomass
Lantana biomass can be converted into useful products. Its timber is suitable for furniture and fuelwood. It can also be composted into organic manure, supporting organic farming. Pharmaceutical industries can extract valuable alkaloids from lantana for medicinal uses. Such utilisation can incentivise removal and control efforts.
Prevention and Policy Directions
Cultivation of lantana in home gardens, landscaping, and near highways should be strictly prohibited. Prevention, early detection, and rapid eradication must be the focus. Policies call for time-bound action plans with active stakeholder participation to achieve effective control.
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