India’s Renewable Energy Growth and Challenges
India has witnessed a remarkable increase in renewable energy installations in recent years. However, actual electricity generation from these sources remains lower than expected. A recent analysis by Climate Action Tracker marks the challenges faced by India in achieving its renewable energy goals amid rising electricity demand and extreme weather conditions.
Current Status of Renewable Energy in India
As of 2023, India has installed approximately 175 gigawatts (GW) of renewable energy capacity. This includes 73 GW of solar, 45 GW of wind, 47 GW of hydro, and 10 GW of bioenergy. Despite this impressive capacity, renewables accounted for only about 18% of the total electricity generated. In contrast, coal continues to dominate the energy mix, contributing 75% of the total generation by 2024.
Factors Affecting Renewable Energy Generation
Several factors contribute to the gap between installed capacity and actual generation. Rising electricity demand, particularly during extreme heat events, has driven up power consumption. In May 2024, electricity demand surged by 14% compared to the previous year. Limited storage capacity further exacerbates the issue, as night-time demand is largely met by fossil fuels. Additionally, variable weather patterns have led to lower-than-expected solar and wind generation.
Electricity Generation Trends
India’s total electricity generation reached 2,058 terawatt-hours (TWh) in 2024, increase from 937 TWh in 2010. While coal generation grew, the share of renewables rose only slightly from 15% in 2010 to 20% in 2024. The report indicates that both coal and renewables have increased in absolute terms, but their shares in the overall energy mix have remained relatively stable.
Future Projections and Challenges
The report warns that India is on a concerning trajectory regarding coal use. Currently, 27 GW of new coal capacity is under construction or in advanced planning stages. To align with a 1.5°C-compatible pathway, India must reduce coal’s share in electricity generation to 17-19% by 2030 and phase out coal power entirely by 2040. Achieving these targets will require substantial international financial support.
International Comparisons
The analysis also compared India’s progress with that of 15 other countries. While the United States and Canada showed mixed results in coal and gas management, countries like Norway and Switzerland have largely decarbonised their power sectors. In Asia, nations like Saudi Arabia and South Korea exhibited slow progress in renewable energy development.
Need for International Support
To meet its renewable energy targets, India will require international assistance. The transition will necessitate a shift towards renewables supplying 52-65% of electricity by 2030 and 91-96% by 2040. Without this support, the country risks falling short of its climate goals.
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