India’s Climate Warming Trends

May 3, 2025

India’s climate has undergone changes over recent decades. The country has warmed by approximately 0.6°C since the 1950s. This increase is notably less than the warming observed in the rest of the Northern Hemisphere. Recent satellite data from NASA marks this trend, raising questions about its implications.

Aerosols

Aerosols are fine particles suspended in the atmosphere. They originate from fossil fuel combustion, crop burning, and industrial activities. In India, these aerosols create a cooling effect by reflecting sunlight back into space. This phenomenon is particularly pronounced in the Indo-Gangetic plains. Despite rising greenhouse gas levels, the presence of aerosols has slowed temperature increases.

Black Carbon

India’s aerosol composition includes amounts of black carbon. This substance absorbs heat and can warm the surrounding air. Unlike other regions, where reflective sulphate aerosols dominate, India’s mix is more complex. The interaction between black carbon and other aerosols can lead to unpredictable weather patterns, complicating climate predictions.

Impact of COVID-19

During the COVID-19 lockdown in 2020, India experienced a notable reduction in aerosol levels. A study revealed that this decrease led to a drop in night-time land surface temperatures by 2-4°C. This unexpected outcome challenges existing assumptions about the relationship between aerosols and temperature. It marks the need for more research on temperature dynamics in India.

Public Health Crisis

Air pollution in India poses severe public health risks. Estimates suggest that air pollution causes 1.5 to 2.1 million excess deaths annually. Respiratory illnesses, cardiovascular diseases, and complications during pregnancy are linked to poor air quality. The health impacts are immediate and severe, necessitating urgent action.

The Paradox of Pollution Reduction

Reducing air pollution is vital for public health. However, this action could inadvertently accelerate climate warming. As particulate matter and sulphur dioxide levels decrease, increased solar radiation may lead to higher ground-level ozone formation. This could exacerbate health risks, especially during hotter months.

Integrated Approaches to Climate and Health

Addressing the intertwined issues of climate change and air quality requires a holistic approach. Policies must consider climate, energy, and public health together. Siloed strategies may lead to unintended consequences. A unified perspective is essential for sustainable progress.

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