Electric Vehicles and Air Pollution Concerns
Recent studies have raised concerns about the environmental impact of electric vehicles (EVs) beyond their role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. While EVs are celebrated for their potential to combat climate change, they may inadvertently contribute to air pollution through tyre wear. Research indicates that the increased weight of EVs leads to higher tyre degradation, releasing harmful microplastics into the atmosphere.
Tyre Wear and Particle Emission
Tyre wear produces rubber particles that can be harmful air pollutants. The wear process generates particles in two main sizes – 1-10 micrometres and over 100 micrometres. Smaller particles remain airborne longer, contributing to air pollution. The study conducted by researchers from Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, IIT Bombay, and Columbia University reveals that heavier vehicles, like EVs, produce a higher proportion of smaller particles.
Mechanisms of Degradation
Tyre degradation occurs through two primary mechanisms – primary fragmentation and sequential fragmentation. Primary fragmentation results from sudden forces like braking or hitting potholes, leading to smaller particles. In contrast, sequential fragmentation involves gradual wear and results in larger particles. Improving road conditions may reduce larger particles but will not affect smaller ones.
Global Implications of Electric Vehicles
EVs are heavier than conventional vehicles due to their batteries, which can weigh between 300 kg and 900 kg. This additional weight increases stress on tyres, leading to greater fragmentation and more microplastic emissions. Although EVs represent a small percentage of global vehicle stock, their sales are rapidly increasing. In 2024, electric cars constituted 2.5% of sales in India, with a government target of 30% by 2030.
Regulatory and Industry Responses
Current air quality regulations primarily focus on controlling particulate matter sizes of PM2.5 and PM10. However, tyre fragments are often smaller, necessitating revised regulations. Tyre manufacturers must invest in developing more durable tyres suited for heavier EVs. Additionally, technological innovations may offer solutions to capture tyre fragments at the point of release, preventing them from entering the atmosphere.
The Need for Comprehensive Solutions
The findings highlight the need for a multi-faceted approach to address air pollution from EVs. This includes revising regulatory frameworks to include non-exhaust emissions and enhancing tyre durability. The ongoing transition to electric mobility must consider these emerging challenges to ensure that the benefits of EVs do not come at the cost of worsening air quality.
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