Eco-Sensitive Zone Guidelines
The Standing Committee of the National Board for Wildlife (SC-NBWL) has recently called for a reassessment of the guidelines governing Eco-Sensitive Zones (ESZs). The committee emphasises a flexible and site-specific approach that balances conservation with local socio-economic needs. This move follows concerns that current uniform ESZ rules may hinder development without proportional ecological benefits.
What Are Eco-Sensitive Zones?
Eco-Sensitive Zones are buffer areas around protected forests, wildlife sanctuaries, and national parks. They aim to shield biodiversity from harmful human activities like mining, construction, and polluting industries. Some activities such as farming, eco-tourism, and renewable energy use are allowed but with restrictions to minimise environmental impact.
Concerns Over Uniform ESZ Rules
The committee brought into light that applying a blanket 10-kilometre ESZ around all protected areas ignores local ecological and geographical differences. For example, in Himachal Pradesh where 65% of land is forest or protected, strict ESZ rules could block development without ecological gain. Similarly, small sanctuaries or marine ecosystems are poorly served by current terrestrial-focused guidelines.
Challenges Faced by Local Communities
Officials from various states reported hardships caused by rigid ESZ restrictions. Activities like mining and industry face prohibitions that affect local livelihoods. Unlike protected areas, ESZs do not offer compensation for affected people. This has led to resistance against ESZ notifications and delays in declaring new protected zones.
Proposals for More Flexible Approaches
Suggestions include adapting ESZ limits based on local conditions and allowing transitional periods for existing activities. For instance, Karnataka proposed a two-year phase-out for restricted activities after ESZ notification. Stakeholder consultations involving state governments, ministries, and experts are recommended before finalising ESZ boundaries and rules.
Need for Inter-Ministerial Coordination
The committee urged the environment ministry to prepare a detailed note on ESZ issues. This will be followed by consultations with relevant divisions and a joint meeting of ESZ and wildlife departments. The aim is to develop guidelines that provide strong ecological safeguards while accommodating socio-economic realities.
Sectoral Impact of ESZ Guidelines
Mining, highways, railways, housing, and tourism sectors are most affected by ESZ regulations. The committee recognised that a one-size-fits-all ESZ approach may delay infrastructure projects and economic activities. Tailored guidelines could help balance conservation goals with development needs.
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