Indus And Sutlej Rivers
The rivers Indus and Sutlej are crucial for the water security of India and Pakistan. They originate in Tibet, an area under Chinese control. This geopolitical aspect complicates existing agreements like the Indus Water Treaty. Signed in 1960, this treaty allocates river usage rights between India and Pakistan. Recent tensions, particularly after the Pahalgam terror attack, have put this treaty in abeyance. The potential for China to manipulate water flow adds another layer of complexity.
Origins of the Rivers
The Indus River begins at the Seng Khabab glacier near Mount Kailash in Tibet. It flows through Ladakh and into Pakistan, covering around 3,180 kilometres. The Sutlej River starts at the Longchen Khabab glacier and travels approximately 1,450 kilometres. Both rivers are essential for agriculture and hydroelectric power in the region.
China’s Hydroelectric Projects
China has constructed hydroelectric plants near the sources of these rivers. Facilities like Senge Tsangpo and a barrage at Zada Gorge can manipulate water flow. This capability raises concerns about potential shortages for India and Pakistan. China has previously halted river flows as a geopolitical strategy, as seen in the Brahmaputra case.
Geopolitical Implications
China’s control over these rivers can be leveraged during conflicts. Analysts suggest that if India restricts water to Pakistan, China might retaliate by limiting flow from the Indus or Sutlej. This situation could escalate regional tensions and create water shortages.
Limitations of Water Control
While China can technically control water flow, limitations exist. Only a small percentage of the water in these rivers originates from Tibet. Building large dams in an earthquake-prone region poses risks. Furthermore, stopping water flow could violate international laws and provoke global criticism.
Current Water Agreements
India and China have hydrological data-sharing agreements for the Sutlej and Brahmaputra rivers. These agreements, however, lack a formal water-sharing treaty. This absence gives China more control over the rivers. Data-sharing is crucial for flood prediction and water management.
Environmental and Local Impact
Manipulating water flow could harm local ecosystems and communities. Water shortages may affect agriculture in Ladakh and impact military operations. Projects like the Bhakra Dam in Punjab could also face reduced water availability, undermining energy generation.
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