Agent Orange

May 1, 2025

The Vietnam War ended 50 years ago, on April 30, 1975. However, its repercussions continue to affect millions due to the use of Agent Orange. This herbicide, sprayed extensively by U.S. forces, contained dioxin, which is notorious for its long-lasting toxicity.

What Is Agent Orange?

Agent Orange was a powerful herbicide used by the US military from 1962 to 1971 during the Vietnam War.
This was part of Operation Ranch Hand, aimed to destroy forests and crops in southern Vietnam to expose enemy troops and cut off their food supply.
Nearly 19 million gallons of herbicides were sprayed over 24% of southern Vietnam.
Agent Orange made up about 60% of the chemicals used and contained two compounds: 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T.
A toxic contaminant called TCDD (a type of dioxin) was found in 2,4,5-T, which is extremely harmful to humans and the environment.

Environmental & Health Effects

The spraying destroyed 5 million acres of forests and 500,000 acres of farmland.
It also killed nearly half of Vietnam’s mangrove forests, which protect the coast.
The herbicide damaged soil fertility, making land vulnerable to climate change.
4 million Vietnamese were exposed, and around 3 million suffer from health issues due to it.
The US used concentrations 20 times stronger than recommended for killing plants.

Health Issues Due to Agent Orange

Agent Orange has caused severe birth defects, such as:
- Cleft palates
- Extra fingers/toes
- Developmental disorders
- Cancers
- Spina bifida, heart problems, hip dislocations, and hypospadias
At least 150,000 children were born with serious birth defects.
2.6 to 3.8 million US soldiers were exposed and face higher cancer risks.

Long-Term Effects of Dioxin

Dioxin (TCDD) stays in the human body for 11–15 years.
In soil and water sediments, it can last for over 100 years.
It has been found in blood and breast milk even decades later.
Approximately 3 million Vietnamese people suffer from illnesses linked to dioxin.
Studies indicate that even second and third generations may experience health issues due to environmental contamination.

Environmental Consequences

Agent Orange caused extensive ecological damage. It defoliated vast areas of forest and farmland, leading to long-term degradation. Soil and water sources in contaminated regions still show elevated dioxin levels. Cleanup efforts are ongoing but face challenges due to the scale of contamination.

Cleanup Efforts

The United States began cleanup initiatives in 2006, focusing on contaminated sites like Da Nang. However, progress has been slow and costly. Large areas remain unaddressed, and funding cuts have hindered further efforts. Local authorities stress the need for continued U.S. support to manage the toxic legacy of Agent Orange.

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