Africa’s Wetlands Face Critical Degradation Challenges
Africa’s wetlands are rapidly degrading despite their vital role for millions. The 2025 Global Wetland Outlook (GWO) report reveals urbanisation and industrial growth as primary causes. Wetlands provide food, water, and protection from natural disasters and climate impacts. Their decline threatens ecosystems and livelihoods across the continent.
Current State of African Wetlands
Africa’s wetlands are among the most degraded globally. The GWO 2025 report marks widespread deterioration in Africa and Asia, contrasting with improvements in Europe and North America. South Africa’s wetlands, for example, are degrading faster than restoration efforts can keep pace. Many wetlands suffer unseen damage due to limited field assessments.
Key Drivers of Wetland Loss
Urbanisation, industrialisation, and infrastructure development are the main drivers of wetland loss in Africa. This pattern is shared with Latin America and the Caribbean. Economic status influences wetland condition, with poorer countries facing worse degradation than developed nations.
Economic and Ecological Importance
Wetlands cover about six per cent of the Earth’s surface but provide ecosystem services worth 7.5 per cent of global GDP. African wetlands’ ecosystem services were valued at approximately US$825.7 billion in 2023. These ecosystems support agriculture, fisheries, flood control, carbon storage, and biodiversity. Zambia’s Kafue Flats restoration project shows how wetlands can boost local economies and livelihoods.
Impact on Climate and Communities
Wetland loss undermines efforts to combat climate change, biodiversity loss, hunger, and poverty. Degrading wetlands increase vulnerability to climate shocks and disaster costs. Restoring wetlands can create jobs, improve resilience, and enhance food and water security. Investments in wetlands are crucial for sustainable development and the green transition in Africa.
Policy and Conservation Efforts
The GWO report urges urgent investment in wetland conservation and restoration. Cross-border cooperation, knowledge sharing, innovative financing, and community engagement are essential. The upcoming Ramsar Convention COP15 meeting in Zimbabwe aims to strengthen global wetland protection. African leaders stress the need for policies that integrate wetlands into national economic planning.
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