Q. Under the patronage of which Mughal emperor did Raja Jai Singh of Amber construct the five observatories in Delhi, Jaipur, Ujjain, Benaras, and Mathura?
Answer: Muhammad Shah
Notes: The significant progress in astronomical science during the early eighteenth century was attributed to Raja Jai Singh of Amber. Under patronage of  Muhammad Shah, Raja Jai, showing a keen interest in the instruments of observation, established observational facilities in Delhi, Jaipur, Ujjain, Benaras, and Mathura.