Neorealism in International Relations

Neorealism, or structural realism, is a prominent theory in international relations. It focuses on how the structure of the international system influences the behaviour of states. This theory emerged as a response to classical realism, refining its ideas to account for the systemic factors that shape state interactions. The following notes provide a comprehensive overview of neorealism, its key proponents, assumptions, concepts, critiques, and applications.

Key Proponents of Neorealism

Neorealism has several influential theorists who have shaped its development:

• Kenneth Waltz: He is the primary architect of neorealism, particularly through his seminal work “Theory of International Politics” published in 1979.
• John Mearsheimer: Known for his theory of offensive realism, he argues that states are inherently aggressive.
• Stephen Walt: He advocates for defensive realism, suggesting that states seek sufficient power for security without aiming to dominate others.

Core Assumptions of Neorealism

Neorealism is built on several foundational assumptions:

1. Anarchy: The international system is anarchic, meaning there is no central authority above states.
2. State as Primary Actor: States are the main actors in international relations, pursuing their self-interests.
3. Power Dynamics: The distribution of power among states is crucial in determining their behaviour and outcomes.
4. Survival: The primary goal of states is survival, influencing their actions on the global stage.

Key Concepts in Neorealism

Neorealism introduces several key concepts that help explain state behaviour:

• Structure of the International System: Refers to the arrangement of power, which can be unipolar, bipolar, or multipolar.
• Balance of Power: States act to prevent any one state from becoming too dominant, maintaining stability.
• Security Dilemma: Actions taken by one state to enhance its security may threaten others, potentially leading to conflict.
• Relative Gains vs. Absolute Gains: States focus more on their gains in relation to others rather than the total amount of gain.

Types of Neorealism

Neorealism can be further divided into two main types:

1. Defensive Neorealism: This perspective argues that states seek enough power for security but do not aim to dominate others. Kenneth Waltz is a key proponent.
2. Offensive Neorealism: This view posits that states are inherently aggressive and strive to maximise their power. John Mearsheimer is a notable advocate.

Critiques of Neorealism

Neorealism faces several critiques from various scholars:

• Overemphasis on Structure: Critics argue that neorealism neglects the role of individual leaders and domestic politics.
• Neglect of Ideational Factors: Constructivists argue that neorealism overlooks the significance of ideas, norms, and identities in shaping international relations.
• Static Nature: Some scholars contend that neorealism does not adequately account for changes within the international system.

Neorealism in Practice

Neorealism provides a valuable framework for understanding historical and contemporary international dynamics:

• Cold War Dynamics: Neorealism helps explain the bipolar structure of the Cold War and the behaviours of the U.S. and USSR.
• Post-Cold War Analysis: The rise of China and its implications for U.S. hegemony can be analysed through a neorealist lens.

Key Works in Neorealism

Several important texts have shaped neorealism:

Important Terms in Neorealism

Application of Neorealism

Neorealism is widely applied in various contexts:

• It is instrumental in analysing international conflicts and alliances.
• It helps explain state behaviour in the context of global power dynamics.
• Scholars use neorealism to assess the implications of rising powers and shifting alliances.