Notes:
Hawaldar was the lowest in rank in the Maratha Infantry.

Notes:
The Portuguese built their first fortress in India at Kochi in 1503. The fortress, named Fort Emmanuel after King Manuel I of Portugal, was constructed with the permission of the ruler of the Kingdom of Kochi. Strategically located near the Malabar coast’s spice trade routes, Fort Emmanuel enabled the Portuguese to consolidate power along India’s southwestern shores. For over a century, it served as the epicenter from which the Portuguese promoted trade interests and religious proselytization in the subcontinent. Though the fort now lies in ruins on Fort Kochi Beach, it inaugurated a era of direct European involvement in Indian political and mercantile affairs.

Notes:
Ibn Batuta was a Moroccan and Berber explorer. He is known for his extensive travels, accounts of which were published in the Rihla.

Notes:
Alauddin Khilji sent two of his general brothers Ulugh Khan and Nusrat Khan to invade Gujarat. Gujarat was invaded and the temples of Somnath and Rudra Mahalaya were sacked.

Notes:
Around the time of Mahipala’s death in around 1043 AD, a vassal of the Palas named Hemanta Sen founded the Sena Dynasty. This Dynasty appeared in 11th century and disappeared in 12th century

Notes:
Muhammad Shah was the Mughal Emperor during Nader Shah’s invasion. Nader Shah Afshar was one of the most powerful Iranian rulers in the history of the nation, ruling as Shah of Iran from 1736 to 1747 when he was assassinated during a rebellion.

Notes:
Rihla was written by Ibn Battuta. The book is also known as The Travels. It’s a travelogue that documents Battuta’s 29-year journey across Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia. Battuta traveled over 120,000 kilometers, visiting countries including Morocco, Egypt, India, China, and Mali.  The book’s formal title is A Masterpiece to Those Who Contemplate the Wonders of Cities and the Marvels of Traveling. It provides insights into the cultures, societies, and historical events of the places Battuta visited. The book also includes his interactions with rulers, scholars, and ordinary people.  Battuta’s travels lasted from 1304 to 1369. He returned home to Tangier in 1349. The book is an important historical document that offers a unique perspective on the medieval world.

Notes:
In Iqta System, the land of the empire was divided into several large and small tracts called Iqta and assigned these Iqtas to his soldiers, officers and nobles. In the beginning, an Iqta was based upon salary. Later, under Firoz Shah Tughlaq it became hereditary.

Notes:
First statement is wrong because Pushti marg was founded by Vallabhacharya

Notes:
Balban had established a military department ‘ Diwan – e – Arz ‘ to combat Mongols. Balban made Imad – ul – Mulk his military minister, who was a very honest and hard working person.