1, 2, 3 & 4
Coral Reefs are characteristics of Shallow water tropical marine system and they are available in these 4 places identified for conservation and
management.

R-410
Please note about the R-22 phase-out programme. R-22 means Chlorodifluoromethane or difluoromonochloromethane, which means HCFC-22 which means the GHG / Ozone depletion agents which have been now phased out in most countries under the Montreal Protocol. Now they are being replaced by other refrigerants with lower ozone depletion potential such as propane (R-290), R-410A (an azeotropic mixture of difluoromethane and pentafluoroethane), R-507A, R-134a (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane) and R-409A.

1 & 3
Environmental Accounting is a method to measure the consumption of the environment/ natural resources as a country strives for higher growth. The future cost of depletion of natural resources and other damages caused to the environment are excluded from conventional output measures such as the Gross Domestic Product. Environmental accounting builds on the conventional accounting methodology to reflect the costs of economic development. Most production tends to use up natural resources directly or indirectly and also tends to impact the environment in some way or other, mostly through pollution. It is widely-acknowledged amongst environmentalists and economists that cost of damage to the environment needs to be factored in to decide whether a particular economic activity is beneficial to the mankind or not. Also, natural resources are indispensable for most economic activities and their depletion would in the longer run reduce the productive capacity of an economy. Environmental accounting is expected to give a better idea of the cost benefits involved, allowing for better decision-making. Environmental accounting is possible both at a corporate level as well as at a national-international level. At a corporate level, it requires the estimation of the damage done to the environment by a particular industry and the investments made to minimize such environmental damage. At a national level, environmental accounting it requires treating environmental resources (forests, water bodies, etc) as a stock of natural capital like any other productive asset. Any depreciation in this stock must be accounted for and accordingly deducted from national output. This revised measure of national output is also referred to as Green GDP. It is hard to quantify the depletion of natural resources and even harder to put a value to it, or monetize such costs. Most environmental resources are not traded in markets. This makes it difficult to value benefits accruing from
environmental goods such as fuel wood, fish/fruit collected for consumption and services such as protection from soil erosion and land submergence. Similarly, it is hard to put a value to the damage done to the environment in the process of production. It is for these problems that no country in the world has yet been able to devise a fool-proof methodology for environmental accounting.

Convention on Long-Range Tran boundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP)
Since its adoption in 1979, CLRTAP has addressed some of the major environmental problems of the UNECE region (United Nations Economic Commission for Europe). This has been achieved through a process of scientific collaboration and policy negotiation. In this way, since its entry into force in 1983, the Convention has been extended by eight protocols which identify specific obligations or measures to be taken by Parties. The major protocols are Sulphur Emissions Reduction Protocol and Gothenburg protocol.

Tamil Nadu and Gujarat

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