Q. Who invented the kerosene lamp and established the first oil refinery?
Answer: Ignacy Łukasiewicz
Notes: Ignacy Łukasiewicz, a Polish pharmacist, is credited with inventing the kerosene lamp in 1853. His innovation led to the establishment of the world's first oil refinery in Ulaszowice, Poland. This marked the beginning of the global petroleum industry, transforming how people illuminated their homes and powered machines.