Q. Who among the following rulers of Vijayanagara Empire constructed a large dam across Tungabhadra River and a canal-cum-aqueduct several kilometres long from the river to the capital city? (UPSC Prelims 2023)
Answer: Devaraya I
Notes: The correct answer is [A] Devaraya I. He was a prominent ruler of the Sangama dynasty who significantly improved the agricultural and urban infrastructure of the Vijayanagara Empire.

• Construction of the Dam (Statement A – Correct): To solve the chronic water shortage in the capital city (Hampi/Vijayanagara), Devaraya I commissioned the construction of a massive dam across the Tungabhadra River.
• Canal-cum-Aqueduct: He built a canal-cum-aqueduct that stretched several kilometers to bring water from the river directly into the royal center and the city's agricultural fields. This irrigation network is often identified with the famous Hiriya Canal.
• Historical Impact: These engineering marvels increased the agricultural yield around the capital and provided a reliable water supply for the growing population. The Italian traveler Nicolo Conti, who visited during his reign, provided detailed accounts of the city’s grandeur and these hydraulic works.
• Other Rulers (Incorrect): * Mallikarjuna and Virupaksha were later, weaker rulers of the Sangama dynasty during whose reigns the empire faced decline.
  • Vira Vijaya had a very brief and relatively insignificant reign between Devaraya I and Devaraya II.

The Haridra dam was another significant project attributed to Devaraya I, reflecting the empire's sophisticated understanding of hydrology and civil engineering.