The site of Banawali in Haryana has the rare distinction of having its lower town also protected by a separate massive brick wall around it, in addition to the citadel at the center. This further highlights the public resources available for organized defenses and communal infrastructure projects in mature Harappan cities. Significantly, Banawali’s defenses were constructed in the later Harappan phase after 2000 BCE when many cities were in decline, indicating continued governance and policies to provide security to maintain occupation.
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