Q. Consider the following features commonly associated with mangrove plants:

1. Pneumatophores
2. Vivipary
3. Increased concentration of salts in cells
4. Sunken stomata

Which of the above features are typically exhibited by mangrove species?
Answer: 1, 2, 3 and 4
Notes: Pneumatophores are specialized aerial roots for gaseous exchange; vivipary refers to seeds germinating while attached to the parent; mangroves tolerate saline environments by increasing salt concentration in their cells; and sunken stomata help reduce water loss, all features that provide adaptation to hostile coastal habitats where mangroves thrive.