Q. Historically, why were the Turkish invaders (Ghaznavids/Ghorids) more successful in establishing a foothold in India compared to the earlier Arab invaders?

1. The Arabs faced a unified resistance from the Western Chalukyas and Pratiharas.
2. The Turks utilized superior cavalry tactics and the "Feudal" (Iqta) military organization.
3. The lack of political unity in North India during the 11th-12th centuries.

Which of the statements given above are correct?
Answer: 1, 2 and 3
Notes: The Arab expansion was checked by the powerful Western Chalukyas and Pratiharas, preventing their successful establishment. The Turks employed superior cavalry tactics, central Asian horses, stirrups, and the Iqta system of land grants, enhancing military effectiveness. Additionally, political disunity during the 11th-12th centuries made North India vulnerable, aiding Turkish conquest.