Q. Consider the following:

1. Dutch East India Company
2. Portuguese Empire
3. British East India Company

Which of the above was known for its dominance in the spice trade during the 17th century?
Answer: Only 1
Notes: The Dutch East India Company was established in 1602, it capitalized on its advanced maritime technology, superior naval power, and state-sponsored monopoly status to outcompete other European powers, particularly the Portuguese and British. Its success in the spice trade subsequently led to an increase in Dutch economic power during the 17th century. On the other hand, the Portuguese and British Empires, although involved in the spice trade, did not display the same level of dominance during this period.