Q. Which one of the following best defines the term 'State'? (UPSC Prelims 2021)
Answer: A community of persons permanently occupying a definite territory independent of external control and possessing an organized government
Notes: The correct answer is [A] A community of persons permanently occupying a definite territory independent of external control and possessing an organized government. This definition aligns with the classical sociological and political science requirements for a "State."According to the Montevideo Convention (1933) and traditional political theory, a State must possess four essential elements:

• Population: A community of persons.
• Territory: A definite geographical area.
• Government: An organized political agency to exercise control.
• Sovereignty: The ability to be independent of external control (internal and external sovereignty).

Analysis of other options:

• Option [B] (Incorrect): While it mentions territory and authority, it focuses on the functions of a state (protecting rights, sustenance) rather than its defining characteristics. A state exists even if it fails to protect natural rights (e.g., an authoritarian state).
• Option [C] (Incorrect): This describes a "Nation" or an ethnic group more than a "State." Shared culture and tradition are not legal requirements for statehood (e.g., many multi-ethnic states exist).
• Option [D] (Incorrect): This describes a specific form of government (with an executive and independent judiciary). However, a state can exist under various systems, including those without an independent judiciary or a specific executive structure.

The "State" is a legal and political entity, whereas "Government" is merely the administrative organ of the State. Sovereignty is the most crucial element that distinguishes the State from other human associations.