Q. Which of the following are instruments by which the Parliament exercises control over the executive?

1. Deliberation and discussion
2. Approval or refusal of law
3. Financial control
4. No confidence motion

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
Answer: 1, 2, 3, and 4
Notes: All listed tools empower Parliament to control the executive. Deliberation and discussion, approval/refusal of laws, financial control, and no-confidence motions are mechanisms for ensuring executive accountability at various stages, i.e., policymaking, implementation, and post-implementation review, as per India's parliamentary system.