Q. Where was the first conference of the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs held in the Year 1957? (UPSC Prelims 2007)
Answer: Nova Scotia (Canada)
Notes: The first Pugwash Conference on Science and World Affairs was held from July 6-12, 1957, in Pugwash, Nova Scotia, Canada, at the Thinkers' Lodge. Organized by Canadian scientist Cyrus Eaton and inspired by the Russell-Einstein Manifesto (1955), it brought together 22 scientists from 10 countries, including 9 Nobel laureates like Niels Bohr and Linus Pauling, to address nuclear disarmament amid Cold War tensions. Hosted in Eaton's hometown, it marked the start of ongoing dialogues promoting peace and science ethics. Named after the village, Pugwash efforts earned the 1995 Nobel Peace Prize.