Q. Under which dynasty did Kannada's 'Three Gems'—Pampa, Ponna, Ranna—flourish?
Answer: Rashtrakutas
Notes: The Rashtrakuta Empire (8th–10th century) is termed the "Golden Age" of Kannada literature. Pampa was patronized by Rashtrakuta feudatory Arikesari II, Ponna served Emperor Krishna III, and Ranna's career began under Rashtrakutas. Amoghavarsha I, a Rashtrakuta king, authored Kavirajamarga and promoted Jainism and Kannada literature, creating a significant cultural milieu.