Q. Building 'Kalyaana Mandapas' was a notable feature in the temple construction in the kingdom of (UPSC Prelims 2019)
Answer:
Vijayanagara
Notes: The correct answer is
[D] Vijayanagara. The construction of elaborate
Kalyana Mandapas (marriage halls) was a signature architectural innovation of the Vijayanagara Empire (14th–16th century CE).
- Kalyana Mandapas (Statement D – Correct): These were ornate, open-pillared halls within the temple complex dedicated to the ceremonial marriage of the presiding deity to his consort. They are characterized by intricately carved pillars featuring mythical creatures like the Yali (a lion-elephant hybrid) and charging horses with riders. Notable examples include the Virupaksha Temple and the Vitthala Temple at Hampi.
- Chalukya (Statement A – Incorrect): The Badami and Kalyani Chalukyas were known for the Vesara style and early cave temples (e.g., Aihole, Pattadakal). While they had Mantapas, the specific "Kalyana Mandapa" concept reached its zenith much later under the Vijayanagara kings.
- Chandela (Statement B – Incorrect): This dynasty is famous for the Khajuraho Group of Temples in Central India. Their architecture is characterized by the Nagara style with high shikharas (spires) and erotic sculptures, rather than ceremonial marriage halls.
- Rashtrakuta (Statement C – Incorrect): The Rashtrakutas are celebrated for rock-cut architecture, most notably the Kailash Temple at Ellora. Their focus was on monolithic excavations rather than the sprawling, multi-structure walled complexes typical of later South Indian styles.
Key Features of Vijayanagara Architecture:- Aman Sannidhi: A separate shrine specifically for the female deity.
- Rayagopurams: Towering gateways at the entrance of temple complexes.
- Monolithic Statues: Large single-stone carvings like the Ugra Narasimha at Hampi.