Q. Before the implementation of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) in 1860, the British administration sought to reform criminal justice by modifying the existing legal frameworks. Which of the following legal concepts or texts formed the basic foundation of criminal law applied in the Diwani Adalats during the early administration of Warren Hastings?

1. Quranic Jurisprudence (Fiqh)
2. The Code of Gentoo Laws
3. English Common Law
4. Lex Loci

Select the correct option from the codes given below:
Answer: 1 only
Notes: Quranic Jurisprudence formed the basis of criminal law in the Diwani Adalats under Warren Hastings, applied to Muslims and non-Muslims alike. The Code of Gentoo Laws dealt only with civil matters among Hindus. English Common Law and Lex Loci were limited to Presidency towns and British subjects, not provincial criminal courts during this period.