In relation to bacterial leaching and biomining, micro-organisms are using and releasing minerals in the earth's crust since ancient times. Mining operations have long benefited from the activities of such

New and important biochemical activities are discovered and it is often of interest to modify a natural enzyme to achieve a desired substrate specificity, heat stability or high activity. Rational,

Transgenic plants that can tolerate herbicides, insects or viruses, or produce modified fruit or flowers are being grown and tested in outdoor test plots since 1987. Copies of genes for

All living organisms are made of cells which contain DNA. The Units of DNA molecules are called genes. The genes contain the information that is used by the cells as

Xenobiotics are foreign substances, originating from outside the body, that have an action when introduced within the body, and thus have a profound impact on metabolic/ hormonal balance. It means

Acid rain refers to the precipitation with elevated levels of hydrogen ions or a low pH.  We all know that when fossil fuel is burnt, some of the elements within