Q. Which Sultan called himself the Shadow of God on Earth?
Answer: Balban
Notes: Balban claimed to be the Shadow of God on Earth, highlighting kingship's divine nature. He adopted Persian customs like Sijda and Paibos to assert authority, established a centralized administration and a spy network, and retained the Caliph's name in khutba and coins for legitimacy. His reign consolidated the Delhi Sultanate's power and diminished noble influence.

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